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1

Group music activities for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2011.

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2

Evenhuis, H. M. Dutch consensus on diagnosis and treatment of hearing impairment in children and adults with intellectual disability. Oxford: Blackwell for the Royal Society for Mentally Handicapped Children and Adults, 1996.

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3

Evelyn, Sutton, ed. Expanding options for older adults with developmental disabilities: A practical guide to achieving community access. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes, 1988.

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4

Stroud, Marion. Expanding options for older adults with developmental disabilities: A practical guide to achieving community access. Baltimore: P.H. Brookes Pub. Co., 1988.

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5

1927-, Mullins June B., and Sukiennik Adelaide Weir 1938-, eds. Portraying persons with disabilities: An annotated bibliography of nonfiction for children and teenagers. 2nd ed. New Providence, N.J: R.R. Bowker, 1992.

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6

Lindsay, Peter. Care of the Adult with Intellectual Disability in Primary Care. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315377995.

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7

Care of the Adult with Intellectual Disability in Primary Care. Radcliffe Publishing, 2011.

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8

Bouras, Nick, and Geraldine Holt. Mental Health Services for Adults with Intellectual Disability: Strategies and Solutions. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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9

Nick, Bouras, and Holt Geraldine 1951-, eds. Mental health services for adults with intellectual disability: Strategies and solutions. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, 2010.

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10

Jean, O'Hara, and Sperlinger Anthea, eds. Adults with learning disabilities: A practical approach for health professionals. Chichester: Wiley, 1997.

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11

Moving on Without Parents: Planning, Transitions and Sources of Support for Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Intellectual Disability. Brookes Publishing Company, 2000.

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12

L, Ludlow Barbara, Turnbull Ann P. 1947-, and Luckasson Ruth, eds. Transitions to adult life for people with mental retardation: Principles and practices. Baltimore: P.H. Brookes, 1988.

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13

Ludlow, Barbara, and Ruth A. Luckasson. Transitions to Adult Life for People With Mental Retardation: Principles and Practices. Paul H Brookes Pub Co, 1988.

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14

Trent, James W. The Remaking of Intellectual Disability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199396184.003.0007.

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The 1950s began two decades of the greatest growth in the populations of institutions for intellectually disabled children and adults. During the time, physicians routinely told families to “put away” their young disabled children. The chapter considers books and articles written in the popular press by some of these parents—Peal Buck, Dale Evans Rogers, Eunice Shriver, and others. Out of these writings, parents formed a national association—the Association for Retarded Children. Despite greater public services for mentally retarded people, the public institutions continued to grow in size and numbers. By the late 1960s reports emerged about the terrible conditions in these facilities. Beginning in the 1970s, a new shift would occur in services for mentally retarded citizens—deinstitutionalization and community based programs. Using law suits, federal legislation, and the new ideology of “normalization,” advocates began a process that continues. Intellectually disabled were becoming, once again, members of communities. This direction has resulted a mixture of successes and failures.
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15

Bouras, Nick. Mental Health Services for Adults with Intellectual Disability. Psychology Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203856086.

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16

(Editor), Jose B. Ashford, Bruce Dennis Sales (Editor), and William H. Reid (Editor), eds. Treating Adult and Juvenile Offenders with Special Needs. American Psychological Association (APA), 2001.

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17

Trent, James W. Intellectual Disability and the Dilemma of Doubt. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199396184.003.0008.

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The decades since the passage of the 1990 Americans with Disability Act, have seen the continuing depopulation of the institutions. Today many have closed, and those that remain have reduced their populations. The community is now the principal focus of services. Yet, intellectual disabled adults continue to have trouble finding gainful employment. The chapter reviews this recent history by considering changing definitions of intellectual disability. It then considers “sins of the past” made recently public: medical experimentation on intellectually disabled people at the Fernald State School and the eugenic sterilization program in North Carolina. Finally, the chapter reviews changing assumptions and attitudes about Down syndrome, and their bearing on “life not worth living” and the new eugenics.
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18

Morava, Eva, and Mirian C. H. Janssen. Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0063.

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Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) are usually diagnosed during infancy or childhood with severe multisystem disorder and neurologic presentation. With the increasing number of surviving adult patients, recognition of the distinct adult phenotype and awareness of the diagnostic difficulties in adulthood is essential. Patients with O-glycosylation defects or with abnormal dolichol synthesis might present first in adulthood. The majority of cases with adult CDG have a neurologic disease with intellectual disability, ataxia, speech disorder, visual disturbance, and skeletal findings. Psychological abnormalities are also common. Thrombotic complications and endocrine dysfunction might persist to adulthood. MPI-CDG, the only treatable form of CDG, might progress to chronic liver failure. Genetic testing is recommended in suspected cases, since transferrin screening analysis can be normal in adults, even in N-linked glycosylation disorders.
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19

1943-, Sgroi Suzanne M., ed. Vulnerable populations: Evaluation and treatment of sexually abused children and adult survivors. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books, 1988.

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20

Hauser, Mark J., Robert Kohn, Mathew D. Lerner, Michael Stein, Becca Lory, and Harold J. Bursztajn. Intellectual Disabilities, Autism, and Aging. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0031.

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The number of individuals with intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder who are 65 or older is growing because of increased longevity and a proportionally larger number of individuals being diagnosed across the lifespan. Many of these individuals live with caregivers who are aging and thus eventually need out-of-home placement. Individuals with Down syndrome may also need out-of-home placement as they have an exceedingly high risk of neurocognitive disorder with age. This chapter provides the epidemiology of older adults with intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder and discusses the changes in criteria for these in DSM-5. The chapter also discusses the challenges these individuals and the forensic psychiatrist may face in the judicial system. Individuals may not understand their rights and may be prone to confess or be coerced. They may also lack of full comprehension, making it difficult for them to assist in their defense and describe details of offense. The overlap of geriatric psychiatry and intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder and the law is an area ripe for further research.
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21

Sadler, John Z. Vice and Mental Disorders. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0029.

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The concept of vice-wrongful or criminal conduct-poses a metaphysical clash with the non-moral values of impairment, injury, and incapacity that drive illness/disorder concepts. Nevertheless, vice and disorder concepts have interpenetrated psychiatry past and present through practical social-service interactions between the mental health, adult and juvenile criminal justice, and intellectual disability systems. This chapter will unpack and briefly review the philosophical issues, including considerations of moral and legal responsibility, diagnostic constructs, and the medicalization of vice in contemporary psychiatry.
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22

Fraser, Jamie L., Frédéric Sedel, and Charles P. Vendetti. Disorders of Cobalamin and Folate Metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0027.

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Cobalamin C deficiency (cblC) and related disorders of intracellular cobalamin metabolism may present at any time from the prenatal period through adolescence/adulthood and are due to deficiency of the cobalamin cofactors adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin. Chronic complications of cblC depend on the age at presentation and may include poor growth, renal dysfunction, neuropsychiatric manifestations, intellectual disability, strokes, progressive leukoencephalopathy and spinal cord degeneration, psychiatric manifestations and executive function deficits, and optic nerve and retinal anomalies. While less common than in isolated MMA, acute metabolic decompensation may occur in cblC patients due to accumulation of methylmalonic acid and associate metabolites and should be managed as in isolated MMA in conjunction with a metabolic consultant. The most common inborn error of folate (vitamin B9) metabolism relevant for adult patients is methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency. Manifestations are primarily neurological, but the disorder may present in a substantial number of adults with psychiatric symptoms. Early recognition with adequate treatment is crucial.
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23

Ramey, Maria, Minako Kamimura, Vera Toth, Susie Kwon, and Lindsay Felchle. Group Music Activities for Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Kingsley Publishers, Jessica, 2017.

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24

Practice guidelines for the assessment and diagnosis of mental health problems in adults with intellectual disability. Brighton: Pavilion, 2001.

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25

Shoumitro, Deb, ed. Practice guidelines for the assessment and diagnosis of mental health problems in adults with intellectual disability. Brighton: Pavilion, 2001.

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26

Evelyn, Crowley, University College, Cork. Oral Health Services Research Centre., and Ireland. Department of Health and Children., eds. Oral health of adults with an intellectual disability in residential care in Ireland 2003: Final report - April 2005. Dublin: Department of Health and Children for the Oral Health Services Research Centre, University College Cark, 2005.

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27

Cheillan, David, and Frédéric Sedel. Disorders of Creatine Metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0010.

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Creatine is a physiological guanidino compound playing a major role in energy metabolism in muscle and implicated in neurotransmission in brain. The three disorders of creatine metabolism (AGAT and GAMT deficiencies and the X-linked creatine transporter defect) are a group of inborn errors of metabolism characterized by a depletion of creatine that could be easily diagnosed by mesasurement of guanidinoacetate and creatine in body fluid or cranial MRS spectroscopy. The main clinical features of these paediatric disorders are intellectual disability and speech delay and some adult patients have been described with severe language impairment and mental retardation. Although the X-linked creatine transporter defect is currently not treatable, the clinical symptoms of the two disorders of creatine synthesis should be improved by creatine supplementation emphasizing the importance of an early diagnostic.
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28

Trelles, M. Pilar, Paige M. Siper, and Dorothy E. Grice. Current Treatments for Pediatric Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0068.

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Many psychiatric disorders of childhood have a chronic course. As such, they impact multiple developmental epochs and negatively influence developmental trajectories. While early identification and intervention may minimize, or even prevent, symptoms being carried into adulthood, the availability of evidence-based treatments is sparse in children and adolescents compared to adult populations. Establishing effective interventions for psychiatric symptoms presenting in childhood is critical given the chronic course of most psychiatric disorders. This chapter describes psychopharmacological and psychosocial interventions used for the treatment of childhood psychiatric conditions, with an emphasis on empirically supported treatments. Both symptom- and diagnosis-specific approaches are described as well as the use of combined interventions for the following childhood psychiatric conditions: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), chronic tic disorders, eating disorders, and conduct problems.
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29

Harrison, Paul, Philip Cowen, Tom Burns, and Mina Fazel. Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198747437.001.0001.

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This book provides an up-to-date, authoritative, and highly readable overview of psychiatry, suitable for all psychiatrists, as well as medical students, general practitioners, and other mental health professionals. Written by experienced clinicians, the new edition has been substantially rewritten and updated. The first three chapters cover the symptoms and signs of psychiatric disorders, psychiatric classification (including DSM-5), and how to conduct a psychiatric assessment. Chapters on ethics and the law (including the Mental Health Act), aetiology, and evidence-based approaches, set the scene for description of the major syndromes of adult psychiatry. In each chapter, description of the cardinal clinical features is accompanied by the latest evidence on epidemiology, aetiology, treatment, and outcome. Subsequent chapters cover child psychiatry, the psychiatry of old age, intellectual disability, forensic psychiatry, substance misuse, suicide, and self-harm, and psychiatry in medical settings. After a new chapter on global mental health, two chapters cover psychological and psychopharmacological treatments: their indications, efficacy, side effects, and mechanisms. The final chapter describes how psychiatric services are organized.
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30

Cummings, Louise. Clinical Pragmatics. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.001.

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Pragmatic disorders pose a barrier to effective communication in a significant number of children and adults. For nearly forty years, clinical investigators have attempted to characterize these disorders. This chapter examines the state of the art in clinical pragmatics, a subdiscipline of pragmatics that studies pragmatic disorders. The findings of recent empirical research in a range of clinical populations are reviewed. They include developmental pragmatic disorders found in autistic spectrum disorders, specific language impairment, intellectual disability and the emotional and behavioural disorders, as well as acquired pragmatic disorders in adults with left- or right-hemisphere damage, traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and the dementias. Techniques used by clinicians to assess and treat pragmatic disorders are addressed. In recent years, theoretical frameworks with a cognitive orientation have increasingly been used to explain pragmatic disorders. Two such frameworks—relevance theory and theory of mind—will be examined in this essay.
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31

Cunniff, Christopher, and Raoul C. Hennekam. Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0038.

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Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, characteristic face, genital and distal limb anomalies, and intellectual disability. There is a weak correlation between the metabolic disturbances with clinical severity and with genotype, but wide ranges exist within each group. SLOS is infrequently described in adults. The associated malformations are usually treated in infancy and childhood and have only limited influences in adulthood. Main physical problems are scoliosis and pectus formation, sun sensitivity, and disturbed hearing and vision. Rarely adrenal insufficiency is present. Marked cognitive impairment and behavioral problems including self-harm and aggressive outbursts may have a significant impact on quality of life. Cholesterol supplementation decreases sun sensitivity, but cognition and behavior seem to respond less well.
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32

McShane, Tony, Peter Clayton, Michael Donaghy, and Robert Surtees. Neurometabolic disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0213.

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Various disorders result from genetically determined abnormalities of enzymes, the metabolic consequences of which affect the development or functioning of the nervous system. The range of metabolic disturbances is wide, as is the resultant range of clinical syndromes. Although most occur in children, some can present in adult life, and increasing numbers of affected children survive into adult life. In some, specific treatments are possible or are being developed. The last 20 years has seen a considerable expansion in our understanding of the genetic and metabolic basis for many neurological conditions. Particular clinical presentations of neurometabolic disorders include ataxias, movement disorders, childhood epilepsies, or peripheral neuropathy. Detailed coverage of the entire range of inherited metabolic diseases of the nervous system is available in other texts (Brett 1997; Scriver et al. 2001; Menkes et al. 2005).Treatment is possible for some metabolic diseases. For instance, the devastating neurological effects of phenylketonuria have been recognized for many years. Neonatal screening for this disorder and dietary modification in the developed world has removed phenylketonuria from the list of important causes of serious neurological disability in children. This success has led to new challenges in the management of the adult with phenylketonuria and unexpected and devastating effect of the disorder on the unborn child of an untreated Phenylketonuria mother. More recently Biotinidase deficiency has been recognized as an important and easily treatable cause of serious neurological disease usually presenting with early onset drug resistant seizures. This and some other neurometabolic diseases can be identified on neonatal blood screening although a full range of screening is not yet routine in the United Kingdom. More disorders are likely to be picked up at an earlier asymptomatic stage as the sophistication of screening tests increases (Wilcken et al. 2003; Bodamer et al. 2007).Although individual metabolic disorders are rare, collectively such disorders are relatively common. In reality most clinicians will see an individual condition only rarely in a career. Furthermore, patients with certain rare conditions are often concentrated in specialist referral centres, further reducing the exposure of general and paediatric neurologists to these disorders. A recent study into progressive intellectual and neurological deterioration, PIND, gives some information about the relative frequency and distribution of some childhood neurodegenerative diseases in the United Kingdom (Verity et al. 2000; Devereux et al. 2004). Although primarily designed to identify any childhood cases of variant Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease, the study also provided much information about the distribution of neurometabolic disease in children in the United Kingdom. The commonest five causes of progressive intellectual and neurological deterioration over 5 years were Sanfilippo syndrome, 41 cases, adrenoleukodystrophy, 32 cases, late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuschinosis, 32 cases, mitochondrial cytopathy, 30 cases, and Rett syndrome, 29 cases. Notably, geographical foci of these disorders were also found and correlate with high rate of consanguinity in some local populations.
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33

Taylor, Eric. Developmental Neuropsychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198827801.001.0001.

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Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions involving alterations of behaviour, thinking, and emotions. They have onsets in early childhood, persistence into adult life, and high rates of altered cognitive and neurological function. They are frequent reasons for referral to psychiatry, paediatrics, and clinical psychology and often require team approaches to meet a variety of needs for service. This book includes accounts of the typical development and possible pathology of key functions whose alterations can underlie problems of mental development: motor function, attention, memory, executive function, communication, social understanding and empathy, reality testing, and emotional regulation. It goes on to descriptions of frequent clinical conditions: the spectra of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, tic disorders, coordination and learning difficulties, intellectual disability, and the psychotic disorders of young people. There are descriptions of recognition, diagnosis, prevalence, pathophysiology, and consequences for later development. These conditions very often coexist and present as dimensions rather than categorical illnesses. The effects of brain disorders on mental life are then considered, with special attention to epilepsy, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, acquired traumatic injury to the head, localized structural lesions, and endocrine and genetic disorders. Widely used treatments, both psychological and physical, are described in the context of their value for meeting multiple, often overlapping needs. Consequences of the conditions for individuals’ psychosocial development are described: stigma; physical illness and injury; economic disadvantage; and family, peer, and school stresses. This book is aimed at clinicians of all disciplines, clinical students, and educators encountering neuropsychiatric problems in young people.
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34

Bergmann, Thomas. Music Therapy for People with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Edited by Jane Edwards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.35.

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Music as a non-verbal form of communication and play addresses the core features of autism, such as social impairments, limited speech, stereotyped behaviors, sensory-perceptual impairments, and emotional dysregulation; thus music-based interventions are well established in therapy and education. Music therapy approaches are underpinned by behavioral, creative, sensory-perceptional, developmental, and educational theory and research. The effectiveness of music therapy in the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is reflected by a huge number of studies and case reports; current empirical studies aim to support evidence-based practice. A treatment guide for improvisational music therapy provides unique interventions to foster social skills, emotionality, and flexibility; in developmental approaches, the formation of interpersonal relationships is key. Since ASD is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition, music therapy is also appropriate in the treatment of adults with intellectual disability. Diagnostic approaches using musical-interactional settings to assess ASD symptomatology are promising, especially in non-speakers.
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35

Jean, Keller M., ed. Activities with developmentally disabled elderly and older adults. New York: Haworth Press, 1991.

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36

(Editor), Anton Dosen, and Kenneth Day (Editor), eds. Treating Mental Illness and Behavior Disorders in Children and Adults with Mental Retardation. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2001.

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37

A, Roberto Karen, ed. The Elderly caregiver: Caring for adults with developmental disabilities. Newbury Park, Calif: SAGE, 1993.

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