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1
Ginzburg, Sergey. English-Russian explanatory dictionary of hockey terms. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24257.
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The dictionary contains more than 5000 eponymous, acronymic and figurative terms used in such a modern and popular sport in Russia and abroad as ice hockey. Special attention is paid to terms from the field of game technology, its history and rules. The dictionary includes figurative expressions that are actively used in modern hockey. Terminology from the field of sports medicine is widely presented-names of symptoms, syndromes, diseases, injuries that occur in hockey. The dictionary is provided with historical excursions-description of rules, traditions adopted in hockey, stories about famous players of the past, awards given in their honor. The dictionary also contains modern and historical names of hockey arenas in the world, indicating the names of the clubs that play on them, and the main technical characteristics of the arenas. The dictionary provides a wide range of typologies of hockey clubs currently playing and clubs that have become history.
The publication contains a large number of examples of the use of hockey terms in modern sports journalism and scientific literature. These examples are taken from articles by North American sports journalists describing each national hockey League championship game. The book is based on more than thirty years of experience of the author-a professional translator who has been a passionate fan of ice hockey since childhood.
The dictionary is intended for students of higher educational institutions who are studying in bachelor's and master's degrees in the areas of Linguistics, Journalism, Philology, International relations, Advertising and public relations, and Physical culture, as well as for teachers of these areas. This dictionary can also be useful for professional hockey players, coaches, referees, hockey commentators, and specialists. The publication will also be of interest to a wide range of readers who are interested in such a popular and actively developing sport around the world as ice hockey.
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Bean, Philip A. Fatherland and adopted land: Irish-, German-, and Italian-American nationalism (1865-1950). 1994.
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3
James, Philip. Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.003.0009.
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This chapter focuses on the strategies adopted by plants and animals in order to live, at least for part of their life cycle, in urban environments. There is a discussion of the concepts of specialist and generalist species. This is followed by an examination of the strategies adopted by plants, including a consideration of concepts such as the C-S-R model (competitors, stress tolerators, and ruderal species). Then urban avoiders, urban adapters, urban exploiters (also known as human associates), and urban obligates (also known as human obligates) are introduced. These strategies are illustrated by examples of animals living in (or avoiding) urban environments around the globe. In the summary, the five characteristics shared by many plants and animals in urban environments are presented.
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Colin, Bamford. 5 Intangibles as Property. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198722113.003.0005.
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The chapter examines the legal nature of intangible property and the distinction between choses in action and choses in possession. It discusses the characteristics of choses in action, particularly the quality of assignability. It then looks at the ways in which intangibles can be dealt with and transferred, legal and equitable assignment, sub-participation, novation, the mechanism of attaching the intangible to a physical item, and transfer by means of a declaration of trust. Finally it discusses the idea adopted by the Uniform Commercial Code of the United States, of creating ‘hybrid rights’.
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Thomas K, Cheng. Competition Law in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198862697.001.0001.
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This book explores the relationship between competition law and economic development, which takes on growing importance as more and more developing countries have adopted competition law in recent years. The work tackles two principal questions. The first is whether competition law enforcement promotes growth, which helps to determine how seriously developing countries should enforce their competition laws. The second is how developing countries should craft their competition law rules in light of the need to incorporate development concerns, the need to reflect the special economic characteristics of developing countries, and the need to improve the administrability of competition law rules to suit the enforcement capacity of developing country authorities.
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Kanie, Norichika, and Frank Biermann, eds. Governing through Goals. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035620.001.0001.
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In September 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted the Sustainable Development Goals as an integral part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Sustainable Development Goals mark the most ambitious effort yet to place goal setting at the center of global governance and policy. This book is the first book addressing global governance through goals, asking three sets of questions. First, the book studies in detail the core characteristics of goal setting in global governance, asking when it is an appropriate strategy in global governance and what makes global governance through goals different from other approaches such as rule making or norm promotion. Second, the book analyze under what conditions a goal-oriented approach can ensure progress toward desired ends; what can be learned from other, earlier experiences of global goal setting, especially the Millennium Development Goals; and what governance arrangements are likely to facilitate progress in implementing the new Sustainable Development Goals. Third, the book studies the practical and operational challenges involved in global governance through goals in promoting sustainability and the prospects for achieving such a demanding new agenda. The book revealed that the approach of “global governance through goals”—and the Sustainable Development Goals as a prime example—is marked by a number of key characteristics, but none of those is specific to this type of governance. Yet all these characteristics together, in our view, amount to a unique and novel way of steering and distinct type of institutional arrangement in global governance.
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Adkison, Danny M., and Lisa McNair Palmer. The Oklahoma State Constitution. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197514818.001.0001.
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In 1907, William Jennings Bryan described the proposed constitution for Oklahoma as “the best constitution in the United States today.” An enduring characteristic of Oklahoma’s constitution has been its faith in direct democracy and its root in Progressive Era politics. This book traces the historical formation and constitutional development of the state of Oklahoma. It provides commentary and analysis on the intent, politics, social and economic pressures, and the legal decisions that shaped and enhanced the Oklahoma constitution since it was adopted in 1907. The text gives a broad understanding of state constitutional law within the context of Oklahoma’s constitutional evolution.
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Licandro, Priscilla, Claude Carré, and Dhugal J. Lindsay. Cnidaria: Colonial Hydrozoa (Siphonophorae). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199233267.003.0019.
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This chapter describes the taxonomy of colonial Hydrozoa. Siphonophores are pelagic organisms that can be found the whole year round, sometimes in a characteristic season, inshore and offshore at all latitudes and depths. As in all hydrozoans, they carry tentacles equipped with stinging cells (nematocysts), which are used by the colony to immobilize and kill their prey. The chapter covers their life cycle, ecology, and general morphology. It includes a section that indicates the systematic placement of the taxon described within the tree of life, and lists the key marine representative illustrated in the chapter (usually to genus or family level). This section also provides information on the taxonomic authorities responsible for the classification adopted, recent changes which might have occurred, and lists relevant taxonomic sources.
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Kurup, Viji. Quality in Medical Education. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0012.
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Staying current with latest developments in the field of patient care is now universally considered to be a standard of care. The same standards have not been adopted in medical education, however, and many educational techniques used to train physicians are now outdated. This chapter reviews the evidence in medical education with respect to quality of three critical elements: the teacher, the process, and the learner. Students and faculty have different perceptions regarding the characteristics of effective teachers. Modern teaching methods no longer stress lecture-based sessions, but include techniques such as interactive learning and blended learning. Simulation is also an effective tool for learning technical skills, and for crisis and team training. When technological tools are used, they should be designed to enhance the learning experience. A number of studies show that learner engagement is the key factor in the learning process.
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Ferrari, Matteo. A Comparative Study of Communication About Food Safety Before, During, and After the “Mad Cow” Crisis. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.15.
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The “mad cow” saga provides useful insights into the complexities that surround public communication on food safety issues. The first part of the chapter describes the most important scientific characteristics of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and its human counterpart, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The second section offers an account of the unfolding of public communication before, during, and after the BSE crisis, including the diverse positions adopted by different countries and the legal reforms enacted to improve risk communication. The final part provides an analysis of the key features of the mad cow crisis: the importance of trust and transparency, the uncertainties that can characterize scientific information, the effects of cognitive bias, and the role of cultural context. All these factors contributed to both the amplifying and downplaying—depending on place and time—of the BSE risk in the public mind.
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Sanders, James W. Laying the Cornerstone, 1825–1846. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681579.003.0002.
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Benedict Fenwick, the second Roman Catholic bishop of Boston, had a rocky relationship both with the continued influx of Irish peasants and the Boston establishment. His priority was to lay the groundwork for Catholic higher education in Boston rather than establishing a parochial school system. Given that the Boston public schools presented a clear challenge to the faith of the Roman Catholic newcomers, one might expect that there would be a concerted counter-effort to provide a Catholic school alternative. However, the overall parochial school effort in Boston was much less than would have been expected. The major reasons for this “failure” were (1) the nature of the Catholic newcomers, who were overwhelmingly destitute Irish immigrants with no tradition of schooling in their homeland; (2) Bishop Fenwick’s background and personal characteristics; and (3) the policies adopted by the Boston establishment that controlled the public schools.
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Gaglio, Bridget, and Russell E. Glasgow. Evaluation Approaches for Dissemination and Implementation Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0019.
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Considerable progress has been made in evaluation of dissemination and implementation science and research; however, we are still lacking knowledge in several key areas. The complex, inherently multilevel and contextual nature of dissemination and implementation science, and the always (sometimes rapidly) changing environment, present ongoing challenges. Given these challenges, evaluation of dissemination and implementation efforts need more adapted, novel, refined and sophisticated approaches to evaluation and especially, more pragmatic measures. To advance our present state of science, the question that we need to ask (and be able to answer) is “What are the characteristics of interventions that can reach large numbers of people, especially those who can most benefit, be adopted broadly by different settings, be consistently implemented by different staff members with moderate levels of training and expertise, and produce replicable and long-lasting effects (and minimal negative impact) at a reasonable cost?”
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Gray, Hazel. Economic Transformation in a Comparative Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714644.003.0001.
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This chapter sets out the main characteristics of economic transformation in Tanzania and Vietnam from 1980 to 2010. It highlights macroeconomic features and explains the key differences in their experience of structural change that occurred as both countries adopted forms of market liberalization. The chapter explains the proximate causes of economic transformation and examines how orthodox economics explains the deeper determinants of economic transformation, related to comparative advantage. The chapter argues that these approaches are insufficient because they cannot account for the distinct roles that the state played in each country. Contrary to orthodox economic theory, Vietnamese economic policy retained a much greater level of state intervention than was the case in Tanzania, while achieving a more rapid rate of industrialization. Therefore this book undertakes an analysis of the interplay between market forces, institutions, and power that shape the different paths of economic transformation under liberalization.
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Martha, Geraldo B., and Eliseu Alves. Brazil’s Agricultural Modernization and Embrapa. Edited by Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni, and Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.15.
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Brazilian agriculture reinvented itself by targeting a science-based approach. Embrapa, the research arm of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, is recognized as key in this process. A set of characteristics—public corporation model; scale of operation at national level; spatial decentralization; specialized research units; strong focus in human capital; a vision of an agriculture based on science and technology—explains Embrapa’s strength and achievements. Looking ahead, agricultural production needs to increase at least at the same pace of demand. Otherwise, prices will increase, and the poor will suffer the greatest impact. One of the greatest barriers to ensure modern technology will be more broadly and effectively adopted is market imperfection, which alters relative prices and the returns to investment in technologies. Reducing market imperfections is a necessary condition for expanding production in a more inclusive way, and to increase the effectiveness of policies targeting technology adoption by farmers.
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Richter, David H. The Gothic Novel and the Lingering Appeal of Romance. Edited by Alan Downie. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566747.013.021.
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Romance, the dominant long-form fiction since 200 CE, is in eclipse for half a century after the rise of the realistic novel, but has a new efflorescence around 1790 in the Gothic novel for a number of reasons. It was a mode of historical writing without any need for accuracy about dates and places, a mode of sentimental writing that found in its villainous anti-heroes an entry point to the sadomasochistic desires of its readers. The chief characteristic of the heroine or hero is passivity, an attitude mirrored in the implied female reader of the Gothic, who seeks escape or retreat into an inner world of fantasy. It is ironic that the Gothic was displaced by 1820 by the historical romance of Scott, who adopted its plots and themes, but set them in a colder verisimilar world.
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Abernethy, Amy P. The principles of evidence-based medicine. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0192.
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Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has transformed clinicians’ approach to the practice of medicine. In most disciplines, EBM is the fundamental component of decision-making driving expectations of the care received by patients and families. To improve outcomes, EBM blends science and compassion to provide personalized, effective treatments, and consistent application of interventions. The ever-increasing demand for palliative care will continue unabated due to longer lifespans and a shift in the approach to disease from primarily acute illnesses to predominantly chronic conditions. The adoption of EBM by palliative care providers will advance the knowledge and practice base, elevating its position amongst other medical disciplines that have adopted EBM as the dominant paradigm. The framework of EBM informs a systematic and manageable approach to the overwhelming amount of available evidence. Patients will benefit from EBM practices when palliative care practitioners provide the most effective and personalized care tailored each patient’s needs, characteristics, and preferences.
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Forster, Michael N. Herder and Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779650.003.0013.
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The aim of this article is to reassess Herder’s complex attitude toward the Jews. The liberal image of Herder made him into a philo-Semitic humanitarian who greatly valued Jewish culture. Recently, however, Paul Lawrence Rose has argued that Herder has been misread as a protoliberal and that he did not advocate anything like Jewish emancipation; rather, Herder adopted a “statist” view which tolerated Jews in the modern state only to the extent that they were useful to it. Against Rose’s criticism, this chapter argues that although Herder did not conceive of different cultures within one state, he still insisted upon tolerance toward minorities and peoples of different cultures. While Herder did share some prevalent negative views about Jews, his general opinion was highly positive and he expressly ascribed their negative characteristics to their oppression, their compulsory confinement to trade. Herder believed that prejudices against Jews would disappear with greater political reform.
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Myllykoski, Jenni, and Anniina Rantakari. Eternal Today. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827436.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on temporality in managerial strategy making. It adopts an ‘in-time’ view to examine strategy making as the fluidity of the present experience and draws on a longitudinal, real-time study in a small Finnish software company. It shows five manifestations of ‘in-time’ processuality in strategy making, and identifies a temporality paradox that arises from the engagement of managers with two contradictory times: constructed linear ‘over time’ and experienced, becoming ‘in time’. These findings lead to the re-evaluation of the nature of intention in strategy making, and the authors elaborate the constitutive relation between time as ‘the passage of nature’ and human agency. Consequently, they argue that temporality should not be treated merely as an objective background or a subjective managerial orientation, but as a fundamental characteristic of processuality that defines the dynamics of strategy making.
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Smart, Tim, and Lucy Green. Informal learning and musical performance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199346677.003.0007.
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If the adage ‘You live and learn’ reflects any truth, then the vast majority of living and learning must take place informally. This can range from unintentional and nonconscious processes such as enculturation, to intentional and conscious self-teaching. While the study of informal learning in music has tended to focus on popular and other vernacular musicians, this chapter adopts a wider approach, considering the perspectives of a range of musicians across several musical contexts, styles and genres. The authors review key sources of knowledge, skills and abilities relevant to these musicians and to their performance, and consider examples of how informal learning practices are valued in underpinning their work. They also examine the characteristics and prevalence of informal learning, how it interfaces with other practices, and how research in the field of informal music learning may serve to promote and champion a richer perspective on the learning of music for the benefit of all learners, intentional or not.
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Gade, Anna M. Islam. Edited by John Corrigan. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170214.003.0003.
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In the Islamic sciences, the most authoritative sources for Muslim thought and practice are the text of the Qur'an, the normative model of the Prophet Muhammad, and interrelated frameworks of jurisprudence and ethics. These have been applied, studied, and adopted by Muslims since the earliest development of the religious sciences in Islam. Each of these types of sources highlights emotions as a means of access to an ethical ideal. In both the ritual and social-transactional “branches” of Islamic law, the sunnah is the most authoritative guide for normative conduct after the Qur'an. This is the model of the Prophet Muhammad, and it is a legal as well as a pious category. It is known through hadith reports, which relate the expressive behavior of the Prophet in the form of his sayings, actions, and tacit approval or disapproval. Islamic ethics provides emotional comportment with added normative characteristics. This article examines emotion in Islam, focusing on the cultivation and expression of sentiment, aesthetics, and affect and performance in global systems.
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Chen, Zhuangying, and Achim Aurnhammer, eds. Deutsch-chinesische Helden und Anti-Helden. Ergon Verlag, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783956506093.
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This volume elucidates the changing relationship between heroization and othering in a German-Chinese cultural comparison. Intercultural case studies illustrate which representatives of German culture and history were subjected to a process of heroization or were disparaged as negative anti-heroes in Chinese culture. Vice versa, Chinese figures who adopted a corresponding heroic or antiheroic function within the German-speaking world are also examined. This German-Chinese dialogue, in which cultural scientists from Germany and China participate, is guided by the assumption that processes of heroization and de-heroization represent paradigmatic focal points in the economics of intercultural transfer. The relationship between individual and collective heroism and the meaning of alienness - be it of Chinese or German characteristics - when importing heroes offer new perspectives insofar as these importations prove to be complex and inconsistent. With contributions by Achim Aurnhammer, Chen Zhuangying, Cong Tingting, Fan Jieping, Olmo Gölz, Joachim Grage, He Zhiyuan, Huang Liaoyu, Hu Chunchun, Hu Kai, Sara Kathrin Landa, Stefanie Lethbridge, Lin Chunjie, Dieter Martin, Isabell Oberle, Dominik Pietzcker, Nicola Spakowski, Jennifer Stapornwongkul, Wang Zhiqiang, Wei Yuquing, Xie Juan, Zhang Fan, Zhu Jianhua, Ulrike Zimmermann.
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Peterson, Anna. Laughter on the Fringes. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697099.001.0001.
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This book examines the impact that Athenian Old Comedy had on Greek writers of the Imperial era. It is generally acknowledged that Imperial-era Greeks responded to Athenian Old Comedy in one of two ways: either as a treasure trove of Atticisms, or as a genre defined by and repudiated for its aggressive humor. Worthy of further consideration, however, is how both approaches, and particularly the latter one that relegated Old Comedy to the fringes of the literary canon, led authors to engage with the ironic and self-reflexive humor of Aristophanes, Eupolis, and Cratinus. Authors ranging from serious moralizers (Plutarch and Aelius Aristides) to comic writers in their own right (Lucian, Alciphron), to other figures not often associated with Old Comedy (Libanius) adopted aspects of the genre to negotiate power struggles, facilitate literary and sophistic rivalries, and provide a model for autobiographical writing. To varying degrees, these writers wove recognizable features of the genre (e.g., the parabasis, its agonistic language, the stage biographies of the individual poets) into their writings. The image of Old Comedy that emerges from this time is that of a genre in transition. It was, on the one hand, with the exception of Aristophanes’s extant plays, on the verge of being almost completely lost; on the other hand, its reputation and several of its most characteristic elements were being renegotiated and reinvented.
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Triandafyllidou, Anna, ed. Global Governance from Regional Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793342.001.0001.
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This book investigates, discusses, and confronts the different cultural and geopolitical understandings of global governance in different regions of the world. The main research questions addressed are: What does governance (as opposed to government, for instance) mean in different regions of the world? How does it relate to concepts like power, legitimacy, state, citizenship? Concepts of power are culturally informed, and the same is true for notions of citizenship, government, governance, and rule of law. Language also defines what can be ‘said’ and ‘thought of’. How is the notion of global governance shaped by and embedded in cultural perspectives? How is global governance understood in different regions of the world? What normative and political challenges does the concept of global governance and the emerging regimes of global governance institutions raise in different parts of the world? Is there something like a regional texture of global governance that builds upon regional cultural, social, historical, political, and/or institutional features and characteristics and that adapts the meaning of global governance to the spatial context in which it is adopted? We propose assessment at the regional level as a heuristic tool to examine the context of trends in global governance, in order to identify similarities and differences across continents without diluting the overarching conclusions by concentrating too closely on regional detail. The regional dimension is understood in a dynamic and critical perspective, and not as it has been traditionally used in ‘area studies’. We build on the notion of ‘regional worlds’ proposed by Acharya and their dynamic character.
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James, Philip. The Biology of Urban Environments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.001.0001.
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Urban environments are characterized by the density of buildings and elements of a number of infrastructures that support urban residents in their daily life. These built elements and the activities that take place within towns and cities create a distinctive climate and increase air, water, and soil pollution. Within this context the elements of the natural environment that either are residual areas representative of the pre-urbanized area or are created by people contain distinctive floral and faunal communities that do not exist in the wild. The diverse prions, viruses, micro-organisms, plants, and animals that live there for all or part of their life cycle and their relationships with each other and with humans are illustrated with examples of diseases, parasites, and pests. Plants and animals are found inside as well as outside buildings. The roles of plants inside buildings and of domestic and companion animals are evaluated. Temporal and spatial distribution patterns of plants and animals living outside buildings are set out and generalizations are drawn, while exceptions are also discussed. The strategies used and adaptions (genotypic, phenotypic, and behavioural) adopted by plants and animals in face of the challenges presented by urban environments are explained. The final two chapters contain discussions of the impacts of urban environments on human biology and how humans might change these environments in order to address the illnesses that are characteristic of urbanites in the early twenty-first century.
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Surbeck, Martin, and Gottfried Hohmann. Affiliations, aggressions and an adoption: Male–male relationships in wild bonobos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0003.
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The nature of the relationships between males is a characteristic trait of many multi-male group living species with implications for the individuals. In our study population of bonobos, certain male dyads exhibit clear preferences for ranging in the same party and sitting in proximity. These preferences are not reflected in the frequency of aggression towards each other and only to some extent in their affiliative and socio-sexual behaviours. While bonobo males at LuiKotale clearly do not benefit from close relationships in the way chimpanzee males do (cooperative hunting, territorial patrol, mate competition), some relationships might result from close associations between their mothers. In some particular situations, these male relationships can be very important as in the case of an orphan adopted by his older maternal brother. La nature des relations entre mâles est un trait caractéristique de plusieurs groupes qui ont plusieurs mâles, avec des implications au niveau d’individus. Dans notre étude des populations de bonobos, certains dyades mâles montrent une préférence à aller dans le même groupe et s’asseoir proche l’un de l’autre. Cette préférence n’est pas reflétée dans la fréquence d’agression entre eux et est seulement lié, à degrés, à leur comportements socio-sexuels et d’appartenance. Tandis que les mâles bonobos à LuiKotale ne profitent pas de leur fortes relations comme les chimpanzés mâles (chasse coopérative, patrouille territoriale, compétition pour compagnon), ils peuvent aider leur partenaires à supporter le stress de la vie en groupe et peuvent en conséquence contribuer au bien-être des individus. Quelques proches associations entre les mâles peuvent provenir d’associations entre leurs mères. Dans quelques situations particulières, ces relations mâles prouvent leur importance comme dans le cas d’un orphelin adopté par son grand frère maternel.
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Smith, Ian, Aaron Baker, and Owen Warnock. Smith & Wood's Employment Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198824893.001.0001.
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Smith & Wood’s Employment Law draws on the extensive teaching and practical experience of its authors to provide students with a clear explanation of essential legislation and case detail while also offering incisive academic commentary and critical detail to help with essay preparation and class work. Throughout the book, topics are carefully explained in their social and historical context, providing readers with an insight into the fast-paced development of employment law and offering perceptive analysis of its future direction. This fourteenth edition has been produced against the background of the 2015 and 2017 elections and of course with the largest elephant in the room of the result of the referendum on membership of the EU. The meaning of the latter remains a matter of almost complete uncertainty even t the time of writing two years later, and indeed is likely to remain so for much of the currency of this edition, but where appropriate it contains speculation as to possible effects. At the opposite end of the spectrum, this edition also contains the up-to-date case law on detailed employment law developments such as ACAS early conciliation, whistleblowing, discrimination law across all the forms of protected characteristics, and the whole question of the effect of modern phenomena such as social media use on traditional areas of employment law. On the collective level, this edition includes a consideration of the impact of the Trade Union Act 2016 on the calling of industrial action, picketing and time off for union activites and the latest decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, the EFTA Court and the UK courts on the impact of human rights law and of EU economic freedoms on collective labour law, in particular in relation to union recognition for bargaining and in relation to the banning of industrial action. It also considers whether the 2018 amendments to the Posted Workers Directive have any impact on the legality of any industrial action which affects the EU freedom to provide services across the boundaries of member states. More generally, it examines the extent to which workers and unions have legal protection for collective action relating to members of the gig economy Finally, the changes to the style and layout of the book adopted in the last edition have been maintained, in order to aid accessibility for the reader, given the ever-increasing complexity of the law itself here.