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1
Федоров, А. В., В. М. Ліщенко, С. І. Сядристий, and Б. А. Лісогорський. "ANALYSIS OF ADS-B TECHNOLOGY CAPABILITIES DURING RADAR ALIGNMENT." Системи озброєння і військова техніка, no. 3(79) (December 2, 2024): 90–96. https://doi.org/10.30748/soivt.2024.79.11.
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The subject of research in the article is to analyze the capabilities of ADS-B technology during the alignment of radar of radio engineering troops. The aim of the study is to analyze the technical capabilities of ADS-B receivers during their use in the course of radar alignment of radio engineering troops. Objectives: a brief analysis of the known methods of alignment of the radar of the radio engineering troops, analysis of the factors influencing the accuracy of determining the coordinates of air objects, a brief analysis of the capabilities of ADS-B technology, a detailed analysis of the capabilities of ADS-B technology during the alignment of the radar of the radio engineering troops. Methods used: methods of passive radar, methods of determining the coordinates of air objects, methods of mathematical analysis and differential calculus, methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics. The following results were obtained. The main disadvantages of the known methods of alignment of the radar of the radio engineering troops were identified. The factors affecting the accuracy of determining the coordinates of air objects are determined. The possibility of applying the technology of automatic dependent observation to improve the accuracy of determining the coordinates of air objects is established. The possibilities of radar alignment using ADS-B technology are analyzed. The main advantages of the additional use of ADS-B technology for the alignment of radar in comparison with existing methods are determined. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is as follows. Improving the accuracy of the radar alignment of radio engineering troops was achieved through the use of ADS-B technology. The advantages of the additional use of ADS-B technology for alignment of radar of radio engineering troops in comparison with existing methods are simplification of the alignment process, determination of corrections without removing the radar from the normal operating mode, the possibility of using random air objects equipped with ADS-B transponders and located in the detection area of radar of radio engineering troops as objects of control.
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Liu, Zhiyong, Kaixing Zhou, and Xiucong Sun. "Satellite Attitude Determination Using ADS-B Receiver and MEMS Gyro." Aerospace 10, no. 4 (2023): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10040370.
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Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) is a very important communication and surveillance technology in air traffic control (ATC). In the future, more and more satellites will carry out ADS-B technology to perform a global coverage. In order to make full use of the resources in the satellite, this paper proposes a solution for satellite three-axis attitude determination using the ADS-B receiver. The principle of ADS-B-based attitude determination is presented first. On this basis, ADS-B-based methods are employed to solve the problem. To achieve a higher attitude determination precision, gyro is combined with the ADS-B receiver using a multiplicative extended Kalman filter (MEKF). Finally, a simulation is carried out and the result is presented.
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Wang, Jian Hui. "Applied Technology in Data Evaluation and Position Quality of ADS-B System." Advanced Materials Research 1022 (August 2014): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1022.333.
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Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) is a totally new surveillance method, so before practically applied and operated in China, abundant tests and evaluations are necessary to validate the performance of ADS-B and guarantee the operational security. To solve the asynchronous problem among radar data, ADS-B data and real-time kinematic (RTK) data caused by different update rates, this paper proposes the technique of synchronizing multi-surveillance data by extrapolating from the data of low update rate to high update rate according to velocity and heading. Meanwhile, because radar data, ADS-B data and RTK data are expressed in different coordinates and cannot be compared each other, this article provides a method to unifying the coordinates of multi-surveillance data. By the analysis and evaluation, we can conclude that the performance of ADS-B is better than radar. Addtionally, the paper makes focus study on the position quality indicator and the encoding rules, and puts forward the conversion between the different rules. The paper provides the technical guide for the manufacturers and the airlines.
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Semenov, Serhii, Minjian Zhang, Serhii Yenhalychev, and Leonid Smidovych. "GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE ADS-B UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE DATA TRANSMISSION PROCESS IN A STEGANOGRAPHIC SYSTEM." Innovative Technologies and Scientific Solutions for Industries, no. 4 (22) (December 31, 2022): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/itssi.2022.22.014.
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The subject of the article is a model of the ADS-B data transmission process of an unmanned aerial vehicle in a steganographic system using direct spectrum expansion technology. The aim of the publication is to improve the security of unmanned aerial vehicles with an integrated ADS-B system. Particular scientific tasks: analysis of basic methods of ADS-B format data protection; development of the scheme of ADS-B drone data transfer in steganographic system with the use of direct spectrum expansion technology; improvement of the model of ADS-B drone data transfer in steganographic system with the use of direct spectrum expansion technology; determination of qualitative and quantitative characteristics as well as security properties of ADS-B format data. The following research results were obtained: as the result of the scientific works analysis the hypothesis about the perspectives of the ADS-B format steganographic data protection usage was put forward; the scheme of an unmanned aerial vehicle ADS-B data transmission in the steganographic system with the usage of the direct spectrum spreading technology was developed; the main safety properties as well as the safety parameters and characteristics of the ADS-B format information signal were formulated; the generalized model of an unmanned aerial vehicle ADS-B data transmission was further developed. This will improve the safety of UAVs. The advantages and disadvantages of the model were revealed, which allowed to determine the priority of further research and possible promising ways of solving the assigned tasks.
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Lin, Lin, Zhi Yong Liu, and Yue Fei Zhou. "A Method to Check ADS-B Message Based on Direction-Finder Antenna." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 1861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.1861.
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Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) is a recommended advanced surveillance technology in Future Air Navigation Systems by ICAO. ADS-B is the technology that can provide the surveillance capabilities based on GNSS and ground-air data link. Because the frequency and the coding mechanism are in public, it is easy to be disturbed and deceived. The essay analyzed some traditional methods to check ADS-B information, and introduced a new checking method based on Direction-finder Antenna that fused radio character and Kalman Filter algorithm together . It can identify the false ADS-B message efficiently.
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Xiang, Zheng, Wei Jun Pan, and Jun Luo. "Application of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast in the Training for Air Traffic Controller." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 775–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.775.
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The application of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) in the training for air traffic controller is investigated in the presented work. ADS-B is a surveillance technology for tracking aircraft as part of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). Compared to radar, ADS-B system has many advantages such as lower deployment cost, higher accuracy and more frequently update. As surveillance method transits from radar surveillance to ADS-B surveillance, the training for air traffic controller should incorporate ADS-B system correspondingly. In the presented work, the features of ADS-B are introduced as well as the structure of ADS-B system is illustrated, and a novel framework for training air traffic controller with ADS-B system is proposed. It is seen that air traffic controller can be trained with lower cost, shorter period and more flexibility compared to that with radar surveillance.
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Nurhayati, Yati, and Susanti Susanti. "Implementasi Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) di Indonesia." WARTA ARDHIA 40, no. 3 (2014): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/wa.v40i3.128.147-162.
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Teknlologi ADSB is a new technology in the observation plane which is a combination of global positioning system (GPS), so that the aircraft can be traced to the position, velocity, wind direction, and altitude. This tool can be installed in the aircraft or ground stations and more superior than the radar.ADS-B is indeed a revolutionary look, start with only the antenna and the tool less than for a small refrigerator can detect aircraft and air traffic displays.Automatic Dependent Surveillance- Broadcast (ADS-B) is a detection technology where each plane passing owned transponder emits every two times per second information altitude, position, speed, direction, and other information to ground stations and other aircraft. This information is obtained from the information the Global Positioning System (GPS) or backup Flight Management System (FMS) in each plane. Teknlologi ADSB adalah teknologi baru dalam pengamatan pesawat terbang yang merupakan kombinasi global positioning system (GPS), sehingga pesawat bisa terlacak posisi, kecepatan, arah angin, dan ketinggian. Alat ini bisa dipasang di pesawat atau stasiun darat dan lebih unggul dari radar. ADS-B ini memang terlihat revolusioner, dengan hanya berbekal antenna dan alat kurang dari sebesar lemari es kecil dapat mendeteksi pesawat terbang dan menampilkan lalu lintas udara.Automatic Dependent Surveillance- Broadcast (ADS-B) adalah teknologi pendeteksi dimana setiap pesawat lewat transponder yang dimiliki memancarkan setiap dua kali dalam tiap detik informasi ketinggian, posisi, kecepatan, arah, dan informasi lainnya ke stasiun darat dan pesawat lainnya. Informasi ini didapat dari informasi Global Positioning System (GPS) atau backup Flight Management System (FMS) yang ada di pesawat masing-masing.
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Iuliia, Chepurko, Cao Yong, and Chepurko Iuliia. "A Small High-Tech Firm Entering China's Market: A Case Study of ADS-B Technologies Inc." International Journal of Case Studies 7, no. 1 (2018): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3538813.
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ADS-B Technologies is engineering and consulting firm located an Anchorage, Alaska. Since 2004, the Company has specialized in the design and deployment of Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) systems and their related Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance (CNS) technologies throughout the world. For more than a decade, ADS-B Technologies’ Principal Intellectual Contributors have been intimately involved in the creation of ADS-B standards and procedures for the FAA, ICAO, Australia, China, Canada, Japan and several other nations. This case study shows how ADS-B Technologies Inc develops and expands its market in China, a booming but one of the most challenging market in the world. The market development includes the design, construction, operation, training, regulation and deployment of certified ADS-B ground and avionics systems in a highly regulated market. The findings of this case study will help business professionals to understand how to compete in such a niche market.
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Ruseno, Neno, Chung-Yan Lin, and Shih-Cheng Chang. "UAS Traffic Management Communications: The Legacy of ADS-B, New Establishment of Remote ID, or Leverage of ADS-B-Like Systems?" Drones 6, no. 3 (2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6030057.
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Unmanned aerial system (UAS) traffic management (UTM) requires each UAS to communicate with each other and to other stakeholders involved in the operation. In practice, there are two types of wireless communication systems established in the UAS community: automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) and remote identification (Remote ID). In between these two systems, there is ADS-B-like communication which leverages using other types of communications available in the market for the purpose of UTM. This review aims to provide an insight into those three systems, based on the published standard documents and latest research development. It also suggests how to construct a feasible communication architecture. The integrative approach is used in this literature review. The review categorization includes definition, data format, technology used, and research applications, and any remaining issues are discussed. The similarities and differences of each system are elaborated, covering practical findings. In addition, the SWOT analysis is conducted based on the findings. Lastly, multi-channel communication for UTM is proposed as a feasible solution in the UTM operation.
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Zheng, Yunfei, Xuejun Zhang, Shenghan Wang, and Weidong Zhang. "Convolutional Neural Network and Ensemble Learning-Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Radio Frequency Fingerprinting Identification." Drones 8, no. 8 (2024): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones8080391.
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With the rapid development of the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) industry, there is increasing demand for UAV surveillance technology. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) provides accurate monitoring of UAVs. However, the system cannot encrypt messages or verify identity. To address the issue of identity spoofing, radio frequency fingerprinting identification (RFFI) is applied for ADS-B transmitters to determine the true identities of UAVs through physical layer security technology. This paper develops an ensemble learning ADS-B radio signal recognition framework. Firstly, the research analyzes the data content characteristics of the ADS-B signal and conducts segment processing to eliminate the possible effects of the signal content. To extract features from different signal segments, a method merging end-to-end and non-end-to-end data processing is approached in a convolutional neural network. Subsequently, these features are fused through EL to enhance the robustness and generalizability of the identification system. Finally, the proposed framework’s effectiveness is evaluated using collected ADS-B data. The experimental results indicate that the recognition accuracy of the proposed ELWAM-CNN method can reach up to 97.43% and have better performance at different signal-to-noise ratios compared to existing methods using machine learning.
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S., Langgeng Andy, and Sovian Aritonang. "PENGEMBANGAN FLIGHT MONITORING SYSTEM MODE-S BERBASIS OFFLINE MEWUJUDKAN KEMANDIRIAN TEKNOLOGI PENERBANGAN." Strategi dan Kampanye Militer (SKM) 9, no. 2 (2023): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/skm.v9i2.14563.
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Technological independence is important for every country in global competition. One of the technological advancements developed by the Indonesian government through BPPT is Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) type in, which functions as a flight monitoring system. The Indonesian Air Force (TNI AU) through Depohar 50 (Depot Maintenance 50) has also developed ADS-B type in, which is currently deployed in six radar units known as the Flight Monitoring System (FMS) Mode-S. Accordance with government regulations (Minister of Transportation Regulation No. 81 of 2017), the government has mandated the use of ADS-B for flight safety. ADS-B has two types, in and out. In the TNI AU, ADS-B out is installed on aircraft such as Grob, KT-1, and Cessna, while ADS-B in is installed on Weibel radar. However, since ADS-B is not yet installed on TNI AU aircraft, flight data from the Air Traffic Control (ATC) was communicated to the pilots, hence, they can be aware of the air traffic situation. Furthermore, due to the increasing air traffic, communication with ATC has become limited. A qualitative method was used in the development of the ADS-B type in TNI AU aircraft, and the previous ADS-B type in development could only be installed on the ground station. The information received from ADS-B on the aircraft was real-time air traffic, which helps pilots make decisions to enhance flight safety, such as reducing the risk of aircraft collisions. The use of this technology on TNI AU aircraft is important for improving flight safety and technological independence.
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Khudov, Hennadii, Oleksii Diakonov, Nina Kuchuk, et al. "Method for determining coordinates of airborne objects by radars with additional use of ADS-B receivers." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 9(112) (2021): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.238407.
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The method of determining coordinates of an airborne object using ADS-B receivers was improved. The method involves the following sequence of actions: input of initial data, measurement of coordinates of the airborne object by the radar, checking the availability of data about the airborne object obtained from the ADS-B receivers. In the absence of such data, coordinates of the airborne object are determined only from the data of the radar. The airborne object mark was identified according to information from the radar and the ADS-B receivers. Unlike the known methods, the advanced method of determining coordinates of an airborne object by a radar additionally uses information from the ADS-B receivers. The ADS-B receiver signals were experimentally studied. It was found that the ADS-B receiver has received more than 6,000 messages about airborne objects in a single day. It was established that information about the location of the airborne object contained in ADS-B messages was encoded in CPR format. An algorithm for decrypting the ADS-B messages with a global connection of an airborne object to geographical coordinates was presented. An algorithm for detecting signals of onboard transponders of ADS-B airborne objects was presented. Non-standard ADS-B messages from airborne objects were studied. It was suggested that some short non-standard ADS-B messages were received from small and military airborne objects. Accuracy of determining coordinates of airborne objects by the radar with additional use of the ADS-B receiver was estimated. Dependence of the root mean square error of determining the airborne object coordinates on a distance to the airborne object was presented for various cases. It was established that the accuracy of determining the airborne object coordinates can be raised from 36 % to 67 % depending on the distance to the airborne object
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Abdullah, Abdullah Irfan, Ahmad Fadzil Ismail, Khairayu Badron, and NurEmileenAbd Rashid. "Improving Radar Detection by Adaptation of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Technology." Advanced Science Letters 22, no. 10 (2016): 2860–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2016.7128.
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Vetrov, Nikita A. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DATA TRANSMISSION MODES 1090ES AND VDL MODE 4 FOR ADS-B ANTENNAS." SYNCHROINFO JOURNAL 9, no. 6 (2023): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2664-066x-2023-9-6-20-26.
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The study and analysis of technologies affecting the safety of aircraft flights is relevant and important in a strategic plan. One such technology is Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), a technology that allows aircraft pilots and air traffic controllers to receive the most accurate information about aircraft movements. It is currently being implemented in many countries around the world. The VDL-4 message format provides the ability to send message types not described in the standard. This is achieved through the use of spare bits in the fields of service messages. Data communication is described as a presentation layer service that allows information such as the year to be transmitted, or work with the protocols of a self-organizing network to increase its coverage area. The article examines the data transmission lines currently in use for ADS-B. As a result of the work, a comparative analysis of current ADS-B data lines: 1090ES and VDL Mode 4 is presented.
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Kožović, Dejan, and Dragan Đurđević. "Spoofing in aviation: Security threats on GPS and ADS-B systems." Vojnotehnicki glasnik 69, no. 2 (2021): 461–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg69-30119.
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Introduction/purpose: The paper provides a review of recent research in the field of GPS and ADS-B spoofing. Systems that rely on satellite positioning technology can be targeted by spoofing in order to generate incorrect positioning/timing, which is accomplished by inserting false signals into the "victim's" receiver. Attackers try to insert false positioning information into systems that, for example, provide navigation of airplanes or drones for the purpose of hijacking or distracting security/safety in airspace surveillance. New concepts of navigation and ATC will thus be necessary. Methods: Using a scientific approach, the paper gives an evaluation of GPS and ADS-B spoofing/antispoofing and how spoofing affects the cyber security of aviation systems. Results: Based on the methodological analysis used, the importance of studying spoofing/anti-spoofing in aviation is shown. Conclusion: Although spoofing in aviation is only a potential threat, its technical feasibility is realistic and its potential is considerable; it becomes more flexible and cheaper due to very rapid advancement of SDR technologies. The real risk, in the time to come, are potential spoofing attacks that could occur from the air, using drones. However, aircraft systems are not exposed to spoofing without any defense; receivers can detect it by applying various anti-spufing techniques. Also, pilots are able to detect and solve problems at every stage of the flight. However, due to a possibility of more sophisticated spoofing attacks, international organizations such as ICAO are proactively working to increase GPS and ADS-B systems robustness on spoofing.
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Khudov, Hennadii, Petro Mynko, Shamil Ikhsanov, et al. "Development a method for determining the coordinates of air objects by radars with the additional use of multilateration technology." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 9 (113) (2021): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.242935.
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This paper reports an experimental study aimed at confirming disruptions in the operation of ADS-B receivers. The experimental investigation into disruptions in the operation of ADS-B receivers involved the FlightAware Piaware receiver. Examples of the disrupted performance of ADS-B receivers are given. It was found that the experimentally detected disruptions in the operation of ADS-B receivers could lead to a decrease in the accuracy of determining the coordinates of air objects with the joint use of the radar and multilateration technology. A method for determining the coordinates of an air object by radar with additional use of multilateration technology has been devised. The method involves the following stages: entering initial data, the calculation of distances between the points of reception and the air object, the computation of the inconsistency vector, the calculation of the matrix of partial derivatives taking into consideration the estimates of the coordinates of an air object at the previous iteration, the computation of the correction, the calculation of the refined coordinates of the air object. Unlike those known ones, the improved method for determining the coordinates of an air object by a radar additionally uses multilateration technology. The accuracy of determining the air objects' coordinates by a radar with the additional use of multilateration technology was estimated. It was established that the additional application of multilateration technology would reduce the error in determining the coordinates of an air object by 1.58 to 2.39 times on average, compared to using only an autonomous radar
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Hennadii, Khudov, Mynko Petro, Ikhsanov Shamil, et al. "Development a method for determining the coordinates of air objects by radars with the additional use of multilateration technology." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 9 (113) (2021): 6–16. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.242935.
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This paper reports an experimental study aimed at confirming disruptions in the operation of ADS-B receivers. The experimental investigation into disruptions in the operation of ADS-B receivers involved the FlightAware Piaware receiver. Examples of the disrupted performance of ADS-B receivers are given. It was found that the experimentally detected disruptions in the operation of ADS-B receivers could lead to a decrease in the accuracy of determining the coordinates of air objects with the joint use of the radar and multilateration technology. A method for determining the coordinates of an air object by radar with additional use of multilateration technology has been devised. The method involves the following stages: entering initial data, the calculation of distances between the points of reception and the air object, the computation of the inconsistency vector, the calculation of the matrix of partial derivatives taking into consideration the estimates of the coordinates of an air object at the previous iteration, the computation of the correction, the calculation of the refined coordinates of the air object. Unlike those known ones, the improved method for determining the coordinates of an air object by a radar additionally uses multilateration technology. The accuracy of determining the air objects' coordinates by a radar with the additional use of multilateration technology was estimated. It was established that the additional application of multilateration technology would reduce the error in determining the coordinates of an air object by 1.58 to 2.39 times on average, compared to using only an autonomous radar
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Федоров, А. В., М. Ю. Дергоусов, О. О. Шевченко, О. М. Пилипович, and О. В. Сердюк. "Determination of coordinates of air object by ADS-B receiver system with application of MLAT technology in the multi-target situation." Системи обробки інформації, no. 1 (168) (February 10, 2022): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30748/soi.2022.168.05.
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It was shown the possibility of determining the coordinates of air objects during the combination of information from radars and ADS-B receiver system with MLAT technology use in the presence of a large number of targets, with additional use of correlation processing of received signals. Was analyzed the factors influencing the accuracy of determining the coordinates of air objects, a brief analysis of the capabilities of ADS-B technology. The advantages of correlation processing of received signals with additional MLAT technology use is the ability to determine the coordinates of air objects with high accuracy in the presence of a large number of targets.
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Mott, John H., Zachary A. Marshall, Mark A. Vandehey, Mike May, and Darcy M. Bullock. "Detection of Conflicts Between ADS-B-Equipped Aircraft and Unmanned Aerial Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 1 (2020): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119900645.
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Versatile unmanned aerial system (UAS) platforms have grown significantly in popularity by virtue of their low cost relative to manned aircraft, high performance, and operational simplicity. While the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) currently regulates the operating altitudes, speeds, weights, pilot qualifications, and locations of drones, a lack of capacity and technology prohibits sufficient enforcement of these restrictions. To assess the frequency and severity of manned and unmanned aircraft separation incidents, and to examine the emerging sensor technology available to facilitate such assessment, flight operations in controlled airspace around Orlando Melbourne International Airport (KMLB) were monitored. One sensor system deployed at KMLB reported UAS locations, altitudes, and flight durations, while a second system reported manned aircraft positions, altitudes, and timestamps using ADS-B signals. Evaluation of flight operations data in the vicinity of KMLB revealed eight potential drone incursions over a 2-week period. Aircraft flight paths were retroactively tracked to map these unmanned and manned aerial conflicts; aircraft identification information was also researched to contextualize the incidents. The frequency and magnitude of identified events suggest the need for additional research to further explore the problem scope and potential solutions.
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Habibi Markani, Jamal, Abdessamad Amrhar, Jean-Marc Gagné, and René Jr Landry. "Security Establishment in ADS-B by Format-Preserving Encryption and Blockchain Schemes." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (2023): 3105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13053105.
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In the next generation modernization plan, the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) system plays a pivotal role. However, the ADS-B’s low level of security and its vulnerabilities have raised valid concerns. The main objectives of this paper are to highlight the limitations of legacy ADS-B systems and to assess the feasibility of using Format-preserving (F), Feistel-based encryption (F), with multiple implementation variances (X) (FFX) algorithms, for enhancing ADS-B’s security. The offered solution is implemented in a standard software-defined radio (SDR) ADS-B to be utilized in real-time applications. Furthermore, a new proposed blockchain scheme is used as a secured database to manage the cipher key. The metric of message entropy is used to assess an algorithm’s ability to confuse and diffuse predictable ADS-B messages; correlation and serial correlation of plain data and cipher data are deployed to evaluate the proposed method’s security level. The authors provide both MATLAB simulations and flight test outcomes to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. Based on our security analysis, ADS-B information can be kept confidential through our scheme. The performance evaluation results reveal that the proposed scheme is achievable, compatible, and efficient for the avionics industry.
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Xiang, Yiran, Songting Li, and Lihu Chen. "Adaptive Beamforming for On-Orbit Satellite-Based ADS-B Based on FCNN." Sensors 24, no. 21 (2024): 7065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24217065.
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Digital multi-beam synthesis technology is generally used in the on-orbit satellite-based Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) system. However, the probability of successfully detecting aircraft with uneven surface distribution is low. An adaptive digital beamforming method is proposed to improve the efficiency of aircraft detection probability. The current method has the problem of long operation time and is not suitable for on-orbit operation. Therefore, this paper proposes an adaptive beamforming method for the ADS-B system based on a fully connected neural network (FCNN). The simulation results show that the calculation time of this method is about 2.6 s when more than 15,000 sets of data are inputted, which is 15–80% better than the existing methods. Its detection success probability is 10% higher than those of existing methods, and it has better robustness against large amounts of data.
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Habibi Markani, Jamal, Abdessamad Amrhar, Jean-Marc Gagné, and René Jr Landry. "NextGen ADS-B Software-Defined Reception with Enhanced Techniques." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (2022): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010493.
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This paper provides research on the enhanced NextGen ADS-B reception method and its performance in laboratory and flight tests. It sheds the light on end-to-end reception techniques to comply with key requirements. ADS-B has emerged as among the most intriguing avionics for both researchers and companies since the launch of NextGen in 2009. ADS-B provides authorities with a mechanism for use in continuously monitoring the position and track of an airplane using periodic and independent broadcast messages that transmit Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) position information. The enhanced pulse detection technique is used to detect and validated preamble pulses. Besides the utilization of multiple amplitude samples technique not only improve bit and confidence declaration accuracy but also make it capable of deploying error detection/correction algorithms which are two aspects of enhanced Extended Squitter reception. In addition, applying a slow attack automatic gain control (AGC) algorithm improves system sensitivity and performance. The implementation is done in MATLAB Simulink and C++. Software Defined Radio (SDR) module, BladeRF, is used programable platform for the communication system. Subsequently, the lab experimental and flight test results show that when applying these strategies in a real environment, significant performance is achievable.
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Ren, Peng, Jianxin Wang, Shushu Yang, and Haiwei Song. "A prototype of high‐sensitivity noncoherent receiver for ADS‐B signals." International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking 38, no. 4 (2020): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sat.1338.
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Bi, Yan, and Chuankun Li. "Multi-Scale Convolutional Network for Space-Based ADS-B Signal Separation with Single Antenna." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (2022): 8816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178816.
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Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) signals are very vital in air traffic control. However, the space-based ADS-B signals are easily overlapped and their message cannot be correctly received. It is challenge to separate overlapped signals especially for a single antenna. The existing methods have a low decoding accuracy for small power difference, carrier frequency difference and relative time delay between overlapped signals. In order to solve these problems, we apply the deep learning method to single antenna ADS-B signal separation. A multi-scale Conv-TasNet (MConv-TasNet) is proposed to capture long temporal information of the ADS-B signal. In MConv-TasNet, a multi-scale convolutional separation (MCS) network is proposed to fuse different scale temporal features extracted from overlapping ADS-B signals and generate an effective separation mask to separate signals. Moreover, a large dataset is created by using the real ADS-B data. In addition, the proposed method has been evaluated on the dataset. The average decoding accuracy on the test set is 90.34%. It has achieved the state-of-the-art results.
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Vidoň, Václav, and Sébastien Lán. "Processing and Analysis of Condensation Trails Data Using Database Systems." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 7, no. 3 (2019): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2019.03.03.
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This article describes the causes and behavior of aircraft condensation trails, aircraft radar technology, communication between aircraft and ground control stations, description of the function, analysis and processing of the ADS-B receivers and registers data. It also deals with the design and creation of a suitable web application with a simple user interface and a database for storing and processing this data. The work was based mainly on academical materials and sources, focusing on the issue of condensation trails, ADS-B functionality and programming of web applications.
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Sitorus, Budi, and Tulus Irfan Harsono Sitorus. "PENGEMBANGAN AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE – BROADCAST UNTUK PENINGKATAN KESELAMATAN PENERBANGAN." Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi & Logistik (JMTRANSLOG) 4, no. 3 (2018): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.54324/j.mtl.v4i3.69.
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The purpose of this study is to conduct a review of the existing navigation system at the airport and integrate to the flight navigation system that has been developed by the Ministry of Research and Technology to be applied to Airports in Indonesia. The research method used is qualitative research method through literature study, literature, benchmarking. Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) is a system designed to replace radar functions in air space management for civilian transport, can serve as a substitute or for traditional radar-based aircraft surveillance supplements. The use of ADS-B was recommended by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in May 2006. Using ADS-B, detection would be better and more accurate than when using a radar system where existing radar systems can not detect unobstructed aircraft . The use of the ADS-B system in Indonesia began in 2006, in partnership with SITA and Thales. In this regard, Indonesia has 30 (thirty) earth stations ready for operation. In general, both flight monitoring systems are very helpful for APP operators (Approach and departure control) in terms of providing a picture of flight traffic conditions around the airport.
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Przybylski, Kamil, Krzysztof Banaszek, and Sylwester Gładyś. "The analysis of aircraft equipment essential for the use of ADS-B, implementation in 2021." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 133 (June 1, 2021): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6982.
Full textAbstract:
The fluidity of air traffic depends mainly on the coherence of the minimum separation requirements between aircraft in the airspace and the advanced exchange of air traffic information obtained through the interoperability of ATM systems and surveillance data exchange systems between aircraft and ATM system. In the paper on the implementation of unified global solutions, ICAO indicated that the key requirement is that the functions of on-ground ATM systems concerning the source of information surveillance (aircraft position). ICAO encourages the widespread use of ADS-B technology (Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast). The paper presents the concept of using ADS-B, analyzes the problems resulting from the need to ensure interoperability, and shows the results of measurements and analyzes of the actual equipment level of aircraft operating from two airports in TMA Warsaw: Warsaw Chopin Airport (EPWA) and Warsaw Modlin (EPMO). In summary, the authors refer to the level of meeting the requirements of the ADS-B equipment in the context of formal and legal requirements and the time remaining until the published requirements are fully applicable.
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da Silveira, Celdo S., Juliano B. Lima, and José R. de Oliveira Neto. "ADS-B Communication Security: Assessing the Performance of Format-Preserving Lightweight Block Ciphers." Journal of Communication and Information Systems 39, no. 2024 (2024): 194–206. https://doi.org/10.14209/jcis.2024.21.
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In this work, we document an investigation regarding the vulnerabilities of ADS-B (automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast) communication, considering the risks to operational security. The ADS-B technology is a communication protocol to transmit surveillance information, that is, data related to position, altimetry, and speed, from the aircraft's avionics, an evolution to radars. We present an encryption solution for this communication using format-preserving encryption implemented in a microcontroller-embedded system. We also evaluate the use of lightweight symmetric block ciphers for better computational performance. When used as a pseudorandom function, we observe that such ciphers maintain a high entropy output value with low computational cost --- up to sixteen times faster for similar entropy values. Finally, the computational performance obtained with the proposed solution is analyzed by processing real-time data from aircraft in the landing and takeoff phase at the international airport of Recife/Guararapes - Gilberto Freyre, based in Recife/PE, Brazil.
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Kožović, Dejan, and Dragan Đurđević. "Spoofing in civil aviation: Security and safety of GPS/GNSS and ADS-B systems." Megatrend revija 18, no. 3 (2021): 281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2103281k.
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Aircraft systems that rely on satellite positioning technology, such as GNSS and ADS-B, can be the target of a spoofing attack - a sophisticated and very dangerous form of radio frequency interference in which false signals are inserted into the "victim's" receiver for incorrect positioning or timing. Although spoofing in civil aviation is a potential threat, its technical feasibility is realistic, and the application of spoofing is becoming more flexible due to the very rapid progress of cheap SDR platforms. In particular, the potential risk is posed by potential air strikes, using unmanned aerial vehicles/drones, for the purpose of hijacking or distracting security in airspace surveillance. However, aviation is not ruthlessly exposed to spoofing attacks without any defense; by applying certain methods/techniques, spoofing can be mitigated in the GNSS receiver. Also, pilots are trained to detect and solve problems at every stage of the flight. Due to more sophisticated forms of terrorist attacks are possible, international organizations, such as ICAO and EUROCA, are proactively working to increase the robustness of the GNSS and ADS-B systems to spoofing. Given the importance of the topic and the fact that spoofing/antispuffing testing has certain limitations, consideration of the specifics and different scenarios of these attacks are very important in the development of new methods for their mitigation and detection. This paper focuses on spoofing/antispuffing of GNSS and ABS-B systems in civil aviation and provides an overview of the latest research in these areas.
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Van Der Pryt, Richard, and Ron Vincent. "A Simulation of the Reception of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast Signals in Low Earth Orbit." International Journal of Navigation and Observation 2015 (August 23, 2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/567604.
Full textAbstract:
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is an air traffic surveillance technology in which aircraft transmit position and identification. The development of space-based ADS-B will allow precise control of aircraft in areas that are not covered by radar, such as oceanic regions and high latitudes. The Royal Military College of Canada has developed a spaceborne ADS-B receiver scheduled to fly on the Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment-7 (CanX-7) satellite. The payload is planned to collect data over the North Atlantic region, which will then be compared to truth data provided by air traffic services. A model was created to determine power levels arriving at the satellite to provide confidence in the ADS-B receiver and antenna proposed for CanX-7. The model takes into account neutral atmosphere and ionospheric effects, aircraft-satellite geometry, and antenna radiation patterns. A simulation was run by inserting real aircraft data from the North Atlantic Track System into the model and placing the satellite at altitudes of 400, 600, and 800 km. Results of the simulation indicate that power received at the satellite, ranging between −98.5 dBm and −103 dBm for the selected altitudes, will be sufficient to successfully conduct the mission.
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Niazi, Sarfaraz K. "Anti-Idiotypic mRNA Vaccine to Treat Autoimmune Disorders." Vaccines 12, no. 1 (2023): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12010009.
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The 80+ existing autoimmune disorders (ADs) affect billions with little prevention or treatment options, except for temporary symptomatic management, leading to enormous human suffering and a monumental financial burden. The autoantibodies formed in most ADs have been identified, allowing the development of novel anti-idiotypic antibodies to mute the autoantibodies using vaccines. Nucleoside vaccines have been successfully tested as antigen-specific immunotherapies (ASI), with mRNA technology offering multi-epitope targeting to mute multiple autoantibodies. This paper proposes using mRNA technology to produce anti-idiotypic antibodies with broad effectiveness in preventing and treating them. This paper delves into the state-of-the-art mRNA design strategies used to develop novel ASIs by selecting appropriate T cell and B cell epitopes to generate anti-idiotypic antibodies. The low cost and fast development of mRNA vaccines make this technology the most affordable for the global control of ADs.
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Semenov, Serhii, Minjian Zhang, Oleksandr Mozhaiev, et al. "Construction of a model of steganographic embedding of the UAV identifier into ADS-B data." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 4 (125) (2023): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.288178.
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Secure data exchange in the control system of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is an important aspect for preventing unauthorized access and safety of aerial vehicles. Given the problems of automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) data protection, the safety level of UAV flight tasks and air traffic in general is significantly reduced. Therefore, the protection of ADS-B data is an urgent task. The object of the study is the process of steganographic protection of ADS-B format data. A relevant problem of estimating the probabilistic time characteristics of the steganographic protection process is solved, taking into account the features of data embedding in the ADS-B format container. To solve it, a mathematical formalization of the methods of finding probabilistic-temporal characteristics of steganographic systems was carried out. A model of steganographic data transformation operations based on the Chinese remainder theorem has been built. The main difference of the model is taking into account the features of the ADS-B format data. This made it possible to formalize and evaluate the time functions of steganographic encoding and decoding of UAV identifiers with an integrated ADS-B system. A model of steganographic data transformation operations based on the finite integral ring theorem has been constructed. A list of operations performed in the developed algorithm has been compiled. This made it possible to carry out mathematical formalization of operations for complex use in the model of steganographic protection of UAV identifiers with a built-in ADS-B system. The mathematical model was studied and the estimation of the random value of the time of steganographic transformation of data, as well as the confidence interval, was performed. With the help of the reported set of models, it is possible to estimate the probability of the algorithm’s execution time falling within the given interval. The results of the calculation of probabilistic-time characteristics could be used in models of a higher level of the hierarchy
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Yuan, Mengting, and Hongwei Shi. "An ant colony algorithm model for UAV sense and avoid based on ADS-B." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 39, no. 4 (2021): 761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20213940761.
Full textAbstract:
In the context of airspace fusion, in order to improve the safety performance of UAV and prevent the occurrence of air collision accidents, an ant colony algorithm model for UAV sense and avoid based on ADS-B monitoring technology is proposed. The model mainly consists of two parts: the deterministic conflict detection model makes the full use of ADS-B information to calculate the geometric distance from the horizontal and vertical planes to identify the conflict target, and the conflict resolution model is based on the ant colony algorithm which introduces the comprehensive heuristic function and sorting mechanism to plan the route again for achieving the collision avoidance. The simulation results show that the conflict detection model can effectively identify the possible threat targets, and the conflict resolution model is not only suitable for the typical two aircraft conflict scenarios, but also can provide a better resolution strategy for the complex multiple aircraft conflict scenarios.
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Boci, Erton S., Shahram Sarkani, and Thomas A. Mazzuchi. "Development of a Complex Geospatial/RF Design Model in Support of Service Volume Engineering Design." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 3, no. 1 (2011): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitn.2011010105.
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Today’s National Airspace System (NAS) is managed using an aging surveillance radar system. The radar technology is not adequate to sustain the support of aviation growth and cannot be adapted to use 21st century technologies Therefore, FAA has begun to implement the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) that would transform today’s aviation and ensure increased safety and capacity. The first building block of the NextGen system is the implementation of the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system. One of the most important design aspects of the ADS-B program is the design of the terrestrial radio station infrastructure. This design determines the layout of the terrestrial radio stations throughout the United States and is optimized to meet system performance, safety and security. Designing this infrastructure to meet system requirements is at the core of Service Volume (SV) Engineering. In this paper, the authors present a complex Geospatial/RF design ER Development model-based ADS-B SV Engineering design that captures radio sites layout and configuration parameters. CORE software is selected to implement the model-based SV Engineering environment.
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Shen, Xiaoyun, Haosong Zhai, Shuo Zhang, and Peng Cui. "Simulation System of Aircraft Surveillance in Airport Terminal Area." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2228, no. 1 (2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2228/1/012009.
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Abstract Because ordinary users cannot quickly obtain the three-dimensional space position of aircraft in the airport terminal area through a two-dimensional display navigation map, the aircraft surveillance simulation system in the airport terminal area based on virtual reality technology is designed. Through analyzing the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) data, the aircraft motion model is established. The three-dimensional aircraft surveillance simulation system for the airport terminal area is realized by Unreal Engine 4 (UE4). Especially, the changes in flight track and flight attitude about aircraft in the three-dimensional scene are designed. The results show that the aircraft movements can be visualized smoothly and correctly based on ADS-B data. It is helpful for users to observe the aircraft of the airport terminal area and analyze the operation status of the plane.
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Manalu, Muhammad Fauzi, Muh Wildan, M. Faisal Yoga Dewantara, and Priyo Wibowo. "Design of A Rectangular Patch Microstrip Array Antenna with Proximity Coupled On ADS-B Receiver." Jurnal Ecotipe (Electronic, Control, Telecommunication, Information, and Power Engineering) 11, no. 2 (2024): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jurnalecotipe.v11i2.4507.
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One of the observation facilities available in Indonesia was Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), a surveillance technology similar to Radio Detection and Ranging for monitoring air traffic. This system only received information transmissions from aircraft, broadcast on a frequency of 1090 MHz using a monopole antenna with large dimensions, ranging from 85 centimeters to 3,5 meters, and weighing between 1,5 kilograms to 26 kilograms. As an alternative, a microstrip antenna was chosen to reduce the large size and weight of the monopole antenna. This research aimed to design a 2x1 rectangular patch microstrip array antenna with a proximity coupled feeding method at a frequency of 1090 MHz. The antenna was designed using Antenna Design Software and fabricated using Epoxy substrate material with a copper ground plane. The simulation results showed a Return Loss of -28,87 decibels, VSWR 1,07, Bandwidth 28,87 MHz, Impedance 52,4 Ω, and Gain 8,49 decibels. The measurement results showed a Return Loss of -30,87 decibels, VSWR 1,07, Bandwidth 28 MHz, Impedance 48,91 Ω, and Gain 6,4 decibels. The test results demonstrated that the antenna successfully received signals from 32 aircraft, with the longest reception distance reaching 172,5 Nautical Miles (319.4 kilometer) at a maximum altitude of 36,950 feet.
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Hariyanto, Didik, Sholeh Hadi Pramono, and Erni Yudaningtyas. "Optimization of Missing Value Data Imputation Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcasting (ADS-B) Based on K-Nearest Neighbor and Genetic Algorithm." International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research 9, no. 12 (2020): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7753/ijcatr0912.1003.
Full textAbstract:
The flight navigation equipments technology use still conventional, namely using radar, now slowly starting to switch to Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B [6]. In this study, using RTL-SDR to detect aircraft and carry out tests through the Monte Carlo alltitude method, latitude, and longitude only [3]. However, in this system there is a problem regarding the missing value in the preprocessed data results / ADS-B flow data. In handling missing values, the KNN method is the most popular, but the weakness in the KNN method, can reduce the performance[9]. So a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is proposed to optimize the k value in the KNN method. The results of this study obtained a better MSE value in the imputation process. Altitude k = 3, with MSE 128668.96, Speed k = 6, with the MSE value = 457.5201, while the k value in the Heading variable k = 61 with MSE = 752.1429. For Lattitude and Longitude, the value of k = 3, MSE 9.16E-05 and k = 2 and MSE 1.68E-05.
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Di Vito, Vittorio, and Giulia Torrano. "RPAS Automatic ADS-B Based Separation Assurance and Collision Avoidance System Real-Time Simulation Results." Drones 4, no. 4 (2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones4040073.
Full textAbstract:
Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) are increasingly becoming relevant actors that are flying through the airspace and will gain much more importance in the future. In order to allow for their safe integration with manned conventional traffic in non-segregated airspaces, in accordance with the overall air traffic management (ATM) paradigm, specific enabling technologies are needed. As is well known, the detect and avoid (DAA) technology is fundamental among the enabling technologies identified as crucial for RPAS integration into the overall ATM system. In the meantime, to support extended surveillance, the universal introduction of cooperative automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) on-board aircraft is being increasingly implemented because it has the potential to allow for the coverage of the entire airspaces in remote areas not usually covered by conventional radar surveillance. In this paper, experimental results that were obtained through the real-time validation, with hardware and human in the loop (RTS-HIL) simulations, of an automatic ADS-B based separation assurance and collision avoidance system aimed to support RPAS automatic operations (as well as remote pilot decision making) are presented and discussed. In the paper, after an introductory outline of the concept of operations (ConOps) of the system and its architectural organization, in addition to basic information about the main system functionalities, a description of the tests that were carried out is reported, and the obtained results are described and discussed in order to emphasize the performance and limitations of the proposed system. In particular, the obtained quantitative performances are reported and commented on, and the feedback presented by pilots in order to improve the system, e.g., in terms of preferred typology of conflict resolution maneuver elaborated by the system, is described.
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Semerádová, Tereza, and Petr Weinlich. "The impact of cookie regime change on the effectiveness of automatic retargeting in advertising." Innovative Marketing 19, no. 2 (2023): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.19(2).2023.09.
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The constantly evolving legislation concerning the usage of cookies raises many concerns about the effectiveness of targeted online advertisements. Retargeting represents an advanced targeting strategy requiring detailed user data and thus may be potentially highly sensitive to cookie restrictions. The retargeting effectiveness is tested in terms of type (standard, dynamic), advertising platform (Meta Ads, Google Ads), and the ad performance development in time. The data were collected through a Czech home goods online retailer. This paper tests the effectiveness of 432 retargeting ads collected during the opt-out cookie regime by comparing them with 432 retargeting ads collected after the transition to the opt-in cookie regime. The study created 216 ads on Google and 216 ads on Facebook. The entire experiment took one month to be implemented in 2021 and repeated in precisely the same manner in 2022. After this period, data were processed with SPSS Statistics. Both Facebook and Google (Conversion Lift) provide A/B testing tools. The results suggest that standard retargeting ads are more effective in utilitarian browsing. In contrast, dynamic retargeting is more successful in reaching users in the hedonic environment of social networks. Moreover, the performance of retargeting ads evolves in the different stages along the customer journey. There are differences in the total number of tracked users in terms of the transition from the opt-out to the opt-in cookie regime. However, the performance of programmatic advertising appears moderately affected. AcknowledgmentThis work is supported by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic under the Program of Applied Research ZETA through the Grant TJ02000206 – Developing the skills necessary for the digital business transformation.
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Kasttet, Mohammed Saïd, Abdelouahid Lyhyaoui, Douae Zbakh, Adil Aramja, and Abderazzek Kachkari. "Toward Effective Aircraft Call Sign Detection Using Fuzzy String-Matching between ASR and ADS-B Data." Aerospace 11, no. 1 (2023): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11010032.
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Recently, artificial intelligence and data science have witnessed dramatic progress and rapid growth, especially Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) technology based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Consequently, new end-to-end Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) toolkits were developed with higher speed and accuracy that can often achieve a Word Error Rate (WER) below 10%. These toolkits can nowadays be deployed, for instance, within aircraft cockpits and Air Traffic Control (ATC) systems in order to identify aircraft and display recognized voice messages related to flight data, especially for airports not equipped with radar. Hence, the performance of air traffic controllers and pilots can ultimately be improved by reducing workload and stress and enforcing safety standards. Our experiment conducted at Tangier’s International Airport ATC aimed to build an ASR model that is able to recognize aircraft call signs in a fast and accurate way. The acoustic and linguistic models were trained on the Ibn Battouta Speech Corpus (IBSC), resulting in an unprecedented speech dataset with approved transcription that includes real weather aerodrome observation data and flight information with a call sign captured by an ADS-B receiver. All of these data were synchronized with voice recordings in a structured format. We calculated the WER to evaluate the model’s accuracy and compared different methods of dataset training for model building and adaptation. Despite the high interference in the VHF radio communication channel and fast-speaking conditions that increased the WER level to 20%, our standalone and low-cost ASR system with a trained RNN model, supported by the Deep Speech toolkit, was able to achieve call sign detection rate scores up to 96% in air traffic controller messages and 90% in pilot messages while displaying related flight information from ADS-B data using the Fuzzy string-matching algorithm.
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Zuluaga-Gomez, Juan, Karel Veselý, Alexander Blatt, et al. "Automatic Call Sign Detection: Matching Air Surveillance Data with Air Traffic Spoken Communications." Proceedings 59, no. 1 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020059014.
Full textAbstract:
Voice communication is the main channel to exchange information between pilots and Air-Traffic Controllers (ATCos). Recently, several projects have explored the employment of speech recognition technology to automatically extract spoken key information such as call signs, commands, and values, which can be used to reduce ATCos’ workload and increase performance and safety in Air-Traffic Control (ATC)-related activities. Nevertheless, the collection of ATC speech data is very demanding, expensive, and limited to the intrinsic speakers’ characteristics. As a solution, this paper presents ATCO2, a project that aims to develop a unique platform to collect, organize, and pre-process ATC data collected from air space. Initially, the data are gathered directly through publicly accessible radio frequency channels with VHF receivers and LiveATC, which can be considered as an “unlimited-source” of low-quality data. The ATCO2 project explores employing context information such as radar and air surveillance data (collected with ADS-B and Mode S) from the OpenSky Network (OSN) to correlate call signs automatically extracted from voice communication with those available from ADS-B channels, to eventually increase the overall call sign detection rates. More specifically, the timestamp and location of the spoken command (issued by the ATCo by voice) are extracted, and a query is sent to the OSN server to retrieve the call sign tags in ICAO format for the airplanes corresponding to the given area. Then, a word sequence provided by an automatic speech recognition system is fed into a Natural Language Processing (NLP) based module together with the set of call signs available from the ADS-B channels. The NLP module extracts the call sign, command, and command arguments from the spoken utterance.
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Zhu, Jiahui, Haijiang Wang, Jing Li, and Zili Xu. "Research and Optimization of Meteo-Particle Model for Wind Retrieval." Atmosphere 12, no. 9 (2021): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091114.
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As the aviation industry has entered a critical period of development, the demand for Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) technology is becoming increasingly urgent. Real-time detection of aviation wind field information and the early warning of wind field shear by atmospheric sounding system are two important factors related to the safe operation of aviation and airport. According to the advantages of ADS-B and Mode S data, this paper uses the Meteo-Particle (MP) model proposed by Sun et al., in their previous research to retrieve high-altitude wind field. Comparing the precision and accuracy of wind field retrieved results, and the optimization parameters of MP model suitable for meteorological model are further studied. To solve the problem of incomplete wind field coverage obtained by retrieval, an extrapolation algorithm of wind field is proposed. The results show that: (1) a comprehensive evaluation index is introduced, which can more effectively evaluate the comprehensive difference of wind field retrieval results in wind speed and direction. (2) The adaptability results of MP model in different periods and altitudes provide some reference for the research of other scholars. (3) The new parameter setting can improve the accuracy of the retrieved results, and the appropriate extrapolation of wind field fills in the blank part of aviation and meteorology.
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Li, Yejin, Peng Rao, Zhengda Li, and Jianliang Ai. "On-Board Parameter Optimization for Space-Based Infrared Air Vehicle Detection Based on ADS-B Data." Applied Sciences 13, no. 12 (2023): 6931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13126931.
Full textAbstract:
Frequent aviation safety accidents of civil aircraft misses and crashes lead to an urgent need for flight safety assurance. Due to long-time flights over different backgrounds, accompanied by the changes in flight altitude and speed, it is difficult for a conventional space-based infrared detection system to use a set of fixed parameters to meet the stable detection requirement. To enhance the awareness of civil aircraft surveillance, a real-time parameter optimization method based on Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) data is proposed. According to the background spectral characteristics and the real-time flight data, the most reasonable spectral band is analyzed, using the joint signal-to-noise/clutter ratio (JSNCR) as the evaluation criteria. Then, an automatic parameter adjustment is used to maximize the integration time and switch the integration capacitor gear. Numerical simulation results show that the JSNCR increased by 1.16 to 1.31 times, and the corresponding noise equivalent target radiant intensity (NET) reduced from 2.4 W/Sr to 1.2 W/Sr compared with a conventional fixed-parameter detection system. This study lays a solid theoretical foundation for the spectral band analysis of space-based AVD system design. Meanwhile, the proposed method can be used as a standard procedure to improve on-board performance.
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Wang, Guo Qiang, and Jing Li. "A Conflict Detection Method for Runway Incursion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 740 (March 2015): 912–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.740.912.
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The runway incursion detection algorithm (RIDA) was developed by CASRI in support of the National Science and Technology Pillar Program of China. Detection algorithm was developed as a component of the A-SMGCS, an experimental software system for terminal area and surface operations. The detection algorithm is the primary function for implementing A-SMGCS level II. The RIDA makes use of ADS-B surveillance technology, Global Positioning System (GPS), ground surveillance systems, and data links. The RIDA was tested and demonstrated at the Shuangliu International Airport (CTU) since 2012 with highly successful results. The advanced capabilities of RIDA provide ATC controllers with enhanced situational awareness, supplemental guidance cues, a real-time display of traffic information, and warnings of runway incursions in order to reduce the possibility of runway incursions while also improving operational capability.
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Skorokhodov, Yaroslav. "Simulation of Space and Ground-Based Aviation Surveillance Systems Functioning." SPIIRAS Proceedings 6, no. 61 (2018): 29–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/sp.61.2.
Full textAbstract:
At present, the orbital constellations of satellites with the possibility of receiving, processing and relaying the ADS-B («Automatic Dependent Surveillance — Broadcast») system signals that ensure globality and continuity of the air traffic monitoring are being created and gradually enhanced. In accordance with the concept of ADS-B technology usage , each air traffic participant broadcasts its identity, location, and status parameters in broadcast mode. Due to the fact that the system was not designed to receive signals onboard the satellite, there are certain problems related to their energy availability, the presence of collisions of messages from different sources, the effect of Doppler effect and other factors. Developed simulation model of aviation surveillance systems based on the reception of signals containing identification and navigation information and transmitted over the air in the broadcasting mode. Software-implemented simulation algorithms allow to set various constraints and assumptions (radiation sources distribution, aviation communication systems signals receiving points, information transmitting channel, signals frequency and duration distribution models) and obtain the target indicators estimates of the space and ground-based aviation surveillance systems functioning, taking into account various spatial and energy factors and conditions for the radio signals propagation, and controlled objects actual placement and their movement dynamics in the world airspace. Simulation model use methods and examples for calculating the space and ground aviation surveillance systems functioning target indicators are presented.
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Cui, Haiyang, Yingying Huang, Keyun Lan, Xianyu Yue, Yujia He, and Wanglong Yan. "A Flight Conflict Detection Method for eVTOLs." Frontiers in Computing and Intelligent Systems 12, no. 2 (2025): 65–69. https://doi.org/10.54097/3r25hr91.
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In the flight control process, ensuring the timely detection and effective resolution of flight conflicts is a core step in maintaining flight safety. We adopted a method that utilizes the binary classification function of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) technology to conduct deep learning on historical data of flight conflicts, thereby constructing an SVM model capable of accurately detecting flight conflicts. This model also incorporates the output results of the flight trend detection module, significantly enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of flight conflict detection. In practical operations, we carefully divided ADS-B (Broadcast Automatic Dependent Surveillance) data into training sets and validation sets. The training set was used to train the SVM model to enable classification capabilities; while the validation set was used to evaluate the classification performance of the SVM model. After multiple optimizations, we found the optimal parameters g and C for the SVM model, at which point the classification accuracy of the model reached 98%. This result strongly proves that by combining the flight trend detection module with the SVM and fully utilizing ADS-B information (including key data such as the longitude, latitude, altitude, speed, and heading of unmanned aircraft), we can achieve precise judgment of flight conflicts. This method not only improves the accuracy of flight conflict detection but also provides strong technical support for flight control work.
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Álvarez de Toledo, Santiago, Aurea Anguera, José Barreiro, Juan Lara, and David Lizcano. "A Reinforcement Learning Model Equipped with Sensors for Generating Perception Patterns: Implementation of a Simulated Air Navigation System Using ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) Technology." Sensors 17, no. 12 (2017): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17010188.
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Shafienya, Hesam, and Amelia C. Regan. "4D flight trajectory prediction using a hybrid Deep Learning prediction method based on ADS-B technology: A case study of Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL)." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 144 (November 2022): 103878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2022.103878.
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Mounika, K. Lakshmi, Dr Selvi S , and Dr T. Sethukarasi . "Real Time Flight Tracking Using Deep Learning and Blockchain Technology." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 12 (2024): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem40315.
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This paper presents the design and implementation of a 3D Real-Time Flight Tracking and continues Updates System, incorporating deep learning and block-chain technology, aimed at providing live updates on flight status, delays, and cancellations. The system also sends automated notifications via SMS or email for flight status changes. By leveraging advanced technologies, the system ensures data integrity, security and scalability, making it suitable for the aviation industry’s future needs. The aviation industry relies heavily on accurate and timely flight tracking for safety and operational efficiency. Traditional Systems, while effective, often lack predictive capabilities and robust data security measures. This paper proposes a novel approach that integrates deep learning algorithms for secure and immutable data logging. By leveraging Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) data, Our system enhances real-time flight tracking with higher accuracy and reliability. We present a comprehensive system development and testing framework, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach in a simulated environment. solution for real-time flight tracking and updates. The innovative aspects of this system include the use of deep learning algorithms for accurate prediction of flight delays and cancellations based on real-time data from multiple sources, such as weather conditions, air traffic, and historical flight data. Block-chain technology is utilized to create a decentralized and tamper- proof ledger for recording flight data, ensuring the integrity and security of information shared among stakeholders, including airlines, airports. And passengers. Keywords ~ Real-time flight tracking, deep learning, block-chain, automated notifications, aviation technology, predictive analytics.
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Yang, Chuyang, and John H. Mott. "An Experimental and Analytical Approach to Evaluate Transponder-Based Aircraft Noise Monitoring Technology." Aerospace 11, no. 3 (2024): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11030199.
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Aviation is a vital modern transportation sector connecting millions of passengers globally. Sustainable aviation development holds substantial community benefits, necessitating effective management of its environmental impacts. This paper addresses the need for an accurate and cost-effective aircraft noise monitoring model tailored to non-towered general aviation airports with limited resources for official air traffic data collection. The existing literature highlights a heavy reliance on air traffic data from control facilities in prevailing aircraft noise modeling solutions, revealing a disparity between real-world constraints and optimal practices. Our study presents a validation of a three-stage framework centered on a low-cost transponder unit, employing an innovative experimental and analytical approach to assess the model’s accuracy. An economical Automatic Dependent Surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) receiver is deployed at Purdue University Airport (ICAO Code: KLAF) to estimate aircraft noise levels using the developed approach. Simultaneously, a physical sound meter is positioned at KLAF to capture actual acoustic noise levels, facilitating a direct comparison with the modeled data. Results demonstrate that the developed noise model accurately identifies aircraft noise events with an average error of 4.50 dBA. This suggests the viability of our low-cost noise monitoring approach as an affordable solution for non-towered general aviation airports. In addition, this paper discusses the limitations and recommendations for future research.