Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ADNmt'
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Carreño, Gago Lidia. "Configuración de una estrategia para la identificación genético-molecular de pacientes con enfermedad mitocondrial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/458673.
Full textThe mitochondrial disorders (MD) are a group of inherited metabolic diseases characterized by an alteration in the correct function of the mitochondria, mainly due to deficiencies of the oxidative phosphorylation system. These diseases are genetically and clinical heterogenic, due to their dual genetic origin (they can be caused due to mutations in the nuclear and in the mitochondrial genome) and their great phenotypic variability (the disease can affect only one organ or it can be multisystemic). Many times this group of disorders lacks of a genotype-phenotype correlation, since the same mutation can generate different phenotypes, and one specific phenotype can be caused by mutations in different genes, and this fact hampers the genetic diagnose of these disorders. The hypothesis of this thesis proposes that the use of the next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies in the genetic diagnostic of the MD will improve its performance. The use of the NGS in the diagnostic of these diseases will allow the detection of new point mutations in genes already described. Furthermore, the diagnostic through NGS also will allow to associate genes related with a specific MD to new phenotypes, or even to discover new genes causing MD, thus expanding the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of MD and improving the performance of the genetic diagnostic. In the present work we have integrated massive sequencing analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes to the diagnostic of patients with MD. We have set up and validated the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing that has enabled us to detect low levels of mtDNA heteroplasmy. Furthermore, the covering homogeneity of the complete mtDNA molecule has been optimized. This methodology has allowed us to precisely determine the concrete deleted sequences in single mtDNA deletions. Additionally, we have designed à la carte and validated a panel of genes directly related to mtDNA maintenance for diagnostic purposes. In patients with MD the clinic (n=8) and complete (n=9) exomes have been studied and analyzed. In this regard, new potentially mutagenic variants in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA genes have been completely characterized, as well as potential phenotypic modulator variants in Non-Syndromic Sensoryneural Hearing Loss patients carrying the homoplasmic m.1555A>G mutation in the MTRNR1 gene. The application of the massive sequencing analysis technique in the diagnosis of these MD has represented an increase in the diagnosis efficiency, specially in those patients that had been well characterized clinically. MtDNA sequencing has allowed the detection in peripheric blood samples of pathogenic variants with a very low degree of heteroplasmy that were not previously detected by the classic Sanger sequencing, reducing the necessity of performing a muscle biopsy. In the complete mtDNA sequencing study, we have detected pathogenic variants that had not been previously associated to the phenotype of the patients. Additionally, the application of the genes panel related with mtDNA maintenance has proven to be very efficient, specially in those patients with multiple mtDNA deletions, being the POLG and TK2 the most representative in those patients. The clinic exome study in patients with Leigh syndrome has allowed us to genetically diagnose 2 out of 6 patients studied. Finally, in two patients with multi-enzymatic deficit of the oxidative phosphorylation system, we have found new potentially pathogenic variants, one in a gene previously associated with the YARS2 clinical phenotype, while the other in a mitochondrial gene previously not associated to any MD.
Ishak, Layal. "Etude de la Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation dans un contexte des cassures double-brins des ADN nucléaire et mitochondriaux chez Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22685.
Full textBoth nuclear and mitochondrial DNA alterationsarise following exposure to environmental and endogenous stresses. These genomic alterations are various, ranging from base oxidation to DNA strand breaks, single- and double-strand breaks. These damages are highly detrimental to the cell because they can lead to loss of genetic information and thus to cell death. However, cells have developed various mechanisms to counteract this biological issue and to lead up to a complex DNA damage response (DDR). The Poly (ADP- ribosyl) ation (PARylation) is among these DDR systems. This post-translational modification is mainly carried out by PARP and PARG proteins and is characterized by the incorporation of polymers of ADP-ribose on target proteins. The majority of the PARylationfunctions are related to cellular stress response, particulary in response to genomic damages where it is implicated in many DNA integrity pathways such as Base Excision Repair, Non Homologous End Joining and Homologous Recombination. In contrast to the nucleus, PARylation is also described in the mitochondria but its role in mtDNA integrityis still a heavily debate issue, particularly in case of mtDNA DSBs.To understand it, we used Drosophila model wherePARP-B isoform (human PARP-1 ortholog) is the only enzymatically active form in Drosophila PARP family. The aim of this thesis is to study the role of PARylation in response to DSBs induction in nucleus and mitochondrial DNAand then to understand the mechanisms involved in mtDNA integrity and to evaluate the role of PARylation in this process. Our results show that PARylation level remains stable during DSBs induction and also during repair process,contrary to what is shown in Human cells.However, PARP-I and PARP-II mRNA expression increase during repair period. In mitochondria compartment,our data show an increase of mtDNA copy number in presence of mtDNA DSBs. This increased level returns to normal during repair period and seems to be dependent on PARP. All these results suggest that DSBs repair is PARylation independent at the nuclear level but that the presence of PARP is important. In addition, PARP appears to have a role in the regulation of mtDNA replication in response to genotoxic stress
Berg, Alonso Laetitia. "Déficits de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale avec instabilité de l’ADN mitochondrial : identification de nouveaux gènes et mécanismes." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4101/document.
Full textNon communiqué
Delerue, Thomas. "Etude du rôle de la protéine Msp1p dans la dynamique mitochondriale et le maintien de l'ADNmt chez la levure Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30314.
Full textMitochondrial dynamics corresponds to a dynamic balance between two antagonistic forces of fusion and fission, which act on mitochondrial membranes. When fission prevails mitochondria appear fragmented, conversely when fusion predominates mitochondria form a filamentous and interconnected network. The main actors that control mitochondrial dynamics are large GTPases conserved from yeast to human. Dnm1p (DRP1) is involved in the fission of the outer membrane. Fzo1p (MFN1-2) and Mgm1p/Msp1p (OPA1) are involved in the fusion of the outer and inner membrane respectively. My team is interested in the protein Msp1p/OPA1 and showed a few years ago that loss of Msp1p in the fission yeast S. pombe induces mitochondrial fragmentation, mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) depletion and cell death. As a " petite negative ", S. pombe cannot tolerate the absence of mtDNA. To better understand the various role of Msp1p and their relationship, we searched for genetic and pharmacological suppressors of the lethality induced by Msp1p inactivation. We identified genetic suppressors by deleting the msp1+ gene by homologous recombination in various genetic backgrounds. In all strains, we found spontaneous mutations located in one of the 3 genes encoding mitochondrial fission proteins (dnm1+, fis1+, caf4+). These mutations suppress not only mitochondrial fragmentation but also mtDNA loss, suggesting that the role of Msp1p in mtDNA maintenance is a consequence of its fusogenic function. Thanks to chemical libraries screening, we identified 5 pharmacological compounds able to suppress the lethality induced by a Msp1p temperature-sensitive mutant, and characterized two of them. The first one suppresses both mitochondrial fragmentation and mtDNA loss and appears to target mitochondrial fission. The second one suppresses only mtDNA loss, suggesting that mtDNA maintenance is the only essential function of Msp1p. During this work I was also interested in the molecular mechanisms that could explain why S. pombe is " petite negative ". In the absence of mtDNA, the " petite positive " yeasts can survive because, unlike the " petite negative " yeasts, they are able to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential. Six alleles, named ptp and rzl, which allow S. pombe to live without mtDNA were previously described 20 years ago. We identified them by candidate gene and high-throughput sequencing approaches. These alleles correspond to mutated versions of genes encoding either subunits of ATP synthase or subunits of the proteasome. In the first case, this allows us to involve the reverse functioning of the ATP synthase and the ADP/ATP carrier in the restoration of the membrane potential thus converting S. pombe into a " petite positive " yeast. In the second case, various potentially involved mechanisms are proposed. The identification of ptp and rzl genes should allow a better understanding of the " petite positive/negative " properties that remain today rather unclear. Genetic and pharmacological suppressors able to suppress mtDNA loss with or without mitochondrial morphology recovery, represent interesting tools to understand the mechanisms that link mitochondrial dynamics to mtDNA loss. Furthermore, showing that the effects of the compound that we identified in yeast are conserved in mammals may have a therapeutic value. Indeed, mutations in OPA1, the Msp1p homologous in mammals, are responsible for an optic neuropathy
Blázquez, Bermejo Cora. "Estimulación de la síntesis de nucleótidos como tratamiento de los defectos en la replicación del ADN mitocondrial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670111.
Full textEl síndrome de depleción y deleciones múltiples del ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt) (SDDM) engloba un grupo de enfermedades minoritarias de herencia autosómica, recesiva o dominante, debidas a alteraciones en el mantenimiento del ADNmt. Estas alteraciones se manifiestan como una pérdida de moléculas de ADNmt (depleción), acumulación de deleciones múltiples o de mutaciones puntuales en el ADNmt. El espectro clínico del SDDM es muy amplio y heterogéneo. Puede manifestarse en un rango de gravedad muy distinto, desde afectaciones simples y relativamente leves, hasta afectaciones de progresión rápida y\/o multiorgánicas que conducen a la muerte del paciente durante sus primeros años de vida. Genéticamente el SDDM es también muy heterogéneo y se asocia a mutaciones en genes nucleares cuyos productos intervienen en procesos relacionados de algún modo con el mantenimiento del mtDNA. Uno de estos procesos es la homeostasis de dNTPs que resulta imprescindible para garantizar una correcta replicación del ADNmt. El presente trabajo de tesis doctoral consta de estudios preclínicos in vitro e in vivo para la aplicación de la administración de desoxirribonucleósidos (dNs) como precursores de la síntesis de dNTPs en el tratamiento de dos formas de SDDM, la deficiencia en timidina quinasa 2 (TK2) y en la subunidad catalítica de la polimerasa mitocondrial (POLG). La TK2 es la quinasa responsable de la primera y limitante fosforilación de desoxitimidina (dThd) y desoxicitidina (dCtd) en mitocondria, esencial en la obtención de dTTP y dCTP. La deficiencia en TK2 se presenta típicamente como una miopatía grave que está asociada a una marcada depleción del ADNmt en músculo. Hemos ensayado la administración de dThd y dCtd en un modelo murino knock-out para Tk2 (Tk2KO). Estos ratones desarrollan una encefalomiopatía fatal que progresa rápidamente y conduce a la muerte a los 16 días de edad. Con el tratamiento la supervivencia de los ratones Tk2KO asciende a 34 días, y los niveles de ADNmt en músculo se normalizan. A pesar de ello, el tratamiento pierde efecto con la edad. Describimos cambios importantes en el metabolismo de dNTPs que tienen lugar durante el desarrollo normal del ratón y contribuyen a reducir la eficacia del tratamiento con la edad. Por otro lado, hemos trabajado con fibroblastos derivados de pacientes con mutaciones en la subunidad catalítica de la polimerasa-gamma (POLG), proteína que se encarga de la síntesis del ADNmt. Mutaciones en esta enzima causan SDDM con un amplio espectro clínico asociado a depleción y deleciones múltiples del ADNmt. El tratamiento basado en dNs induce un aumento en el contenido de los cuatro dNTPs mitocondriales, y esto es suficiente para restituir la capacidad replicativa del ADNmt sin alterar su fidelidad, en células con mutaciones en diferentes dominios funcionales de POLG. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo sugieren que la estimulación de la síntesis de dNTPs a través de la suplementación con dNs podría ser una estrategia terapéutica válida para SDDM distintos a la deficiencia en TK2 o POLG, así como para otras enfermedades en las que un incremento en la síntesis del ADNmt pueda resultar beneficioso.
The mitochondrial DNA depletion and multiple deletions syndrome (mtDNA) (MDDS) comprises a group of rare diseases of autosomal recessive or dominant inheritance, due to alterations in the maintenance of mtDNA. These alterations manifest as a loss of mtDNA molecules (depletion), accumulation of multiple deletions or point mutations in the mtDNA. The clinical spectrum of MDDS is very broad and heterogeneous. It can manifest in a wide range of phenotypes with different severity, from simple and relatively mild affectations to rapidly progressing and\/or multiorgan diseases that lead to early death of the patient during his first years of life. Genetically, the MDDS is also very heterogeneous, being associated with mutations in nuclear genes whose products are somehow involved in processes related with mtDNA maintenance. One of these processes is dNTP homeostasis, which is essential to sustain a correct replication of mtDNA. This doctoral thesis work consists of in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies on the administration of deoxyribonucleosides (dNs), precursors for the synthesis of dNTPs, as a therapy for treating two forms of MDDS, the deficiencies in thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) and in the catalytic subunit of mitochondrial polymerase (POLG). TK2 is the kinase responsible for the first and limiting phosphorylation of deoxythymidine (dThd) and deoxycytidine (dCtd) in mitochondria, which is essential to obtain dTTP and dCTP. TK2 deficiency usually presents as a severe myopathy associated with a marked depletion of mtDNA in muscle. We have tested the administration of dThd and dCtd in a murine knock-out model for Tk2 (Tk2KO). These mice develop a fatal encephalomyopathy that progresses rapidly leading to death at 16 days of age. With the treatment, survival of Tk2KO mice is extended to 34 days, and the levels of mtDNA in muscle are normalized. However, the therapeutic effect is lost with aging. Here, we describe important changes in dNTP metabolism occurring during normal mouse development and reducing the effectiveness of the treatment with aging. On the other hand, we have worked with fibroblasts derived from patients with mutations in the catalytic subunit of polymerase-gamma (POLG), a protein responsible for mtDNA synthesis. Mutations in this enzyme cause SDDM with a broad clinical spectrum associated with depletion and multiple deletions of mtDNA. The dNs-based treatment induces an increase in the content of the four mitochondrial dNTPs, and this is sufficient to restore the mtDNA replicative capacity while preserving its fidelity, in cells with mutations affecting the different functional domains of POLG. The results obtained in this work suggest that stimulating the dNTP synthesis through dNs supplementation could be a valid therapeutic strategy for MDDS other than TK2 or POLG deficiency, as well as for other diseases in which an increase in mtDNA replication may result beneficial.
Gonzalo, Sanz Ricardo. "Papel de las mutaciones del ADNmt en la producción de daño oxidativo mediado por ROS en un modelo de cíbridos transmitocondriales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3541.
Full textEl incremento de la producción de ROS por parte de la cadena de transporte electrónico puede ser eliminado con ayuda de las defensas antioxidantes celulares. Si la producción de ROS es más importante que la acción de estas defensas, ello puede llegar a provocar lesiones en diferentes componentes celulares tales como lípidos, proteínas o al propio ADNmt. Para profundizar en este campo, en este trabajo en primer lugar se han diagnosticado a cuatro pacientes con enfermedad mitocondrial, portadores de una mutación en su genoma mitocondrial. A partir de plaquetas de estos pacientes se han generado cíbridos transmitocondriales, que se han utilizado como modelo de estudio. Se han estudiado las siguientes mutaciones en genes mitocondriales: T14487C en la subunidad ND6 del complejo I, A3243G en el ARN de transferencia Leu (UUR), A8344G en el ARN de transferencia Lys y G6930A en la subunidad COXI del complejo IV. Analizando la producción de peróxido de hidrógeno como medida de la producción de ROS en estas cuatro líneas, hemos observado que las líneas portadoras de una mutación que afectase al funcionamiento del complejo I y III (descritos ampliamente en la literatura como principales productores de ROS en la mitocondria) es decir A3243G, A8344G y T144874C, sí provocan un incremento de la producción, mientras que la mutación que no afectaba a estos complejos (G6930A) no provocaba incremento. Posteriormente se ha estudiado si este incremento producía daño oxidativo a diferentes componentes celulares, tales como lípidos, proteínas y el propio ADNmt. Previamente, debido a que en la literatura no existía un consenso claro sobre el mejor método de análisis de la peroxidación lipídica, se realizó un pequeño estudio sobre cuál era el mejor inhibidor de la peroxidación lipídica a utilizar y en que concentración, obteniendo que el mejor a utilizar era el BHT a una concentración de 3mM.
En cuanto los resultados de daño oxidativo se observó que en los lípidos solo se observaba daño oxidativo en la línea portadora de la mutación T144874C, mientras que las otras no lo presentaban. En la oxidación de proteínas no se observó daño en ninguna de las cuatro líneas portadoras de la mutación y en cuanto a la oxidación del ADNmt, se observó daño oxidativo en las líneas portadoras de las mutaciones A8344G y T14487C. Con estos resultados se observa que en algunas mutaciones en el genoma mitocondrial la producción de ROS generada es superior a la capacidad detoxificadora de la célula, provocando daño oxidativo, mientras que en otras la producción de ROS no supera la acción de las enzimas antioxidantes.
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by primary dysfunction of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) with a decrease in ATP production. Clinical and biochemical heterogeneity of mitochondrial disorders is due to the ubiquitous nature of mitochondria and the dual genetic (mitochondrial and nuclear DNA) control of OXPHOS. Some unique features of mitochondrial genetics, such as heteroplasmy and tissue segregation, contribute to this phenomenon. However, the precise mechanisms leading to this heterogeneity are still largely unclear.
Mitochondria are the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are generated as toxic by-products of redox-coupled reactions in the electron transport chain (ETC). Inhibition of the ETC in vitro using some respiratory complex inhibitors results in a significant increase in the mitochondrial production of ROS. This increase suggests that when dysfunction of the respiratory chain complexes occurs, electrons can be transferred directly to the molecular oxygen. However, cells are well protected by antioxidant enzymes: the manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and copper-Zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) to eliminate superoxide anion (O2.-) and the glutahione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) to eliminate hydrogen peroxide.
Oxidative stress results when the balance of prooxidants and antioxidants is altered in favour of the prooxidants. In turn, an excess of ROS may contribute to OXPHOS damage. Thus, to define the relationship between mtDNA mutations and production of ROS, several transmitochondrial cell lines (cybrids) carrying different mutations in their mtDNA were obtained from different mitochondrial patients. These included two common and well characterized mtDNA mutations in tRNA genes, the A3243G transition in the tRNALeu(UUR) derived from a patient with MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes), and the A8344G mutation in the tRNALys, derived from a patient with the MERRF syndrome (myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers). In addition, another two cybrids cell lines were studied, harbouring the G6930A mutation in the gene encoding the subunit I (COI) of the cytochrome c oxidase (COX). This mutation changes the amino acid glycine into a premature termination codon, resulting in the loss of the last 170 amino acids (33%) of the polypeptide, thus causing a complete disruption in the COX assembly. The last cybrid cell line studied carried the mutation T144874C in the subunit 6 of the complex I of the ETC.
Hydrogen peroxide production was increased in cybrids harbouring tRNA and complex I mutations, but no changes were observed in cybrids harbouring the mutation in complex IV. No oxidative damage to lipids, proteins or mtDNA was detected in cybrids harbouring A3243G and G6930A mutations. In the cybrid cell line harbouring A8344G mutation, only oxidative damage to mtDNA was observed and in the cybrids harbouring the mutation in complex I, mtDNA and lipid oxidative damage were detected.
These results suggest that some mutations in mtDNA may increase the production of hydrogen peroxide (i.e., those mutations which affect complex I or III of the ETC) meanwhile other mutations do not. Furthermore this increase can sometimes override the antioxidant defences of the cells and produce oxidative damage to key cellular components.
Dubut, Vincent. "Les polymorphismes de l'ADN mitochondrial et du chromosome Y sur l'ile de la Réunion : étude des modalités d'un peuplement récent." Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13599.
Full textDa, Costa Barbara. "Caractérisation de modèles pouvant modifier le métabolisme énergétique mitochondrial : syndrome de Leigh et haplogroupes mitochondriaux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30325/document.
Full textThe mitochondrion is an intracellular organelle responsible for the cellular energy production, by synthesizing ATP through the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). One of the characteristics of this organelle is that it has its own DNA (mtDNA) encoding for subunits of OXPHOS complexes. Any alterations of mitochondrial energy metabolism cause mitochondrial pathologies whose severity is generally inversely proportional to the age of onset. Some scientific studies are looking at the mechanisms of occurrence and development of these diseases in order to better understand them and to be able to offer therapies. However, there is no tool that can transform mtDNA in a targeted way by mutation or DNA rearrangement. Moreover, there are still few animal models of mitochondrial pathology that would allow integrative studies on the one hand, and on the other hand, to try out possible therapeutic molecules. In this thesis, we studied two types of models involving the modification of mitochondrial metabolism either by chemical treatment or by the use of mutations found in individuals. In a first part, we were interested in the realization of mouse model with a large number of characteristics of the Leigh syndrome, a progressive neurological disease characterized by neuropathological lesions associating a damage of the brain stem and the basal ganglia. For this study, we have used the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxin, known for its toxicity to dopamine neurons and also as an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory chain. We analyzed the activity of the OXPHOS complexes I to IV on brain tissues (cerebelum, cortex, striatum and substancia nigra) and peripheral tissues (heart, liver, muscle and kidney) from treated and untreated mice. Inhibition of complexes III and/or IV in the liver, cortex, striatum and cerebellum was found. These results, combined with an increased neurodegeneration found in a previous study, are all characteristics of Leigh Syndrome. Mice treated with MPTP seem to be a good model for this mitochondrial pathology. In the second project, we looked at the effect of mtDNA haplogroups (haplotypes grouping) on mitochondrial metabolism. Although, haplogroups are defined by neutral mutations of mtDNA (polymorphism), several studies have shown associations between haplogroups and some pathologies suggesting that haplogroups are able to have a protective effect or being a risk factor in the pathology development. Recently, our laboratory has confirmed that some haplogroups may not be neutral and have the ability to influence the mitochondrial energy metabolism functioning. Therefore, my research project consisted of setting up a model to study these cellular and molecular mechanisms. We looked for haplogroups of interest in the population in order to elaborate a cellular collection where each cell line has a particular haplogroup but with a common nuclear genetic background in all the cell lines. This collection was obtained by cybride constructions. We characterized these cybrides biochemically by analyzing the activity of each complex, determining kinetic parameters (KM and Vmax) and titration specific respiratory chain inhibitors. Concomitantly, we defined cell parameters via growth curves. All these results were integrated into a computer model specifically developed in our laboratory to model mitochondrial processes. This project gives us some evidence of the mtDNA haplogroups' influence on mitochondrial metabolism and to propose a modulated vision of mitochondrial pathologies for their study and their diagnosis, highlighting the notion of personalized medicine. As each haplogroup modulates in the different way the mitochondrial metabolism, each individual could have a personal response to the same mutation or pathology. In future, the mtDNA genetics background should be taken into account to find new strategies or new targets for the therapies of mitochondrial diseases
Kusuma, Pradiptajati. "In search of Asian Malagasy ancestors in Indonesia." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30109/document.
Full textIndonesia hosts a wide range of linguistic, ethnic and genetic diversity, comprising ~600 ethnic groups and 700 living languages. Indonesia has facilitated the last substantial wave of human migration was the Austronesian dispersal ~5,000 years ago, which is thought to have originated in Taiwan. Its influence spread through Philippines and Indonesia, ultimately impacting a wide geographical area, from Remote Oceania in the east and to Madagascar in the west. Despite considerable genetic research on the eastward Austronesian expansion, there is little equivalent research on the western edge, leaving major issues unresolved regarding the settlement of Madagascar. Based on cultural and biological studies, it has been suggested that Indonesian peoples played a major role in the colonization of Madagascar from around the mid-first millennium CE (Current Era). However, poor geographical coverage of Indonesian populations has prevented the Indonesian source populations from being identified. Here, I performed human population genetic studies on 12 new Indonesian populations, which were a priori expected to shed light on the westward migration of Austronesians across the Indian Ocean. This includes the Ma'anyan ethnic group from Southeast Borneo, who are the closest linguistic siblings to modern Malagasy. Using different genetic markers (Y-chromosome SNPs, mitochondrial DNA and genome-wide SNPs), my research has improved the description of Indonesian genetic diversity, and investigated the genetic links between Indonesia and Madagascar. Results Uniparental markers (Y-chromosome and mtDNA) analyses suggest that Malagasy derive from multiple regional sources in Indonesia, with a focus on southeastern Borneo, southern Sulawesi and the Lesser Sunda islands. Interestingly, the Ma'anyan share limited paternal and maternal lineages with the Malagasy, despite their linguistic connection. Furthermore, combining SNP frequency and haplotype-based analyses from autosomal genome-wide data, it was confirmed that the genetic diversity of the Ma'anyan does not match the Asian ancestry of the Malagasy. However, by focusing on Southeast Borneo populations, strong support was found for an origin of the Asian ancestry of Malagasy among the people of Banjar, an admixed population of Ma'anyan and Malay, likely resulting from trading activities by the Malay Empire in Southeast Borneo, and later continuing across the Indian Ocean arena. These results increase our understanding of genetic diversity across Indonesia by 1) identifying the unique and undiscovered Austronesian genetic component carried by the Ma'anyan, which occurs at low levels across Island Southeast Asia and suggests a more complex model for the Austronesian expansion in this region, and 2) describing the role played by sea-nomads in structuring genetic diversity and exchanges in central Indonesia, thus revealing the complex genetic history of populations living this rare nomadic lifestyle
Lia, Debora. "Role of alphaOGG1 in the Maintenance of Mitochondrial Physiology." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS125/document.
Full textMitochondria are unique structures within the mammalian cell. These organelles carry their own genome (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) which consists of a small molecule that codifies for 13 polypeptides of the electron transport chain (ETC), 22 tRNA and 2 rRNA genes for its own protein synthesis. MtDNA is proposed to be more susceptible to oxidative stress than the nuclear genome (nDNA) because not only it lacks protective histones but also because of its proximity to ETC complexes which are the main ROS producers in mammalian cells. Among all the types of mtDNA damage, oxidative damage is the most prevalent and, by far, the best studied. Base excision repair (BER) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved DNA repair mechanism that repairs non-bulky DNA base damages. Since guanine has the lowest redox potential of any other bases in DNA, it is readily oxidized to 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) that is the most frequent alteration induced by ROS on both, nDNA and mtDNA. If the replication fork bypasses the 8-oxoG before its removal, an A is often inserted on the opposite DNA strand and subsequent replications fix the G to T transversion. When paired with cytosine, 8-oxoG is removed from DNA by the 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) that in such a way initiates the BER process. OGG1 is a bifunctional housekeeping glycosylase that, together with other various BER enzymes is present in both nuclear and mitochondrial compartments, highlighting the importance of maintaining mtDNA integrity for normal cellular functioning. It has been demonstrated that the overexpression of a recombinant version of OGG1, specifically targeted to mitochondria by an additional Mitochondrial Targeting Signal (MTS) (OGG1-MTS), protects the cells from an oxidative stress, likely due to an increased efficiency in the repair of 8-oxoG in mtDNA. The main goal of our project is to elucidate if the specific loss of 8-oxoG repair activity in mitochondria (but not in nuclear compartment) has an impact on the organelles’ functions and/or on cell viability and also to unveil the mechanism/s behind the protective effects of OGG1 on mitochondrial physiology and mtDNA maintenance
Gutierrez, Cortes Nicolas. "Expression métabolique des polymorphismes mitochondriaux : mutations pathogènes et haplogroupes." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21877/document.
Full textMitochondria, intracellular organelles of eukaryotic organisms, provide most of the necessary energy for cellular activity through oxidative phosphorylation, synthesizing ATP (energy source for the cell) by a coupling between the respiratory chain and the ATPsynthase. These energy metabolism reactions are carried out by enzymatic complexes constituted by sub-units coded by both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. It has been shown that activity defects in these complexes could be responsible for a group of pathologies under the name of mitochondrial cytopathies.One of the fundamental issues of the study of the mechanisms that lead to mitochondrial cytopathies is the understanding of the influence that mitochondrial DNA has over mitochondrial metabolism. Indeed, mitochondria have their own DNA, and mutations in this DNA are classified according to their impact on mitochondrial metabolism: pathological mutations, which have negative consequences on mitochondrial metabolism, and polymorphisms, which are considered to be neutral.In order to study the influence of mtDNA on energy metabolism, I used two different models: cybrid cells carrying mtDNA mutations found in non-syndromic hearing loss patients, and cybrid cells carrying polymorphisms defining haplogroup J.The results gathered in these studies show that the difference between pathological mutations and polymorphisms is not as big as previously believed. Indeed, it depends on several factors, such as the nuclear and mitochondrial genetic backgrounds, as well as the environmental factors, because under the influence of these factors a mutation considered as pathological may become neutral, and a polymorphism considered neutral may become pathological
Dovydenko, Ilya. "Mise au point d'aptamères aux capacités thérapeutiques basés sur les ARN importables dans les mitochondries humaines." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ046/document.
Full textDefects in mitochondrial genome cause neuromuscular diseases, for which no efficient therapy has been developed. Since most mitochondrial mutations are heteroplasmic, wild type and mutated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) coexist in the same cell, and the shift in proportion between two mtDNA types could restore mitochondrial functions. The aim of the project was development of carrier-free system for targeting the therapeutic mitochondrially importable RNA into living human cells. During my PhD study, I have synthesized a set of new anti-replicative RNAs containing various chemical modifications, aiming to increase their stability in the cell, and developed a new method for the chemical synthesis of RNA molecules containing cholesterol attached through a biodegradable bridge. Cholesterol containing antireplicative RNAs were characterised by efficient cellular uptake, partial colocalisation with mitochondria and ability to decrease the proportion of mutant mtDNA
Chevigny, Nicolas. "Caractérisation des fonctions de TRCF et de RADA dans l'expression et la maintenance des génomes des organelles chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ042.
Full textThe mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes whose expression and maintenance depend on factors encoded by the nuclear genome. The plant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is characterized by important recombination activities that modulate its structure and contribute to its evolution. During my thesis, I characterized the RADA helicase that is involved in the late stages of organelle homologous recombination. RADA has similar functions to its bacterial homolog (RadA), but seems to play a more important role in plant organelles. The expression of the chloroplast genome (cpDNA) relies on two types of RNA polymerases: NEP encoded by the nuclear genome and PEP encoded by the cpDNA. During my thesis, I also studied the role of TRCF, an homolog of the Mfd factor which is addressed to chloroplasts. In bacteria, Mfd is involved in the release of stalled RNA polymerases by lesions and the recruitment of repair factors. In Arabidopsis, TRCF is no longer involved in repair but appears to play a role in the regulation of chloroplast gene expression
Cardoso, Gabriela de Lourdes Porfírio. "Sátira na paródia e no pastiche: análise linguístico-discursiva de textos humorísticos de autoria de Marcelo Adnet." Niterói, 2017. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/2937.
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A presente pesquisa, que se filia a pressupostos teóricos adotados pela Linguística Textual, objetiva analisar processos de referenciação, a partir de um corpus constituído de peças humorísticas compostas por paródias e pastiches de autoria de Marcelo Adnet e veiculadas por videoclipes, nas perspectivas sociocognitivista de Mondada e Dubois (2003) e semiolinguística de Patrick Charaudeau (1999). De acordo com a perspectiva sociocognitivista, a significação de um ato de linguagem não é algo preexistente, mas sim algo que depende de uma interpretação; segundo a teoria semiolinguística, a significação de um ato de linguagem também depende dos protagonistas no interior da prática discursiva, sendo por eles construída. A hipótese norteadora das análises foi a de que os textos que compõem o corpus deste trabalho, pertencentes ao gênero letra de música e encarados pelo senso comum apenas como paródias, constituem-se como críticas irônicas: ora a discursos que adotam uma postura de rejeição em relação aos gêneros musicais nos quais se ancoram, ora à estética adotada pelo gênero musical que adotam; ora à postura e a discursos, cujos combates estão na base ideológica do gênero musical a que se ligam. Dessa forma, pretendemos comprovar o viés satírico que esses textos assumem. A análise permitiu verificar que os processos de referenciação colaboram no reforço de um projeto de dizer crítico e irônico do sujeito comunicante ou social, além de ajudar tanto na identificação da identidade social desse sujeito, quanto na construção da identidade discursiva do sujeito enunciador ou individual.
This research, under the scope of Text Linguistic’s theorical presuppositions, aims to analyze reference process, based on a corpus constituted by humoristic pieces composed by parodies and pastiches by comedian Marcelo Adnet and supported by videoclips, with the theoretical contribution of sociocognitive perspective proposed by Mondada and Dubois (2003) and semiolinguistics theory proposed by Patrick Charaudeau (1999). According to sociocognitive perspective, the meaning of a language act does not pre-exist, but depends on interpretation; according to semiolinguistics theory, the meaning of a language act also depends on the protagonist inside of discursive practice. Our analyses were guided by the hypothesis that this research’s corpus, that belong to music letter genre and is known by commom sense as parodies, are actually ironic critics, sometimes to discourses that reject an specific music genre; sometimes to the aesthetic’s music genre adopted; sometimes to stance and the discourses, which opponents are on the the ideological basis of the musical genre adopted. In that way, we intended to prove the satirical approach of theses texts. The analysis allowed to verify that reference process enfacizes a critic and satiric communicator-subject’s or social-subject “projet de parole”, and also helps to identify communicator-subject’s social identity and to construct enunciator-subject or individual-subject discursive identity.
Frenel, Jean-Sébastien. "Evaluation de l'ADN circulant tumoral (ADNct) comme biomarqueur de réponse aux thérapies ciblées développées en phase précoce en oncologie." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT1013/document.
Full textCirculating cell free DNA (ccDNA) deriving from tumor can be isolated in plasma of cancer patients. This circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) shared the same genetics and epigenetics characteristics with the tumor and represents virtually a liquid biopsy. We evaluated whether targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) could be used for patient selection and as a tumor clone response biomarker in 39 patients with advanced cancers participating in early-phase clinical trials of targeted drugs. Overall, 159 plasma samples were sequenced with a mean sequencing coverage achieved of 1,685X across experiments. At trial initiation (C1D1), 23 of 39 (59%) patients had at least one mutation identified in cfDNA. Out of the 44 mutations identified at C1D1, TP53, PIK3CA and KRAS were the top three mutated genes identified, with 18 (41%), nine (20%), eight (18%) different mutations, respectively. In the second part of this work, we performed sequential NGS of ctDNA for the 23 patients with cfDNA mutation identified at C1D1. The monitoring of mutation allele frequency (AF) in consecutive plasma samples during treatment with targeted drugs demonstrated potential treatment associated clonal responses. Longitudinal monitoring of cfDNA samples with multiple mutations indicated the presence of separate clones behaving discordantly. Molecular changes at cfDNA mutation level were associated with time to disease progression. Targeted NGS of ctDNA has potential clinical utility to monitor the delivery of targeted therapies and future directions are discussed
PEREIRA, Nélia Heleno. "Problemas de saúde durante e após viagem: estudo em consulta de aconselhamento a viajantes na ADMT/IHMT." Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/20458.
Full textIn Portugal, the publications for epidemiological problems during and after travel are very few. In this investigation, we want to characterise the health problems, during and after travel, in individuals attending a pre-travel consultation and that remained in the destination for up to 90 days, through a pre-travel form and a three-month post-travel questionnaire, this last applied by phone. A total of 90 travellers were included, from whom 23 (25.6%) reported an occurrence of one or more health problems, during or after returning home: 17.8% traveller's diarrhoea, 8.9% fever, 2.2% skin problems and 2.2% suffered from an accident or trauma. After returning home, only two travellers (2.2%) reported to have had health problems, specifically fever. Ill travellers were younger; with high school level completed and have remained in the destination for more than 30 day. Travellers who visited Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia reported more health problems than those who went to other destinations. About one-fifth of the travellers discontinued or did not take any malaria chemoprophylaxis. In Portugal, according to the statistics, imported malaria is increasing. Considering that, it would be important to follow these travellers, especially the mentioned above group in order to find malaria cases earlier. Therefore, it is important to continuously improve the quality of traveller's advice, mainly in the prevention of health problems, focusing travel’s risk, adherence to malaria chemoprophylaxis, prevention and correct use of antibiotics in traveller's diarrhoea, encouraging demand of medical care during and after travel and follow-up, diagnosis and treatment after returning home.
Sheikh, Kharisha S. "Kinetics of 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene Reduction by Pseudomonas Putida." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1156790187.
Full textDelecat, Stefan. "Porifera-microbialites of the Lower Liassic (Northern Calcareous Alps) re-settlement strategies on submarine mounds of dead Rhaetian reefs by ancestral benthic communities /." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2005/delecat.
Full textLee, Jae Choon. "The Effects of Urban Form on Vehicle Emissions - Focusing On Urban Form Factors and Three Conventional Air Pollutions and Carbon Dioxide -." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354657016.
Full textMelo, Ana Cristina Candeias. "Terapia Génica Mitocondrial." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/9761.
Full textMitochondrion is a cellular organelle that has its own genome, mitochondrial DNA. Although quite small compared to nuclear DNA, mutations in mitochondrial DNA are quite frequent due to the lack of protection and repair mechanisms, causing dysfunctions in the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation, which essentially affects organs and tissues with large energy demand, as is the case of muscles and brain. Since conventional methods of treatment of these mitochondrial disorders have proved to be ineffective, the development of innovative and efficient therapeutic protocols, of which mitochondrial gene therapy (TGM) stands out, is crucial. With this project we tried to develop a new system capable of efficiently deliver plasmid DNA to mitochondria for possible use in TGM. Thus, the present work can be divided into two main parts: a first part that includes the synthesis and characterization of nanosystems based on plasmid DNA and polyethyleneimine polymer, and incorporation of mitochondriotropic compounds capable of directing the systems to mitochondria; and a second part which integrates in vitro studies to test the cellular transfection capacity of the nanoparticles and their mitochondria targeting affinity. The systems under study have been shown to be biocompatible, with high encapsulation efficiencies of plasmid DNA, presenting spherical or oval shape with sizes smaller than 300 nm and positive zeta potentials, which make them suitable to be used in TGM protocols. The systems were cell internalized and targeted to the mitochondria with success. These results demonstrate that the synthesis of new vectors with mitochondrial affinity may constitute a major advance in the correction of mitochondrial defects, offering a new therapeutic strategy in the fight against several pathologies such as cancer and neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases.
Madeira, Pedro Miguel Oliveira. "High unexpected genetic diversity of a narrow endemic terrestrial mollusc." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/27278.
Full textOs processos geográficos e demográficos deixam marcas nos padrões de variabilidade genética das espécies. Sendo a diversidade genética essencial para garantir capacidade de adaptação das populações a alterações ambientais, a baixa diversidade genética representa um risco mais elevado para os endemismos, que exibem geralmente diversidade mais empobrecidas. Candidula coudensis é uma das 12 espécies de Candidula, um género de gastrópodes terrestres, recentemente identificada em Portugal. A espécie constitui um endemismo do Vale da Couda, no distrito de Leiria, com distribuição geográfica extremamente reduzida (13,5 km2). Dada a potencial vulnerabilidade de um endemismo tão localizado, foram usadas sequências do ADN mitocondrial (COI: citocromo oxidase subunidade I) e nuclear (ITS1: espaçador interno transcrito subunidade 1), e produzidos modelos de nicho ecológico, para avaliar a diversidade genética e a demografia histórica dos indivíduos do Vale da Couda e, ainda, mapear a sua potencial distribuição geográfica. De forma a determinar se os indivíduos de Vale da Couda constituem um grupo monofilético, foi construída, a partir das sequências de ADN mitocondrial, uma filogenia com as espécies do género presentes em Portugal. A população do Vale da Couda apresentou elevados valores de diversidade genética, existindo um elevado número de haplótipos que se dividem em quatro grupos não monofiléticos. Não parece existir nenhum padrão filogeográfico com os haplogrupos distribuídos de forma não uniforme nos diferentes locais de amostragem. A história demográfica dos indivíduos do Vale da Couda indica sinais de expansão demográfica, sendo necessária uma taxa de mutação de 15%MY para que esta date do Último Máximo Glacial (UMG). O modelo de nicho ecológico determinou que as características ecológicas mais importantes na restrição da distribuição de C. coudensis são a litologia, a isotermalidade e a precipitação anual. Durante o Último Máximo Glaciar (UMG) a distribuição desta espécie localizar-se-ia mais a sul do que a distribuição atual, numa região onde provavelmente coexistiriam outras espécies de Candidula, como C. setubalensis e C. arrabidensis, que presentemente habitam aquela região. Com o final do UMG terá havido uma re-colonização para norte até ao local actualmente ocupado, onde as condições ambientais são apropriadas à sua persistência. Os padrões de elevada variabilidade genética e divergência entre haplogrupos no Vale da Couda podem ser tentativamente explicados por um cenário biogegráfico em que as condições do UMG tenham favorecido um isolamento de populações a um nível micro-geográfico, potenciando a diferenciação entre as mesmas e aumentando a variabilidade intraespecíficica. O Vale da Couda terá então sido colonizado pelas várias linhagens que se formaram durante o UMG, o que explica a existência dos vários haplogrupos existentes actualmente nessa região. O facto de a análise demográfica demonstrar que existiu uma expansão da população corrobora esta hipótese. Actualmente, a elevada variabilidade genética desta população é mantida devido à grande dimensão da mesma. Concluíndo, a população do Vale da Couda contraria a ideia de que populações com distribuição limitada apresentam diversidades genéticas diminuidas, acrescentando este exemplo à lista de excepções a esta regra. Uma vez que, a elevada diversidade genética está associada a uma elevada população efectiva, e com tempo de geração curto, não há sinais de que a população de Vale da Couda precise de especial protecção do ponto de vista da conservação.
Patterns of genetic variability are shaped by a combination of geographic, demographic and evolutionary processes. Genetic diversity is the raw material for adaptation. Populations and species with restricted geographic distributions usually display low levels of diversity, which represent an evolutionary risk. Candidula coudensis is an endemic species of land snails from Vale da Couda, Portugal, with an extremely restricted distribution (13.5 km2). Mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase I) and nuclear (internal transcribed spacer 1) DNA sequences of species of the genus Candidula from Vale da Couda and other locations in Portugal were used to evaluate the monophyly of C. coudensis,patterns of genetic diversity and the species demographic history. Ecological niche models (ENM) for both present and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) distributions of C. coudensis were constructed to assess possible shifts in the distribution that might have influenced the evolutionary history of this species. The population of Vale da Couda showed unexpected levels of genetic variability given its striking restricted geographic range. We found a high number of haplotypes which are part of four non-monophyletic haplogroups, unevenly distributed among sites. The putative past and contemporary models of geographic distribution of Vale da Couda lineages are compatible with a scenario of species co-existence in more southern locations during the last glacial maximum (LGM) followed by a post-LGM northern dispersal, tracking the species to optimal thermal, humidity and soil physical conditions. LGM conditions may have favoured population isolation at a micro-geographical level, promoting intra-specific diversification. This diversity is maintained presently due to a large effective population size. Mismatch analysis indicated a population expansion during the LGM, which corroborates our biogeographic scenario. The high divergence and non-monophyly between haplogroups prompts the need for future molecular taxonomy studies of the Candidula genus in Portugal to clarify the identity of species that seem to be non-monophyletic.
Noël, Yannick. "Rôle de l'ADN mitochondrial dans l'adaptation au climat." Thèse, 2020. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/9686/1/eprint9686.pdf.
Full textCossíos, Meza Eduardo Daniel. "Phylogéographie et conservation de deux espèces de petits félidés des Andes : le chat des pampas et le chat des Andes." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6602.
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