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1
Kučerová, L., H. Jirková, and B. Mašek. "The Effect of Alloying on Mechanical Properties of Advanced High Strength Steels." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 3 (2014): 1189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0206.
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Abstract Quenching and partitioning process with incorporated incremental deformation was optimized for six high strength steels with various contents of carbon (0.4-0.6%), manganese (0.6-1.2), silicon (2-2.6%) and chromium (0.8-1.3%). The optimization was gradually done for each steel with respect to the final microstructures and properties. The effect of cooling rate, quenching and partitioning temperature on microstructure development was further investigated. Interesting combinations of mechanical properties were obtained, with tensile strength in the region of 1600-2400 MPa and ductility of 6-20%.
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Wang, Yilin, Huicheng Geng, Bin Zhu, Zijian Wang, and Yisheng Zhang. "Carbon Redistribution and Microstructural Evolution Study during Two-Stage Quenching and Partitioning Process of High-Strength Steels by Modeling." Materials 11, no. 11 (2018): 2302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112302.
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The application of the quenching and partitioning (Q-P) process on advanced high-strength steels improves part ductility significantly with little decrease in strength. Moreover, the mechanical properties of high-strength steels can be further enhanced by the stepping-quenching-partitioning (S-Q-P) process. In this study, a two-stage quenching and partitioning (two-stage Q-P) process originating from the S-Q-P process of an advanced high-strength steel 30CrMnSi2Nb was analyzed by the simulation method, which consisted of two quenching processes and two partitioning processes. The carbon redistribution, interface migration, and phase transition during the two-stage Q-P process were investigated with different temperatures and partitioning times. The final microstructure of the material formed after the two-stage Q-P process was studied, as well as the volume fraction of the retained austenite. The simulation results indicate that a special microstructure can be obtained by appropriate parameters of the two-stage Q-P process. A mixed microstructure, characterized by alternating distribution of low carbon martensite laths, small-sized low-carbon martensite plates, retained austenite and high-carbon martensite plates, can be obtained. In addition, a peak value of the volume fraction of the stable retained austenite after the final quenching is obtained with proper partitioning time.
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Penha, Renata Neves, and Yago Francisco Soares Marins. "Quenching and partitioning heat treatment: the third generation of advanced high-strength steel." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 10 (2022): e346111031903. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i10.31903.
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This manuscript aims to present an overview of quenching and partitioning (Q&P) heat treatment usually applied to transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and duplex steels (DP). TRIP and DP are the first generations of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). AHSSs present multiphase microstructures that ensure an advantageous combination of strength and ductility. The Q&P heat treatment process aims to obtain a mixed microstructure with martensite and retained austenite and improve the relation strength/ductility of common AHSS. The retained austenite of Q&P steels is rich in carbon and stable at room temperature. The heat treatment process implicates quenching the steel between the martensite-start (Ms) and martensite-finish (Mf) temperatures, followed by partitioning. Partitioning is an isothermal heat treatment that occurs above the Ms temperature. A diffusion process enriches the remaining austenite with carbon that migrates from martensite. The stability of retained austenite at room temperature improves the mechanical performance of steel, once it increases the material’s toughness and elongation. The optimal control of microstructure originates the third generation of AHSS and enables to reduce of weight and improved mechanical response of automotive parts made of the TRIP and DP steels.
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Zhang, Kai, Shang Wen Lu, Yao Hui Ou, Xiao Dong Wang, and Ning Zhong. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Nb-Microalloyed Medium Carbon Steel Treated by Quenching-Partitioning Process." Key Engineering Materials 531-532 (December 2012): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.531-532.596.
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The recently developed “quenching and partitioning” heat treatment and “quenching-partitioning-tempering” heat treatment are novel processing technologies, which are designed for achieving advanced high strength steels (AHSS) with combination of high strength and adequate ductility. In present study, a medium carbon steel containing Nb was subjected to the Q-P-T process, and both the microstructure and mechanical properties was studied. The experimental results show that the Nb-microalloyed steel demonstrates high tensile strength and relatively high elongation. The microstructure of the steel was investigated in terms of scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, and the results indicate that the Q-P-T steel consist of fine martensite laths with dispersive carbide precipitates and the film-like interlath retained austenite. The orientation relationships between martensite and retained austenite is as well-known Kurdjurmov-Sachs relationship and Nishiyama-Wasserman relationship.
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Zhong, Ning, Songpu Yang, Tao Liu, et al. "Effects of Compositional Inhomogeneity on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Low Carbon Steel Processed by Quenching-Partitioning-Tempering Treatment." Crystals 13, no. 1 (2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13010023.
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Quenching-partitioning-tempering (Q-P-T) heat treatment is a relatively novel approach to attain excellent ductility in high-strength steels. In the present work, the microstructural evolution and the mechanical properties of a low carbon microalloyed advanced steel were systematically investigated after the Q-P-T process. The microstructural evolution was explored by employing X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the multiphase microstructures strongly depend on both the initial microstructure and the processing parameters of the quenching and partitioning process, especially the quenching temperature. Compositional inhomogeneity during the Q-P-T process results in multiphase microstructures, in which the mechanical properties of the quenching and partitioning steels may be strongly impacted by the distribution of heterogeneous austenite phase in the steel matrix.
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Sabirov, Ilchat, María J. Santofimia, and Roumen H. Petrov. "Advanced High-Strength Steels by Quenching and Partitioning." Metals 11, no. 9 (2021): 1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11091419.
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Quenched and partitioned (Q&P) steels are recently developed materials with carefully selected chemical compositions and multiphase microstructures resulting from precisely controlled heating and cooling processes [...]
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Rizzo, F. C., A. R. Martins, John G. Speer, David K. Matlock, A. Clarke, and Bruno C. De Cooman. "Quenching and Partitioning of Ni-Added High Strength Steels." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4476.
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High strength steels containing significant fractions of retained austenite have been developed in recent years, and are the subject of growing commercial interest when associated with the TRIP phenomenon during deformation. A new process concept “quenching and partitioning” (Q&P) has been proposed by CSM/USA, and the results show the potential to create a new kind of steel microstructure with controlled amounts of retained austenite, enriched by carbon partitioning. Four steels containing C, Si, Mn, Ni, Cr and Mo, were designed with variation in the Ni and C content, aiming to decrease Bs temperature and to suppress carbide formation during the partitioning treatment. Several heat-treatment procedures were performed in specimens previously machined for tensile testing, while x-ray diffraction was used to determine the fraction of retained austenite. The tensile test results showed that except for the high C high Ni alloy, most of the processing conditions resulted in strengths superior to those of advanced high strength steels (AHSS), although it is importantly recognized that higher alloy additions were used in this study, in comparison with conventional AHSS grades.. A variety of strength and ductility combinations were observed, confirming the potential of the Q&P process and illustrating the strong influence of the final microstructure on the mechanical properties. Experimental results for samples partitioned at 400 °C indicate that higher ultimate tensile strength is associated with higher fraction of retained austenite for multiple heat treatments of each alloy investigated. The amount of retained austenite obtained was generally lower than that predicted by the model. Further studies are in progress to understand the influence of alloying and processing parameters (time/temperature) on the partitioning of carbon and precipitation of transition carbides.
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Wang, Ying, Shu Zhou, Zheng Hong Guo, and Yong Hua Rong. "Study of a Novel Ultra-High Strength Steel with Adequate Ductility and Toughness by Quenching-Partitioning-Tempering Process." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.37.
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According to the design principle of microstructures for high strength steel and a new quenching-partitioning-tempering (Q-P-T) process recently proposed by Hsu, a microalloying Fe-Mn-Si base steel by the Q-P-T process has been designed. The results indicate that the Q-P-T steel exhibits ultra-high tensile strength combining with good ductility and toughness, and it is a new family of advanced high-strength steels. The microstructures of samples by different Q-P-T processes were characterized by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, and the relation between microstructures and mechanical properties was analyzed
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Carpio, Marcel, Jessica Calvo, Omar García, Juan Pablo Pedraza, and José María Cabrera. "Heat Treatment Design for a QP Steel: Effect of Partitioning Temperature." Metals 11, no. 7 (2021): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071136.
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Designing a new family of advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs) to develop automotive parts that cover early industry needs is the aim of many investigations. One of the candidates in the 3rd family of AHSS are the quenching and partitioning (QP) steels. These steels display an excellent relationship between strength and formability, making them able to fulfill the requirements of safety, while reducing automobile weight to enhance the performance during service. The main attribute of QP steels is the TRIP effect that retained austenite possesses, which allows a significant energy absorption during deformation. The present study is focused on evaluating some process parameters, especially the partitioning temperature, in the microstructures and mechanical properties attained during a QP process. An experimental steel (0.2C-3.5Mn-1.5Si (wt%)) was selected and heated according to the theoretical optimum quenching temperature. For this purpose, heat treatments in a quenching dilatometry and further microstructural and mechanical characterization were carried out by SEM, XRD, EBSD, and hardness and tensile tests, respectively. The samples showed a significant increment in the retained austenite at an increasing partitioning temperature, but with strong penalization on the final ductility due to the large amount of fresh martensite obtained as well.
10
Paul, Georg, and Richard G. Thiessen. "Modeling and Simulation of Q&P Steels." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1454.
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Two important objectives of the automotive industry are the decrease of the body-in-white weight and the improvement of the passenger safety. High strength steels (HSS) are widely used to achieve these objectives. Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) has recently been proposed to achieve high strength steel grades for the third generation of advanced high strength steels (AHSS), which contain a considerable amount of retained austenite. Due to their microstructure these new steel grades combine a high tensile strength with good elongation values, as long as cementite precipitation is avoided. A model describing the involved phase transformations is presented. Special focus is put on the cementite precipitation and how it is influenced by silicon and aluminum additions.
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Rubešová, Kateřina, Ivan Vorel, Hana Jirková, and Štěpán Jeníček. "EFFECTS OF Q&P PROCESS PARAMETERS ON PROPERTIES OF 42SiCr STEEL." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 24, no. 2 (2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v24i2.1063.
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<p class="AMSmaintext"><span lang="EN-GB">The requirement for high strength and good ductility poses problems in today’s advanced steels. This problem can be tackled by appropriate heat treatment which produces suitable microstructures. By this means, ultimate strengths of about 2000 MPa and elongations of more than 10% can be obtained. One of such advanced heat treatment techniques is the Q&amp;P (Quenching and Partitioning) process. It produces a mixture of martensite and retained austenite, where the latter is an important agent in raising the ductility of steel. </span></p><p class="AMSmaintext"><span lang="EN-GB">In this experiment, a low-alloy steel with 0.41% carbon and manganese, silicon and chromium was used. An air furnace and a salt bath were employed for heat treatment and quenching, respectively. In order to obtain the best ultimate strength and elongation levels, partitioning temperatures of 250°C and 300°C were applied. Partitioning involves carbon diffusion from super-saturated martensite into retained austenite, and tempering of hardening microstructure. Effects of the quenching temperatures of 200°C and 150°C were studied as well. To map the impact of the Q&amp;P process on mechanical properties, an additional schedule with conventional quenching and tempering was carried out. Upon optimization of the parameters, the process produced martensite with a small amount of bainite and retained austenite. The ultimate strength was between 1930 and 2080 MPa and the elongation levels were from 9 to 16%.</span></p><p class="AMSmaintext"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
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Birnbaum, P., A. Kunke, and V. Kräusel. "High speed impact cutting (HSIC) of advanced high strength steel 42SiCr under exploitation of adiabatic shear bands." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1307, no. 1 (2024): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1307/1/012012.
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Abstract Shear Cutting of Advanced High-Strength Steels poses technological challenges due to the substantial mechanical loads imposed on cutting tools, leading to elevated wear rates. A strategy for cutting high-strength materials involves the utilization of high-speed impact cutting (HSIC), wherein component separation occurs along a locally adiabatically heated shear band, resulting in reduced cutting forces. The steel alloy 42SiCr undergoes heat treatments involving Quenching+Tempering (Q+T) as well as Quenching+Partitioning (Q+P) for two sheet thicknesses. This results in the formation of martensitic microstructures with varying retained austenite content, as determined through X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Subsequently, the heat-treated steel samples are subjected to tensile testing for mechanical property evaluation, revealing ultimate tensile strengths exceeding 1500 MPa and fracture elongations ranging from 2 % to 12 %. Following this, the material is subjected to HSIC using the AdiaPress Adia 7 machine, employing predefined cutting energies. It is observed that both Q+T and Q+P-treated materials can be successfully cut using HSIC, although distinct cutting edge morphologies are evident. Optical examinations of the cut edges, conducted through top-view and cross-sectional analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy and 3D laser scanning microscopy, confirm the presence of adiabatic shear bands and discrete zones.
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Ariza, Edwan Anderson, Jonathan Poplawsky, Wei Guo, and André Paulo Tschiptschin. "Hot Straining and Quenching and Partitioning of a TRIP-Assisted Steel: Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 704–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.704.
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Advanced high strength steels (AHSS), with yield strengths over 300 MPa and tensile strengths exceeding 600 MPa, are becoming more noticeable in vehicle manufacturing. A novel processing route of a TRIP-assisted steel was developed. Characterization and modelling techniques were used to establish correlations between processing, microstructure and mechanical properties. Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) and a novel process of hot straining (HS) and Q&P (HSQ&P) treatments have been applied to a TRIP-assisted steel in a Gleeble ®3S50 thermo-mechanical simulator. The heat treatments involved intercritical annealing at 800 oC and a two-step Q&P heat treatment with a partitioning time of 100 s at 400 oC. The effects of high-temperature isothermal deformation on the carbon enrichment of austenite, carbide formation and the strain-induced transformation to ferrite (SIT) mechanism were investigated. Carbon partitioning from supersaturated martensite into austenite and carbide precipitation were confirmed by means of atom probe tomography (APT). Austenite carbon enrichment was clearly observed in all specimens, and in the HSQ&P samples it was slightly greater than in Q&P, suggesting an additional carbon partitioning to austenite from ferrite formed by the SIT phenomenon. By APT, the carbon accumulation at austenite/martensite interface was clearly observed. The newly developed combined process is promising as the transformation induced plasticity can contribute to the formability and energy absorption, contributing to fill the gap of the third generation of high-strength steels.
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Raid Fekhreddine, Meknassi, and Miklós Tisza. "Third generation of advanced high strength sheet steels for the automotive sector : A literature review." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 11, no. 4 (2021): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2021.4.28.
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The modern vehicles demand a better fuel economy, decrease in ozone harming substance outflows, and superior safety requirements led to new developments of steel grades with higher strength and good formability. Third generation of advanced high strength steels are the next stage for the automotive companies in steel sheets development. The principal concept of third generation of AHSS is to reap the mechanical properties benefits from first and second generation of AHSS at cost neither too high nor too low. This literature review summarizes the results achieved in a previous paper of the Third Generation of Advanced High Strength Sheet steels literature published by D. Krizan et al. Where we intend to focus on, the recent developments and future trends of the third generation of advanced high strength sheet steels (3-GEN AHSSs) including quenching and partitioning (Q&P), TRIP bainitic ferrite (TBF), medium manganese, density reduced TRIP (δ-TRIP) and nano steels for the modern automotive industry, with emphasis on their main characteristics, processing, and applications.
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Thomä, Marco, and Guntram Wagner. "Effect of Quenching and Partitioning Heat Treatment on the Fatigue Behavior of 42SiCr Steel." Metals 11, no. 11 (2021): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111699.
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The manufacturing of advanced high-strength steels with enhanced ductility is a persistent aim of research. The ability of a material to absorb high loads while showing a high deformation behavior is a major task for many industrial fields like the mobility sector. Therefore, the material properties of advanced high-strength steels are one of the most important impact factors on the resulting cyclic fatigue behavior. To adjust advanced material properties, resulting in high tensile strengths as well as an enhanced ductility, the heat treatment process of quenching and partitioning (QP) was developed. The quenching takes place in a field between martensite start and martensite finish temperature and the subsequent partitioning is executed at slightly elevated temperatures. Regarding the sparsely investigated field of fatigue research on quenched and partitioned steels, the present work investigates the influence of a QP heat treatment on the resulting microstructure by light and scanning electron microscopy as well as on the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and resistance against fatigue regarding two different heat treatment conditions (QP1, QP2) in comparison to the cold-rolled base material of 42SiCr steel. Therefore, the microscopic analysis proved the presence of a characteristic quenched and partitioned microstructure consisting of a martensitic matrix and partial areas of retained austenite, whereas carbides were also present. Differences in the amount of retained austenite could be observed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the different QP routes, which influence the mechanical properties resulting in higher tensile strength of about 2000 MPa for QP1 compared to about 1600 MPa for QP2. Furthermore, the transition for the fatigue limit was approximated by using stepwise load increase tests (LIT) and afterwards verified by constant amplitude tests (CAT) in accordance with the staircase method, whereas the QP1 condition reached the highest fatigue strength of 900 MPa. Subsequent light and scanning electron microscopy of selected fractured surfaces and runouts showed a different behavior regarding the size of the fatigue fracture area and also differences in the microstructure of these runouts.
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Yu, Cansheng, Hesong Wang, Yuanxiang Zhang, Yunjie Li, Jian Kang, and Zhiyuan Chang. "Effects of Quenching Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Strip-Cast Medium-Mn Steel Processed by Quenching and Partitioning." Metals 13, no. 10 (2023): 1772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13101772.
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Twin-roll strip casting (TRSC), which is a low-energy and short process to produce strip steel, is a potential approach to produce advanced high-strength steels. Herein, a medium-Mn steel containing 4 wt% Mn was processed using a novel route involving TRSC, hot rolling and quenching and partitioning (QP) to explore the possibility of medium-Mn steel produced by TRSC plus QP process. The effects of quenching temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. It was found that primary martensite and retained austenite (RA) were obtained at the quenching temperature of 140–180 °C, while primary martensite, RA and secondary martensite were obtained when the quenching temperature was 220–300 °C. With an increase in quenching temperature from 140 to 260 and to 300 °C, the RA fraction first increased from 15.4% to 31.8% and then decreased to 16.6%. The sample at a quenching temperature of 220 °C yielded mechanical properties with a yield strength of 992 MPa, tensile strength of 1159 MPa and total elongation of 20.4%. The superior mechanical properties were achieved by an optimum combination of high RA fraction (26.5%), appropriate mechanical stability of RA and a small number of the islands of secondary martensite and RA. Hence, the present study provides a viable processing route for medium-Mn steel.
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Muhammad, Alief, Dani Hari Tunggal Prasetiyo, and Poppy Puspitasari. "Modulating the holding time of hardening process in Q-P-T heat treatment: An experimental study on mechanical properties of medium-carbon steel plate." Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry 4, no. 2 (2024): 177–97. https://doi.org/10.31603/mesi.12053.
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The metal heat treatment industry has seen substantial growth, with market projections increasing by USD 15.18 billion from 2022 to 2027, driven by advancements in technology. The iron and steel industry significantly contributes to this growth, accounting for six percent of the market share. In this evolving landscape, the Quenching-Partitioning-Tempering (Q-P-T) technique is emerging as a valuable heat treatment process for enhancing Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSS). The Q-P-T process, involving Quenching, Partitioning, and Tempering, aims to improve the mechanical properties of medium-carbon steels through controlled thermal modifications. This study explores the effects of varying holding times during the Q-P-T treatment on the mechanical properties and microstructure of medium-carbon steel ST60-2. Steel samples were subjected to holding times of 10, 15, and 20 minutes at a temperature of 920°C, followed by quenching to 350°C and partitioning at the same temperature for 15 minutes, with final tempering at 200°C. The results indicate that longer holding times enhance mechanical properties such as Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS), Product of Strength and Elongation (PSE), and hardness, with the 20-minute sample (Sample 3) achieving the highest UTS of 74.02 kgf/mm² and elongation of 16.63%. Hardness peaked at 109.33 HRB, and improved toughness was observed due to better phase transformation and carbon partitioning (1.36 Joule/mm²). Microstructural analysis revealed finer and more uniformly distributed cementite particles with extended holding times, contributing to enhanced material performance. The findings underscore the potential of Q-P-T heat treatment in optimizing medium-carbon steels, offering a tailored approach for applications requiring superior mechanical properties.
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Wu, Teng, Run Wu, Bin Liu, Wen Liang, and Deqing Ke. "Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of a Hot Rolled High-Strength Steel Produced by Ultra-Fast Cooling and Q&P Process." Metals 9, no. 9 (2019): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9090958.
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The quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process of advanced high strength steels results in a significant enhancement in their strength and ductility. The development of controlled rolling and cooling technology provides an efficient tool for microstructural design in steels. This approach allows to control phase transformations in order to generate the desired microstructure in steel and, thus, to achieve the required properties. To refine grain structure in a Fe-Si-Mn-Nb steel and to generate the microstructure consisting of martensitic matrix with embedded retained austenite grains, hot rolling and pressing combined with ultrafast cooling and Q&P process is employed. The slender martensite in hot rolled Q&P steel improves the strength of test steel and the flake retained austenite improves the plasticity and work hardening ability through the Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) effect.
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Gao, Pengfei, Jie Liu, Weijian Chen, Feng Li, Jingyu Pang, and Zhengzhi Zhao. "Quasi-Situ Characterization of Retained Austenite Orientation in Quenching and Partitioning Steel via Uniaxial Tensile Tests." Materials 13, no. 20 (2020): 4609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204609.
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As a representative of the third generation of advanced high strength steel, the quenching and partitioning steel has excellent potential in automobile manufacturing. The characterization and analysis of the mechanical properties and microstructure of the quenching and partitioning steel during deformation is an effective way to explore the microstructure evolution and transformation-induced plasticity effects of complex phase steels. The relationship between the microstructure morphology and mechanical properties of a 1180 MPa-grade quenching and partitioning steel was investigated through interrupted uniaxial tensile tests plus quasi-situ electron backscatter diffraction measurements. A mixture of ferrite, martensite, and retained austenite was observed in the microstructure. It was found that the volume fraction of global retained austenite decreased linearly with the increase of displacement (0 mm–1.05 mm). The evolution of the retained austenite with typical crystal direction ranges with deformation was characterized. Results show that the orientation (111) and (311) account for the highest proportion of retained austenite grains in the undeformed sample and the mechanical stability of the (311) retained austenite grains is the best. Moreover, the retained austenite grains rotated significantly in the early stage of the specimen deformation process (around yielding), and the work hardening of the specimen was weak at this stage, simultaneously.
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Luo, Cheng, and Yansong Zhang. "Failure Mode Prediction of Resistance Spot Welded Quenching and Partitioning Steel." MATEC Web of Conferences 269 (2019): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926903002.
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In recent years, a novel Advanced High-Strength Steels called quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel has been applied in the automotive industry because its good combination of strength and ductility. In this study, an experimental setup by adopting digital image correlation (DIC) method was firstly developed to establish the constitutive relationship of fusion zone in the spot welds produced by Q&P980. Stress-strain relationship extracted from the tensile bar within the fusion zone and compared the results to that of base metal. The fusion zone of Q&P980 found to have a higher tensile strength and similar elongation compared with base metal. A numerical model established to predict the failure mode of joints generated by Q&P980 after obtaining the constitutive relationship of fusion zone. The predicted failure mode was in good coherence with the experimental results under the lap-shear test conditions. The developed FE model was proven efficient in tensile strength and failure mode characterization of spot welded specimen. This study could provide solutions to maintain or even improve vehicle crashworthiness of lightweight vehicle structures.
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Jirková, Hana, Kateřina Opatová, Josef Káňa, Dagmar Bublíková, and Martin Bystrianský. "Integration of Press-Hardening Technology into Processing of Advanced High Strength Steels." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.317.
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Development of high strength or even ultra-high strength steels is mainly driven by the automotive industry which strives to reduce the weight of individual parts, fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions. Another important factor is the passenger safety which will improve by the use of these materials. In order to achieve the required mechanical properties, it is necessary to use suitable heat treatment in addition to an appropriate alloying strategy. The main problem of these treatments is the isothermal holding time. These holding times are technologically demanding which is why industry seeks new possibilities to integrate new processing methods directly into the production process. One option for making high-strength sheet metals is press-hardening which delivers high dimensional accuracy and a small spring-back effect. In order to test the use of AHSS steels for this technology, a material-technological modelling was chosen. Material-technological models based on data obtained directly from a real press-hardening process were examined on two experimental steels, CMnSi TRIP and 42SiCr. Variants with isothermal holding and continuous cooling profiles were tested. It was found that by integrating the Q&P process (quenching and partitioning) into press hardening, the 42SiCr steel can develop strengths of over 1800 MPa with a total elongation of about 10%. The CMnSi TRIP steel with lower carbon content and without chromium achieved a tensile strength of 1160 MPa with a total elongation of 10%.
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Yim, Gihak, Heegwon Shin, Hyejin Kim, Seungpill Jung, Jinhwa Jeon, and Dongyul Lee. "The effect of retained austenite stability on the formability of third generation advanced high strength steel." MATEC Web of Conferences 408 (2025): 02037. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202540802037.
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This study aims to evaluate the effect of retained austenite (RA) stability on the performance of third-generation advanced high-strength steel (AHSS). The analysis focuses on two quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steels with a minimum tensile strength designation above 1.0 GPa. Additionally, two conventional dual-phase (DP) steels with tensile strengths of 780 MPa and 1.0 GPa were included for comparison. The retained austenite stability of the Q&P steels was first assessed through tensile testing by observing changes in the retained austenite volume fraction. Subsequently, its impact on formability was investigated by comparing formability parameters, including instantaneous n-values, hole expansion ratio (HER), limit drawing ratio (LDR), bending angle, and forming limit curve (FLC). Furthermore, a hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) test was conducted on drawn cups to explore the relationship between retained austenite stability and resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. The results demonstrate that the stability of retained austenite plays a significant role in determining the overall formability and performance of third generation AHSS.
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Sietsma, Jilt. "Physical Modelling the Microstructure Formation in Advanced High-Strength Steels." Materials Science Forum 762 (July 2013): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.762.194.
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For the production and development of Advanced High-Strength Steels adequate understanding of the formation mechanisms of the metallic microstructure is crucial. The superior properties of these steels are based on a sometimes delicate balance between thermodynamic (in) stability and dynamic processes, in which thermodynamic driving force and interface kinetics determine the development of the microstructure of the steel. In order to achieve further development and optimisation of such steels, experimental and modelling studies should go beyond microstructural characterisation in terms of average properties only. In this paper some examples will be given in which full (3D-) microstructures are simulated on the basis of the evolution of diffusional transformations. Although nucleation is not understood to sufficient extent to be predicted quantitatively, growth can adequately be described as governed by short-range diffusion at the interface (the basis for the interface mobility) and, in case of a partitioning phase transformation, the long-range diffusion behaviour (most notably of carbon). Whereas in the literature often one of the two processes is assumed to be rate-determining (interface control or diffusion control), physical modelling taking both into account ("mixed-mode growth") has also been effectuated. The widely used technique of Phase Field modelling and an alternative mixed-mode approach based on Cellular Automata will be presented and compared in this paper. Whereas Phase Field modelling is applicable to a wider range of processes, the Cellular-Automata method is highly efficient and allows 3D-simulations of entire process cycles within very limited computation times. Examples of these modelling techniques applied to the development of microstructures in Dual-Phase and Quenching-&-Partitioning steels are given.
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Frómeta, David, Laura Grifé, and Daniel Casellas. "Enhanced ductility and fracture classification maps for advanced high-strength steels considering local ductility and fracture toughness." MATEC Web of Conferences 408 (2025): 01076. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202540801076.
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Alternative classification diagrams considering global and local ductility have been introduced recently in order to better describe the overall formability of advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs). These diagrams combine different parameters obtained from uniaxial tensile tests to rank steel formability and establish objective performance indicators. However, such classification schemes may fail to estimate fracture performance in certain failure modes related to the material's damage tolerance and crack propagation resistance, which is fundamental for a safe implementation of high-strength steels in structural and safety related applications. The present work proposes a new classification concept for AHSSs, considering not only global and local ductility but also fracture toughness. The proposed criteria aim to provide a more comprehensive definition of AHSSs formability and cracking resistance, considering intrinsic material parameters. Different strain- and energy-based parameters are analysed and their relevance to material ranking is discussed. The study is based on the analysis of 25 AHSSs, including Dual Phase, Complex Phase, TRIP, TRIP-aided Bainitic Ferritic, Press hardened steels, Quenching&Partitioning and Medium-Mn steels with tensile strengths ranging from 800 to 1500 MPa.
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Bhattacharya, Debanshu. "Niobium Containing Advanced High Strength Steels for Automotive Applications – Processing, Microstructure, and Properties." Materials Science Forum 773-774 (November 2013): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.773-774.325.
Full textAbstract:
Two major drivers for the use of advanced steels in the automotive industry are fuel efficiency and increased safety performance. Fuel efficiency is mainly a function of weight of steel parts, which in turn, is controlled by gauge and design. Safety is determined by the energy absorbing capacity of the steel used to make the part. All of these factors are incentives for the automobile manufacturers to use Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) to replace the conventional steels used to manufacture automotive parts in the past. AHSS is a general term used to describe various families of steels. The most common AHSS is the dual-phase steel that consists of a ferrite-martensite microstructure. These steels are characterized by high strength, good ductility, low tensile to yield strength ratio and high bake-hardenability. Another class of AHSS is the complex-phase or multi-phase steel which has a complex microstructure consisting of various phase constituents and a high yield to tensile strength ratio. Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels is another class of AHSS steels finding interest among the U.S. automakers. These steels consist of a ferrite-bainite microstructure with significant amount of retained austenite phase and show the highest combination of strength and elongation, so far, among the AHSS in use. High level of energy absorbing capacity combined with a sustained level of high n value up to the limit of uniform elongation as well as high bake hardenability make these steels particularly attractive for safety critical parts and parts needing complex forming. A relatively new class of AHSS is the Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) steels. These steels seem to offer higher ductility than the dual-phase steels of similar strengths or similar ductility as the TRIP steels at higher strengths. Finally, martensitic steels with very high strengths are also in use for certain parts. The most recent initiative in the area of AHSS is the so-called 3rd Generation AHSS. These steels are designed to fill the region between the dual-phase/TRIP and the Twin Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels with very high ductility at strength levels comparable to the conventional AHSS. Enhanced Q&P steels may be one method to achieve this target. Other ideas include TRIP assisted dual phase steels, high manganese steels and higher carbon TRIP type steels. In this paper, some of the above families of advanced high strength steels for the automotive industry will be discussed with particular emphasis on the role of niobium.
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Liu, Chunquan, Qichun Peng, Zhengliang Xue, and Chengwei Yang. "A Novel Cyclic-Quenching-ART for Stabilizing Austenite in Nb–Mo Micro-Alloyed Medium-Mn Steel." Metals 9, no. 10 (2019): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9101090.
Full textAbstract:
In the context of obtaining an excellent elongation and tensile-strength combination in the third generation of advanced high strength steel, we emphasized the practical significance of adjusting the retained austenite fraction and stability in medium-Mn steel to obtain better mechanical properties. A novel cyclic quenching and austenite reverse transformation (CQ-ART) was used to obtain a large retained austenite content in Fe-0.25C-3.98Mn-1.22Al-0.20Si-0.19Mo-0.03Nb (wt.%) Nb–Mo micro-alloyed medium-Mn steel. The results show that after twice cyclic quenching and ART, the alloy exhibited optimum comprehensive properties, characterized by an ultimate tensile strength of 838 MPa, a total elongation of 90.8%, a product of strength and elongation of 76.1 GPa%, and the volume fraction of austenite of approximately 62 vol.%. The stability of retained austenite was significantly improved with the increasing of the number of cyclic quenching. Moreover, the effects of CQ-ART on the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, C/Mn partitioning behavior, and austenite stability were investigated. Further, the strengthening effect of microalloying elements Nb–Mo was also discussed.
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Santofimia, Maria Jesus, Lie Zhao, Yoshiki Takahama, and Jilt Sietsma. "The Complexity of the Microstructural Changes during the Partitioning Step of the Quenching and Partitioning Process in Low Carbon Steels." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3485.
Full textAbstract:
The quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process is a novel heat treatment for the development of advanced high strength steels that is raising an elevated interest by steel makers and steel researchers around the world. The reason is that reported results on mechanical properties, showing promising levels of forming and strength, are proving this new type of steel as a serious competitor of TRIP, DP and martensitic steels. The Q&P heat treatment consists of an initial partial or full austenitisation, followed by a quench to form a controlled amount of martensite and an isothermal treatment to partition the carbon from the martensite to the austenite. Although the path of the heat treatment is simple, the investigations have shown that the evolution of the microstructure during the application of the Q&P process is rather complicated. Processes occurring during the partitioning step, such as the migration of the interfaces, the carbon accumulation near the austenite interfaces and the carbon diffusion through ferrite, have strong effects on the resulting microstructure. In this work, the most important microstructural changes found during the application and simulation of the partitioning step of the Q&P process are analysed and discussed. Procedures to control the microstructure development in the application of the Q&P process are proposed.
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Wolfram, Preston, Christina Hensley, Ronald Youngblood, Rachael Stewart, Emmanuel de Moor, and John G. Speer. "Toward the Development of AHSS for Wear Resistant Applications." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.568.
Full textAbstract:
Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) developments have largely focused on automotive applications using metallurgical approaches to develop retained austenite-containing microstructures in a variety of new steels, using the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect to achieve better combinations of strength and ductility. These efforts have been extended in recent studies to explore the potential to improve wear resistance, using metastable retained austenite to enhance wear resistance for earth-moving and other applications. This paper provides selected highlights of the authors’ efforts to develop wear resistant steels using AHSS processing approaches. Some attractive product/process development opportunities are identified, and it appears that martensite-austenite microstructures produced using “quenching and partitioning” exhibit increased wear resistance.
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Niu, Gang, Donghao Jin, Yong Wang, Haoxiu Chen, Na Gong, and Huibin Wu. "Achieving 2.2 GPa Ultra-High Strength in Low-Alloy Steel Using a Direct Quenching and Partitioning Process." Materials 16, no. 24 (2023): 7533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16247533.
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Advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) have a wide range of applications in equipment safety and lightweight design, and enhancing the strength of AHSS to the ultra-high level of 2 GPa is currently a key focus. In this study, a new process of thermo-mechanical control process followed by direct quenching and partitioning (TMCP-DQP) was developed based on Fe-0.4C-1Mn-0.6Si (wt.%) low-alloy steel, and the effects of microstructure evolution on mechanical properties under TMCP-DQP process and conventional hot rolled quenched and tempered process (HR-QT) were comparatively studied. The results show that the TMCP-DQP process not only shortened the processing steps but also achieved outstanding comprehensive mechanical properties. The TMCP-DQP steel exhibited a tensile strength of 2.23 GPa, accompanied by 11.9% elongation and a Brinell hardness of 624 HBW, with an impact toughness of 28.5 J at −20 °C. In contrast, the HR-QT steel exhibited tensile strengths ranging from 2.16 GPa to 1.7 GPa and elongations between 5.2% and 12.2%. The microstructure of TMCP-DQP steel primarily consisted of lath martensite, containing thin-film retained austenite (RA), nanoscale rod-shaped carbides, and a minor number of nanoscale twins. The volume fraction of RA reached 7.7%, with an average carbon content of 7.1 at.% measured by three-dimensional atom probe tomography (3DAP). Compared with the HR-QT process, the TMCP-DQP process resulted in a finer microstructure, with a prior austenite grain (PAG) size of 11.91 μm, forming packets and blocks with widths of 5.12 μm and 1.63 μm. The TMCP-DQP process achieved the ultra-high strength of low-alloy steel through the synergistic effects of grain refinement, dislocation strengthening, and precipitation strengthening. The dynamic partitioning stage stabilized the RA through carbon enrichment, while the relaxation stage reduced a small portion of the dislocations generated by thermal deformation, and the self-tempering stage eliminated internal stresses, all guaranteeing considerable ductility and toughness. The TMCP-DQP process may offer a means for industries to streamline their manufacturing processes and provide a technological reference for producing 2.2 GPa grade AHSS.
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Bublíková, Dagmar, Hana Jirková, Štěpán Jeníček, and Josef Káňa. "Q&P PROCESS IN PRESS-HARDENING OF 42SICR STEEL." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 24, no. 1 (2018): 52–57. https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.24.1.251.
Full textAbstract:
One of today’s advanced heat treatment routes for high-strength steels is the Q&P process which delivers high ultimate strengths combined with good ductility. The resulting microstructure is a combination of martensite and small fractions of bainite and retained austenite. Retained austenite has the form of thin needles adjacent to martensite laths. The use of this process in industrial practice is complicated by the need for holding at the partitioning temperature when retained austenite becomes stabilized by carbon migration from super-saturated martensite. Engineers therefore seek process routes in which interrupting the cooling process at a particular temperature and holding at that temperature do not pose technological problems. One of the available options is press hardening, often incorporated in the treatment of car body parts. 42SiCr steel, which is alloyed with manganese, silicon and chromium, was Q&P-processed using experimental sequences with various quenching and partitioning temperatures. The soaking time and temperature and cooling rates were identical to the parameters used in real-world processes. Correctly-chosen parameters led to martensitic-bainitic microstructures with a portion of retained austenite, ultimate strength of around 2000 MPa and A20 elongation of more than 10%.
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Refaiy, Hoda, Mai Fouad, Hoda Nasr El-Din, and Eman H. El-shenawy. "MICROSTRUCTURE AND TENSILE PROPERTIES OF A RECENT INTER-CRITICALLY AUSTENITIZED QUENCHED AND PARTITIONED STEEL." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 28, no. 4 (2022): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.4.1578.
Full textAbstract:
Quenched and partitioned steel is a promising grade of advanced high-strength steel "Third Generation" for industrial applications such as the automotive industry. This research aimed to develop a novel ultra-high-strength quenched and partitioned steel with good ductility from a novel alloy with the composition of 0.37C- 3.65Mn- 0.65Si- 0.87Al- 1.5Ni-0.05P, wt.% which is non-standard. This quenched and partitioned steel was developed by inter-critical austenitization followed by quenching to a temperature below Martensite start temperature (80 and 120 oC), then partitioning at 450 oC for different times (20, 40, 60, 100, 140, and 180 s). Scanning electron microscope and X-Ray diffraction were utilized to investigate the microstructure and retained austenite characteristics. The tensile properties of developed Q&P specimens were also investigated. The results demonstrated that the specimen quenched at 120 oC and partitioned for 180s achieved a maximum strength elongation balance of 26 GPa.%. Both the specimens quenched at 80 and 120 oC displayed a decrease in strength values with extending holding time due to the tempering of primary martensite. Increasing partitioning time for the specimens quenched at 120 oC led to enhancing elongation, where a maximum total elongation of 19.7% was achieved for the partitioning time of 180s.
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Li, Z., Y. Chang, J. Rong, J. Min, and J. Lian. "Edge fracture of the first and third-generation high-strength steels: DP1000 and QP1000." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1284, no. 1 (2023): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1284/1/012021.
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Abstract Advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) have shown profound progress in improving tensile ductility or global formality in the last decades over three generations. For a complete assessment of both the global and local formability, this study aims to characterize and compare the tensile and edge fracture behavior of the first and third-generation AHSS (dual-phase steel and quenching & partitioning steel) with the same nominal strength level of 980 MPa. Uniaxial tensile tests are performed to characterize the tensile properties. Hole expansion tests are conducted with two edge conditions based on separated preparation techniques (waterjet with polishing and punching) to investigate the edge fracture for both materials. The hole expansion ratios and edge fractures are compared between two materials and two edge conditions. It is concluded that the investigated QP1000 has promoted global formability while the DP1000 shows better local formability due to its damage-tolerant and crack-resistant responses.
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Khalaj, Omid, Ehsan Saebnoori, Bohuslav Mašek, Ctibor Štadler, Parsa Hassas, and Jiří Svoboda. "The Influence of Cooling Rate between Ms and Mf on the Mechanical Properties of Low Alloy 42SiCr Steel Treated by the Q-P Process." Metals 12, no. 12 (2022): 2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122081.
Full textAbstract:
A series of experiments was conducted by quenching and partitioning (Q-P) heat-treated alloys to investigate the effect of cooling intensity on the mechanical properties of low alloy steel 42SiCr. By applying a conventional heat treatment, reasonable high strength can be achieved; however, the alloys become more brittle. To obtain an optimal balance, advanced heat treatment methods like the Q-P process can be used. It consists of quenching to temperatures between martensite start and martensite finish temperatures and holding, which leads to the stabilization of untransformed austenite by carbon partitioning. The martensitic microstructure is then formed with a small volume fraction of retained austenite embedded on a microscopic scale. The material’s deformability can be significantly improved by using such heat treatment processes. Moreover, to improve advanced high strength properties (AHSS), an additional Q-P process can be applied, which leads to erasing the influence of cold forming as well as enhancement of the mechanical properties. Several combinations of the Q-P process with/without partitioning were performed with various cooling rates for both heat treatment methods. Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS), Ductility and Hardness (HV10), as well as the microstructure of the alloys, are compared to evaluate the cooling intensity effects. The cooling rate is found not to be a significant factor influencing mechanical properties, which is a crucial point for practical material heat treatment.
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Vercruysse, Florian, Carola Celada-Casero, Bernd M. Linke, Patricia Verleysen, and Roumen H. Petrov. "Temperature Dependence of the Static and Dynamic Behaviour in a Quenching and Partitioning Processed Low-Si Steel." Metals 10, no. 4 (2020): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10040509.
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Because of their excellent combination of strength and ductility, quenching and partitioning (Q & P) steels have a great chance of being added to the third generation of advanced high strength steels. The large ductility of Q & P steels arises from the presence of 10% to 15% of retained austenite which postpones necking due to the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect. Moreover, Q & P steels show promising forming properties with favourable Lankford coefficients, while their planar anisotropy is low due to a weak texture. The stability of the metastable austenite is the key to obtain tailored properties for these steels. To become part of the newest generation of advanced high strength steels, Q & P steels have to preserve their mechanical properties at dynamic strain rates and over a wide range of temperatures. Therefore, in the present study, a low-Si Q & P steel was tested at temperatures from −40 °C to 80 °C and strain rates from 0.001 s−1 to 500 s−1. Results show that the mechanical properties are well-preserved at the lowest temperatures. Indeed, at −40 °C and room temperature, no significant loss of the deformation capacity is observed even at dynamic strain rates. This is attributed to the presence of a large fraction of austenite that is so (thermally) stable that it does not transform in the absence of deformation. In addition, the high stability of the austenite decreases the elongation at high test temperatures (80 °C). The additional adiabatic heating in the dynamic tests causes the largest reduction of the uniform strain for the samples tested at 80 °C. Quantification of the retained austenite fraction in the samples after testing confirmed that, at the highest temperature and strain rate, the TRIP effect is suppressed.
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Li, Hong Yan, and Xue Jun Jin. "Microstructural Evolution of Medium Carbon Steels during the Quenching and Partitioning Process." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.86.
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The “Quenching and Partitioning” (Q&P) process is a novel heat treatment designed for processing new generation advanced high strength steels (AHSS) with substantial ductility. In this study, evolution of complex microstructure for medium carbon steels during the Q&P process has been discussed in detail. Such steels have shown a complex multiphase microstructure consisted of fresh lath-martensite, fresh plate-martensite, transition carbide and/or cementite, isothermal martensite/lower bainite, and second twin-martensite after the one-step Q&P process (with the identical quenching and partitioning temperature). The morphology for the microstructure at room temperature after the two-step Q&P process (with different quenching and partitioning temperatures) demonstrated a little different. The formation of different microstructure for these two processes and their correlation with the mechanical properties are discussed.
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Nanda, Tarun, Vishal Singh, Virender Singh, Arnab Chakraborty, and Sandeep Sharma. "Third generation of advanced high-strength steels: Processing routes and properties." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 2 (2016): 209–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420716664198.
Full textAbstract:
The automobile industry is presently focusing on processing of advanced steels with superior strength–ductility combination and lesser weight as compared to conventional high-strength steels. Advanced high-strength steels are a new class of materials to meet the need of high specific strength while maintaining the high formability required for processing, and that too at reasonably low cost. First and second generation of advanced high-strength steels suffered from some limitations. First generation had high strength but low formability while second generation possessed both strength and ductility but was not cost effective. Amongst the different types of advanced high-strength steels grades, dual-phase steels, transformation-induced plasticity steels, and complex phase steels are considered as very good options for being extended into third generation advanced high-strength steels. The present review presents the various processing routes for these grades developed and discussed by different authors. A novel processing route known as quenching and partitioning route is also discussed. The review also discusses the resulting microstructures and mechanical properties achieved under various processing conditions. Finally, the key findings with regards to further research required for the processing of advanced high-strength steels of third generation have been discussed.
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Hajy Akbary, Farideh, Maria Jesus Santofimia, and Jilt Sietsma. "Optimizing Mechanical Properties of a 0.3C-1.5Si-3.5MnQuenched and Partitioned Steel." Advanced Materials Research 829 (November 2013): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.100.
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The Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) process is known as a promising method for producing steels with superior mechanical properties. Developing Q&P steels with optimized mechanical properties requires well understanding of the relation between their microstructural and mechanical properties. The microstructural evolution during different Q&P processes in a 0.3C-1.5Si-3.5Mn (wt.%) steel was analysed. Mechanical properties of the developed microstructures were measured by using microtensile test. The influence of volume fractions and carbon contents of the phases on the ductility and strength of the microstructures was investigated. Furthermore, the effect of the specimen size on the tensile properties was discussed and a correction procedure was applied to convert the measured microtensile properties to the standard ones. A comparison with the measured mechanical properties of other type of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) shows the improved properties of the Q&P steels.
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Vercruysse, Florian, Lisa Claeys, Tom Depover, Kim Verbeken, Patricia Verleysen, and Roumen Petrov. "The effect of Nb on the high strain rate hydrogen embrittlement of Q&P steel." EPJ Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125003007.
Full textAbstract:
Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) steels are, due to their excellent combination of strength and ductility, seen as good candidates for the third generation advanced high strength steels (AHSS). Although the TRIP effect is beneficial for the overall mechanical behaviour of these steels it potentially can have detrimental effects when strained in a hydrogenenriched environment. The solubility of hydrogen is high in austenite but low in high carbon martensite. Martensite is even in the absence of hydrogen already a possible damage initiation spot. The effect of hydrogen under static and dynamic tensile loading was evaluated in a Q&P and a Nb micro-alloyed Q&P steel. Experiments were carried out under a strain rate ranging from 0.03 s-1 till 500 s-1 and correlated with the hydrogen uptake characterised via thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The presence of Nb resulted in a 25% increase in the hydrogen uptake capacity. A higher susceptibility to hydrogen was observed in the Nb steel partially due to the high hydrogen fraction, but also because of the larger fraction of low stability austenite. However, when tested under dynamic conditions the hydrogen susceptibility is minor and even improved in the micro-alloyed Q&P steel compared to the standard Q&P steel.
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Bublíková, Dagmar, Štěpán Jeníček, Kateřina Opatová, and Bohuslav Mašek. "Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure of High-Strength Manganese-Silicon Steels." Solid State Phenomena 270 (November 2017): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.270.239.
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Today’s advanced steels are required to possess high strength and ductility. This can be accomplished by producing appropriate microstructures with a certain volume fraction of retained austenite. The resulting microstructure depends on material’s heat treatment and alloying. High ultimate strengths and sufficient elongation levels can be obtained by various methods, including quenching and partitioning (Q&P process). The present paper introduces new procedures aimed at simplifying this process with the use of material-technological modelling. Three experimental steels have been made and cast for this investigation, whose main alloying additions were manganese, silicon, chromium, molybdenum and nickel. The purpose of manganese addition was to depress the Ms and Mf temperatures. The Q&P process was carried out in a thermomechanical simulator for better and easier control. The heat treatment parameters were varied between the sequences and their effect on microstructure evolution was evaluated. They included the cooling rate, partitioning temperature and time at partitioning temperature. Microstructures including martensite with strength levels of more than 2000 MPa and elongation of 10–15 % were obtained.
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Hao, Lu-Han, Wei Zhao, Jia-Rui Song, et al. "The Effect of Deformation Parameters on Advanced High Strength Steel Treated by Quenching-Partitioning-Tempering Process." Science of Advanced Materials 11, no. 7 (2019): 1044–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2019.3591.
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Zhong, Ning, Qianlin Wu, Yansheng Yin, and Xiaodong Wang. "Microstructual Evolution of a Medium Carbon Advanced High Strength Steel Heat-Treated by Quenching-Partitioning Process." steel research international 86, no. 3 (2014): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201400064.
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Zhong, N., Y. Wang, K. Zhang, and Y. H. Rong. "Microstructual Evolution of a Nb-Microalloyed Advanced High Strength Steel Treated by Quenching-Partitioning-Tempering Process." steel research international 82, no. 11 (2011): 1332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100125.
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Forouzan, Farnoosh, M. Guitar, Esa Vuorinen, and Frank Mücklich. "Effect of Carbon Partitioning, Carbide Precipitation, and Grain Size on Brittle Fracture of Ultra-High-Strength, Low-Carbon Steel after Welding by a Quenching and Partitioning Process." Metals 8, no. 10 (2018): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8100747.
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To improve the weld zone properties of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS), quenching and partitioning (Q&P) has been used immediately after laser welding of a low-carbon steel. However, the mechanical properties can be affected for several reasons: (i) The carbon content and amount of retained austenite, bainite, and fresh martensite; (ii) Precipitate size and distribution; (iii) Grain size. In this work, carbon movements during the partitioning stage and prediction of Ti (C, N), and MoC precipitation at different partitioning temperatures have been simulated by using Thermocalc, Dictra, and TC-PRISMA. Verification and comparison of the experimental results were performed by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscop (SEM), and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Electron Backscatter Scanning Diffraction (EBSD) analysis were used to investigate the effect of martensitic/bainitic packet size. Results show that the increase in the number density of small precipitates in the sample partitioned at 640 °C compensates for the increase in crystallographic packets size. The strength and ductility values are kept at a high level, but the impact toughness will decrease considerably.
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Mishnev, Roman, Yuliya Borisova, Sergey Gaidar, Tatiana Kniaziuk, Olga Vagina, and Rustam Kaibyshev. "Q&P Response of a Medium Carbon Low Alloy Steel." Metals 13, no. 4 (2023): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13040689.
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An Fe-0.44%C-1.8%Si-1.3%Mn-0.82%Cr-0.28%Mo steel was subjected to quenching followed by low-temperature tempering (Q&T) and quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processing after full austenitization. The Q&P treatment led to an increase in the volume fraction of retained austenite (RA) by factors ranging from 30 to 40 depending on the quenching temperature, Tq, and an additional precipitation of transition η-carbides in the martensitic matrix. The Q&P processing provided a decrease in the yield stress (YS) from 1730 to 1350 MPa and an increase in the ductility by a factor of 3; the product of strength and elongation (PSE) increased from 13.7 to 32 GPa·%. The novelty of the work lies in establishing the origin of the good ductility and high YS of Q&P steel. Blocky-type RA plays a vital role in the effect of Q&P processing on mechanical properties. The main feature of RA is a very high dislocation density proving the strength of ~1000 MPa of this structural component. The strength of RA controls the YS of the steel if its volume fraction is ≥25%. Ductility is provided by the almost full transformation of RA into strain-induced martensite under tension. The localization of plastic deformation in the form of deformation bands is associated with the γ→α′ transformation. Medium carbon Q&P steel with a high volume fraction of RA meets the requirements for advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) belonging to the third generation of AHSS due to the combination of the YS > 1050 MPa with the PSE > 30 GPa·%.
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Rieger, Thomas, Klaus Herrmann, Dagmar Carmele, et al. "’Quenching and Partitioning’ - An In Situ Approach to Characterize the Process Kinetics and the Final Microstructure of TRIP-Assisted Steel." Advanced Materials Research 409 (November 2011): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.409.713.
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The ‘Quenching and Partitioning’ (Q&P) concept aims to increase the strength level of conventional TRIP-assisted advanced high strength steel (AHSS) by replacing ferritic constituents by tempered martensite. The Q&P heat treatment process involves austenitization and interrupted quenching followed by carbon partitioning from martensite to austenite at elevated temperatures. The final microstructure is traditionally investigated at room temperature after metallographic preparation by microscopy and x-ray analysis with laboratory tubes. Besides other disadvantages the established characterization methods are not adequate to observe the development of the microstructure during Q&P treatment. In the present work the microstructural evolution during Q&P processing was monitored by in-situ diffraction experiments using very hard (100 keV) synchrotron x-ray radiation. Debye-Scherrer rings were recorded as a function of time and temperature during the heat treatment in a state-of-the-art dilatometer (type Bähr DIL805AD) at the Engineering Materials Science beamline HARWI-II (HZG outstation at Deutsches Elektronensynchrotron (DESY), Hamburg). The diffraction patterns contain quantitative information on the phases present in the sample (for more details cf. Abstract Carmele et al, this conference). The evolution of the austenite phase fraction during the partitioning treatment at the quench temperature (1-step Q&P) is discussed exemplarily for a Si-based TRIP steel with additions of Ni.
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Graf, Marcel, Sebastian Härtel, Alexander Bauer, et al. "Development of a Quenching-Partitioning Process Chain for Forging Components." Materials Science Forum 918 (March 2018): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.918.85.
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The aim is to realize a Q&P (Quenching and Partitioning) process for a hot forged component made of low-alloyed advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) 42MnSiCr. One advantage of this steel is the low alloy concept which is cost-effective. After forging, the component is cooled down to room temperature with a subsequent heat treatment to achieve the characteristic microstructure with martensite and retained austenite. The material is annealed and then quenched to just above the martensite finish temperature (MF-temperature). Hence, in the martensitic matrix about 10 to 15% retained austenite is included. Finally, the Q&Ped material is artificially aged at 250 °C to support the diffusion process of carbon from the over-saturated martensite into the austenite. Thereby, mechanical properties of 2000 MPa for tensile strength with fracture strains of 10% can be achieved. This paper provides details of the process and material behavior for a reduction of the process chain. The goal is to develop a technology for the quenching and partitioning treatment of forged components by using the thermal energy from forging. Ideally, the quenching step should be performed in the forming dies just above the MF-temperature with additional holding on the temperature level. The majority of forged parts have different cross sections. Therefore, the cooling conditions are inhomogeneous in each cross section of the components. This cooling behavior was analyzed in laboratory tests with a forged part. Furthermore, the heat transfer coefficients were determined for different cooling media (water, air). The cooling technology was experimentally and numerically simulated in a first step for the conventional process chain (forging, cooling to room temperature, austenitisation, quenching, artificial ageing) and correlated with the microstructural evolution in combination with the component’s mechanical properties.
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Liu, Heping, Xianwen Lu, Xuejun Jin, Han Dong, and Jie Shi. "Enhanced mechanical properties of a hot stamped advanced high-strength steel treated by quenching and partitioning process." Scripta Materialia 64, no. 8 (2011): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.12.037.
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Bublíková, Dagmar, Štěpán Jeníček, Michal Peković, and Hana Jirková. "NEW TREATMENT ROUTE FOR CLOSED-DIE FORGINGS OF STEELS WITH 2.5% MANGANESE." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 24, no. 2 (2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v24i2.1053.
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<p>The requirements placed on closed-die-forged parts of advanced steels have been increasing recently. Such forgings demand an innovative approach to both design and heat treatment. It is important to obtain high strength and sufficient ductility in closed-die forgings. High strength, mostly associated with martensitic microstructure, is often to the detriment of ductility. Ductility can be improved by incorporating a certain volume fraction of retained austenite in the resulting microstructure. Among heat treatment processes capable of producing martensite and retained austenite, there is the Q&amp;P process (Quenching and Partitioning). This process is characterized by rapid cooling from the soaking temperature to the quenching temperature, which is between Ms and Mf, and subsequent reheating and holding at the partitioning temperature. Thus, strength levels of more than 2000 MPa combined with more than 10% elongation can be obtained. This experimental programme involved steels with 2.5% manganese. Forgings of these steels were heat treated using an innovative process in order to obtain an ultimate strength of more than 2000 MPa combined with sufficient elongation. Thanks to a higher manganese level, the Mf was depressed as low as 78°C, and therefore quenching was carried out not only in air but also in boiling water. Holding at the partitioning temperature of 180°C, when carbon migrates from super-saturated martensite to retained austenite, took place in a furnace. The effects of heat treatment parameters on the resulting mechanical properties and microstructure evolution in various locations of the forging were studied.</p>
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Jirková, Hana, Ludmila Kučerová, and Bohuslav Mašek. "Effect of Quenching and Partitioning Temperatures in the Q-P Process on the Properties of AHSS with Various Amounts of Manganese and Silicon." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2734.
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The use of the combined influence of retained austenite and bainitic ferrite to improve strength and ductility has been known for many years from the treatment of multiphase steels. Recently, the very fine films of retained austenite along the martensitic laths have also become the centre of attention. This treatment is called the Q-P process (quenching and partitioning). In this experimental program the quenching temperature and the isothermal holding temperature for diffusion carbon distribution for three advanced high strength steels with carbon content of 0.43 % was examined. The alloying strategies have a different content of manganese and silicon, which leads to various martensite start and finish temperatures. The model treatment was carried out using a thermomechanical simulator. Tested regimes resulted in a tensile strength of over 2000MPa with a ductility of above 14 %. The increase of the partitioning temperature influenced the intensity of martensite tempering and caused the decrease of tensile strength by 400MPa down to 1600MPa and at the same time more than 10 % growth of ductility occurred, increasing it to more than 20%.
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Pallaspuro, Sakari, Ilkka Miettunen, S. Assa Aravindh, et al. "The Multiphase Micro- and Nanostructures of 0.2 and 0.4 C Direct-Quenched and Partitioned Steels." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1097–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1097.
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Quenching and partitioning produces advanced high-strength steels that utilise transformation-induced plasticity for improved strength and deformability. Microstructures of these steels consist mainly of tempered martensite and carbon-enriched retained austenite. A novel processing route of direct-quenching and partitioning (DQP) facilitates carbon partitioning from supersaturated martensite to untransformed austenite directly from the quench-stop temperature in a decelerated cooling that simulates slow cooling of a coiled strip. A major advantage of DQP steels is that they keep both the costs and emissions down by inexpensive alloying and energy-efficient processing. In this study, we investigate the microstructures of 0.2C and 0.4C laboratory hot-rolled DQP steels with comparison to a direct-quenched variant with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy as the main research technique. We show that the structures of DQP steels have frequent nanotwinned regions and can contain three different crystal structures with characteristic length scales ranging from few nm to ~200 nm. This is in remarkable contrast to the traditional lath-martensitic microstructure of the as-quenched material. Density functional theory calculations provide further insight into these findings with the calculated results of energetics, and show that carbon helps in stabilising the newly found omega phase. These results give further insight to the aspects that must be considered when assessing their effect on essential mechanical properties like strain hardening and toughness.