Academic literature on the topic 'Adult age differences'

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Journal articles on the topic "Adult age differences"

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Mason, Susan E., Patricia Baskey, and Diane Perri. "Adult Age Differences in Visual Search." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 21, no. 3 (October 1986): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pkn4-hxp8-r73w-qdw1.

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The visual search technique was used to assess adult age differences in visual information extraction. The study included three adult age groups. In Experiment 1, participants searched for targets embedded in a list of unrelated words. Targets were defined structurally, phonemically, or semantically. Search for structural targets was faster than search for phonemic and semantic targets. This was true for all three age groups. In Experiment 2, targets were embedded in prose. The oldest age group required additional time to detect each target type, but the largest age difference was associated with semantic search.
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Kray, Jutta, and Ulman Lindenberger. "Adult age differences in task switching." Psychology and Aging 15, no. 1 (2000): 126–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.1.126.

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Foos, Paul W. "Adult age differences in working memory." Psychology and Aging 4, no. 3 (1989): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.4.3.269.

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Dobbs, Allen R., and Brendan Gail Rule. "Adult age differences in working memory." Psychology and Aging 4, no. 4 (1989): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.4.4.500.

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Giambra, Leonard M., and David Arenberg. "Adult age differences in forgetting sentences." Psychology and Aging 8, no. 3 (1993): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.8.3.451.

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Laumann Long, Raymond J. Shaw, Lisa. "ADULT AGE DIFFERENCES IN VOCABULARY ACQUISITION." Educational Gerontology 26, no. 7 (October 2000): 651–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601270050200644.

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Tallgren, A., and B. Solow. "Age differences in adult dentoalveolar heights." European Journal of Orthodontics 13, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/13.2.149.

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Rankin, J. L., and M. Collins. "Adult Age Differences in Memory Elaboration." Journal of Gerontology 40, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/40.4.451.

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Salthouse, Timothy A., and Alan W. Kersten. "Decomposing adult age differences in symbol arithmetic." Memory & Cognition 21, no. 5 (September 1993): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03197200.

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Miller, Lisa M. Soederberg, Elizabeth A. L. Stine-Morrow, Heather L. Kirkorian, and Michelle L. Conroy. "Adult Age Differences in Knowledge-Driven Reading." Journal of Educational Psychology 96, no. 4 (2004): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.96.4.811.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Adult age differences"

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Tun, Patricia Ann. "Adult age differences in processing different types of text." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28955.

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Risse, Sarah, and Reinhold Kliegl. "Adult age differences in the perceptual span during reading." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5693/.

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Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, & Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N+2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N+2 or word N+2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N+1 was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N+2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N+2 preview both for young and for old adults with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N+1. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults.
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Li, Xuan. "Electrophysiological Evidence for Adult Age Differences in Orientation Discrimination." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1512732686486329.

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Colônia, Regina Célia. "Adult age differences in memory for lateral orientation of pictures." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29327.

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Koumoutzis, Athena N. "Age Differences in Stressors and Outcomes Among Young Adult, Midlife, and Older Adult Caregivers." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1553839757877709.

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Brown, Scott Charles. "Adult age differences in memory, the roles of facilitation and interference." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ49984.pdf.

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Babcock, Renee L. "Analysis of adult age differences on the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices Test." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29376.

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Laumann, Lisa L. "Adult age differences in vocabulary acquisition as a function of individual differences in working memory and prior knowledge." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=614.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 78 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 34-38).
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Miller, Marian M. "Adult development : traits of instrumentality and expressiveness." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/514538.

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The purpose of this research was to examine significant change, if any, in instrumental and expressive traits during adulthood. The research was designed to test the assumption that chronological age and psychosocial stage are related to instrumentality and expressiveness.The present study utilized the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) and a personal information questionnaire. The research question was: Are there differences in traits of instrumentality and expressiveness at different stages of adult development?Three hundred sixty-three men and women between the ages of 20 and 70 participated in the study. The sample included 164 men and 197 warren. Participants were members of volunteer organizations. They were assigned to different groups based on age and psychosocial development.Four 3 x 3 Analyses of Variance procedures were performed. There were three levels of age: (1) 20-35, (2) 36-50, and (3) 51-70. Categorization of psychosocial stage included: (1) no children, (2) children from birth to graduation from high school, and (3) all children graduated from high school. Sex was not combined, rather separate analysis was performed on each sex. The dependent variables were expressiveness and instrumentality as defined by scores on the Personal Attributes Questionnaire. The following effects were studied:(1) Effects of age and psychosocial stage on traits of instrumentality in men.(2) Effects of age and psychosocial stage on traits of expressiveness in men.(3) Effects of age and psychosocial stage on traits of instrumentality in women.(4) Effect of age and psychosocial stage on traits of expressiveness in women.The results of the research indicated that traits of instrumentality and expressiveness in men and women do not change significantly during adulthood. No significant differences were found in men or women with regard to age and psychosocial development on traits of instrumentality and expressiveness.
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Young, Tiffany Lenell. "Age Differences in Substance Use and Social Support among Recently Incarcerated Adult Females." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/gerontology_theses/14.

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While men retain the highest rates of incarcerations, the female prison population has tripled in the last decade (Covington, 2007; Henderson, 1998). The goal of this study was to examine micro-level forces, such as social support, substance use, and childhood trauma, in a sample of 188 recently incarcerated women, aged 18-58. Using an ANOVA with ages grouped 18-29, 30-39, and 40-58, age differences in substance use were identified, with the 30-39 year old group reporting more alcohol and drug use than the 18-29 year old group. There were no age differences on social support or childhood trauma. Multiple regression analyses revealed that older age and less social support predicted more alcohol use and older age alone predicted drug use. These results illustrate a need for deeper exploration of these micro forces across the life course of incarcerated women and the need for age-specific programs with at-risk populations to address different use patterns.
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Books on the topic "Adult age differences"

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Kray, Jutta. Adult age differences in task switching: Components, generalizability, and modifiability. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers, 2000.

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Andrew, Patricia. The social construction of age: Adult foreign language learners. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 2012.

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Gardner, Erica. Washington earnings and male-female differences in earnings, 1989-1999: Total earnings for adults aged 18 to 64 in 1999. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Office of Financial Management, 2004.

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Woods, Cummings Rhoda, and Nielsen Nancy J, eds. The Survival guide for kids with LD* (Learning differences): By Gary L. Fisher and Rhoda Woods Cummings, edited by Nancy J. Nielsen, illustrated by Jackie Urbanovic. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit, 1990.

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Morris, Richard Jack. Age-related differences in articulatory physiology among adult females. 1986.

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MacKenzie, Alison M. Adult Age Differences in Memory (Adults: Psychological and Educational Perspectives. New Seri). Hyperion Books, 1991.

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Brown, Scott Charles. Adult age differences in memory: The roles of facilitation and interference. 2000.

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(US), National Research Council. Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life. National Academies Press, 2004.

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Alles, Anastasia Louise. Gender differences in bereavement outcomes for older widowed adults. 1995.

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Chen, Tong. Gender differences in leisure: A survey of middle-aged Chinese and the United States adults. 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Adult age differences"

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Lindauer, Martin S. "Age Differences and the Arts." In The Plenum Series in Adult Development and Aging, 243–63. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9202-4_16.

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Hess, Thomas M. "Adult Age Differences in Script Content and Structure." In Everyday Memory and Aging, 87–100. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9151-7_6.

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Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Chu Hsiao, Julia Kim, and Katya Swarts. "Adult Age Differences in Health-Related Decision-Making: A Primer." In Handbook of Health Decision Science, 145–55. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3486-7_11.

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Bos, P. K., J. A. N. Verhaar, and G. J. V. M. van Osch. "Age-Related Differences in Articular Cartilage Wound Healing: A Potential Role for Transforming Growth Factor β1 in Adult Cartilage Repair." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 297–309. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34133-0_20.

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Oris, Michel, Marie Baeriswyl, and Andreas Ihle. "The Life Course Construction of Inequalities in Health and Wealth in Old Age." In Handbook of Active Ageing and Quality of Life, 97–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58031-5_5.

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AbstractIn this contribution, we will mobilize the interdisciplinary life course paradigm to consider the processes through which individual heterogeneity in health and wealth is constructed all along life, from the cradle to old age. Considering altogether historical, family and individual times, the life course perspective has been developed in sociology, (lifespan) psychology and epidemiology, and has framed many important studies during the last four decades. The theory of cumulative disadvantage is for sure the most popular in social sciences, explaining how little inter-individual differences early in life expand all along life to reach maximal amplitude among the “young old” (before the selection by differential mortality at very old age). In lifespan psychology, the theory of cognitive reserve (educational level being a proxy) and its continuation, the theory of use or disuse (of cognition during adult life) have more or less the same explanatory power, cognition being a decisive precondition for active ageing and quality of life in old age. However, in spite of the success of those theoretical bodies, a prominent figure in the field, Glen Elder, recently observed that there is surprisingly little evidence for cumulative processes and that a wide variety of model specifications remain completely untested. This finding makes even more important a critical review of the literature which summarize several robust evidences, but also discuss contradictory results and suggest promising research tracks. This exercise considers the life course construction of inequalities in the distribution of objective resources older adults have (or not) “to live the life they own value” (to quote A. Sen 2001). But it is also crucial to consider the subjective component that is inherent to the understanding of well-being.
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Tang, Qin, Wendy A. Rogers, and Hiroyuki Umemuro. "Age-Related Differences in Factors Contributing to Affective Experiences among Japanese Adults." In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. User and Context Diversity, 424–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39191-0_47.

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Gao, Shang, John Krogstie, and Yuhao Yang. "Differences in the Adoption of Smartphones Between Middle Aged Adults and Older Adults in China." In Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population. Design for Aging, 451–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20892-3_44.

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Nichols, Elizabeth, Erica Olmsted-Hawala, Andrew Raim, and Lin Wang. "Attitudinal and Behavioral Differences Between Older and Younger Adults Using Mobile Devices." In Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population. Technologies, Design and User Experience, 325–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50252-2_25.

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Tajbakhsh, Amir, Khojaste Rahimi Jaberi, Seyed Mohammad Gheibi Hayat, Mehrdad Sharifi, Thomas P. Johnston, Paul C. Guest, Mohammad Jafari, and Amirhossein Sahebkar. "Age-Specific Differences in the Severity of COVID-19 Between Children and Adults: Reality and Reasons." In Identification of Biomarkers, New Treatments, and Vaccines for COVID-19, 63–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71697-4_5.

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Machinami, Rikuo, and Tudor Wickremaratchi. "Difference between osteosarcoma in southwest England and the Kanto area of Japan in relation to age, sex, and localization." In Osteosarcoma in Adolescents and Young Adults: New Developments and Controversies, 33–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3518-8_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Adult age differences"

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McCarthy, P., G. Gau, and M. Shearer. "PLASMA AND LIVER LEVELS OF VITAMIN K IN THE NEWBORN." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643607.

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Few measurements have been made of vitamin K in neonatal tissues. Using an assay based on HPLC with dual-electrode electrochemical detection we have investigated the vitamin K status of the newborn from analyses of paired cord-maternal plasma samples and liver samples obtained at post-mortem. For vitamin K1 (K1) the median value in cord plasma (16 pg/ml, range 4-45 pg/ml) in 20 babies was some 30 fold lower than that in maternal plasma (median 0.47 ng/ml , range 0.14-2.42 ng/ml). This is the highest maternal-cord gradient of all the fat-soluble vitamins and together with the lack of correlation between cord and maternal values suggests that K1 does not rapidly equilibrate across the placenta. Hepatic neonatal-adult differences in K1 levels were less marked being about 5 fold lower at birth (median 1.2 ng/g, range 0.1-8.8 ng/g, n = 22) than in adults (median 5.4 ng/g, range 1.1-21.3 ng/g, n = 32). No relationship was found between hepatic K1 and gestational age and relatively high levels (1-2 ng/g) were detected at 10-12 weeks gestation. Post mortem livers obtained after intramuscular K1 prophylaxis at birth (0.5-1.0 mg) had K1 levels which were raised dramatically (1000 to 5000 fold after 24-48 h) and which remained raised for at least one week. A preliminary assessment of the contribution of vitamins K1 (menaquinones, MKs) to vitamin K1 status revealed undetectable levels in fetal or neonatal livers until about 14 days post-partum. This was in marked contrast to adults in whom MKs 7-10 accounted for the majority of liver vitamin K (75-97% on a molar basis). In adult plasma MKs were present at much lower levels than K1; the low circulating levels and poor1placental transport would explain our inability to detect MKs in newborn livers. When expressed as total vitamin K (K1 and MKs) we concluded that the newborn may have only about 2% of adult hepatic concentrations; this relative deficit of MKs may be responsible for the high susceptibility of the newborn to vitamin K deficiency.
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Kelly, Lourah, Nicholas Livingston, Tess Drazdowski, and Kristyn Zajac. "Gender and Age Differences in Comorbid Cannabis Use Disorders and Suicidality in a National Sample." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.28.

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Approximately 40 million adults use marijuana annually, making marijuana one of the most commonly used substances in the United States (SAMHSA, 2019). Men and emerging adults (ages 18-25) report higher prevalence of cannabis use disorders (CUDs) relative to women and older adults (CBHSQ, 2015; Khan et al., 2013). More frequent marijuana use is associated with greater likelihood of suicidal ideation (Ilgen et al., 2009), and past year use in emerging adults is associated with future suicide attempts (Pedersen, 2008). Similar to correlates of marijuana use, emerging adults and men have higher rates of suicidality (SAMHSA, 2019; Krug et al., 2002). Limited research has tested gender and age differences in comorbid CUDs and suicidality. The current study evaluated gender and age differences in CUDs only, suicidality only, or comorbid CUDs and suicidality in a national sample of adults. We hypothesized that men and emerging adults would be over-represented in comorbid CUDs and suicidality and CUDs only groups. Data were from four consecutive years (2015-2018) of the National Survey of Drug Use and Heath. Multinomial logistic regressions tested gender and age differences in adults with DSM-IV cannabis abuse or dependence (CUDs) only, suicidality only, and comorbid CUDs and suicidality, all compared to adults with neither CUDs or suicidality. Four separate regressions were conducted for passive suicidal ideation, active suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts. Gender was coded as male or female. Age groups were 18–25, 26–34, 35–49, and 50 years or older. Analyses controlled for survey year, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, education, household income, past year major depressive episode, past year DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence, and past year illicit drug abuse or dependence other than CUDs. Men disproportionately reported CUDs only (ORs=1.73-2.19, p<.001) and comorbid CUDs and passive suicidal ideation, active suicidal ideation, and suicide planning (ORs=1.72-2.12, p<.01), but not attempts (OR=1.16, p=.45) relative to women. Men reported 22% higher odds of active suicidal ideation than women. Women reported 15% higher odds of suicide attempts than men. Gender differences in passive suicidal ideation and planning were not statistically significant. Compared to older age groups, emerging adults were significantly more likely to report CUDs only (ORs=1.74-10.49, p’s<.01) and showed 2.36 to 14.24 times greater odds of comorbid CUDs and all four forms of suicidality (p<.001). Emerging adults were at 18% to 66% higher odds of either passive or active suicidal ideation alone compared to all older age groups (p’s<.001). This study investigated the relations between CUDs, suicidality, gender, and age in a nationally representative sample of adults. Results indicated that men and emerging adults consistently reported the highest likelihood of negative outcomes. Next steps include determining the direction of the relationship between CUDs and increasing severity of suicidality. Further, development and investment in programs for emerging adults with CUDs and suicidality are vitally important given the striking risk profile compared to other age groups. Future research should include program development and evaluation as well as gathering more information on risk and protective factors for these populations.
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Hubáček, Martin, Jaromír Čapek, and Iva Mertová. "Comparison of map reading skills and geographical knowledge of future officers and geography teachers." In 27th edition of the Central European Conference with subtitle (Teaching) of regional geography. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9694-2020-5.

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Map reading is an important skill of the human population which varies from person to person depending on the age, education and many other circumstances. It is expected that some groups of adult population have higher skills in this area. Soldiers, architects, geography teachers and others belong to this group of people. The skills in reading paper maps are disappearing in current digital world. This is also observed in the case of students of the University of Defense in Brno. 228 students were tested in map reading and geographical knowledge of the Czech Republic to verify this fact. The examination of the map reading skills took place over a standard topographic map at a scale of 1 : 25 000 from the production of the Geographic Service of ACR. Testing of geographical knowledge of the Czech Republic was focused on drawing the map of district towns, rivers and geomorphological units of the Czech Republic. The results confirmed the initial assumptions about the decreasing level of these skills. In addition, there were also significant differences between individual groups of students caused mostly because of previous education as well as the currently studied specialization. The same testing was done on students of the Faculty of Education of Masaryk University in Brno to confirm these conclusions. This group of students achieved worse results in map reading, but on the other hand, they have better knowledge of the geography of the Czech Republic.
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Anderson, Dennis E., and Michael L. Madigan. "Effects of Age and Speed on Peak Lower Extremity Joint Torques During Gait When Controlling Speed and Step Length." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19112.

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Significant age differences in self-selected gait kinetics have been reported in the literature. These include reduced torque and power at the ankle and increased work at the hip in older adults as compared to young adults [1, 2]. The reasons for these differences are complex and not fully understood. It is possible older adults adapt their gait to a safer, more stable gait pattern [3]. However, differences in gait may also be due to age-related neuromuscular changes such as reduced muscle strength in older adults [4].
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DAI, CHING HSUAN, FEI BI YANG, KAI WEN WONG, LI HUA LAI, and TUNG CHENG CHANG. "Gender Age Differences in Transition Rates among Older Adults in Taiwan." In Seventh International Conference On Advances in Economics, Management and Social Study - EMS 2017. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-128-3-38.

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Akula, Chaitanya K., and Gregory W. King. "Age Differences in Landing Phase Ankle Dynamics During a Balance-Restoring Step Response." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-204001.

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Falls are a significant health concern among older adults. The rate of falls increases with age [1], and often leads to fall-related injuries such as fractures and head injuries. These lead to loss of independence, morbidity and fear of falling [2]. There are many strategies used to prevent falls, including those used to regain balance following a slip or trip. One such balance recovery maneuver is the step response, which involves respositioning the body’s base of support to recapture its moving center of mass [3]. Age-related performance declines in the step response may contribute to fall risk, especially during the step response landing phase where biomechanical strength requirements are largest [4]. Such age-related declines likely manifest themselves as alterations in lower extremity joint dynamics. While these effects are likely present in all lower extremity joints (hips, knees, and ankles), the purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate age effects in stepping leg ankle dynamics during a balance-restoring step response.
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Boghikian-Whitby, Seta, and Yehia Mortagy. "The Effect of Student Background in E-Learning - Longitudinal Study." In InSITE 2008: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3203.

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This study surveyed how students’ backgrounds prepare them for online education. The study compared learning outcome between traditional and non-traditional (adult) undergraduate students in online and face-to-face sessions; the difference in learning over time; and the effect of prior online experience. Student learning measurements included: pre-test, final examination (post-test), and final letter grade. Findings revealed that online education is as effective as F2F sessions and that learning has occurred. The study found a significant difference of learning outcomes over time. And that adult student with some prior online experience performed better than those with no prior experience. Conclusions suggest that Adult students benefit more from taking online classes compared to traditional age students, and that computer competency helped improve performance in online classes over time. Additional analysis is needed to determine if there is a difference between the personality of students and their performance in online and F2F classes.
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Shorey-Fennell, Bethany, Renee Magnan, Benjamin Ladd, and Jessica Fales. "What’s Pain Got To Do With It?: Young Adults With and Without Chronic Pain Perceive Minimal Risks and Moderate Benefits from Cannabis Use." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.9.

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Many young adults experience chronic pain and given its wide availability and potential pain reducing properties, young adults may use cannabis to self-medicate for pain. However, little is known about young adult users’ perceptions of potential health risks and benefits of cannabis, and whether these perceptions differ by chronic pain status. As a part of a larger study, young adult recreational cannabis users (N=176, ages 18-29) who reported using at least once a week completed assessments of use frequency and perceived cannabis-related risks and benefits. The sample had a high proportion of participants who met criteria for chronic pain (51.1%). The majority of the sample reported using daily or multiple times daily (80.7%) with an average of 2.68 (SD=1.42) sessions per day across administration modes (e.g. smoking, edibles, tinctures). Participants answered questions about their lifetime chances of experiencing five cannabis-related risks (personal harm, negative health outcome, negative mental health outcome, harming someone else, increased pain) and benefits (personal benefit, positive health outcome, positive mental health outcome, benefitting someone else, decreased pain; 1=Very low to 7=Very high). Overall, young adult users perceived their risk to be very low (M=1.62, SD=.73) and 40.3% of the sample had an average risk score (combined across the five risk items) of 1.00, while only one participant reported an average risk above 4.00. In particular, participants reported a low lifetime chance of experiencing personal harm (M=1.51, SD=.90), harming someone else (M=1.20, SD=.58), or experiencing increased pain (M=1.24, SD=.74) due to their cannabis use. In contrast, young adult users perceived somewhat high chances of experiencing benefits related to their cannabis use (M=4.78, SD=1.46). In particular, participants perceived a high chance of experiencing reduced pain (M=5.88, SD=1.55), personal benefit (M=4.84, SD=1.86), and positive mental health outcomes (M=4.82, SD=1.77). There was no difference based on pain status on frequency of use, average daily sessions, or perceived risks, and only one difference in perceived benefits. Participants without chronic pain anticipated more personal benefit from cannabis use (M=5.15, SD=1.74) than those with chronic pain (M=4.53, SD=1.94, t(171)=2.21, p=.03). Overall, results suggest young adult recreational users perceive very low risks of their cannabis consumption and moderately high benefits, regardless of pain status. Looking at individual areas of potential risk and benefits may yield targets for future health education campaigns. For example, perceptions of low risk/high benefits regarding mental health outcomes may not be accurate for this heavy using sample.
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Kang, Hyun Gu, and Jonathan B. Dingwell. "Changes in the Dynamic Stability of Walking in Active Healthy Older Adults Independent of Changes in Walking Speed." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67807.

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Older adults commonly walk slower, which many believe helps improve their walking stability. However, they remain at increased risk of falls. We investigated how differences in age and walking speed independently affect dynamic stability during walking, and how age-related changes in leg strength and ROM affected this relationship. Eighteen active healthy older and 17 younger adults walked on a treadmill for 5 minutes each at each of 5 speeds (80–120% of preferred). Local divergence exponents and maximum Floquet multipliers (FM) were calculated to quantify each subject’s responses to small inherent perturbations during walking. These older adults exhibited the same preferred walking speeds as the younger subjects (p = 0.860). However, these older adults still exhibited greater local divergence exponents (p&lt;0.0001) and higher maximum FM (p&lt;0.007) than young adults at all walking speeds. These older adults remained more unstable (p&lt;0.04) even after adjusting for declines in both strength and ROM. In both age groups, local divergence exponents decreased at slower speeds and increased at faster speeds (p&lt;0.0001). Maximum FM showed similar changes with speed (p&lt;0.02). The older adults in this study were healthy enough to walk at normal speeds. However, these adults were still more unstable than the young adults, independent of walking speed. This greater instability was not explained by loss of leg strength and ROM. Slower speeds led to decreased instability in both groups.
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Huffer, Marika, and Anita Cservenka. "Effects of Age and Sex on Primary Method and Form of Cannabis Use." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.6.

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While cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance, few studies have focused on the relationship between sociodemographic factors and primary method or form of cannabis use. The primary aims of this study were to understand the effects of age and sex on primary form (marijuana, concentrates, edibles) and method (joints, blunts, hand pipe, bong, hookah, vaporizer, edibles) of cannabis use. Participants (n=852; n=536 male) completed an online survey that included the ‘Daily Sessions, Frequency, Age of Onset, and Quantity of Cannabis Use Inventory’ used to collect information on the primary method and form of cannabis use in male and female participants divided into young adults ages 18 to 25 (Y) and adults 26 and older (O). Chi square analysis showed a significant effect of sex for primary method (χ2 (1)=122.4, p<.001) and primary form (χ2 (1)=24.6, p<.001) of cannabis use. Post hoc comparisons using Bonferroni corrections (adjusted p=0.002) showed that males were significantly more likely to report blunts (M=35%; F=10%), while females were significantly more likely to report joints (F=16%; M=8%) and edibles (F=15%; M=4%) as their primary method of cannabis use. Males were also significantly more likely to report marijuana (M=66%; F=55%), while females were significantly more likely to endorse edibles (F=17%; M=10%) as their primary form of cannabis use. Chi square analysis showed a significant effect of age for primary method (χ2 (1)=139.9, p<.001) of cannabis use. Young adults were significantly more likely to report using bongs (Y=19%; O=11%), vaporizers (Y=26%; O=9%), and edibles (Y=12%; O=5%), while participants 26 or older were significantly more likely to report using blunts (O=39%; Y=10%) as their primary method of cannabis use. There were no significant differences between age groups for the primary form of cannabis use. Findings from this study suggest there are significant effects of age and sex on primary method and form of cannabis use. Future studies should examine how other sociodemographic factors may affect cannabis use and how method and form of cannabis use affect long-term health outcomes.
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Reports on the topic "Adult age differences"

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Carney, Nancy, Tamara Cheney, Annette M. Totten, Rebecca Jungbauer, Matthew R. Neth, Chandler Weeks, Cynthia Davis-O'Reilly, et al. Prehospital Airway Management: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer243.

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Objective. To assess the comparative benefits and harms across three airway management approaches (bag valve mask [BVM], supraglottic airway [SGA], and endotracheal intubation [ETI]) by emergency medical services in the prehospital setting, and how the benefits and harms differ based on patient characteristics, techniques, and devices. Data sources. We searched electronic citation databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus®) from 1990 to September 2020 and reference lists, and posted a Federal Register notice request for data. Review methods. Review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center Program methods guidance. Using pre-established criteria, studies were selected and dual reviewed, data were abstracted, and studies were evaluated for risk of bias. Meta-analyses using profile-likelihood random effects models were conducted when data were available from studies reporting on similar outcomes, with analyses stratified by study design, emergency type, and age. We qualitatively synthesized results when meta-analysis was not indicated. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed for primary outcomes (survival, neurological function, return of spontaneous circulation [ROSC], and successful advanced airway insertion [for SGA and ETI only]). Results. We included 99 studies (22 randomized controlled trials and 77 observational studies) involving 630,397 patients. Overall, we found few differences in primary outcomes when airway management approaches were compared. • For survival, there was moderate SOE for findings of no difference for BVM versus ETI in adult and mixed-age cardiac arrest patients. There was low SOE for no difference in these patients for BVM versus SGA and SGA versus ETI. There was low SOE for all three comparisons in pediatric cardiac arrest patients, and low SOE in adult trauma patients when BVM was compared with ETI. • For neurological function, there was moderate SOE for no difference for BVM compared with ETI in adults with cardiac arrest. There was low SOE for no difference in pediatric cardiac arrest for BVM versus ETI and SGA versus ETI. In adults with cardiac arrest, neurological function was better for BVM and ETI compared with SGA (both low SOE). • ROSC was applicable only in cardiac arrest. For adults, there was low SOE that ROSC was more frequent with SGA compared with ETI, and no difference for BVM versus SGA or BVM versus ETI. In pediatric patients there was low SOE of no difference for BVM versus ETI and SGA versus ETI. • For successful advanced airway insertion, low SOE supported better first-pass success with SGA in adult and pediatric cardiac arrest patients and adult patients in studies that mixed emergency types. Low SOE also supported no difference for first-pass success in adult medical patients. For overall success, there was moderate SOE of no difference for adults with cardiac arrest, medical, and mixed emergency types. • While harms were not always measured or reported, moderate SOE supported all available findings. There were no differences in harms for BVM versus SGA or ETI. When SGA was compared with ETI, there were no differences for aspiration, oral/airway trauma, and regurgitation; SGA was better for multiple insertion attempts; and ETI was better for inadequate ventilation. Conclusions. The most common findings, across emergency types and age groups, were of no differences in primary outcomes when prehospital airway management approaches were compared. As most of the included studies were observational, these findings may reflect study design and methodological limitations. Due to the dynamic nature of the prehospital environment, the results are susceptible to indication and survival biases as well as confounding; however, the current evidence does not favor more invasive airway approaches. No conclusion was supported by high SOE for any comparison and patient group. This supports the need for high-quality randomized controlled trials designed to account for the variability and dynamic nature of prehospital airway management to advance and inform clinical practice as well as emergency medical services education and policy, and to improve patient-centered outcomes.
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Cha, Amy, and Robin cohen. Urban-rural Differences in Dental Care Use Among Adults Aged 18–64. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:106856.

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Data from the National Health Interview Survey • In 2019, 65.5% of adults aged 18−64 had a dental visit in the past 12 months. • The percentage of adults who had a dental visit was higher among those residing in urban areas (66.7%) than those in rural areas (57.6%). • In both urban and rural areas, women were more likely than men to have had a dental visit in the past 12 months. • In urban areas, non-Hispanic white adults (70.2%) were more likely than Hispanic (59.4%) and non-Hispanic black (61.8%) adults to have • a dental visit. In rural areas, non-Hispanic white adults (59.1%) were more likely than Hispanic adults (45.7%) to have a dental visit. • The percentage of adults who had a dental visit increased as family income, as a percentage of the federal poverty level, increased in both urban and rural areas. Suggested citation: Cha AE, Cohen RA. Urban-rural differences in dental care use among adults aged 18−64. NCHS Data Brief, no 412.
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Wisser, Oliver, and James W. Vaupel. The sex differential in mortality: a historical comparison of the adult-age pattern of the ratio and the difference. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2014-005.

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Schnabel, Filipina, and Danielle Aldridge. Effectiveness of EHR-Depression Screening Among Adult Diabetics in an Urban Primary Care Clinic. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0003.

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Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) and depression are important comorbid conditions that can lead to more serious health outcomes. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) supports routine screening for depression as part of standard diabetes management. The PHQ2 and PHQ9 questionnaires are good diagnostic screening tools used for major depressive disorders in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). This quality improvement study aims to compare the rate of depression screening, treatment, and referral to behavioral health in adult patients with DM2 pre and post-integration of depression screening tools into the electronic health record (EHR). Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review on patients aged 18 years and above with a diagnosis of DM2 and no initial diagnosis of depression or other mental illnesses. Chart reviews included those from 2018 or prior for before integration data and 2020 to present for after integration. Sixty subjects were randomly selected from a pool of 33,695 patients in the clinic with DM2 from the year 2013-2021. Thirty of the patients were prior to the integration of depression screening tools PHQ2 and PHQ9 into the EHR, while the other half were post-integration. The study population ranged from 18-83 years old. Results All subjects (100%) were screened using PHQ2 before integration and after integration. Twenty percent of patients screened had a positive PHQ2 among subjects before integration, while 10% had a positive PHQ2 after integration. Twenty percent of patients were screened with a PHQ9 pre-integration which accounted for 100% of those subjects with a positive PHQ2. However, of the 10% of patients with a positive PHQ2 post-integration, only 6.7 % of subjects were screened, which means not all patients with a positive PHQ2 were adequately screened post-integration. Interestingly, 10% of patients were treated with antidepressants before integration, while none were treated with medications in the post-integration group. There were no referrals made to the behavior team in either group. Conclusion There is no difference between the prevalence of depression screening before or after integration of depression screening tools in the EHR. The study noted that there is a decrease in the treatment using antidepressants after integration. However, other undetermined conditions could have influenced this. Furthermore, not all patients with positive PHQ2 in the after-integration group were screened with PHQ9. The authors are unsure if the integration of the depression screens influenced this change. In both groups, there is no difference between referrals to the behavior team. Implications to Nursing Practice This quality improvement study shows that providers are good at screening their DM2 patients for depression whether the screening tools were incorporated in the EHR or not. However, future studies regarding providers, support staff, and patient convenience relating to accessibility and availability of the tool should be made. Additional issues to consider are documentation reliability, hours of work to scan documents in the chart, risk of documentation getting lost, and the use of paper that requires shredding to comply with privacy.
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Sultana, Munawar. Two worlds under the same roof: A brief on gender difference in transitions to adulthood. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1008.

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Adolescence, a time of transition to adulthood, is different for young men and women in Pakistan; brothers and sisters living under the same roof have different opportunities available in all aspects of life. More young people aged 15–24 live in Pakistan now than at any other time in its history—an estimated 36 million in 2004. Recognizing the dearth of information on the situation of this large group of young people, the Population Council undertook a nationally representative survey from October 2001 to March 2002. The analysis presented in this brief comes from Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan 2001–02: A Nationally Representative Survey. The survey sought information from youth aged 15–24, responsible adults in the household, and other community members in 254 communities. A total of 6,585 households were visited and 8,074 young people were interviewed. This brief concludes that girls face disadvantages, especially in rural areas, and that parents, community, and policymakers need to work together to ensure that girls, like their brothers, are able to make a successful transition to adulthood.
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Andrabi, Tahir, Benjamin Daniels, and Jishnu Das. Human Capital Accumulation and Disasters: Evidence from the Pakistan Earthquake of 2005. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2020/039.

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We trace the effects of a devastating earthquake that occurred in Northern Pakistan in 2005. Using a new dataset from a survey conducted four years after the earthquake, we first show that the distance of the household from the fault line was not correlated with pre-existing household characteristics, while it was strongly predictive of earthquake-related damage and mortality. Through emergency relief aid, households living close to the fault line reported receiving substantial cash compensation that amounted to as much as 150% of their annual household consumption expenditure. Four years after the earthquake, there were no differences in public infrastructure, household or adult outcomes between areas close to and far from the fault line. However, children in their critical first thousand days at the time of the earthquake accumulated large height deficits, with the youngest the most affected. Children aged 3 through 15 at the time of the earthquake did not suffer growth shortfalls, but scored significantly worse on academic tests if they lived close to the fault line. Finally, children whose mothers completed primary education were fully protected against the emergence of a test score gap. We estimate that if these deficits continue to adult life, the affected children could stand to lose 15% of their lifetime earnings. Even when disasters are heavily compensated, human capital accumulation can be critically interrupted, with greater losses for already disadvantaged populations.
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Agrawal, Asha Weinstein, and Hilary Nixon. What Do Americans Think About Federal Tax Options to Support Transportation? Results from Year Twelve of a National Survey. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2101.

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This report summarizes the results from the twelfth year of a national public opinion survey asking U.S. adults questions related to their views on federal transportation taxes. A nationally-representative sample of 2,516 respondents completed the online survey from February 5 to 23, 2021. The questions test public opinions about raising the federal gas tax rate, replacing the federal gas tax with a new mileage fee, and imposing a mileage fee just on commercial travel. In addition to asking directly about support for these tax options, the survey collected data on respondents’ views on the quality of their local transportation system, their priorities for federal transportation spending, their knowledge about gas taxes, their views on privacy and equity matters related to mileage fees, travel behavior, and standard sociodemographic variables. This large set of variables is used to identify personal characteristics and opinions correlated with support for the tax options. Key findings include that large majorities supported transportation improvements across modes and wanted to see the federal government work towards making the transportation system well maintained, safe, and equitable, as well as to reduce the system’s impact on climate change. Findings related to gas taxes include that only 2% of respondents knew that the federal gas tax rate had not been raised in more than 20 years, and 71% of respondents supported increasing the federal gas tax by 10 cents per gallon if the revenue would be dedicated to maintenance. With respect to mileage fees, roughly half of respondents supported some form of mileage fee, whether that was assessed on all travel or just on commercial travel, 62% believe that low-income drivers should pay a reduced mileage fee rate, and 52% think that electric vehicles should pay a lower rate than gas and diesel vehicles. The analysis of trends across the survey series, which has run from 2010 to 2011, shows that support for both higher gas taxes and a hypothetical new mileage fee has risen slowly but steadily, and Americans’ experience with COVID over the past year has not disrupted those trends. Finally, support for the tax and fee options varies mostly by most personal characteristics, but there are frequently large differences correlated with age, community type, and political affiliation.
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DiGrande, Laura, Sue Pedrazzani, Elizabeth Kinyara, Melanie Hymes, Shawn Karns, Donna Rhodes, and Alanna Moshfegh. Field Interviewer– Administered Dietary Recalls in Participants’ Homes: A Feasibility Study Using the US Department of Agriculture’s Automated Multiple-Pass Method. RTI Press, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.mr.0045.2105.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of administering the Automated Multiple-Pass Method (AMPM), a widely used tool for collecting 24-hour dietary recalls, in participants’ homes by field interviewers. Design: The design included computer-assisted personal interviews led by either a nutritionist (standard) or field interviewer. Portion estimators tested were a set of three-dimensional food models (standard), a two-dimensional food model booklet, or a tablet with digital images rendered via augmented reality. Setting: Residences in central North Carolina. Participants: English-speaking adults. Pregnant women and individuals who were fasting were excluded. Results: Among 133 interviews, most took place in living rooms (52%) or kitchens (22%). Mean interview time was 40 minutes (range 13–90), with no difference by interviewer type or portion estimator, although timing for nutritionist-led interviews declined significantly over the study period. Forty-five percent of participants referenced items from their homes to facilitate recall and portion estimation. Data entry and post-interview coding was evaluated and determined to be consistent with requirements for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Values for the number of food items consumed, food groups, energy intake (average of 3,011 kcal for men and 2,105 kcal for women), and key nutrients were determined to be plausible and within reasonably expected ranges regardless of interviewer type or portion estimator used. Conclusions: AMPM dietary recall interviews conducted in the home are feasible and may be preferable to clinical administration because of comfort and the opportunity for participants to access home items for recall. AMPMs administered by field interviewers using the food model booklet produced credible nutrition data that was comparable to AMPMs administered by nutritionists. Training field interviewers in dietary recall and conducting home interviews may be sensible choices for nutrition studies when response rates and cost are concerns.
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Emotional abuse during childhood is linked with differences in brain structure. ACAMH, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.13056/acamh.14335.

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Delia Gheorghe and colleagues at the University of Oxford have harnessed data from the UK Biobank to delineate the relationship between adverse experiences and brain structure. The researchers accessed brain imaging data together with retrospective reports of childhood adversity and adulthood partner abuse from more than 6,000 adults (mean age, 62.1 years).
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