Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ADN mitocondrial'
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Umbria, Vivancos Miriam. "ADN mitocondrial i risc cardiovascular." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667225.
Full textIn recent years, several studies have focused on understanding the role of nuclear and, to a lesser extent, mitochondrial genetic determinants, in cardiovascular diseases to prevent clinical events. Although most studies have tried to predict cardiovascular risk using a genetic risk scores based on nuclear variants, so far no risk score was developed using the mitochondrial genome. The main goals of this thesis are summarized in the following three points: 1) to analyse the state of mortality and hospital morbidity from the most relevant cardiovascular diseases in Spain; 2) to determine the possible association of control region variants of the mitochondrial genome with the susceptibility to develop a myocardial infarction and stroke; and 3) to assess whether the incorporation of mitochondrial variants in a genetic risk score, based in nuclear SNPs, improves the ability to discriminate and predict cardiovascular risk. The methods as well as the presentation of the results and the discussion were organized in 4 chapters aimed to answer the defined objectives. In chapter 1, a descriptive epidemiological study that responds to the need to update the mortality and morbidity data of the main subtypes of cardiovascular disease, by age and sex, in all the Spanish autonomous communities over the last 15 years has been carried out. The results obtained show that cardiovascular diseases continue to be one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in Spain. However, there is also a decrease in standardized mortality rates by age. Bearing this in mind, mitochondrial DNA has been considered for analysis in individuals residing in in the Spanish autonomous community of Castile and Leon who come from cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. For this reason, in chapter 2 of this thesis the link between mitochondrial haplogroups and two cardiovascular diseases, myocardial infarction and stroke, and the classic cardiovascular risk factors, was investigated. The data obtained showed suggestive evidence that haplogroup H can act as a genetic risk factor for myocardial infarction. Additionally, in relation to classic risk factors, the results also suggested a beneficial role of haplogroup J against hypertension. In chapter 3, for the same Castile and Leon population, the role of fixed and heteroplasmy mutations of the mitochondrial DNA control region, which act as independent risk factors from haplogroups, was analysed. In this case, significant differences were also observed, reporting that the variants m.16.145G> A and m.16.311T> C could act as possible risk factors in the development of stroke, while variants m.72T>C, m.73A>G and m.16.356T>C could act as possible beneficial genetic factors for myocardial infarction. Taking into account the results obtained, a final analysis (chapter 4) was carried out in order to evaluate the magnitude of the mitochondrial genetic information in improving the ability to discriminate cardiovascular diseases. A risk score was created based on the additive model that adds the susceptibility alleles from the 11 nuclear SNPs and the 5 mitochondrial positions described above. The addition of mitochondrial variants improves, in this population, the ability to discriminate cardiovascular diseases beyond the set of classic risk factors and nuclear SNPs. In summary, the results presented in this thesis show the influence of mitochondrial variants on cardiovascular diseases. This is the first work to evaluate the use of a risk score that incorporates the mitochondrial genome and that significantly improves the ability to discriminate cardiovascular events.
Cuadros, Arasa Marc. "Efecto de las mutaciones en el ADN mitocondrial sobre la expresión de genes implicados en la función mitocondrial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/113563.
Full textThis work aims to provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms that cause cell involvement in mitochondrial disorders caused by mutations m.14487T>C, m.8993T>G, m.3243A>G and m.8344A>G in mitochondrial DNA. To achieve our goal, as a study model lines cybrids were obtained to study the different mutations, which were grown in culture conditions that allowed the defect state in the OXPHOS system (oxidative phosphorylation system) maintaining the viability, even in those mutations that affect tRNA. In these culture conditions were studied parameters were allowed assess mitochondrial function as the lactate concentration, succinate, ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine and mitochondrial membrane potential, demonstrating the great defect in the OXPHOS system caused by mutations tRNA affecting not be so apparent in those subunits mutations affecting OXPHOS system. Furthermore gene expression studies allowed us to identify made possible activation of apoptotic and autophagic processes as potential molecular mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial disorders caused by mutations m.3243A>G and m.8344A>G. So as not show the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis in any of the four mutations studied, even those mutations that affect tRNA in a greater depletion of ATP content. All information derived from studies of gene expression, not only showed a differential transcriptional response mutations that affect tRNA and subunits but also showed a specific nuclear response to each of the mitochondrial DNA mutations studied. Noting the complexity of the pathophysiology of mitochondrial diseases. We in this study we manifest this complexity while trying to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the mutations studied, in some cases, such as mutations in tRNA (thanks to the culture conditions used) have proposed possible mechanisms (which should be ratified) that may explain the cellular degeneration caused by these and other mutations, such as mutations affecting subunits have identified aspects to consider in the pathophysiology of these mutations.
Verge, Estefanía Begoña. "ADN mitocondrial, herencia materna y características clínicas asociadas a las enfermedades mitocondriales en la esquizofrenia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/458373.
Full textLa etiología de la esquizofrenia es aún desconocida pero hay evidencias de que el ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt), que se hereda exclusivamente a través de la madre, está implicado en el desarrollo de esta enfermedad. La presente tesis doctoral se realizó basándose en esta hipótesis. En el primer trabajo se recogieron todas las evidencias de herencia materna, disfunción mitocondrial y alteraciones del ADNmt asociadas a la esquizofrenia y se identificó la presencia de sintomatología psicótica en pacientes con un trastorno mitocondrial causado por una mutación en el ADNmt. El segundo trabajo analizó el riesgo de presentar esquizofrenia y otras enfermedades psiquiátricas en familiares, considerando si compartían o no el ADNmt con el paciente. Los familiares que compartían el ADNmt con un paciente tenían más riesgo de presentar esquizofrenia y, además, las mujeres tenían más riesgo de presentar depresión, trastornos de ansiedad y características clínicas asociadas a trastornos mitocondriales. El tercer estudio comparó las características clínicas frecuentemente presentes en las enfermedades mitocondriales entre un grupo de pacientes con esquizofrenia y un grupo control. Se observó que la fatiga crónica y las crisis epilépticas eran significativamente más frecuentes en el grupo de pacientes. Las conclusiones de esta tesis doctoral son las siguientes: 1) Existen evidencias de disfunción mitocondrial y de herencia materna en la esquizofrenia, y la sintomatología psicótica puede presentarse en pacientes con un trastorno mitocondrial causado por una mutación en el ADNmt; 2) Los familiares que comparten el ADNmt con un paciente de esquizofrenia tienen más riesgo de presentar la enfermedad, y en mujeres, compartir el ADNmt con un paciente de esquizofrenia confiere riesgo para desarrollar otras enfermedades psiquiátricas como la depresión y los trastornos de ansiedad; y 3) Características clínicas asociadas a las enfermedades mitocondriales son más frecuentes en los pacientes con esquizofrenia que en la población control.
The etiology of schizophrenia is unknown but there is evidence that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is inherited exclusively from the mother, is involved in the development of this disease. This thesis was conceived based on this assumption. In the first study all evidence of maternal inheritance, mitochondrial dysfunction and mtDNA alterations associated with schizophrenia were collected, and the presence of psychotic symptoms in patients with mitochondrial dysfunction caused by mutations in mtDNA were identified. The second study analyzed the risk of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders in relatives, considering if they shared or did not share mtDNA with the patient. Family members who shared mtDNA with a patient had a higher risk of developing schizophrenia and, moreover, women were more likely to develop depression, anxiety disorders and clinical features associated with mitochondrial disorders. The third study compared the clinical features often present in mitochondrial diseases between schizophrenia patients and control subjects. It was observed that chronic fatigue and seizures were significantly more frequent in the group of patients. The conclusions of this thesis are: 1) There is evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction and maternal inheritance in schizophrenia and psychotic symptoms can occur in patients with a mitochondrial disorder caused by a mtDNA mutation; 2) Family members who share mtDNA with a schizophrenic patient have higher risk of developing the disease than those who do not share mtDNA and, in women, to share mtDNA with a schizophrenic patient confers risk for other psychiatric illnesses such as depression and anxiety disorders; and 3) Clinical features associated with mitochondrial disorders are more common in patients with schizophrenia than in the control population.
Mesa, Marrero Carmen Margarita. "Función vestibular en la mutación A1555G del ADN mitocondrial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/378346.
Full textObjectives/Hypothesis: To evaluate vestibular function in patients with 1555 A to G mutation in the 12S ribosomal RNA gene Study design: It’s an observational cross-sectional study. Material and Method: Thirty-four patients carrying the mitochondrial A1555G DNA mutation from thirteen unrelated families were enrolled. Clinical histories especially aminoglycosides exposure and the audiological and vestibular symptoms were recorded. Audiological evaluation with pure tone audiograms was performed. Vestibular examinations including caloric testing and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPc) in response to air-conducted sound were used as measures of canalicular and saccular function, respectively. Results: Ten patients had vestibular symptoms. Twenty-two patients presented hearing loss and thirteen subjects had received aminoglycosides. The auditory defect was a bilateral symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss affecting mainly the high tones. The presence of deafness and its severity was significantly correlated with the aminoglycoside exposure. Aminoglycosides increase 5 times the risk of developing profound hearing loss or cofosis. Therefore, twenty-two of the 34 patients showed abnormal caloric responses. The caloric deficiency was bilateral canal paresis in 20 cases and unilateral hipofunction in two cases. Aminoglycoside treatment history, hearing impairment and its severity are not significantly correlated with the abnormal canal response. On the other hand, eleven patients had abnormal VEMPc: nine showed low amplitude (6 cases bilaterally and 3 unilaterally) and six patients had an asymmetric amplitude. None had absence of the VEMPs response or abnormal latencies. Aminoglycoside administration and the degree of hearing loss are not correlated with the pathologic VEMPc, but an abnormal VEMPc response is significantly associated with hearing loss. Global dysfunction, saccular and canalicular, increase 4 times the risk of developing deafness not related to hearing loss degree. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the A1555G mutation can cause vestibular dysfunction involving both the superior and inferior vestibular nerve systems, especially canalicular dysfunction. It looks like aminoglycoside might not be a causal factor for vestibular impairment in patients carrying this mutation. Furthermore, our overall results of pathological vestibular tests suggest that there is a relationship between hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction.
Romero, Condori Pedro Eduardo. "Diversidad y estructura genética de Bostryx scalariformis (Mollusca, Gastropoda) en base a polimorfismos del gen mitocondrial 16S rRNA." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/882.
Full text--- Bostryx scalariformis (Mollusca, Gastropoda) is a land snail species from central Peru. It is endemic to coastal "lomas" ecosystem and inhabits mainly in sand formations. Alive individuals have only been found in Ancon, Pasamayo, Lachay and Cerro de Agua lomas from Lima department. This species has two morphotypes, which in turn are geographically isolated, one morphotype inhabits in Ancon-Pasamayo lomas and the other one in Lachay-Cerro de Agua. Habitat fragmentation and decreasing of population size could have lead to reduction of genetic diversity and to genetic differentiation between its populations. The aim of this research was to evaluate genetic diversity in B. scalariformis comparing it with both its geographical distribution and morphotypes, in order to know about its population genetic structure.
Tesis
Faure, Echeverría Macarena. "Estructura genética mitocondrial en la Región de Antofagasta, Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/168742.
Full textEl ADN mitocondrial como marcador genético uniparental ha sido utilizado con éxito para estudiar el poblamiento, historia y orígenes de distintas poblaciones. Es dentro de este contexto, donde el estudio del poblamiento americano, y en particular el continente suramericano cobran vital importancia debido a una serie de eventos que han marcado una heterogeneidad geográfica, cultural, y una estructuración genética que es diferenciada, destacando zonas como los Andes y el Amazonas. Bajo la premisa anterior, el sector del Norte Grande de Chile dentro del contexto sur andino se convierte en un punto válido de interés de estudio, ya que evidencias arqueológicas, etnohistóricas e históricas lo vinculan fuertemente en el área circumpuneña. Desde un punto de vista genético, las investigaciones en materias moleculares en población chilena han usado el ADN mitocondrial como herramienta de estudio para caracterizar mayoritariamente a las poblaciones del centro y sur del país, a diferencia de las poblaciones del Norte Grande. En base al análisis de la región hipervariable del ADN mitocondrial de muestras de saliva de individuos provenientes de las ciudades de Antofagasta y Calama; se registró la predominancia de haplogrupos amerindios y, en particular, una alta proporción del haplogrupo B2, siendo las localidades aledañas a Calama las que muestran una mayor representación de linajes derivados de B2. La ejecución del presente estudio permitió inferir que las ciudades de la costa de la región de Antofagasta se relacionan genéticamente con otras poblaciones nativas del centro y sur del país, mientras que los pueblos aledaños a Calama son cercanos genéticamente a poblaciones nativas del norte de Chile, Noroeste de Argentina (NOA) y Andes bolivianos
Graterol, Torres Domingo Jesús. "Relación entre los haplogrupos del ADN mitocondrial y la sordera por cisplatino." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/377439.
Full text• Introduction Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic as used in many different types of neoplasms. However cause significant adverse effects in patients who receive it, such as: nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and ototoxicity. Approximately 20 to 40% of patients receiving the drug developed ototoxicity which usually manifests as bilateral, symmetrical, irreversible and high frequency hearing loss. Risk factor useful for predicting the risk of ototoxicity remain to be determined. However, toxicity of cisplatin shows significant interindividual variability and exists a personal predisposition to such toxic effects probably genetic mechanisms in recent years are being investigated. The genetic predisposition induced by cisplatin may be related to mutations or polymorphisms in mitochondrial enzymes important in hearing loss oxidizing purification In the case of aminoglycosides, have shown that ototoxicity is linked to the A1555G mutation, which has been suggested is expressed with varying phenotypic severity according haplogrupo mtDNA. Is unknown if this relationship occurs in the case of chemotherapy with cisplatin. Therefore, further research to provide evidence on the issue could allow if so identify the susceptible population and offer less harmful therapeutic alternatives this group. • Objectives The main aim of our study was to determine whether the type of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup associated with hearing loss in cancer patients treated with cisplatin in the oncology service at Vall d'Hebron Hospital during the period of time between January 2009 and January 2015. As secondary objectives we plan to establish the relationship between the clinical history, factors associated with hearing loss and toxic habits present in the sample and hearing loss after exposure to cisplatin. • Design This is a descriptive, observational cohort study. In all patient a pure-tone audiometry was performed before treatment initiation and at the end of the 3rd dose of it. Data collected on medical history, presence of risk factors for hearing loss and toxic habits. Finally type haplogroup of each patient was determined. • Results In our sample, 40% of patients developed hearing loss after administration of cisplatin which was bilateral, symmetrical and high frequencies. The distribution of haplogroups was in some different groups that presented in the literature, with a discreet overexpression of the V and K haplogroups and a low frequency of haplogroups J and T. Could not determine the relationship between haplogroups and loss hearing. As for the other variables studied, only age was presented as a determining factor, so that the elderly are more susceptible to hearing loss induced by cisplatin than young adults regardless of preexisting hearing loss. • Conclusion. We were unable to establish a partnership between the ototoxicity caused by cisplatin and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. Ototoxicity caused by cisplatin is manifested as bilateral, symmetrical and predominantly high frequency hearing loss. Age is a predisposing factor for cisplatin ototoxicity. Older patients are more likely to develop hearing loss after treatment with cisplatin. We were unable to establish a relationship between medical history, toxic habits or other risk factors for hearing loss present in the sample and cisplatin ototoxicity.
Fernández, Millán Pablo. "Estudio estructural de proteínas implicadas en el metabolismo del genoma mitocondrial: Helicasa y Factor de Transcripción A Mitocondrial, TFAM." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/273565.
Full textIn this thesis are described two projects with two different DNA binding proteins: TWINKLE and TFAM in complex with DNA (Site-X). Both protein are human proteins and are involved into DNA mitochondrial metabolism, Twinkle is involved in mitochondrial DNA replication and TFAM in the DNA transcription and mitochondrial genome packaging. Crystallographic structure of TFAM/Site-X complex was solved using a molecular replacement method. TFAM is composed by two HMGbox, each one of them bind and bend the DNA Site-X in one point, bending the DNA 90º, and adopting a “U-turn” shape. From a structural point of view, all TFAM/DNA complexes did not show great differences between them. The TFAM/DNA complexes were analyzed by Isothermal Titration calorimetry and showed the same endothermic profile, typical from DNA-binding protein which bend the DNA as a consequence of minor groove interactions, and also similar thermodynamic values. However, TFAM-poly-dA complex showed an exothermic profile. In addition, molecular dynamic technique was used to study the rigidity and simulated the structure of Site-X in an unbounded state. This result showed that TFAM recognize a prebending Site-X DNA, and HMGbox1 bends in a rigid region and HMGbox2 in a flexible region, but both are prebended. This result may suggest this is a general recognition for others DNA sequences. The second project, consisted on the study of a human mitochondrial helicase: Twinkle. The structural data from this protein was obtained with a low resolution techniques: electron microscopy (EM) and Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS). Despite the big difference between these two techniques, both showed similar results. With both techniques was seen that Twinkle is in equilibrium between a hexamer and heptamer in solution. Several 3D structure models were generated for both oligomeric states. In these model the C-terminal domain is responsible of oligomerization in a ring shape, even six or seven units for hexamer and heptamer respectively. The N-terminal domain is divided in two subdomains called ZBD and RPD. These domains are responsible of the Twinkle flexibility, both are connected by a disorded linker, and also the subdomains RDP are connected to the ring domain through other disorded linker. This flexibility was observed by EM and SAXS
Solórzano, Navarro Eduvigis. "De la Mesoamérica Prehispánica a la Colonial: La huella del DNA antiguo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3682.
Full textSe estudiaron los marcadores del DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) a partir de restricción enzimática de fragmentos en la región codificante y de la secuenciación de un segmento de la región hipervariable I. Los distintos análisis se realizaron observando un estricto control de los criterios de autenticidad en relación a las condiciones de laboratorio, el uso de controles, la caracterización de los investigadores, diversidad genética, sentido filogenético y total correspondencia entre los marcadores mitocondriales, concordancia que es reconocida como un criterio de autenticidad cuando se analiza el mtDNA proveniente de restos antiguos.
De los ciento dos individuos estudiados, ochenta y siete fueron clasificados entre los cuatro principales haplogrupos descritos para nativos americanos (A, B, C y D) y tres no segregaron para ninguno de estos haplogrupos, ni siquiera para el quinto y menos frecuente linaje americano, el haplogrupo X; a la luz de los datos de que se dispone hasta el momento es probable de que se trate de individuos cuyo linaje maternal pertenezca a alguno de los haplogrupos africanos (L1, L2 y L3), siendo la primera evidencia genética del aporte africano en época colonial. En los doce individuos restantes no se lograron amplificaciones positivas para más de un sitio de restricción, por lo cual fueron excluidos de la investigación.
Los análisis de comparación entre las tres series antiguas permiten deducir una continuidad entre los linajes mitocondriales anteriores al contacto europeo y los linajes de la época colonial, no observándose diferencias significativas entre ellas. Sin embargo, la presencia de secuencias únicas en la serie de contacto permite hipotetizar un colapso poblacional en algunos núcleos indígenas. Los resultados obtenidos tanto a nivel de haplogrupos como de secuencias también han sido comparados con datos de poblaciones actuales y antiguas de América y Asia obtenidos de la literatura; y de esta manera, situar en el contexto poblacional americano las muestras antiguas del Valle Central mexicano.
Los procedimientos de reconstrucción filogenética nos permiten deducir que las series antiguas del Valle Central de México tienen un vínculo por vía matrilineal con el resto de las poblaciones americanas, y especialmente con la población mexicana contemporánea de referencia. Además, está virtualmente ausente el aporte europeo en las muestras analizadas, debido posiblemente, a que el proceso de mestizaje que se produjo durante los siglos XVI y XIX fue de tipo unidireccional, hombre europeo-mujer indígena y el mtDNA sólo nos permite el análisis del aporte genético materno.
This paper is a contribution to the genetic diversity study in ancient American populations. DNA from Mesoamerican human skeletal remains from three different periods, which cover from the pre-Hispanic Aztec epoch (late post-classical) to the Viceroyalty of New Spain at the colonial period were analyzed, with the purpose to infer, with the information that the maternal lineages can provide us, Mexico's Central Valley population dynamics; and the possible genetic contribution of the Spanish and African contingents that arrived to the Americas, specifically to Mexico, since the last period of the XVIth century.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers have been studied by both specific restriction enzyme analysis in the coding region and by sequencing of the hypervariable region I segment. The analyses were carried out with a strict control of the authenticity criteria, focusing on: laboratory conditions, use of blank controls, mtDNA characterization of laboratory researchers, genetic diversity, phylogenetic sense and total correspondence among mitochondrial markers, which is recognized as an authenticity criterium where mtDNA analysis from ancient remains is concerned.
Of the hundred two individuals studied, eighty-seven were classified among the four major founding mtDNA haplogroups described for American natives (A, B, C, and D), three individuals didn't segregate for any of these haplogroups, not even for the fifth and less frequent American founding lineage, the haplogroup X; and it is probable that their maternal lineage belong to one of the African haplogroups (L1, L2 or L3), being the first genetic evidence of the African contribution in the colonial epoch. Finally, in twelve individuals positive amplifications were achieved in no more than one restriction site, reason by which they were excluded of the investigation.
The analysis comparison among the three ancient series showed that there is continuity between mitochondrial lineages previous to the European contact and colonial lineages, and that there is not a significant difference among them. Nevertheless, the presence of exclusive lineages in contact series allows us to hypothesize a population collapse in some native groups. The results obtained using both methods of the mtDNA analysis have also been compared with ancient and current populations data from America and Asia available in the literature; and in this way, we have been able to place in the American context the Mexico's Central Valley samples.
Phylogenetic reconstruction procedures permit to deduce that Mexico's Central Valley ancient series have a maternal link with the remaining American populations, and especially with the Mexican current population of reference. In addition the European contribution in the samples analyzed is virtually absent possibly owing to that the mestizaje process that was produced during the XVIth and XIXth centuries was of one-directional: European man - Native woman and mtDNA only permits maternal genetic analysis.
Flores, Alvarado Sandra Andrea. "Ancestría y mestizaje de poblaciones chilota y croata en Punta Arenas: Un estudio a través de marcadores uniparentales." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151110.
Full textPunta Arenas fue formada a partir de inmigrantes chilenos y europeos, mayormente chilotes y croatas, que llegaron durante los siglos XIX y XX. Las diferencias culturales y su pertenencia a distintas clases socio-económicas sugieren la existencia de barreras que dificultan el flujo génico entre los grupos. La población actual no ha sido caracterizada para marcadores genéticos que permitan corroborar la contribución de los grupos de inmigrantes. Entonces nos preguntamos ¿cuáles son los patrones de mestizaje entre inmigrantes chilotes y croatas de Punta Arenas y cómo influyen en la configuración de la variabilidad genética actual de la ciudad? Se describe el fenómeno del mestizaje entre chilotes y croatas en Punta Arenas considerando las variables genéticas y sociales involucradas a través de la caracterización de una muestra de 135 voluntarios vía marcadores uniparentales (Cromosoma Y y ADN mitocondrial) y de una encuesta. El componente materno corresponde en un 86% a pueblos originarios, predominando los macrohaplogrupos C (35%), D (33%) y B (17%). En los linajes paternos predomina el componente no amerindio (92%), destacándose el haplogrupo R1b (48%) y la baja frecuencia de los preponderantes en Croacia (R1a1= 5%, I2a1= 3%). Se da cuenta de la relación existente entre marcadores genéticos, apellidos y lugar de origen de los individuos, de la existencia de un sesgo por sexo en el mestizaje y de la inexistencia de una asociación entre ancestría y estrato socio-económico. Los resultados no presentan diferencias significativas respecto a otras poblaciones urbanas de Chile, evidenciando una discordancia entre la relevancia dada a la inmigración europea en el relato histórico y su real contribución genética a la población de la ciudad de Punta Arenas, mostrando un predominio de la inmigración desde Chiloé
Ponce, Brenda Gabriela. "Estudios evolutivos de la planta holoparásita ombrophytum subterraneum." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, 2016. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/14012.
Full textFil: Ponce, Brenda Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales.
Gonzalo, Sanz Ricardo. "Papel de las mutaciones del ADNmt en la producción de daño oxidativo mediado por ROS en un modelo de cíbridos transmitocondriales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3541.
Full textEl incremento de la producción de ROS por parte de la cadena de transporte electrónico puede ser eliminado con ayuda de las defensas antioxidantes celulares. Si la producción de ROS es más importante que la acción de estas defensas, ello puede llegar a provocar lesiones en diferentes componentes celulares tales como lípidos, proteínas o al propio ADNmt. Para profundizar en este campo, en este trabajo en primer lugar se han diagnosticado a cuatro pacientes con enfermedad mitocondrial, portadores de una mutación en su genoma mitocondrial. A partir de plaquetas de estos pacientes se han generado cíbridos transmitocondriales, que se han utilizado como modelo de estudio. Se han estudiado las siguientes mutaciones en genes mitocondriales: T14487C en la subunidad ND6 del complejo I, A3243G en el ARN de transferencia Leu (UUR), A8344G en el ARN de transferencia Lys y G6930A en la subunidad COXI del complejo IV. Analizando la producción de peróxido de hidrógeno como medida de la producción de ROS en estas cuatro líneas, hemos observado que las líneas portadoras de una mutación que afectase al funcionamiento del complejo I y III (descritos ampliamente en la literatura como principales productores de ROS en la mitocondria) es decir A3243G, A8344G y T144874C, sí provocan un incremento de la producción, mientras que la mutación que no afectaba a estos complejos (G6930A) no provocaba incremento. Posteriormente se ha estudiado si este incremento producía daño oxidativo a diferentes componentes celulares, tales como lípidos, proteínas y el propio ADNmt. Previamente, debido a que en la literatura no existía un consenso claro sobre el mejor método de análisis de la peroxidación lipídica, se realizó un pequeño estudio sobre cuál era el mejor inhibidor de la peroxidación lipídica a utilizar y en que concentración, obteniendo que el mejor a utilizar era el BHT a una concentración de 3mM.
En cuanto los resultados de daño oxidativo se observó que en los lípidos solo se observaba daño oxidativo en la línea portadora de la mutación T144874C, mientras que las otras no lo presentaban. En la oxidación de proteínas no se observó daño en ninguna de las cuatro líneas portadoras de la mutación y en cuanto a la oxidación del ADNmt, se observó daño oxidativo en las líneas portadoras de las mutaciones A8344G y T14487C. Con estos resultados se observa que en algunas mutaciones en el genoma mitocondrial la producción de ROS generada es superior a la capacidad detoxificadora de la célula, provocando daño oxidativo, mientras que en otras la producción de ROS no supera la acción de las enzimas antioxidantes.
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by primary dysfunction of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) with a decrease in ATP production. Clinical and biochemical heterogeneity of mitochondrial disorders is due to the ubiquitous nature of mitochondria and the dual genetic (mitochondrial and nuclear DNA) control of OXPHOS. Some unique features of mitochondrial genetics, such as heteroplasmy and tissue segregation, contribute to this phenomenon. However, the precise mechanisms leading to this heterogeneity are still largely unclear.
Mitochondria are the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are generated as toxic by-products of redox-coupled reactions in the electron transport chain (ETC). Inhibition of the ETC in vitro using some respiratory complex inhibitors results in a significant increase in the mitochondrial production of ROS. This increase suggests that when dysfunction of the respiratory chain complexes occurs, electrons can be transferred directly to the molecular oxygen. However, cells are well protected by antioxidant enzymes: the manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and copper-Zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) to eliminate superoxide anion (O2.-) and the glutahione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) to eliminate hydrogen peroxide.
Oxidative stress results when the balance of prooxidants and antioxidants is altered in favour of the prooxidants. In turn, an excess of ROS may contribute to OXPHOS damage. Thus, to define the relationship between mtDNA mutations and production of ROS, several transmitochondrial cell lines (cybrids) carrying different mutations in their mtDNA were obtained from different mitochondrial patients. These included two common and well characterized mtDNA mutations in tRNA genes, the A3243G transition in the tRNALeu(UUR) derived from a patient with MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes), and the A8344G mutation in the tRNALys, derived from a patient with the MERRF syndrome (myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers). In addition, another two cybrids cell lines were studied, harbouring the G6930A mutation in the gene encoding the subunit I (COI) of the cytochrome c oxidase (COX). This mutation changes the amino acid glycine into a premature termination codon, resulting in the loss of the last 170 amino acids (33%) of the polypeptide, thus causing a complete disruption in the COX assembly. The last cybrid cell line studied carried the mutation T144874C in the subunit 6 of the complex I of the ETC.
Hydrogen peroxide production was increased in cybrids harbouring tRNA and complex I mutations, but no changes were observed in cybrids harbouring the mutation in complex IV. No oxidative damage to lipids, proteins or mtDNA was detected in cybrids harbouring A3243G and G6930A mutations. In the cybrid cell line harbouring A8344G mutation, only oxidative damage to mtDNA was observed and in the cybrids harbouring the mutation in complex I, mtDNA and lipid oxidative damage were detected.
These results suggest that some mutations in mtDNA may increase the production of hydrogen peroxide (i.e., those mutations which affect complex I or III of the ETC) meanwhile other mutations do not. Furthermore this increase can sometimes override the antioxidant defences of the cells and produce oxidative damage to key cellular components.
Blázquez, Bermejo Cora. "Estimulación de la síntesis de nucleótidos como tratamiento de los defectos en la replicación del ADN mitocondrial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670111.
Full textEl síndrome de depleción y deleciones múltiples del ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt) (SDDM) engloba un grupo de enfermedades minoritarias de herencia autosómica, recesiva o dominante, debidas a alteraciones en el mantenimiento del ADNmt. Estas alteraciones se manifiestan como una pérdida de moléculas de ADNmt (depleción), acumulación de deleciones múltiples o de mutaciones puntuales en el ADNmt. El espectro clínico del SDDM es muy amplio y heterogéneo. Puede manifestarse en un rango de gravedad muy distinto, desde afectaciones simples y relativamente leves, hasta afectaciones de progresión rápida y\/o multiorgánicas que conducen a la muerte del paciente durante sus primeros años de vida. Genéticamente el SDDM es también muy heterogéneo y se asocia a mutaciones en genes nucleares cuyos productos intervienen en procesos relacionados de algún modo con el mantenimiento del mtDNA. Uno de estos procesos es la homeostasis de dNTPs que resulta imprescindible para garantizar una correcta replicación del ADNmt. El presente trabajo de tesis doctoral consta de estudios preclínicos in vitro e in vivo para la aplicación de la administración de desoxirribonucleósidos (dNs) como precursores de la síntesis de dNTPs en el tratamiento de dos formas de SDDM, la deficiencia en timidina quinasa 2 (TK2) y en la subunidad catalítica de la polimerasa mitocondrial (POLG). La TK2 es la quinasa responsable de la primera y limitante fosforilación de desoxitimidina (dThd) y desoxicitidina (dCtd) en mitocondria, esencial en la obtención de dTTP y dCTP. La deficiencia en TK2 se presenta típicamente como una miopatía grave que está asociada a una marcada depleción del ADNmt en músculo. Hemos ensayado la administración de dThd y dCtd en un modelo murino knock-out para Tk2 (Tk2KO). Estos ratones desarrollan una encefalomiopatía fatal que progresa rápidamente y conduce a la muerte a los 16 días de edad. Con el tratamiento la supervivencia de los ratones Tk2KO asciende a 34 días, y los niveles de ADNmt en músculo se normalizan. A pesar de ello, el tratamiento pierde efecto con la edad. Describimos cambios importantes en el metabolismo de dNTPs que tienen lugar durante el desarrollo normal del ratón y contribuyen a reducir la eficacia del tratamiento con la edad. Por otro lado, hemos trabajado con fibroblastos derivados de pacientes con mutaciones en la subunidad catalítica de la polimerasa-gamma (POLG), proteína que se encarga de la síntesis del ADNmt. Mutaciones en esta enzima causan SDDM con un amplio espectro clínico asociado a depleción y deleciones múltiples del ADNmt. El tratamiento basado en dNs induce un aumento en el contenido de los cuatro dNTPs mitocondriales, y esto es suficiente para restituir la capacidad replicativa del ADNmt sin alterar su fidelidad, en células con mutaciones en diferentes dominios funcionales de POLG. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo sugieren que la estimulación de la síntesis de dNTPs a través de la suplementación con dNs podría ser una estrategia terapéutica válida para SDDM distintos a la deficiencia en TK2 o POLG, así como para otras enfermedades en las que un incremento en la síntesis del ADNmt pueda resultar beneficioso.
The mitochondrial DNA depletion and multiple deletions syndrome (mtDNA) (MDDS) comprises a group of rare diseases of autosomal recessive or dominant inheritance, due to alterations in the maintenance of mtDNA. These alterations manifest as a loss of mtDNA molecules (depletion), accumulation of multiple deletions or point mutations in the mtDNA. The clinical spectrum of MDDS is very broad and heterogeneous. It can manifest in a wide range of phenotypes with different severity, from simple and relatively mild affectations to rapidly progressing and\/or multiorgan diseases that lead to early death of the patient during his first years of life. Genetically, the MDDS is also very heterogeneous, being associated with mutations in nuclear genes whose products are somehow involved in processes related with mtDNA maintenance. One of these processes is dNTP homeostasis, which is essential to sustain a correct replication of mtDNA. This doctoral thesis work consists of in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies on the administration of deoxyribonucleosides (dNs), precursors for the synthesis of dNTPs, as a therapy for treating two forms of MDDS, the deficiencies in thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) and in the catalytic subunit of mitochondrial polymerase (POLG). TK2 is the kinase responsible for the first and limiting phosphorylation of deoxythymidine (dThd) and deoxycytidine (dCtd) in mitochondria, which is essential to obtain dTTP and dCTP. TK2 deficiency usually presents as a severe myopathy associated with a marked depletion of mtDNA in muscle. We have tested the administration of dThd and dCtd in a murine knock-out model for Tk2 (Tk2KO). These mice develop a fatal encephalomyopathy that progresses rapidly leading to death at 16 days of age. With the treatment, survival of Tk2KO mice is extended to 34 days, and the levels of mtDNA in muscle are normalized. However, the therapeutic effect is lost with aging. Here, we describe important changes in dNTP metabolism occurring during normal mouse development and reducing the effectiveness of the treatment with aging. On the other hand, we have worked with fibroblasts derived from patients with mutations in the catalytic subunit of polymerase-gamma (POLG), a protein responsible for mtDNA synthesis. Mutations in this enzyme cause SDDM with a broad clinical spectrum associated with depletion and multiple deletions of mtDNA. The dNs-based treatment induces an increase in the content of the four mitochondrial dNTPs, and this is sufficient to restore the mtDNA replicative capacity while preserving its fidelity, in cells with mutations affecting the different functional domains of POLG. The results obtained in this work suggest that stimulating the dNTP synthesis through dNs supplementation could be a valid therapeutic strategy for MDDS other than TK2 or POLG deficiency, as well as for other diseases in which an increase in mtDNA replication may result beneficial.
Plaza, Stéphanie. "Anàlisi de la diversitat del genoma mitocondrial en poblacions humanes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7073.
Full textNeto, Margarida. "Padrão espacial de diversidade genética mitocondrial da abelha melífera (Apis mellifera L.) no Litoral de Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Escola Superior Agrária, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/4089.
Full textTorrell, Galceran Helena. "Anàlisi de l'ADN mitocondrial en el trastorn mental greu." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/275964.
Full textSchizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder are mental illnesses with unknown ethology. However, genetic epidemiological studies have identified a major genetic contribution that interacts with environmental factors. Several genetic studies support this genetic contribution but large nuclear genome-wide association studies have thus far not yielded a clear disease-associated genetic marker for any psychiatric disorder. Most genetic studies are based on the nuclear genome but almost all cells contain another genome: the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) which plays an essential role in energy production and cell maintenance. The present work analyses the implication of mtDNA in three major mental disorders: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. The paper Torrell H, et al, Am J Med Genet 2013 analyzed the mtDNA expression, content and presence of the common deletion in a myelinated region of the brain in schizophrenia (SCH), bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) patients because the mtDNA is vital to the proper function of the respiratory chain. The method used for obtaining these results was reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) due to its high specificity, large dynamic range, and high accuracy. However, a lack of consensus exists on how best to perform and interpret RT-qPCR data and for that reason we first identified and evaluated suitable reference genes and variables related to clinical, demographic, and specimen characteristics of each sample that could affect the interpretation of RT-qPCR data. We identified five potential reference genes and the RNA quality index as highly correlated with gene expression and these results were published in a previous paper Abasolo N, Torrell H, et al, J Psychiatr Res. The paper Torrell H, et al, Am J Med Genet 2013 reported that 1) MT-ND1 gene expression was significantly increased in the BD group compared with the C group and 2) MDD and SCH patients showed a similar pattern of mtDNA expression, which was different from that in BD patients. The paper Torrell H Am J Med Genet (under review) tested whether mtDNA mutations and/or variants are present in schizophrenia patients and related to schizophrenia characteristics and mitochondrial function. This study was performed in three steps: 1) identification of pathogenic mutations and variants in 14 schizophrenia patients with an apparent maternal inheritance of the disease by sequencing the entire mtDNA; 2) case‐control association study of 23 mtDNA variants identified in step 1 in 495 patients and 615 controls; and 3) analyses of the associated variants according to the clinical, psychopathological and neuropsychological characteristics and according to the oxidative and enzymatic activities of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. We did not identify pathogenic mtDNA mutations in the 14 sequenced patients. Two known variants were nominally associated with schizophrenia and were further studied. The MTRNR2 1811A>G variant likely does not play a major role in schizophrenia, as it was not associated with clinical, psychopathological or neuropsychological variables, and the MT‐ATP6 9110T>C variant did not result in differences in the oxidative and enzymatic functions of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The patients with apparent maternal inheritance of schizophrenia did not exhibit any mutations in their mtDNA. Future work should focus on next generation sequencing and genome-wide association studies with large samples in order to identify low risk variants associated with schizophrenia and/or other major mental disorders.
Guedes, Helena. "Avaliação dos padrões de diversidade genética nas populações de abelha melífera do território interior Português: a rusticidade posta à prova." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Escola Superior Agrária, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/4079.
Full textMestanza, Millones Orson Antero. "Análisis genético poblacional en llamas Lama glama (Linnaeus, 1758) de la región Puno utilizando la región control del ADN mitocondrial." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9970.
Full textEvalúa la diversidad genética en las poblaciones de Lama glama (llama) en las regiones de Puno y Cuzco, para conocer la variabilidad genética contenida en el Banco de Germoplasma de la Estación Experimental (E. E.) Quimsachata – Puno, del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) creada hace 25 años por el gobierno peruano, para consolidar los planes de manejo y conservación. La extracción del material genético se realiza a partir de muestras de folículos pilosos en animales pertenecientes a los pequeños y medianos productores de llamas de las provincias de Melgar, El Collao, Chicuito y Lampa en la región Puno; asimismo, Quispicanchi, Canchis y Espinar en la región Cuzco. Se analiza el dominio hipervariable I de la región control del ADN mitocondrial de 282 individuos por PCR. Los productos de la amplificación son secuenciados y analizados a nivel intraespecífico, poblacional y filogenético. Se identifican 29 haplotipos a partir de las secuencias analizadas. Las poblaciones presentan alta diversidad genética y haplotípica, y sus distancias genéticas pequeñas. El análisis de la red de haplotipos muestra que las poblaciones de llamas comparten linajes maternos con guancos, vicuñas y alpacas. Es una población con historia demográfica estable, producto de su origen múltiple de las diversas subespecies de camélidos. Y en la E. E. Quimsachata se conservan los linajes maternos más frecuentes, ampliamente distribuidos y los compartidos con guanacos, vicuñas y alpacas. Los análisis de estructuración poblacional revelan que no existe estructuración geográfica y no hay correlación geográfica con la composición genética. Además, a nivel de variedad se hace evidente la ausencia de estructuración genética, y el fuerte efecto de hibridación. Sin embargo, la gran diversidad genética contenida en las regiones de Puno y Cuzo, y los catorce nuevos linajes maternos encontrados, convierte estas regiones en lugares potenciales para la conservación y diseño de futuros planes de manejo genético para la especie.
Tesis
Merino, Merino Xiomara Jeanleny. "Filogenia y variabilidad genética de subespecies de Apis mellifera (Linneo, 1758) determinada por tres marcadores de ADN mitocondrial en el Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/15699.
Full textRomero, Condori Pedro Eduardo. "Filogeografía de Systrophia helicycloides : el reflejo de la dinámica del bosque lluvioso tropical en los genes 16S rRNA y COI de moluscos terrestres." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/968.
Full textSystrophia helicycloides (d’Orbigny, 1835) is a land snail species which occurs in floodplains and presents a wide distribution in Los Amigos and Bajo Madre de Dios basins (Madre de Dios, Peru). S. helicycloides distribution and low vagility could be use to infer biogeographical processes in the Peruvian Amazon based on its genetic population structure. The aim of this work is to determine the relationship between mollusk’s genetic population structure and dynamic changes that have taken place in the rain tropical forest. Thus, S. helicyloides was collected from Los Amigos (CICRA, CM1) or Bajo Madre de Dios (Inkaterra stations at Palmereto, Gamitana, and Concepción). Total DNA was isolated and mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA and COI were amplified and sequenced. I obtained 46 sequences from 16S rRNA and 9 from COI. Multiple sequence alignment of 16S rRNA consist in 353 positions (190 conserved, 119 variable, and 69 informative), for COI alignment length was 706 sites (513 conserved, 103 variable, and 124 informative). Intraespecific relationships showed three lineages in S. helicycloides: (1) Lineage 1, with restricted or wide-distributed haplotypes, (2) Lineage 2, with haplotypes mainly from Los Amigos, and (3) Lineage 3, with extremely divergent haplotypes mainly from Palmereto. There is not a strong geographical structure of the genetic diversity. Dynamic changes produced the actual genetic structure in S. helicycloides. Historical geoclimatic changes could have produced lineage differentiation and river dynamics could have influenced the distribution of the genetic diversity.
Tesis
Portugal, Raquel Vilar. "Estudo das alterações do ADN mitocondrial e do GRIM-19 em oncocitomas renais: comparação com os tumores de células de Hürthle da tireóide." Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/21976.
Full textMaster Degree Course in Molecular and Oncology Medicine
Os oncocitomas renais são constituídos por células cujo citoplasma contém numerosas mitocôndrias, morfológica e bioquimicamente anormais (células oxifílicas, oncocíticas ou células de Hürthle). Tumores com fenótipo oncocítico, condicionado pela acumulação de mitocôndrias, podem ocorrer em diversos órgãos, preferencialmente em tecidos com baixo índice proliferativo. Na tireóide, onde são denominados tumores de células de Hürthle, foram identificadas alterações do ADN mitocondrial (mtDNA) e de um gene nuclear que codifica uma proteína mitocondrial (GRIM-19), com diferenças significativas em comparação com tumores não oncocíticos. Nos oncocitomas renais não há, até à data, estudos que descrevam a ocorrência destas alterações. A acumulação de mitocôndrias no citoplasma das células pode ser consequência de uma alteração primária no mtDNA que codifica enzimas mitocondriais, ou provocada por mutações no ADN nuclear (nDNA) que codifica proteínas mitocondriais. Na tentativa de perceber melhor a tumorigénese dos tumores oncocíticos em geral e dos oncocitomas renais em particular, estudámos uma série de 14 oncocitomas renais e o parênquima renal não neoplásico adjacente, no que diz respeito a algumas alterações do mtDNA e do nDNA. Foi efectuada a reavaliação do material anátomopatológico e fez-se extracção de ADN dos tecidos obtidos após microdissecção do material incluído em parafina. Foram pesquisadas alterações do mtDNA como a delecção comum, mutações na região D-loop e nas subunidades 6 e 8 do complexo V (ATPase). As alterações do GRIM-19 foram avaliadas por estudo imuno-histoquímico. A delecção comum foi detectada em 78,6% dos oncocitomas renais e em 50% dos casos também no parênquima não neoplásico. Verificou-se instabilidade na região não codificadora D-loop em 42,9% dos tumores. Foram identificadas mutações somáticas da ATPase 6 e/ou 8 em 14,3% dos casos. A expressão de GRIM-19 nos oncocitomas renais foi discretamente menos intensa do que a observada nas células dos túbulos proximais adjacentes. As alterações encontradas no mtDNA de oncocitomas renais não se afastam substancialmente das observadas anteriormente no estudo de tumores de células de Hürthle da tireóide, tanto no que diz respeito ao tipo de alterações, como à sua frequência. Estudo das alterações do ADN mitocondrial e do GRIM-19 em oncocitomas renais: Comparação com os tumores de células de Hürthle da tireóide 2 A homogeneidade celular fenotípica dos oncocitomas renais e a notável transformação oncocítica observada no parênquima renal não neoplásico na maioria (12/14) dos casos estudados leva a presumir que o evento carcinogénico deverá ter ocorrido numa célula com anomalia prévia do mtDNA ou do nDNA que codifica enzimas mitocondriais. Esta hipótese é favorecida pela existência da delecção comum no parênquima renal não neoplásico numa maior percentagem de casos (50%) que a observada no parênquima não neoplásico tireoideu nos casos de tumores de células de Hürthle (25-33%). É possível que a delecção comum seja um marcador das alterações que ocorrem na biogénese mitocondrial nestas condições. As mutações na ATPase 6 parecem ocorrer preferencialmente nos tumores de células oxifílicas, pelo menos do rim e da tireóide. Os nossos resultados não favorecem a existência de um papel determinante para a instabilidade na região não codificadora D-loop na transformação oncocítica, apesar dessa alteração estar presente em 42,9% dos tumores. É provável que as mutações na região D-loop resultem, sobretudo, da produção aumentada de espécies reactivas de oxigénio pelas células tumorais em geral. A função principal do GRIM-19 na tumorigénese renal não parece estar relacionada com a cadeia respiratória mitocondrial, ou pelo menos, não parece estar relacionada com o fenótipo oncocítico, uma vez que a expressão de GRIM-19 está significativamente mais afectada nos carcinomas de células renais que nos oncocitomas.
Renal oncocytomas are composed by cells whose cytoplasm is packed with an abnormally high mumber of biochemically and morphologically deficient mitochondria (oxyphilic, oncocytic or Hürthle cells). Tumours with an oncocytic fenotype, resulting from mitochondria accumulation, may occur in many organs, predominantly in tissues with low proliferation index. In the thyroid, where they are called Hürthle cell tumours, our group has identified alterations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and in a nuclear gene that encodes for a mitochondrial protein (GRIM-19), with significant differences when compared to non-oncocytic tumours. Regarding renal oncocytomas there are no publications describing the occurrence of such alterations. The mitochondria accumulation in the cytoplasm of cells may be the result of a primary alteration in mtDNA that encodes for mitochondrial enzymes, or it can be a consequence of mutations in nuclear DNA (nDNA) that encodes for mitochondrial proteins. In an attempt to contribute to a better understanding of the tumourigenesis of oxyphilic cell tumours in general and of renal oncocytomas in particular, we studied 14 renal oncocytomas and the respective non neoplastic parenchyma regarding some mtDNA and nDNA alterations. The cases were reviewed and DNA extraction was performed in microdissected tissues obtained from the paraffin-embedded material. We searched for mtDNA alterations such as the common deletion, mutations in the D-loop non codifying region and in the subunits 6 and 8 of complex V (ATPase). GRIM-19 alterations were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The mtDNA common deletion was detected in 78.6% of renal oncocytomas and in 50% of the cases in the respective non neoplastic parenchyma. Instability in the Dloop region was detected in 42.9% of the tumours. We identified somatic mutations in ATPase 6 and/or 8 in 14,3% of the cases. GRIM-19 expression was slightly less intense in the oncocytomas than in the adjacent proximal renal tubules. Our results do not differ substantially from those obtained in Hürthle cell tumours of the thyroid, namely in the kind of alteration and its relative frequency. The homogenous cellular fenotype of renal oncocytomas and the obvious oncocytic transformation observed in the non neoplastic renal parenchyma in most of the studied cases (12/14) indicates that the carcinogenic event must have occurred in a Estudo das alterações do ADN mitocondrial e do GRIM-19 em oncocitomas renais: Comparação com os tumores de células de Hürthle da tireóide 4 cell with a previous anomaly of mtDNA and/or nDNA that encodes for mitochondrial enzymes. This hypothesis is favoured by the presence of the common deletion in a higher percentage of the non-neoplastic parenchyma of oncocytomas (50%) than in nonneoplastic thyroid parenchyma in the cases of Hürthle cell tumours (25-33%). It is possible that the common deletion may be an indirect biomarker of the alterations occurring in mitochondrial biogenesis in these conditions. Mutations in ATPase 6 seem to occur predominantly in oxiphylic cell tumours, at least in kidney and thyroid. Our results do not favour the existence of a determinant role for the instability of the non codifying D-loop region in the oncocytic transformation, despite finding such alterations in 42.9% of the tumours. It is probable that mutations in the D-loop region are mainly the result of increased reactive oxygen species production by tumoural cells in general. The main role of GRIM-19 in renal tumourigenesis does not seem to be related to the mitochondrial respiratory chain, or at least, does not seem to be related with oncocytic features, since the expression of GRIM-19 is significantly more affected in renal cell carcinomas than in oncocytomas.
Portugal, Raquel Vilar. "Estudo das alterações do ADN mitocondrial e do GRIM-19 em oncocitomas renais: comparação com os tumores de células de Hürthle da tireóide." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/21976.
Full textMaster Degree Course in Molecular and Oncology Medicine
Os oncocitomas renais são constituídos por células cujo citoplasma contém numerosas mitocôndrias, morfológica e bioquimicamente anormais (células oxifílicas, oncocíticas ou células de Hürthle). Tumores com fenótipo oncocítico, condicionado pela acumulação de mitocôndrias, podem ocorrer em diversos órgãos, preferencialmente em tecidos com baixo índice proliferativo. Na tireóide, onde são denominados tumores de células de Hürthle, foram identificadas alterações do ADN mitocondrial (mtDNA) e de um gene nuclear que codifica uma proteína mitocondrial (GRIM-19), com diferenças significativas em comparação com tumores não oncocíticos. Nos oncocitomas renais não há, até à data, estudos que descrevam a ocorrência destas alterações. A acumulação de mitocôndrias no citoplasma das células pode ser consequência de uma alteração primária no mtDNA que codifica enzimas mitocondriais, ou provocada por mutações no ADN nuclear (nDNA) que codifica proteínas mitocondriais. Na tentativa de perceber melhor a tumorigénese dos tumores oncocíticos em geral e dos oncocitomas renais em particular, estudámos uma série de 14 oncocitomas renais e o parênquima renal não neoplásico adjacente, no que diz respeito a algumas alterações do mtDNA e do nDNA. Foi efectuada a reavaliação do material anátomopatológico e fez-se extracção de ADN dos tecidos obtidos após microdissecção do material incluído em parafina. Foram pesquisadas alterações do mtDNA como a delecção comum, mutações na região D-loop e nas subunidades 6 e 8 do complexo V (ATPase). As alterações do GRIM-19 foram avaliadas por estudo imuno-histoquímico. A delecção comum foi detectada em 78,6% dos oncocitomas renais e em 50% dos casos também no parênquima não neoplásico. Verificou-se instabilidade na região não codificadora D-loop em 42,9% dos tumores. Foram identificadas mutações somáticas da ATPase 6 e/ou 8 em 14,3% dos casos. A expressão de GRIM-19 nos oncocitomas renais foi discretamente menos intensa do que a observada nas células dos túbulos proximais adjacentes. As alterações encontradas no mtDNA de oncocitomas renais não se afastam substancialmente das observadas anteriormente no estudo de tumores de células de Hürthle da tireóide, tanto no que diz respeito ao tipo de alterações, como à sua frequência. Estudo das alterações do ADN mitocondrial e do GRIM-19 em oncocitomas renais: Comparação com os tumores de células de Hürthle da tireóide 2 A homogeneidade celular fenotípica dos oncocitomas renais e a notável transformação oncocítica observada no parênquima renal não neoplásico na maioria (12/14) dos casos estudados leva a presumir que o evento carcinogénico deverá ter ocorrido numa célula com anomalia prévia do mtDNA ou do nDNA que codifica enzimas mitocondriais. Esta hipótese é favorecida pela existência da delecção comum no parênquima renal não neoplásico numa maior percentagem de casos (50%) que a observada no parênquima não neoplásico tireoideu nos casos de tumores de células de Hürthle (25-33%). É possível que a delecção comum seja um marcador das alterações que ocorrem na biogénese mitocondrial nestas condições. As mutações na ATPase 6 parecem ocorrer preferencialmente nos tumores de células oxifílicas, pelo menos do rim e da tireóide. Os nossos resultados não favorecem a existência de um papel determinante para a instabilidade na região não codificadora D-loop na transformação oncocítica, apesar dessa alteração estar presente em 42,9% dos tumores. É provável que as mutações na região D-loop resultem, sobretudo, da produção aumentada de espécies reactivas de oxigénio pelas células tumorais em geral. A função principal do GRIM-19 na tumorigénese renal não parece estar relacionada com a cadeia respiratória mitocondrial, ou pelo menos, não parece estar relacionada com o fenótipo oncocítico, uma vez que a expressão de GRIM-19 está significativamente mais afectada nos carcinomas de células renais que nos oncocitomas.
Renal oncocytomas are composed by cells whose cytoplasm is packed with an abnormally high mumber of biochemically and morphologically deficient mitochondria (oxyphilic, oncocytic or Hürthle cells). Tumours with an oncocytic fenotype, resulting from mitochondria accumulation, may occur in many organs, predominantly in tissues with low proliferation index. In the thyroid, where they are called Hürthle cell tumours, our group has identified alterations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and in a nuclear gene that encodes for a mitochondrial protein (GRIM-19), with significant differences when compared to non-oncocytic tumours. Regarding renal oncocytomas there are no publications describing the occurrence of such alterations. The mitochondria accumulation in the cytoplasm of cells may be the result of a primary alteration in mtDNA that encodes for mitochondrial enzymes, or it can be a consequence of mutations in nuclear DNA (nDNA) that encodes for mitochondrial proteins. In an attempt to contribute to a better understanding of the tumourigenesis of oxyphilic cell tumours in general and of renal oncocytomas in particular, we studied 14 renal oncocytomas and the respective non neoplastic parenchyma regarding some mtDNA and nDNA alterations. The cases were reviewed and DNA extraction was performed in microdissected tissues obtained from the paraffin-embedded material. We searched for mtDNA alterations such as the common deletion, mutations in the D-loop non codifying region and in the subunits 6 and 8 of complex V (ATPase). GRIM-19 alterations were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The mtDNA common deletion was detected in 78.6% of renal oncocytomas and in 50% of the cases in the respective non neoplastic parenchyma. Instability in the Dloop region was detected in 42.9% of the tumours. We identified somatic mutations in ATPase 6 and/or 8 in 14,3% of the cases. GRIM-19 expression was slightly less intense in the oncocytomas than in the adjacent proximal renal tubules. Our results do not differ substantially from those obtained in Hürthle cell tumours of the thyroid, namely in the kind of alteration and its relative frequency. The homogenous cellular fenotype of renal oncocytomas and the obvious oncocytic transformation observed in the non neoplastic renal parenchyma in most of the studied cases (12/14) indicates that the carcinogenic event must have occurred in a Estudo das alterações do ADN mitocondrial e do GRIM-19 em oncocitomas renais: Comparação com os tumores de células de Hürthle da tireóide 4 cell with a previous anomaly of mtDNA and/or nDNA that encodes for mitochondrial enzymes. This hypothesis is favoured by the presence of the common deletion in a higher percentage of the non-neoplastic parenchyma of oncocytomas (50%) than in nonneoplastic thyroid parenchyma in the cases of Hürthle cell tumours (25-33%). It is possible that the common deletion may be an indirect biomarker of the alterations occurring in mitochondrial biogenesis in these conditions. Mutations in ATPase 6 seem to occur predominantly in oxiphylic cell tumours, at least in kidney and thyroid. Our results do not favour the existence of a determinant role for the instability of the non codifying D-loop region in the oncocytic transformation, despite finding such alterations in 42.9% of the tumours. It is probable that mutations in the D-loop region are mainly the result of increased reactive oxygen species production by tumoural cells in general. The main role of GRIM-19 in renal tumourigenesis does not seem to be related to the mitochondrial respiratory chain, or at least, does not seem to be related with oncocytic features, since the expression of GRIM-19 is significantly more affected in renal cell carcinomas than in oncocytomas.
Villarroya, Terrade Joan. "Estudis experimentals sobre els efectes fisiopatològics de la depleció del DNA mitocondrial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/37064.
Full textThe main site of production of chemical energy for metabolic processes in the mammalian cell is the mitochondria. These organelles are specialized in the synthesis of ATP using the respiratory chain/oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). Mitochondria are also involved in other functions such as the Krebs cycle, β-oxidation of fatty acids, apoptosis, etc. The mitochondrial function in mammals has a unique feature compared to other functions: the involvement of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The coordinated expression of the mtDNA and the nuclear genome (nDNA) is essential for the proper synthesis of the OXPHOS system. The mtDNA is a genetic system consisting of a variable number of copies of circular DNA (103-104/cell) transmitted from generation to generation by maternal inheritance. mtDNA expression is directed nDNA-encoded proteins. The expression of mtDNA is also regulated at the level of replication, and therefore the number of copies of mtDNA per cell will determine the mitochondrial function. In this thesis we have conducted experimental studies of the pathophysiological effects of mtDNA depletion in cell culture, mouse models and also in patients, with special attention to the biology of mitochondrial DNA in adipose tissues. In the study of an mtDNA depletion syndrome (MDS) patient, we demonstrated that there was a selection of type I respect to type II fibers in skeletal muscle. Moreover, fibroblasts derived from MDS patients showed molecular mechanisms that could be playing a compensatory role, regulating the expression of nucleoside transporters, such as ENT1. On the other hand, a murine model of mtDNA depletion showed a preserved function of brown adipose tissue with moderate alterations in terms of morphology and mitochondrial function. Finally, studies in HIV-1 patients showed that treatment with protease inhibitors can result in positive effects, such as reduction of mitochondrially-driven apoptosis, without improving the degree of mtDNA depletion. In summary, we’ve been able to elucidate some candidates to be natural compensatory mechanisms of mtDNA depletion. These cellular compensatory mechanisms of mtDNA depletion are very important as they may be potential targets for therapeutic intervention in treating mtDNA depletion-related diseases.
Leiva, Jiménez Ximena D. "Efectos de las migraciones recientes en la composición genética de la población de Santiago de Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/106312.
Full textVargas, Calla Ana Miluska. "Detección y caracterización molecular de huevos de Taenia solium en escarabajos colectados en zonas endémicas." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9027.
Full textTesis
Barahona, Padilla Sergio Paolo. "Utilización de loci microsatélites y ADN mitocondrial para evaluar la estructuración genético-poblacional de la caballa (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782) en el mar peruano." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3767.
Full textTesis
Chumbe, Mendoza Ana Luz. "Evolución del complejo de especies Bostryx modestus basado en el gen de la Citocromo C oxidase subunidad I del genoma mitocondrial." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/16399.
Full textMaside, Mielgo Carolina. "Efecto de diversas técnicas para visualizar la placa metafásica y el corpúsculo polar sobre la capacidad de desarrollo de ovocitos porcinos madurados in vitro." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/104603.
Full textSomatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology in porcine has become a very useful tool for the elaboration of genetic models for human diseases and the use in xenotransplantation. The efficiency of SCNT is still very low, although the number of cloned pigs increases each year. One of the hardest steps of porcine SCNT is the enucleation of the oocyte because its cytoplasm contains many lipid droplets. The main objective of this thesis was to assess the effect of several approaches to visualize the metaphase II plate and the first polar body on the developmental ability of in vitro mature porcine oocytes.
Rubio, Cosials Anna. "Análisis bioquímico y estructural del factor de transcripción mitocondrial humano A, TFAM, en complejo con la secuencia promotora LSP." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/107935.
Full textTranscription of human mitochondrial DNA requires transcription factor A (TFAM), also essential for DNA packaging and maintenance. Crystallographic analysis of TFAM in complex with an oligonucleotide encoding the light‐strand promoter (LSP) revealed for the first time a protein structure comprising two high‐mobility group (HMG) domains, which intercalate residues at two inverted DNA motifs and induce an overall DNA bend of ~180º stabilized by the inter‐domain linker. The U‐turn allows the TFAM C‐terminal tail, which recruits the transcription machinery, to approach the initiation site despite contacting a distant DNA sequence. We also show that structured protein regions contacting DNA in the crystal show high flexibility in solution, whereas both HMG domains have different DNA recognition capability. Our data suggest that TFAM bends LSP stepwise to create an optimal DNA conformation for transcriptional initiation, whilst facilitating DNA compaction elsewhere in the genome.
Fehren-Schmitz, Lars, Bastien Llamas, Elsa Tomasto, and Wolfgang Haak. "Ancient DNA and the Early Population History of Western South America: What Have We Learned So Far and Where Do We Go From Here." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113534.
Full textAún cuando el análisis de ADN de huesos arqueológicos tiene algunas grandes limitaciones, constituye la manera más directa de investigar eventos prehistóricos de dinámica poblacional. La contextualización interdisciplinaria de los datos genéticos con los registros arqueológico y paleoecológico permite reconstruir las historias poblacionales pasadas y la demografía de sociedades antiguas. Por otro lado, el número de estudios paleogenéticos en Sudamérica se está incrementando. En este artículo revisamos los datos de ADN antiguo de individuos prehispánicos que existen en la actualidad con la finalidad de evaluar su potencial para contribuir a nuestro entendimiento de la historia temprana del poblamiento de Sudamérica. La distribución espacial y temporal de las poblaciones sudamericanas antiguas muestreadas a la fecha es muy irregular y la resolución de los marcadores genéticos analizados esbaja. Sin embargo, los datos sugieren que existieron procesos de dinámica poblacional que acompañaron el desarrollo cultural de la parte oeste de Sudamérica. Con las nuevas metodologías y mejores estrategias de muestreo que se emplean hoy en día en los proyectos de paleogenética, y con una cooperación interdisciplinaria más efectiva, pronto será posible lograr un mejor entendimiento del poblamiento del continente, así como de los hechos sucesivos de su historia poblacional.
Chimeno, Selva Valeria. "Caracterización de un cepario de levaduras para uso enológico mediante técnicas moleculares." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, 2015. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/7236.
Full textFil: Chimeno, Selva Valeria. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias.
Heras, Mena Sandra. "Els límits i les relacions entre els peixos acanthopterygii: filogènia molecular de mugilomorpha i atherinomorpha." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7921.
Full textOften, systematics, based mainly on morphologic characters, does not correspond with the evolutionary processes related to the emergence of the groups of organisms. Nowadays, the utilization of molecular data turns indispensable to a revise and improve the biological classification of several organisms, such as Acanthopterygii fishes. In series Mugilomorpha, the incongruence between taxonomy and phylogeny arises from the high morphological similarity found between its members. Concerning series Atherinomorpha, the main problem lies in determining its evolutionary proximity in relation to series Mugilimorpha and in establishing the phylogenetical relationships inside itself. Therefore, both genetic divergence within each series and phylogenetical relationships between them have been wanted to estimate. For this reason, the direct sequencing of the mitochondrial regions corresponding to tRNA-Phe, 12S rRNA, COI, cytb, tRNA-Thr, tRNA-Pro and control region was achieved.
Fehren-Schmitz, Lars. "Pre-Columbian Population Dynamics and Cultural Development in South Coast Perú as Revealed by Analysis of Ancient DNA." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113298.
Full textSe presenta aquí un estudio cuyo objetivo principal es la comprensión del desarrollo y decadencia de la cultura Nasca en la parte alta de la cuenca del Río Grande de Nasca, así como sus afinidades biológicas y culturales con su antecesora, la cultura Paracas. Se realizaron análisis de ADN antiguo en más de 300 individuos procedentes de varios cementerios prehispánicos del sur del Perú correspondientes a un lapso que se inicia en el Período Formativo y alcanza el Horizonte Medio. Los resultados muestran que las poblaciones nasca son cercanas a las de su cultura precedente. Esta información, combinada con los datos arqueológicos, sugiere que la cultura Nasca se desarrolló, de manera autóctona, en la cuenca del Río Grande. Más aún, se puede observar que los cambios socioeconómicos de este período influyeron en la diversidad genética. Las poblaciones prehispánicas costeñas del sur del Perú difieren, significativamente, de las antiguas poblaciones de la sierra y de las poblaciones peruanas actuales. La diferenciación genética entre las principales áreas culturales de la parte oeste de Sudamérica parece desaparecer en el Horizonte Medio.
Barra, Eaglehurst Rodrigo Andr?s. "Estudio de polimorfismos del DNA mitocondrial y su relacio?n con variables de adaptacio?n a la altura en reci?n nacidos Aymar?s en la Regio?n de Arica y Parinacota." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/170946.
Full textViñas, de Puig Jordi. "Variabilitat genètica i estructura poblacional en tres espècies de la família Scombridae, Sarda sarda, Thunnus alalunga i Thunnus thynnus, basada en la regió control del DNA mitocondrial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7645.
Full textThis work focuses on understanding the population structure of three fish species of the family Scombridae, bonito (Sarda sarda), the figs (Thunnus alalunga) and bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) distribution in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean.
Ballana, Guix Ester. "Molecular basis of deafness linked to mitochondrial DNA mutations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7113.
Full textPalacio, Cortes Poca Angela Maria. "Feromônio sexual, ADN mitocondrial e expressão das proteínas ligantes do ferômonio de Diatraea Saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) e avanços na identificação do feromônio sexual de Diatraea Indiginella Dyar e Heinrich, (Lepidoptera: Crambi." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/24858.
Full textCuppari, Anna. "Structure and biophysical studies of mitochondrial Transcription Factor A in complex with DNA." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400213.
Full textEste trabajo de tesis doctoral está centrado en el análisis del mecanismo de unión del factor A de transcripción mitocondrial (TFAM) con sus secuencias de reconocimiento en la región control del ADN mitocondrial (mtADN). En la mitocondria TFAM está implicado en dos procesos fundamentales: la regulación de la trascripción del mtADN, cuando está unido a las secuencias promotoras del filamento ligero y pesado (HSP y LSP), y la compactación del mismo ADN cuando está presente en alta concentración. TFAM pertenece a la familia de los HMG-box y está constituida por dos dominios HMG conectados por un “linker” de 20 residuos. En este trabajo se presenta la estructura cristalográfica de TFAM en complejo con su sitio de reconocimiento alternativo a los promotores, site Y. Desde el análisis de la estructura se ha evidenciado que TFAM presenta el mismo plegamiento observado también cuando está en complejo con LSP, HSP, ADN no específico (nsADN) y su otro sitio de unión site X. Además en todos estos complejos el ADN resulta doblado 180° por medio de dos inserciones mediadas por LEU58 y 182, cada una responsable de un “kink” de 90°. La diferencia principal entre todas las estructuras se observa a nivel del linker que presenta una desviación en respuesta a las diferentes propiedades de los ADNs que contacta. Para caracterizar mejor el mecanismo de unión de TFAM con sus secuencias de reconocimiento en la región control del mtADN (LSP, site Y and site X), se realizaron diferentes análisis de tipo biofísico y bioquímico. La flexibilidad de estas secuencias se estudió primero por dinámica molecular. Estudios de “isothermal titration calorimetry” y “electrophoresis mobility shift assays” permitieron evidenciar que también si TFAM tiene el mismo mecanismo de unión y la misma afinidad por las tres secuencias, la cinética de formación de los complejos parece ser diferente. Para el análisis de la estequiometria de la unión de TFAM a los diferentes ADN fueron empleadas las técnicas de “multi angle laser light scattering” y “analytical ultracentrifugation”. Estos estudios evidenciaron la tendencia de TFAM de multimerizar, en presencia y ausencia de ADN, en respuesta a aumento de su concentración.
Gregório, Inês de Sousa. "Genetic structure, diversity and gene flow on a threarened population of brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Cantabria, Spain." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22700.
Full textAo longo de vários séculos, a distribuição geográfica do urso pardo na Península Ibérica tem vindo a diminuir, estando de momento limitada ao norte de Espanha. A população de urso pardo da Cantábria é uma das mais pequenas da Europa e está dividida em duas subpopulações (Ocidental e Oriental), com conectividade limitada entre ambas. Para além disso, a perseguição, por parte das populações humanas, apresenta sérias ameaças à sobrevivência da população de urso pardo na Cantábria. Tendo em consideração a situação atual da população Cantábrica, é essencial ter uma imagem muito clara dos padrões genéticos da população. Foram usados três tipos de marcadores genéticos (ADN mitocondrial, microssatélites nucleares autossómicos e marcadores sexuais) para inferir a origem, estrutura e diversidade genética e fluxo genético da população. Os resultados aqui apresentados sugerem que a população Cantábrica está dividida em duas linhagens matrilineares distintas e que não é monofilética relativamente a outras populações europeias. Esta diferenciação, num eixo oriental-ocidental, poderá estar relacionada com eventos de colonização da cordilheira Cantábrica anteriores e contemporâneos ao último máximo glaciar. A população está estruturada em duas subpopulações com grande diferenciação genética entre as duas. Os resultados mostram fortes evidências de migração de ursos entre as duas subpopulações. Nomeadamente, encontramos evidências da existência de fluxo genético assimétrico e de maior fluxo recente de migrantes da subpopulação Oriental para a Ocidental. Contudo, os resultados sugerem uma maior introgressão recente em sentido contrário. Este estudo ajuda a clarificar as origens da população e fornece novo conhecimento sobre a condição genética e os padrões de migração e fluxo genético da população de urso pardo. Os resultados aqui apresentados irão ajudar na definição e implementação de novas estratégias de conservação relevantes para a subsistência de uma população de urso pardo viável na Cordilheira Cantábrica.
Over the centuries, the brown bear geographical distribution in the Iberian Peninsula has been decreasing, being currently limited to the North of Spain. The Cantabrian brown bear population is one of the smallest populations in Europe as is fragmented in two subpopulations (Western and Eastern), with limited connection between them. Additionally, human persecution represents serious threats to the survival of brown bear in Cantabria. Considering the current status of the Cantabrian population, it is essential to have a clear picture of the genetic patterns of the population. We used three molecular markers (mitochondrial DNA, autossomal and sex linked microsatellites) to assess the genetic origins, structure, diversity and gene flow of the Cantabrian brown bear population. Our results suggest that the Cantabrian population is divided in two distinct matrilineal lineages and is not monophyletic relative to other European populations. This differentiation, in an east-west axis might be related with colonization events of the Cantabrian mountains prior and contemporary to the last glacial maximum. The population is structured in two subpopulations with great genetic differentiation between them. The results also show strong evidences of migration between both subpopulations. Namely, we found evidence of asymmetrical gene flow and greater migrant flow from the Eastern to the Western subpopulation. However, results also suggest greater genetic admixture in the opposite way. This study reveals the origins and provides new insights on the genetic condition and migration patterns of the brown bear population. The results here presented will help in the definition of conservation strategies relevant for the maintenance of a viable brown bear population in the Cantabrian mountains.
Sampietro, Bergua Mª Lourdes. "Genetic Analysis of the prehistoic peopling of Western Europe: Ancient DNA the role of contamination." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/79128.
Full textEn la presente tesis hemos tratado tres temas diferentes aunque muy relacionados. Primero, hemos estudiado la tasa de mutación post-mortem de secuencias de ADN contaminante en restos humanos antiguos centrándonos en el desarrollo de estrategias para evitar que las muestras se contaminen antes de llegar al laboratorio. Proponemos una guía que consiste en el tipado genético de cada persona implicada en la manipulación de los restos, especialmente cuando estos han sido excavados y lavados bajo condiciones no controladas. Segundo, hemos desarrollado una técnica no invasiva para secuenciar DNA de restos humanos antiguos pero sin destruirlos. Y por ultimo, hemos secuenciado restos humanos antiguos pertenecientes a diferentes periodos evolutivos (desde el Paleolitico hasta el post-Neolitico) que nos han permitido hacer inferencias sobre el poblamiento Europeo centrándonos básicamente en la Península Ibérica. Hemos encontrado que ha habido una continuidad genética desde el Neolítico. La única clara discontinuidad genética encontrada es entre dos especies distintas: H. Sapiens y H.neanderthalensis.
Nye, Jessica 1986. "Adaptive history of the chimpanzee subspecies in the genomic era." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665624.
Full textTot i que és universal i inevitable, l'envelliment no es produeix de manera uniforme. En aquesta tesi, es van avaluar els efectes de l'exposició primerenca a factors de risc proinflamatoris (contaminació de l'aire i obesitat) sobre el contingut d'ADN mitocondrial (mtDNA) i la longitud del telómero, considerats com a marcadors de l'envelliment biològic, en néixer i durant la infància. En primer lloc, vam observar que un increment de l'exposició al diòxid de nitrogen (NO2) durant l'embaràs es va associar amb una disminució tant del contingut de ADN de la placenta plasmàtica com del pes i la durada del part (capítols 2 i 3). En segon lloc, vam mostrar que l'associació entre l'exposició NO2 prenatal i el creixement infantil podria estar mediada per contingut de ADN de placenta (capítols 2 i 3). En tercer lloc, el nostre estudi va descobrir que l'augment de l'exposició pre i postnatal als contaminants atmosfèrics conduir a una menor longevitat de leucòcits en nens de 8 anys (capítol 4). Finalment, vam mostrar que un augment dels indicadors d'obesitat es van associar amb telòmers més curts significatius en nens de 8 anys (capítol 5).
Chakraborty, Arka. "Exploring structure-function relationship of the mitochondrial DNA packaging protein Abf2p and its dialogue with the DNA." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398762.
Full textEls mitocondris posseeixen un ADN (ADNmt) que codifica components de la via de la fosforilació oxidativa. L’ADNmt es compacta en unes estructures nucleo-proteiques, els nucleoides, que s’estructuren de manera diferent a l'ADN nuclear. La base molecular de l’empaquetament de l’ADNmt és desconegut. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae l’ADNmt és una molècula lineal d’uns 80kb empaquetada per la proteïna Abf2p, que conté dos dominis HMG-box d’unió a ADN. Abf2p contacta l'ADN de forma no específica, però també mostra una unió en fase en regions riques en poli-adenina (regions poly-A). Els detalls moleculars d’aquests dos tipus d’unió encara no s'han dilucidat. En aquesta tesi doctoral es presenten les estructures cristal·logràfiques de l’Abf2p en complex amb fragments d'ADNmt derivats de l’ADN de llevat, que demostren que Abf2p uneix i indueix una curvatura de 180ᵒ a l'ADN. A més a més, en els cristalls, l’Abf2p evita la unió a una regió poly-A induïnt un fenomen únic de d’unió d’una molècula de proteïna a dues molècules d’ADN. Per investigar la funció dels diferents dominis d’Abf2p en la unió ADN hem dut a terme assajos in vitro i in vivo amb fragments i amb la proteïna sencera que mostren que una hèlix de 12 residus N-terminal, única per aquesta proteïna, és crucial per a la unió. A més a més hem estudiat la dinàmica del complex proteïna-ADN en solució per mètodes biofísics (SAXS i ITC) que demostren la flexibilitat de la proteïna i que corroboren el condicionament de la regió poly-A en la unió. Finalment, per dinàmica molecular (MD) hem descobert que l'ADN utilitzat per cristal·litzar té unes propietats estructurals en les regions poly-A, amb un solc menor molt estret, que condicionen el posicionament d’Abf2p. Aquest fenomen és clau en l'organització de l'arquitectura global del nucleoide, atès que en S. cerevisiae l’ADNmt té fins al 30% de regions poly-A, atípic en altres genomes. A més, les estructures cristal·lines mostren la capacitat inherent de la proteïna per unir molècules d'ADN independents, que podrien facilitar el seu empaquetament. Els resultats aquí presentats són un avenç en la nostra comprensió de l’empaquetament de l’ADNmt en el llevat.
Berniell, Lee Gemma. "Genes, peoples and languages in Central Africa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/22700.
Full textThe present thesis titled “ Genes, peoples and languages in Central Africa” examines the genetic diversity patterns in populations from west central Africa, more specifically, in Bantu and Pygmy populations from Gabon and Cameroon, two key areas in the understanding of the Bantu expansion. More than 800 samples have been analysed at the Y chromosome level in order to genetically characterise these populations and establish the genetic relationship between them. The results have shown that the Bantu expansion largely homogenised the gene pool of Bantu populations, erasing the pre-Bantu diversity, while it diversified that of Pygmy groups, introducing Bantu lineages into their gene pool. Furthermore, gene flow of paternal lineages seems to have taken place mainly in one direction; from Bantus to Pygmies. These results contrast with those found in studies of maternal (mtDNA) lineages in these areas, where considerable gene flow from Pygmy to Bantu populations have been observed, suggesting possible sex-biased admixtures rates between Bantu and Pygmy populations. An interesting finding, is the significant presence of a non-African lineage in these sub-Saharan populations.
Aivio, Suvi Marjaana 1981. "The Role of EXD2 in the maintenance of mithocondrial homeostasis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/328716.
Full textLa disfunción mitocondrial que surge de la homeostasis de ácido nucleico mitocondrial aberrante se ha asociado con varias patologías. En esta tesis, se pretende caracterizar una exonucleasa putativo mitocondrial, EXD2, y las consecuencias de su pérdida en el metabolismo celular. Para ello utilizamos tres enfoques: 1) ensayos bioquímicos con EXD2 purificado de bacterias para estudiar su actividad enzimática, 2) los experimentos in vitro con líneas celulares para estudiar el fenotipo de las células con niveles de EXD2 alterados, y, 3) experimentos in vivo con modelo de xenotrasplante de ratón y D.melanogaster para estudiar las consecuencias de perdida de EXD2 en los tumores y en el nivel del organismo. Nuestro trabajo muestra que EXD2 es una exonucleasa mamíferos excepcionalmente versátil capaz de unirse y degradar diversos sustratos de ADN y ARN. Se demuestra que la pérdida de EXD2 en las células del cáncer conduce a alteraciones en el ADN mitocondrial, diversas alteraciones metabólicas y de señalización hipoxia aberrante. También describimos cómo, in vivo, esto conduce a la inhibición del crecimiento del tumor de mama y aumento de la vida útil en moscas de la fruta. En conjunto, nuestras observaciones proporcionan un enlace entre el mantenimiento de ácidos nucleicos mitocondriales y de gran escala alteraciones metabólicas que influyen en el crecimiento del tumor y el envejecimiento.
Vera, Rodríguez Manuel. "Estudio de las variaciones espaciales y temporales de la diversidad genética de la trucha común, Salmo trutta, en ríos de la Península Ibérica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7624.
Full textEn la cuenca del río Duero los análisis confirmaron la presencia de los dos linajes matriarcales descritos previamente, el linaje Atlántico (AT) y el linaje Duero (DU). Los análisis de la varianza molecular (AMOVA) siguiendo una jerarquía hidrográfica sugirieron una alta estructuración de las poblaciones coincidente con los patrones ictiológicos observados en la cuenca. El linaje DU parece haber estado presente permanentemente en la cuenca interior del Duero, mientras que las zonas más próximas a la desembocadura han padecido diversas colonizaciones de trucha del linaje AT, que reflejarían los cambios climáticos ocurridos en el Cuaternario. Se ha detectado una discrepancia en el límite entre ambos grupos definidos por genes nucleares (alozimas) y el ADN mitocondrial. Estas discrepancias pueden ser debidas a un efecto más severo de la deriva genética en el ADN mitocondrial que en los marcadores nucleares. Sin embargo, en este trabajo se han observado evidencias a favor de selección en el ADN mitocondrial del linaje DU que también explicaría estas discrepancias.
El análisis más exhaustivo en las cuencas de los Pirineos orientales, permitió detectar nuevos haplotipos mitocondriales de los linajes Adriático (AD) y Mediterráneo (ME). En esta región, los AMOVAs confirmaron que las diferencias entre poblaciones dentro de río son más importantes que las diferencias entre ríos. No obstante se observó un patrón de aislamiento por distancia en toda la zona, reflejo de la estructuración de las poblaciones en la cuenca del río Ebro. Además, aunque los AMOVAs mostraron que el componente temporal de la variación es inferior al espacial, las fluctuaciones temporales en la comparación matriarcal de las poblaciones resultaron estadísticamente significativas. Estas fluctuaciones están asociadas tanto a la deriva genética como a procesos de flujo génico entre poblaciones próximas. Dentro de las cuencas, los componentes de diferenciación entre afluentes son, en general, superiores a los obtenidos dentro de cada afluente, patrón que parece estar extendido en la trucha común. Los estudios a escala microgeográfica en la Noguera Vallferrera y Noguera Cardós (afluentes del Noguera Pallaresa) reprodujeron este patrón de diferenciación. Los tamaños efectivos y la tasa de migración entre ambos ríos fueron similares a los descritos en poblaciones noratlánticas. Los tamaños efectivos de las hembras (Nef), calculados a partir del ADN mitocondrial fueron menos de la mitad del tamaño efectivo total tanto en la Noguera Vallferrera como en el resto de localidades pirenaicas estudiadas. Estos bajos tamaños efectivos de las hembras serían también responsables de las fluctuaciones temporales observadas. Los ejemplares repoblados parecen hibridar poco con los nativos, pero su presencia podría intensificar indirectamente los procesos de deriva genética y complicar la conservación de los patrimonios genéticos nativos.
Con la salvedad de la existencia de selección que favorece a los haplotipos del linaje DU, los procesos poblacionales que regulan la distribución de la variabilidad genética en la cuenca del Duero y en los Pirineos Orientales podrían ser parecidos y caracterizados por la existencia de múltiples demes interconectados a lo largo del curso fluvial.
Brown trout populations from the River Duero basin and from Eastern Pyrenees rivers were analyzed to assess the reasons for contrasting patterns of genetic diversity. Altogether genetic diversity has been analyzed in 49 new collections, 13 from the River Duero basin and 36 from the main rivers of Eastern Pyrenees. Moreover, temporal samples from 14 Pyrenean locations were sampled to analyse temporal stability of the described structure. In these two areas previous studies indicated a strong contrast among diversity patterns in both territories. Results in the Duero basin confirmed the presence of the Atlantic (AT) and the Duero (DU) matriarchal lineages both previously described in this river basin. The analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on the hydrographical hierarchy indicated a high level of population structuring, in accordance with the icthiological pattern observed in this basin. The DU lineage permanently occupied the internal area of the River Duero basin, whereas zones close to the mouth of the river have suffered diverse waves of colonisations of trout belonging to the AT lineage, which would reflect the changes happened in the Quaternary. Discrepancies in the limits between both groups defined by nuclear genes (allozymes) and mitochondrial DNA have been detected. These discrepancies could be due to a more intense effect of genetic drift in mitochondrial DNA than in nuclear markers. Nevertheless, evidences in favour of selection in the mitochondrial DNA of the DU lineage have been described in this work, which also would explain this discrepancy. A detailed analysis of brown trout populations from rivers in the Eastern Pyrenees detected new mitochondrial haplotypes of the Adriatic (AD) and the Mediterranean (ME) lineages. In this region, the AMOVAs indicated that differences between populations within river were larger than differences between rivers. Nevertheless, a pattern of isolation by distance was observed in the whole zone, reflecting population structure within the River Ebro. The AMOVAs showed that the temporal component of the variation is lower than the spatial component, but the temporal fluctuations in the matriarchal comparison of the populations were statistically significant. These fluctuations were associated to both genetic drift and gene flow among close populations. Generally in the river basins, higher differentiation between than within stream was observed. This pattern seems to be widespread in brown trout. The studies on microgeographical scale undertaken in the Noguera Vallferrera and Noguera Cardós (tributaries of Noguera Pallaresa) reproduced the above pattern of differentiation. Effective population sizes and migration rate between both rivers were similar to those described in North-Atlantic populations. In the Noguera Vallferrera as well as in the rest of Pyrenean populations, the female effective sizes (Nef), calculated from mitochondrial DNA were less than a half of the total effective sizes detected. These low female effective sizes also contribute to the observed temporal fluctuations. Hatchery individuals hybridise poorly with the native one, but its presence could indirectly intensify genetic drift and complicate the conservation of the native genetic resources.
In spite of selection favouring haplotypes of the DU lineage, population processes controlling the distribution of genetic variability in the Duero and the Eastern Pyrenees river basins could be similar and characterized by the existence of interconnected multiple demes throughout the fluvial course.
Macedo, Denise Vaz de 1959. "Envolvimento do carreador ADP/ATP nos processos de permeabilização da membrana mitocondrial interna." [s.n.], 1993. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314434.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresentamos evidências experimentais suficientes para propor o envolvimento direto do carreador ADP/ATP no processo de abertura do poro dependente de Ca2+, responsável pelo fenômeno de transição de permeabilidade da membrana mitocondrial interna. Comparando a proteção conferida pelo ADP ¿ substrato do carreador ADP/ATP, ditiotreitol ¿ redutor de grupamentos sulfidrila e butil hidroxitolueno - sequestrador de radicais livres, mostramos que o ADP sempre foi o mais efetivo contra o dano mitocondrial, quando presente no meio de reação desde o inicio. Esta proteção conferida pelo ADP parece ser contra os efeitos específicos do Ca2+ sobre a membrana, independente do agente liberador utilizado ser um oxidante ou fosfato inorgânico. Esses resultados descartaram a possibilidade de um ataque de radicais de oxigênio aos lipídeos ou proteínas da membrana como o evento primário que dispara a permeabilização mitocondrial. Quando pré-incubamos mitocôndrias desenergizadas com Ca2+, mostramos uma diminuição no conteúdo de translocases ativas na membrana, sensível à presença de ciclosporina A. Estes dados indicaram um envolvimento direto do carreador ADP/ATP na abertura do poro dependente de Ca2+. Nossos resultados descartaram também a oxidação de grupos tiólicos desta proteína como a responsável por sua inativação. Nos experimentos com partículas sub-mitocondriais, demonstramos pela primeira vez a abertura do poro dependente de Ca2+, sensível à ciclosporina A também na membrana invertida das partículas, o que descarta definitivamente a interação da ciclofilina com o carreador ADP/ATP como o mecanismo responsável pela abertura do poro dependente de Ca2+. Esses experimentos também forneceram evidências da existência de dois sítios de ligação para Ca2+ na membrana, com efeitos opostos sobre sua abertura. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho, no seu conjunto, nos permitiram apresentar a nossa hipótese para o mecanismo molecular de abertura do poro dependente de Ca2+, modulado pelo carreador ADP/ATP. Sugerimos que a ligação do Ca2+ ao carreador, quando este está no estado conformacional "c" induz a dissociação da estrutura dimérica funcional desta proteína, transformando gradativamente o próprio carreador ADP/ATP no poro dependente de Ca2+. Palavras Chave: transição de permeabilidade, poro dependente de Ca2+, carreador ADP/ATP, ciclosporina A, permeabilização da membrana mitocondrial interna
Abstract: In this work we presented sufficient experimental evidences to propose the direct involvement of the ADP/ATP carrier in the permeabilization processes of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Comparing the protection conferred by ADP - a subtrate of the ADP/ATP carrier, dithiothreitol - a disulfide reductant and butylhydroperoxide - a radical scavenger, it was found that ADP was always the most effective against the mitochondrial damage, when present in the incubation medium from the beginning. Our results also indicate that the protection of ADP is against the specific Ca2+ effect in the membrane, independently an pyridine nucleotide oxidant t-butylhydroperoxide or inorganic phosphate were used and discard the possibility of an attack of oxygen radicals on lipids or proteins of the mitochondrial membrane as the primary event that triggers the permeability transition of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Experiments where deenergized mitochondria were preincubated with Ca2+ showed a decrease on the content of active ADP/ATP carrier, indicating a direct involvement of this protein in the formation of an unspecific Ca2+ dependent pore. They also discard the -SH oxidation as a cause of the carrier inactivation. Our experiments with submitochondrial particles provide good evidence for then existence of two binding sites for Ca2+ in the mitochondrial membrane. These resulte also discard cyclophilin as mediator of the pore opening. Key Words: permeability transition, pore Ca2+-dependent, ADP/ATP carrier, cyclosporin A, mitochondrial inner membrane
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Doutor em Ciências
Fernández, Hernández Maria Victoria. "Phylogeographical analysis of two aristed shrimps, Aristeus antennatus and Aristaemorpha foliacea (Crustacea: Aristeidae), with implications for resource conservation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/98477.
Full textLa conservació i gestió d’espècies depèn d’un bon coneixement de la seva biologia així com de la identificació d’unitats reproductivament aïllades i genèticament diferenciades (estocs genètics). Les gambes vermelles, Aristeus antennatus i Aristaeomorpha foliacea són decàpodes marins amb un alt valor econòmic i un ampli rang de distribució en el Mar Mediterrani, Oceà Atlàntic i Oceà Índic. L’anàlisi genètic dels caladers més importants d’A. antennatus i A. foliacea mitjançant diversos marcadors moleculars ha permès la identificació de quatre estocs genètics en cadascuna de les espècies. L'Estret de Gibraltar, l’Estret de Sicília i el gir del Peloponès es varen identificar com barreres geogràfiques i hidrogràfiques que causen restricció al flux gènic dintre del Mediterrani i amb aigües colindants. D’altra banda, els resultats revelen el monofiletisme d’A. antennatus, i l’existència de tres llinatges en A. foliacea, un dels quals presenta suport multilocus per a ser considerat una espècie genètica diferent.
Pestana, Cezar Rangel. "Aspectos bioquímico-estruturais do transportador de nucleotídeos de adenina, cardiolipinas e ciclofilina D na transição de permeabilidade mitocondrial induzida por Ca2+." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60134/tde-31052010-101820/.
Full textOxidation of the Adenine Nucleotide Translocase (ANT) cysteine residue 56 (ANT-cys56) is potentially involved in Ca2+-induced Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (MPT), a process which is prevented by cyclosporine A (CsA), due to its inhibition of Permeability Transition Pore (PTP) opener component, the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase cyclophylin D (cyp D). The main aspects of ANT, cardiolipins (CDL) and cyp D on Ca2+-induced PTP opening were addressed by employing light scattering techniques in isolated rat liver mitochondria to assess both ANT conformational change and mitochondrial swelling in association with computational chemistry analysis of Molecular Interaction Fields (MIF) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) for PTP events predictions. Computational analysis revealed that Ca2+ interacts preferentially with the ANT surrounding CDL bound to the H4 helix of the carrier and weakens the CDL/ANT interactions accounting for the ADP-sensitive increase of ANT-cys56 relative mobility while ANT-pro61 cis to trans configuration inversion intensified the Ca2+ effect in a ADP-insensitive way. The ANT conformation and mitochondrial swelling analyses demonstrated that Ca2+ induces conformation c of ANT and opens PTP in a CsA- and ADP-sensitive way. Cyp D stabilizes Ca2+-induced ANT conformation c, whereas ATR renders a PTP opening less sensitive to the inhibition by CsA or ADP. The results suggest that Ca2+-induced PTP opening involves ANT conformation c change supported by a cyp D-induced trans to cys ANT-pro61 configuration inversion based on the relative mobility of ANT-cys56, in a ADP-sensitive manner.
Souza, Edna Barbosa de. "Vias de inibição da apoptose em macrófagos J774 infectados com Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-11102006-101138/.
Full textMacrophages infected by Leishmania are protected from apoptosis, however the mechanism of intracellular signal transduction that interferes in this death process remains unknown. In this work, J774 cells in culture, under nutrient deprivation undergo apoptosis, which is increased in the presence of inducers: camptothecin (CPT) or recombinant tumoral necrosis factor (rTNF). These cells infected by amastigotes or promastigotes of Leishmania (L.) chagasi (5 parasites per cell) are protected from apoptosis. Evaluating the possible intracellular pathways involved in this process, we observed nutrient deprivation alters the mitochondrial membrane potential, reversed by both amastigote and promastigote infection, in contrast, mitochondrial membrane potential was altered by rTNF and it was reversed only by promastigotes. Both caspase 3 activity and caspase 3 cleavage detection induced by H2O2 are reversed with amastigote or promastigote infection. When we analysed the expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, related to no induced cells . CPT induction didnLt increase 116 kDa PARP, but increased a 24 kDa fragment. Otherwise, Leishmania (L.) chagasi amastigote infection in J774 cells decreased 116 kDa PARP, but increased a 24 kDa fragment. Incells infected by Leishmania (L.) chagasi , we observed a decrease of 116 kDa fragment, appearance of a 89 kDa fragment and a decreasing of a 24 kDa fragment. In the cells under CPT induction similar results were found, except a decreasing of a 24 kDa when infected by amastigote. Evaluating the Leishmania (L.) infantum Heat Shock Protein of 83 kDa, as a possible factor that interferes in the apoptosis process, we observed that a phagocytosis of Escherichia coli (M15) bacteria with a HSP83 gene within a plasmid expressing this protein induced by isopropyl β - D- tiogalactopiranosideo (IPTG), considerably diminished apoptosis in these cells even when induced by CPT or rTNF. Our data show that Leishmania (L.) chagasi infection in J774 macrophages in vitro notoriously interferes in the apoptosis process affecting several intracellular pathways involved in both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, more prominently with promastigote in this macrophage cell lineage.
Arbo, Bruno Dutra. "Efeitos neuroprotetores do 4'-clorodiazepam em modelos experimentais de Doença de Alzheimer in vitro e sobre o desenvolvimento neuronal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/147880.
Full textThe increase in life expectancy of the world population has been associated with a higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases. The Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and the main cause of dementia among people over 60 years, being characterized by a progressive decline in the memory and mental function of the patients. These symptoms are associated with histopathological changes in the brain of these patients, including the presence of senile plaques, formed by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles, which are related to the hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein. Studies indicate that Aβ deposition is a major contributor to AD progression, promoting neuronal damage through the activation of different pro-apoptotic pathways and giving rise to the typical dementia symptoms of this disease. To date, there are no effective treatments for AD, so that most of the pharmacological intervention is intended for the treatment of some of its symptoms. The translocator protein (TSPO) is located in contact sites between the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes and is involved in the cholesterol transport into the mitochondria and in the regulation of steroidogenesis and apoptosis. Studies show that TSPO ligands present neuroprotective effects in different experimental models of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically regarding AD, a study indicated that 4’-chlorodiazepam (4’-CD), a TSPO ligand, is neuroprotective in an animal model of this disease, being a possible candidate for its treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of 4’-CD in different experimental models of Aβ- induced neurotoxicity in vitro, as well as its effects on the development of hipocampal neurons. First, it was demonstrated that 4’-CD decreased the cell death of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to the Aβ. This effect was associated with the inhibition of the Aβ-induced upregulation of Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein, and downregulation of survivin, a prosurvival protein. On the other hand, the expression of Bcl-xl and procaspase-3 was not change by the treatments. After, it was studied the neuroprotective effects of 4’-CD against Aβ in organotypic hipocampal cultures. In these experiments, it was shown that 4’-CD decreases the cell death of organotypic hippocampal slices exposed to the Aβ by increasing the protein expression of SOD, but without changing the expression of Akt and procaspase-3. Finally, due to the importance of the processes of neuronal development and maturation in the regeneration of CNS after injury, it was evaluated the effect of 4’-CD on the development of primary hippocampal neurons of male and female mice. It was observed that female primary hippocampal neurons presented an increased rate of development than male neurons. 4’-CD stimulated the development and increased the neuritic branching of male but not from female neurons. In summary, it was observed that 4’-CD presented a neuroprotective effect against Aβ in SH-SY5Y cells and in rat organotypical hippocampal slices, presenting itself as a promising agent for the treatment of AD. Also, it was observed that 4’-CD modulates the development of hippocampal neurons in a sex-dependent manner, stimulating the development of male but not from female cells.