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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Adventure recreation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Marsh, Paul E. "Backcountry adventure as spiritual experience a means-end study /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3274259.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 2007.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: A, page: 3144. Adviser: Alan W. Ewert. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Apr. 10, 2008).
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Ward, Whitney C. "Perceptions of risks and benefits of an outdoor adventure experience." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3319896.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Studies, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 11, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-08, Section: A, page: 3317. Adviser: Alan Ewert.
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3

Dack, Cory Maria. "The Life Effectiveness of Wilderness Adventure Leaders." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/280.

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The Life Effectiveness of Wilderness Adventure Leaders Cory Maria Dack Southern Illinois University Carbondale Introduction The call of the wild has long been accepted as a true phenomenon by mankind. Throughout history countless scores of women and men have written novels, poems, and symphonies in-spired by the ubiquitous reach of nature. As Sigurd Olson once wrote, "Wilderness to the people... is a spiritual necessity, an antidote to the high pressure of modern life, a means of regaining serenity and equilibrium" (Olson & Backes, 2001, p. 61). Eventually, musings on the powerful effects of nature branched out from the realm of artistic expression and began to take root in the domain of science and research as well. As the academic world has begun to quantify the positive benefits nature has on those who immerse themselves in the wilderness, the populace has simulta-neously looked to nature for an antidote to the ever increasing stressors of life. Wilderness adventure programs are one medium that exposes participants to the numerous benefits associated with nature, including an increase in overall life effectiveness and an increase in holistic well being. Wilderness adventure programs can be recreational, educational, developmental, or therapeutic in purpose (Hans, 2000). Programming can range from an afternoon of recreation in a city park, to a week-long stay at a summer camp, to a 45 day backpacking trip through the arctic. Whatever the level or duration of the program, participants are often attracted to wilderness adventure programming by the inherent benefits of adventure and personal growth. A vast array of nature based benefits research exists (see Brown, 1999; Ewert, 1985, 1989; Klint, 1999; Rog-genbuck & Driver, 2000; Stein & Lee, 1995). Literature concerning these benefits often focuses on researching, testing, and measuring the benefits participants receive after completing a wilderness adventure program. While most of the research has shown that participating in a wilderness adventure program increases the self-confidence, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and overall life effectiveness of participants (see Caulkins, White, & Russell, 2006; Goldenberg, McAvoy, & Klenosky, 2005; and Hattie, Marsh, Neill, & Richards, 1997), there is a deficit of research on the benefits and outcomes that occur to those who guide or lead wilderness adventure programs. To truly understand how wilderness adventure program-ming affects the human mind, body, and spirit, there needs to be more research that focuses specifically on the outcomes experi-enced by those who lead wilderness adventure programs. Methods Research was conducted at two camps located in northern Minnesota over the course of the summer during the 2009 camp season. The two camps, Camp Vermilion and Camp Hiawatha, are church affiliated and offer week long canoe adventures, houseboat trips, and residential in-camp experiences. The proposed research was based off of the following research questions: a) Do in-camp counselors experience an increase in life effectiveness after working at a summer camp over the course of one summer? b) Is there a difference between the life effectiveness reported by first-year in-camp counselors compared to the life effectiveness reported by returning in-camp counselors? b) Is there a difference between the life effectiveness reported by female in-camp counselors compared to the life effectiveness reported by male in-camp counselors? Quantitative data was collected through the use of the Life Effectiveness Questionnaire (LEQ). The LEQ was given to the in-camp counselors at the start of the summer during staff training. At the end of the summer the LEQ was then re-administered to the same research participants. Qualitative data was assessed via a short answer questionnaire that asked open-ended questions about the experiences the research participants had while working at their respective camps. This short answer questionnaire was administered at the end of the summer with the second LEQ. Results After the research data were collected, the data were run through a series of dependent t-tests and independent t-tests. The t-tests were used to compare the scores of the pre-summer LEQs to the scores of the post-summer LEQs, the scores of first-year in-camp counselors and returning in-camp counselors, and the scores of female and male in-camp counselors. The results were as follows: The changes in the results of the pre and post-test LEQ scores were t (11) = .102, p = .102. The results of the changes in post-test LEQ scores between new wilderness adventure leaders and returning wilderness adventure leaders was t (18) = .713, p = .485. Female post-test LEQ scores and male post-test LEQ scores resulted in changes of t (18) = 1.256, p = .225. The difference between post-test and pre-test mean LEQ scores was .58 standard deviations, or, a .58 effect size. The qualitative data yielded by the short-answer questionnaires were assessed using the techniques of enumeration and constant comparison. The following themes were pulled from the self-reported answers of the research participants: Increased Self-Confidence, Spiritual Connections, Personal Changes/Growth, Awareness of Strengths/ Weaknesses, Positive Community, and a 100% Job Recommendation. Participants reported that after the summer they felt that they had experienced Increased Self-Confidence. One participant wrote, "My leadership has grown incredibly - I was encouraged to own my authority and truly lead this summer. I have watched my confidence and competence grow." Another participant reported, "On my application I wrote that I wanted to gain confidence in myself and the things I do. I believe I have gained tons more than I started with." Spiritual Connections were identified from research participants who reported, "I feel like I've discovered a deeper sense of peace," "I have grown spiritually and more confident in myself," and "I don't think I would be ready, physically, emotionally, or spiritually, for my next year of school if I wasn't here this summer." Awareness of Strengths/Weaknesses were supported by self-reported responses such as, "I am stronger! I learned this summer that in order to make myself stronger I had to be vulnerable and expose my fears and anxieties." Personal Changes/Growth were evident in a participant who reported, "This summer I pushed myself farther than before in my leadership skills...it has been tough at times, but at that time is when I have experienced the most growth." Many research participants reported that they felt like they were a member of a Positive Community. One participant reported, "I have never laughed so hard, had so much fun, yet felt so proud of [what]... we were doing at camp." Another stated, "It has been an amazing experience... seeing how a community of such random personalities can become so close and grow so much in... 9 short weeks." Lastly, one participant wrote, "I am more steady. I feel loved. I feel like there is a place I belong." After reviewing all of the short answer surveys, it was found that 100% of the research participants stated that they would recommend a job as a wilderness adventure leader to others. Participants stated that "The chance to serve in this capacity is incredible," and "I hope that others are able to have the same opportunity to work with youth and learn, teach, and experience [this] leadership position." Another participant reported, "This is the best job I could ever ask for and is an amazing experience you can't find anywhere else." And finally, while reflecting on the experience of being a wilderness adventure leader, one participant reported, "It is a life changing experience!" Discussion and Implications Although the t-tests did not yield statistically significant results, the research still yielded a moderate change in effect size (.58). The self-reported qualitative data from the post-summer surveys support the idea that there are many positive benefits to be gained from being a wilderness adventure leader. This qualitative data is important, as it shows that the research participants themselves feel very strongly that being a wilderness adventure leader leads to a variety of experienced positive benefits. The moderate effect size and the self-reported qualitative data both support a call for more research in this area. Further research of greater depth could lead to a higher effect size, as well as to greater statistical significance. Previous research also reveals a need for further research in this area. Although there is a copious amount of research on the outcomes that occur after participating in a wilderness adventure program, there is a lack of studies that focus specifically on how being part of a wilderness adventure program can benefit a wilder-ness adventure guide or leader. Hattie et al. (1997) stress an overall need for more wilderness adventure research in their meta-analysis of over 96 different studies on wilderness adventure programs. After noting the diverse multitude of results found in the different studies in their meta-analysis, the authors concluded that more re-search in all of the areas of wilderness adventure programming must be done in order to validate the necessity of the existence of outdoor programming (Hattie et al.). Only through the continuation of research in this field will wilderness educators and leaders be able to conclusively offer evidence that wilderness adventure pro-grams are a vital and important part of human development.
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4

Hickmon, William Adrian Jr. "Analysis of an adventure-based marriage enrichment program." Diss., This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-170540/.

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Dahlstrom, Erik A. "An Examination of Arousal States in Novice Whitewater Kayakers During a Weekend Instructional Experience." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1213027065.

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6

Duerden, Mathew David. "An Examination of the Relationship Between Adventure Recreation and Adolescent Identity Development." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1382.pdf.

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7

Turner, Cassie LuAnn. "Adolescents' Perceptions of Motivation, Participation and Commitment at Adventure Central, A 4-H Afterschool Program." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406821312.

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8

Umstead, Helen G. "Determining the Value of Outdoor Adventure Education for Educational Leaders." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10268317.

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This investigation attempts to determine the value of outdoor adventure education for educational leaders based upon leadership qualities identified in both the Educational Leadership and Outdoor Adventure Education (OAE) literature. Theoretical underpinnings of outdoor adventure education and claimed leadership outcomes resulting from OAE participation are identified and investigated. Three leadership skills identified as both OAE outcomes and constructs valuable to educational leaders (Self-efficacy, Collaboration, and Trust) are the focus of this mixed methodology study.

Research questions are proposed and addressed using mixed methodology. The anonymous online Outdoor Adventure Education Survey was developed based on previous research (Gareis & Tschannen-Moran, 2004; Rhodes & Martin, 2013; Tschannen-Moran & Barr, 2004; Tschannen-Moran & Gareis, 2004) and with input from educational leadership and OAE experts. Qualitative measures, including participant focus groups and key informant interviews, were developed with the advice of OAE and educational leadership experts before implementation.

Volunteers at a one-day OAE ropes challenge course participated in the anonymous online Outdoor Adventure Education Survey one week after course implementation of a one-day ropes challenge course and focus group discussions occurred within one month in order to allow for reflection, a major component of Experiential Learning Theory. Facilitators and group leaders participated in individual key informant interviews at irregular intervals after implementation.

Analysis revealed that OAE impacted self-efficacy in ways that are valuable to leadership, increased participants’ collaboration, and generally increased trust among members of each group. Results varied based on the obstacles encountered and by the group participating, but were positive overall. Additional outcomes included participants’ increased awareness of the importance of open communication, including active listening, and shared decision-making while solving problems collaboratively.

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Haworth, Brian D. "Adventures in parenting a comparison of child-directed parental affect and interest during an adventure-based activity and a typical family activity /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2004. http://www.tren.com.

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Thesis (Psy. D.)--Wheaton College Graduate School, 2004.
Abstract. "In an attempt to bolster active family interaction, the Big Idea Foundation ... designed a set of activities based on the principles of experiential education"--Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 33-38).
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Donne, Keith Edward. "Managing the service experience : a study of young people's managed outdoor adventure leisure." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2005. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3133/.

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The provision of outdoor adventure leisure experiences for young people is a complex service task and it requires the careful management of participants' heterogeneous needs in a physically demanding and dynamic risk environment Research into the quality of this experience and its management is limited. It typically presents an adult perspective of young people's needs, without reference to the young people themselves. Practitioners and researchers alike acknowledge that the few studies conducted with young people to date suffer from the lack of clear theoretical and empirical underpinning, therefore this thesis, which draws on the conceptual basis for SERVQUAL, has a clear theoretical foundation. Also, many extant studies are quantitative and do not elicit richer, qualitative data from these young people and thus there is little deep understanding of their experiences to guide management. The literature on service quality links to that on customer satisfaction: in this thesis, the two are explicitly conjoined as a precursor to the field research here. A key contribution made by this thesis is to demonstrate that the main drivers of participants' satisfaction are based on elements not previously identified with clarity. These elements are their interactions with staff, their interactions with one another in their own peer 'socialscape' and their own performance in developing skilled leisure consumption. The explicit identification of a 'socialscape' is a particular feature of the research findings here. This thesis analyses qualitative perceptions of service quality from participants, employees and management, and evaluates how service quality and customer satisfaction are managed in a specific organisational context in outdoor adventure leisure. Firstly, watersports participants were interviewed before, observed during, and interviewed after their courses, to establish whether they felt their expectations were met and how this might have been achieved. Secondly, staff were interviewed to establish their perceptions of young people's experiences of the service, and the critical aspects of managing these experiences appropriately. The critical aspect of managing these experiences is that instructors must have specific personal qualities, summarised in this thesis as 'intrinsic service values', and be able to work in an empowered culture, where the changing physical service environment requires them to make flexible, autonomous decisions to ensure participants have an appropriate experience. There are additional findings, which conclude that the ADVENTUREQUAL Conceptual Gap Model is a more appropriate reconceptualisation of the SERVQUAL Conceptual Gap Model, to inform this study of young people's outdoor adventure leisure. This thesis thus provides both conceptual development and understanding, and managerial insight in a specific context.
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Turner, Daniel. "The civilised skateboarder : a figurational analysis of the provision of adventure recreation facilities." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574247.

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This thesis is concerned with the increasingly formalised provision of adventure recreation facilities via a mixed economy provision model. Utilising a figurational analysis based upon the work of Norbert Elias, the study highlights how such an analysis of the processes impacting upon the wide stakeholder environment of - ' providers, funding bodies and operational partners can assist in understanding the successes and failures of such provision. Through a case study analysis of a skatepark in Dundee, Scotland, the thesis charts the development of a civilising process within skateboarding as a recreational activity. This process is shown to emerge as a result of the development of a standardised approach to provision dominated by centrally supported 'arm's length' funding bodies, such as SportScotland which focuses upon instilling the activity with a series of behaviour codes and approaches, which contradict the anti-structural characteristics of the typical skateboarding participant: The thesis argues that this civilising process, inadvertently leads to the social exclusion of the original target community, who reject the formalised provision mechanism offered to them. As a result, the thesis concludes that the current provision model is both ineffective and inefficient in its work and requires re- consideration in order to meet the needs of emerging sports such as those within the adventure recreation realm.
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Russell, Melissa S. "Adaptation of an Adolescent Coping Assessment for Outdoor Adventure." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3031.

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The purpose of this study was to adapt a measure for coping in outdoor adventure activities that reliable and valid inferences could be made. To do this, the constructs were clearly defined; relevant items were written representing the constructs. An expert panel reviewed the items for content validity, and the instrument was administered to subjects to gather evidence supporting the reliability and validity of inferences. The instrument adapted will provide a foundation for future research and understanding related to outdoor adventure coping skills. In addition, evidence supporting the reliability and validity of inferences of the assessment serve to measure outcomes in adventure and wilderness therapy programs.
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Molyneux, Kimberly. "A Qualitative Analysis of a Corporate Adventure Program." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2990.

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Outdoor adventure learning (OAL) provides a unique environment to teach organizational change. Therefore, there is an implication these programs can be used to foster necessary specific skills such as leading change, innovation, and thriving in hostile environments to lead in the ever-changing corporate world. Little research, however, supports the efficacy of adventure learning in achieving specific outcomes. Skeptics suggested the benefits of OAL programs do not always generalize effectively from the outdoor experience to the workplace. This paper outlines how utilizing strategic skills and theory to conduct OAL programs are effective and impactful in the corporate world. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions and meaning of a based outdoor adventure learning program among corporate executives using qualitative data analysis (QDA).
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Henderson, Robert LeVon. "Meaningful Learning Experiences: The Influence of Group-based Adventure Recreation on Behavioral Addiction Treatment." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3949.

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Adventure recreation (AR) has been found to supplement addiction treatment and recovery in valuable ways. However, questions about the components and processes of AR and its influence on behavioral addiction specifically, e.g., gambling, video gaming, pornography, etc., still remain. Using the Meaningful Learning Experiences Model (an AR-based framework) and a quasi-experimental pre-post design, the present study examined AR's influence on three therapeutic principles (authenticity, social network support, and therapeutic engagement) that have been found to significantly influence addiction recovery. Seventy-five participants with sexually related addictions, namely pornography addicts, supplemented their 12-Steps recovery meetings with a Meaningful Learning Experience and scuba diving intervention. MANOVA results indicated that AR influenced all variables in therapeutically beneficial ways, with the most saliently effected subdomains being inauthentic living and social support networks. These findings elucidate certain AR components and processes in an addiction treatment context and support previous claims that AR is also a viable and unique supplement for behavioral addicts seeking recovery.
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Donaldson, David Shaw. "Wounded veterans| Reintegration through adventure-based experience; A narrative inquiry." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10155607.

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Since September 11, 2001, U.S. servicemen and women, having served in Iraq and Afghanistan, are returning home having suffered and survived catastrophic and disabling physical, neurological, psychological, and moral injuries. By every measure, the casualty statistics are staggering. Perhaps even more alarming is the reality that we have yet to see the full extent of the psychological and neurological injury-related complications that will emerge in the months and years to come. War exacts a heavy burden not only on the service member, but their families as well. Divorce affects female troops 3 times that of their male counterparts. During post-deployment health screenings, 12% of troops report substance abuse problems, while only 0.2% are referred for further evaluation and treatment. On any given night in America, about 154,000 veterans are homeless. Nearly half of those homeless have a mental health diagnosis and more than 70% struggle with substance abuse. Unfortunately, and too often, the burdens these servicemen and women carry become too heavy as suicide becomes an exercised option. Between 2004 and 2008, the rate at which active duty army soldiers took their own lives doubled.

The evidence strongly suggests that significant numbers of recent veterans are not successfully reintegrating back into society by virtue of high incidence rates of suicide, substance abuse, family problems, divorce, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. Unfortunately, that reintegration journey is seldom supported by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) or the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in any consistent meaningful manner beyond the date that the veteran is discharged from active duty.

This narrative inquiry explored the community reintegration experiences of ill, injured, and disabled U.S. servicemen and women that served in the global war on terrorism in Iraq and Afghanistan since September 11, 2001. More specifically, the service member’s experiences and perspectives around engagement in adventure-based activities, the supportive communities that manifest around those activities, and the role or value of that experience in the reintegration process. Through narrative inquiry, this study gives voice and adds deep contour and rare perspective to this typically isolated, humbly silent, and understudied population, informing greater understanding of the warfighter experience and the elements of their journeys that support successful rehabilitation and reintegration.

The findings of this study suggest that adventure-based activity and the communities that manifest around those activities played a vital role in the successful rehabilitation and reintegration journey of each of the research participants. Through surfing, rock climbing, and mountaineering, each was able to satisfy needs at all levels of Maslow’s hierarchy, facilitating the ability to redefine their sense of identity, reestablish a sense of purpose, and reconnect and reintegrate into a welcoming and supportive community apart from the military.

Findings from this study also inform policy, practice, and future research that can positively influence and improve the experience of current and future casualties of war. Honoring a commitment made by President Lincoln over 152 years ago and in keeping with the VA’s mission, the federal government must fund future research that has the capacity to influence expansion of the VA’s current narrow scope of practice. It must also vet and fund community-based programs that demonstrate the ability to positively influence the rehabilitation and reintegration journey. The findings of this study also inform practice in both the community and VA. Educators, clinicians, program providers, volunteers, and donors serving this population now have a more complete image of the veterans’ experience and the immense value of their contribution to the journey. Future research that includes a multicultural voice, the voice of women, inclusion of other adventure-based activities, and a variety of methodological approaches is imperative if the research community is to play a role in positively influencing the rehabilitation and reintegration journey of veterans that are ill, injured, and disabled.

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Shellman, Amy. "Empowerment and resilience a multi-method approach to understanding processes and outcomes of adventure education program experiences /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3354905.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 2009.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Feb. 4, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-04, Section: A, page: 1425. Adviser: Alan W. Ewert.
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Harris, Chérie Annette. "Outdoor adventure and physical disability : participants' perceptions of the catalysts of change /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19406.pdf.

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Bennett, Michael. "An exploration of transformational learning in adults as a result of adventure travel experiences." Thesis, Pepperdine University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3556870.

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The purpose of this exploratory qualitative research study was to identify the elements of adventure travel experiences that contribute to the process of transformational learning in adults. A qualitative research design was employed for this study. The sources of data were twelve pre-existing and de-identified interview transcriptions. A textual analysis was performed on the data, using an a priori approach to coding and analysis. An analysis of the data identified seven key themes that were critical for transformational learning in adults: (a) A Call to Adventure; (b) Being Open to Experience; (c) Entering a Zone Unknown; (d) Extra-Ordinary & Challenging Experiences; (e) Meaningful Interactions with Others (f) Re-Connecting to Self; and (g) Taking Action. These themes suggested a process for transformational learning in adults. In addition, (a) the authentic nature of the experience and (b) trip length, were also found to be important factors in transformational learning for these interviewees. These findings also suggest that intentionally designing adventure travel programs around these themes and the emergent transformational learning process has the potential to increase the likelihood of participants experiencing transformational learning through adventure travel.

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Yoshino, Aiko. "Stress and coping in the context of adventure education testing a hypothetical model of perceived psychological growth /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3331351.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 24, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: A, page: 4501. Adviser: Alan Ewert.
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Schreck, Cornelia Margarete. "The provision of recreation services for youth at risk with special reference to AIDS orphans / Cornelia M. Schreck." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4993.

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HIV/AIDS is a growing pandemic -not only in South Africa, but also globally. Worldwide there are currently more than 40 million people living with HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS, 2006:8). The increasing number of HIV-infections also leads to an increase in the number of deaths related to HIV/AIDS. A result of the mortality rate is the increasing number of children who are orphaned. It is projected by Dorrington et al. (2006:25) that, in South Africa, nearly 2.2 million children will be orphaned as a result of AIDS by 2015. The death of a parent, especially due to AIDS, is a very traumatic and stressful event. Exposure to such an event is a main factor leading to risk behaviour (Anon, 2002:2). AIDS is endangering the future of youth in South Africa. Recreation programmes can playa changing role in managing the effects the AIDS pandemic has on AIDS orphans (Brown & Lourie, 2000:86). Recreation programmes can help improve the health of these youths and assist in solving the emotional, social and psychological problems they face. Numerous research findings supported this notion that recreation participation can be beneficial on a personal, social, environmental and economic level (Tesnear, 2004:78; Bloemhoff, 2006:1-11; Meyer, 2007:97; Louw, 2008: 138). The purpose of this study was firstly, to determine the necessity for recreation programmes for AIDS orphans based on the perspectives of the staff working with these youths and those of the youths themselves. Secondly, to determine the benefits associated with recreation participation for AIDS orphans according to the perspectives of the staff working with these youths and the youths themselves. A qualitative research design was used for the collection of the data in this study. Thanda After-School Programme was use as a case study. The participants were recruited purposively to form a non-probability sample. The sample size (n=17) was determined through data saturation. The sample was divided into two groups, staff at Thanda ASP (n=9) and students at Thanda ASP (n=8). Data gathering was done by means of a semi-structure interview with each of the participants as well as analysis of personal documents written by the participants. Data analysis was done by means of the following steps: planning for recording data; data collection and preliminary analysis; organising the data; reading and writing memos; generating categories, themes and patterns; coding the data; testing; and representing. Through the process of data analysis two main categories were identified, namely the necessity for recreation programmes for AIDS orphans and the benefits of recreation programmes for AIDS orphans. The necessity was accentuated by both the staff and the students of Thanda ASP. Both highlighted this through their responses to the question as to why they are involved in Thanda ASP as well as the reason for the students' risk behaviour before their involvement in the programme. Health, emotional, social and psychological improvement were the key themes that emerged with regard to the benefits to ADIS orphans as a result of recreation participation. These benefits were stated by the majority of staff members as well as students at Thanda ASP and it was also echoed in the journals written by the students. The participants, staff and students alike, strongly emphasised the improvement of the youths' future perspectives and improvement of life skills. The results from this study compare positively with what is stated in the literature and with previous research. Based on these results, recreation programmes for AIDS orphans can be regarded as beneficial to and thus essential for the improvement of quality of life.
Thesis (M.A. (Recreation Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Kane, Maurice J., and n/a. "New Zealand�s adventure culture : In Hillary�s steps : a Bourdieusian exploration." University of Otago. Department of Tourism, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090422.141858.

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Historically adventure has been associated with successful, yet, dangerous endeavours that expand the knowledge, wealth, reputation, or safety of society. Previous research would suggest that the practices and stories of adventure have guided and benchmarked societal morals and ideas considered common �truths�. In New Zealand, society�s understandings of adventure are entwined with a mythologised cultural identity based on the egalitarian minded and physically active, outdoor pioneering male. These ideals were complimented and presented as a global representation of New Zealand by Sir Edmund Hillary�s successful climb of Mount Everest in 1953. The purpose of this thesis is to examine New Zealand�s understandings of adventure since 1953. The thesis centres its enquiry on a group of individuals who have obtained social distinction as adventurers, seeking to scrutinize in their adventure practice and narratives, adventure understandings that are legitimised or invalidated. Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu�s theoretical concepts guide the enquiry approach. Bourdieu sought to transcend the false antinomy of sociology that presented dualist perspectives, such as the individual and society, conceptualising all practice in a dynamic matrix of relational social space. The individuals with distinction as adventurers personify the socially recognised and valued features of adventure. Equally, however, an amalgamation of features does not infer a definitive understanding. The substance of understandings, Bourdieu suggests, is in the relational strategies, consistencies, transformations, and knowing misrecognitions that frame the features of a practice in a social space. The research process adopted to examine the adventure understandings was a biographical narrative approach. The contention of this approach being, that in stories of life experience individuals with adventure distinction construct self and social meaning. The published autobiographical adventure narratives, media interviews, and related accounts of 12 New Zealand adventurers provided the initial research material. Additionally, nine of the adventurers took part in research interviews. The interpretation of the research material was framed by three of Bourdieu�s prominent conceptual ideas; the development of �habitus�, the struggle for �capital� in the field of adventre and the legitimacy of �distinction�. This interpretation was facilitated by theories related to adventure and leisure practice, the risks and contexts of adventure, and to individual, subcultural, and social identity. By applying a Bourdieusian lens on the practice and narratives of New Zealand adventurers with distinction, this thesis illuminates new aspects of New Zealand�s cultural understandings of adventure. It revealed a contested and relational struggle to have some practices legitimised as adventure and others devalued as contrived common thrills, or fortuitously survived reckless epics. A practice that typifies the thrill spectrum is �Bungy Jumping�, the contemporary global representation of adventure in New Zealand. In regard of epic practices, topical through the period of adventure interviews was the 2004 motion picture �Touching the Void�. Although this involved English climbers in South America in the 1980s, it has retained global prominence as a modern adventure/survival epic. The interpretation of this contested adventure space details the valued and recognised features that construct New Zealand�s understandings of adventure. The findings also provide an empirical basis for the equally valued misrepresented adventure understandings related to injury, exclusivity, and normalisation of practice. Additionally, the research interpretation indicates the potential for transformation of adventure understandings. Finally, although the study is situated within a specific social and historical context, it contributes to the on-going exchange of meanings about adventure, especially in relation to outdoor practice, in contemporary society.
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Dexel, Levi A. "Qualitative Examination of the Group Development Process Within an Adventure Programming Context." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1244478793.

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Tufts, Kaylilla J. "Role Development and Negotiation Applied to Adventure Programming: A Bona Fide Group Perspective." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1389100804.

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24

Bishoff, John David. "Personality and Performance: An Examination of Relationships Between Personality,Character Traits, and Performance Among Wilderness Field Guides." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3622.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between job performance of wilderness and adventure therapy (WAT) field guides and personality traits. Specifically, this study utilized the NEO-PI-R to assess personality and the Field Guide Performance Evaluation (FGPE) to assess job performance. Job performance was measured by managers, peers, and WAT participants. The sample consisted of 89 personality assessments, gathered from both the U.S. and Canada. Ordinary least squares regression analysis indicated there was a non-significant relationship between field guide job performance and personality. Findings provide implications for WAT practitioners seeking the most qualified field guides possible.
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Mann, Kathleen A., and n/a. "Outdoor leadership preparation in Australia in 2002: a cross-sectional analysis and recommendations." University of Canberra. Education & Community Studies, 2004. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061114.111147.

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This research explores the notion of outdoor leadership preparation in the context of the emerging outdoor profession in Australia. It explores the nature of outdoor leadership from a number of viewpoints and its relationship to the broader context. The research examines relevant literature through issue-based themes relating to an emerging paradigm, leadership, preparation, recognition and professionalisation. These themes are problematised in the context of the emerging outdoor profession. Issues of appropriate preparation pathways and the models of learning characteristic of each pathway are discussed throughout this research. The results of a mapping exercise covering outdoor leadership preparation courses offered throughout Australia in 2002 are used in conjunction with the contextual aspects to generate grounded mini-theories relating to the topic. This study uses a cross-sectional analysis of this data and by using descriptive statistics highlights the dominance of the learning pathways that offer a competencybased framework for learning leadership skills. The results are discussed in relation to both the current context and the literature. The argument that develops throughout the research is for a reconceptualisation of the learning pathways for outdoor leadership preparation in Australia, in light of the emerging professionalisation of the outdoor industry. Recommendations for changes to the currently accepted entry pathways into the emerging profession are discussed, as are the areas for further research.
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Vosler, Matthew S. "Cracking the Creativity Crunch: Understanding Creativity for Outdoor Leaders in Adventure Programming." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1557421932155276.

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27

Richards, Kaye Elizabeth. "A feminist analysis of developing an adventure therapy intervention for the treatment of eating disorders in women." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2008. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5920/.

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The role of outdoor adventure programmes as a recognised approach for the effective treatment of psychological issues has, in recent years, reflected the growing interest in the development of adventure therapy. Although there has been an increased awareness of the possibilities of such a therapeutic approach there is limited practice, and thus very little instruction for how to implement such approaches, especially from a UK perspective. The aim of this study was to develop adventure therapy practice in the UK by specifically developing an intervention for women with eating disorders. Given that this specific approach for working with eating disorders didn't exist at the time of this study, this thesis is based on the principles of action research -a key aspect of the research process was the development of adventure therapy practice itself. Given the gender considerations of working in an outdoor adventure setting and the fact that eating disorders are largely a female phenomenon this study also took a feminist approach to ensure that disordered eating was in fact not reinforced by any adventure therapy approach developed. The thesis itself describes in detail the processes of developing the adventure therapy intervention and the associated experience of the six women who were recruited and took part in the intervention. The dilemmas and decisions made with regard to a number of issues in implementing an adventure therapy approach are examined, for example, facilitating therapeutic processes in an outdoor setting, identifying issues related to eating disorders that might arise in an outdoor adventure context, and examining feminist principles in action (e. g. reflexivity). As well as the six women's experiences of the different aspects of the adventure therapy intervention, the overall impact of the intervention for each woman is also examined. Data collected from a range of tools completed by the women, including personal information sheets, the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), personal journals, individual interviews and a final focus group indicate changes in most, but not all of the women. The results suggests that for the women with less chronic eating disorder symptoms positive change across a range of clinical symptoms were evident, including reduced troubled eating behaviours, improved body image, and motivation for change, albeit to different degrees for each woman. And for the one woman with the most chronic symptoms, although the intervention was a positive experience there was no evidence to suggest the intervention had any sustained impact. Although, the results from this study are not representative of a large clinical population of women, there is an indication that the intervention did initiate therapeutic change for some of the women and thus suggests that adventure therapy has the potential to be an effective therapeutic treatment for eating disorders and is, therefore, worthy of further investigation. Inevitably, in continuing to develop work in this area many questions and issues are raised as result of the action research process and the thesis concludes with a consideration of some of the needs of developing future adventure therapy research and practice in the UK.
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Gabriel, Jerome. "Situational Leadership Awareness Development In Student Outdoor Leaders Through Training Versus Experience." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1428935781.

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Bartoletti, Carolina Teixeira. "Uso público recreativo em unidades de conservação: corridas de aventura." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-15082016-132904/.

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Corridas de Aventura são um multiesporte de resistência aeróbia e resistência de força de alta demanda física que combinam diferentes modalidades esportivas em competições que podem durar de horas a dias, caracterizando expedições. As Unidades de Conservação abertas ao uso público, como é o caso de Parques Nacionais e Estaduais, são comumente cenários para esse tipo de atividade esportiva, além de outras. O grande fluxo de visitantes (praticantes e espectadores dos eventos) em áreas naturais e consequente aumento da pressão antrópica desporto-recreativa sobre os ecossistemas provocam preocupação com os impactos negativos que podem ser gerados por estes eventos em ambientes naturais. Apesar do destaque dado aos impactos positivos como a geração de renda local e aproximação do homem com a natureza, é sabido que atividades desporto-recreativas têm potencial para afetar negativamente o solo, a vegetação, a fauna e os recursos hídricos. Particularmente no caso das Corridas de Aventura, a longa extensão dos eventos em tempo e distância somada ao grande número de competidores exige avaliação e discussão para que medidas preventivas e compensatórias destes impactos sejam incluídas no planejamento dos eventos possibilitando assim o que a conservação de áreas naturais propõe: uso consciente e contínuo. Neste trabalho foram analisados regulamentos de eventos de Corrida de Aventura ocorridos no Brasil, e aplicados questionários a organizadores e atletas participantes destes eventos procurando estabelecer se existem o conhecimento e a preocupação com relação aos potenciais impactos sugeridos na bibliografia fundamental da Ecologia da Recreação. Gestores de unidades de conservação federais abertas ao uso público foram também questionados sobre os impactos positivos e negativos da realização de eventos de Corrida de Aventura em áreas naturais protegidas. A partir das informações obtidas o objetivo foi auxiliar o estabelecimento de medidas de planejamento e manejo para melhor acomodar tais manifestações esportivas considerando as realidades da demanda do uso público recreativo e dos objetivos de conservação das unidades de conservação brasileiras.
Adventure Races are an endurance multisport composed of several physical activities. Races may endure hours or days, featuring outdoor expeditions. Protected areas opened to the general public, such as National and State Parks, are often settings for Adventure Races. Thus, the increasing flow of visitors (athletes and spectators) in protected areas and the stress they may impose on ecosystems due to recreational activities raise concerns that despite the positive effects on local micro economy brought by recreational use in protected areas, such use might also bring negative effects. Specifically in the case of Adventure Races the long extension in time and space of the events added to increasing popularity among participants and spectators demands evaluations regarding ecosystem impacts and management so that recreational use in this particular form might continue in a sustainable manner. This research aimed to analyse Adventure Races\' rules as well as to interview races\' organizers and participants in search of trends in Adventure Races\' organization in Brazil. It also sought whether or not, and to which extent these organizers and adventure sports\' consumers took into consideration environmental issues and not only logistical and financial factors when choosing the location, date and rules for a race. Finally, national park managers were also questioned about their professional perceptions towards the positive and negative impacts that Adventure Races had in their work areas. Based on the information gathered from the tree stakeholders the final goal was to aid the establishment of proper management actions focused on developing Adventure Races so that they will better meet the demands in public use and the objectives of conservation in protected areas.
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Rancie, Elisa M. "An Exploratory Study on the Impact of Applied Ancestry on At-Risk Youth in a Wilderness Therapy Program Setting." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1079.pdf.

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31

Warner, Robert P. "Understanding Outward Bound Instructors’ Inclusive Praxis: Practices and Influential Factors." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou152434502743163.

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32

Bosch, Ronel. "The perceptions of adolescents of an adventure-based education programme." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/591.

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33

Ortega, Painequeo Pablo. "The recreation of community in Dylan Thomas's impressions of modern city : Adventures in the skin trade, and "Gaspar, Melchior, Balthazar"." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2013. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/115668.

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34

McAnirlin, Olivia E. "Navigating Trailheads: Capturing the Stories of Women Adventurers." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1563886589657888.

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Roth, Adam Harold. "A Gestalt Oriented Phenomenological and Participatory Study of the Transformative Process of Adolescent Participants Following Wilderness Centered Rites of Passage." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1273163917.

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36

Nicholls, Valerie E. "Busy doing nothing researching the phenomenon of "quiet time" in a challenge-based wilderness therapy program /." Access electronically, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/132.

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37

James, William R. "Built adventure recreation environments users, uses, and the adventure recreation model /." 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03032009-205738/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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38

Bishop, Catharine F. "Group development and activity sequencing in adventure programming a facilitator's experience as an outdoor adventure leader /." 2004. http://www.oregonpdf.org.

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Thesis (M. Ed.)--Bowling Green State University, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-78). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.
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39

Blocki, Greg. "Accessing adventure: designing accessible outcome measures for outdoor adventure programs." Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/38183.

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INTRODUCTION: Despite the benefits of outdoor pursuits, people with disabilities engage in recreation less frequently and with less variety when compared to able-bodied peers. Waypoint Adventure, a non-profit organization, facilitates outdoor adventure programs for adults and youth with a range of disabilities. The organization is revising its program evaluation process to document outcomes that are meaningful to participants and communicate the benefits of programs to funders and other stakeholders. OBJECTIVE: Utilize principles of Universal Design for Learning and activity analysis to create and implement a program evaluation process that is accessible and feasible for use by an adaptive recreation organization. ACTIVITIES: A needs assessment was conducted to identify outcomes, stakeholders, and current program evaluation processes. Drawing upon evidence regarding cognitive accessibility design features, an accessible survey was created to measure participant outcomes. Data from cognitive interviews was used to revise the survey to address accessibility and increase response rates. Additional products include a Program Evaluation Manual, Program Evaluation Kit, and two surveys to elicit perspectives from parents and teachers. OUTCOMES: The new program evaluation process was pilot tested over a one-month period. During 18 outdoor programs, 79 survey responses were collected, representing 61% of all participants. Staff satisfaction with the program evaluation process improved in all dimensions measured. CONCLUSION: Integrating principles of Universal Design for Learning and activity analysis was an effective approach to improve the accessibility and efficacy of program evaluation for an adaptive recreation organization.
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40

Bentley, Andrew Garth. "Motives for participation in college based outdoor adventure programs." 2003. http://www.oregonpdf.org.

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41

Chang, Hsiao-Ming, and 張孝銘. "A Study of Mountain Hiking Adventure Recreation Behavior Model." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63459041934385462794.

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博士
國立體育學院
體育研究所
94
A Study of Mountain Hiking Adventure Recreation Behavior Model Abstract Previous researches of adventure recreation behavior have been concerned with the variables of relationships, differences, environmentally attribution preferences, or the differences of demographic variables of adventure recreation. It is important to understand the causal relationships and interrelationships among adventure recreation behavior variables and to construct models to guide theoretical researches and leisure service deliveries. The purpose of this study is aimed to analyze the hikers, participations about adventure recreation in mountain hiking. And this study to constructs a new adventure recreation behavior model based on Robinson（1992b） adventure recreation model. The study includes some variables, such as the adventure recreation participative motivation, risk cognition and decision making, adventure experience, flow experience, consequent estimation, and perceived positive influences after finishing the activity. The Adventure recreation behavior scale was used to measure the hikers, behaviors. The questionnaires were given to hikers in Yundree Mountain at the Taichung County, and non-random sampling method is used. 649 effective questionnaires were collected. Statistics method includes t-test, One-way MANOVA , Two-way MANOVA, and LISREL（Linear Structural relationships）are used to test hypotheses in this study. After testing, nine results are shown: 1. Most hikers perceive “discovery” and “peak adventure” in mountain hiking. 2. There are influences in mountain hiking adventure recreation participative motivation, risk cognition and decision making, flow experience and consequent estimation by different hikers, sex, marriages, age, and education degree. 3. However, there is not a influence in perceived positive influences by difference demographic after finishing the activity. Especially, different monthly income is not a influence of participation behavior in mountain hiking adventure recreation. 4. There is a not significance difference on participative motivation in different frequency of mountain hiking; however there is a significance difference in risk cognition and decision making. 5. There is a interaction influence on flow experience, consequent estimation, and perceived positive influences after finishing the activity in difference frequency of mountain hiking and adventure experiences. 6. There is a direct positive effect on risk cognition and decision making for hiking in the hikers, participative motivation. Moreover, there is also a direct positive effect on flow experience and perceived positive influences after finishing the activity. 7. There is a direct positive effect on flow experience on hikers, risk cognition and decision making for hiking. However, there is no direct positive effect on consequent estimation. 8. There is a direct positive effect on consequent estimation in hikers, flow experience during hiking. 9. There is a positive effect on perceived positive influences after finishing the activity in hikers, consequent estimation. Propositions based on the theory of risk recreation enduring involvement model（Robinson, 1992b）were supported by the adventure recreation behavior model. Based on these findings, the study not only gives some suggestions for adventure or program managers, but also supports research orientation for future researchers.
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Hung, Huang Chia, and 洪煌佳. "A study of leisure benefits of adventure-based recreation programs." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18996511717131130397.

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碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
運動休閒與管理研究所
90
The purpose of this study is to investigate leisure benefits of summer camp participants in adventure-based recreation programs. The pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with treatment and comparison groups was utilized. The subjects for the study were drawn from the Fu-Di camp held by King-Car education foundation and divided into three groups: the experimental group, the control group A, and the control group B, with 67, 76, and 82 samples respectively. The research instruments used questionnaire comprise the scale of sensation seeking motive and the scale of leisure benefits. Collected data have been analyzed through One-Way ANOCVA and paired-t test. The research results are concludes as follows: 1.Adventure-based recreation programs can promote participants perception of leisure benefits. 2.Participants in adventure-based recreation programs received the highest leisure benefits effect. 3.The leisure benefits show no significant difference among participants who have different gender. 4.The leisure benefits show significant difference among participants who study in different grade. 5.The leisure benefits show no significant difference among participants who live in and not live in Taipei. 6.The leisure benefits show no significant difference among participants who have different sensation seeking motive.
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Capps, Katherine Breckheimer. "Factors related to the occurrence of incidents in adventure recreation programs." 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05102007-143821/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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Ying-Hui, Chen, and 陳穎暉. "A study of the Motivation and Leisure Satisfaction for Adventure Recreation." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6tjwhe.

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碩士
國立臺東大學
進修部暑期體育碩士班
97
The purpose of the study was to investigate the motivation and leisure satisfaction of the 4WD Off-Road participants who were 4WD clubbers and participation travel agency travelling schedule member. Questionnaires were designed to understand the characteristics of the 4WD Off-Road participants and their motivation and leisure satisfaction. There were 356 effective questionnaires collected by adopting the purposes sampling. All the collected materials were analyzed by descriptive statistics analysis, t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson product-moment correlation analysis. The findings of the study were suggested as the followings: 1. Most of the 4WD Off-Road participants are males,30-39 years old ,college-educated, service industry, married and had children, NT$20,000~40,000 per month, and in north Taiwan. 2. There were significant differences in motivation between 4WD Off-Road participants of different occupations. 3. There were also significant differences in leisure satisfaction between 4WD Off-Road participants of different ages, occupations, income per month, and habitation area in Taiwan. 4. There were positive correlation factors reaching significant level between motivation and leisure satisfaction of 4WD Off-Road participants.
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Cheng, Di-Yang, and 陳帝仰. "A Study of the River Tracing Adventure Recreation and Involvement Model." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33577921986399608757.

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碩士
大葉大學
運動事業管理學系
97
This study aimed to discuss the involvement model of the participants of river tracing adventure recreations. Taiwan has made a great progress regarding this activity; however, there is still lacking of relevant researches, data and works. Most of the previous researches focused on the similarities and differences between each variable, as well as the differences between the demographic statistic variable and participation be-haviors, while the number of theory models explaining adventure recreation behaviors under different circumstances is still small. Hence, the main contribution of this re-search is to construct and validate an enduring involvement model of adventuresome recreational river tracing. This study is based on Hsiao-Ming Chang (2006) adventure recreational model, and analyzes the participation behaviors of river tracing adventure recreation participants based on the current domestic river tracing adventure recreation samples. Furthermore, it constructed and verified the river tracing adventure recreation involvement model. The findings are as follows: 1. The motivation of river tracing adventure recreation participants has a positive influ-ence on the risk awareness and decisions of river tracing adventure recreation par-ticipants. 2. The motivation of river tracing adventure recreation participants has a positive influ-ence on the experience results of this activity. 3. The risk awareness and decisions of river tracing adventure recreation participants have a positive influence on the experience results of this activity. 4. The experience results of this activity and its influences have a positive influence on participants’ involvements.
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46

France, Thaddeus J. "A case study of adventure education: An ecological analysis." 2006. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3216948.

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Historically, the dominant approach to instruction has been for teachers to break down information and present singular facts and behaviors to receptive students. An instructional environment where the teacher disseminates information portrays the learner as a passive agent in the learning process. Conversely, educational researchers have described a complex ecology when teachers, students and tasks interact to complete academic work (Doyle, 1977, 1983). While much attention has been directed at how teachers and students interact as the learning ecology evolves, less attention has been dedicated to the examination of the interaction between learning tasks or experiences and students (content-embedded accountability) in the evolution of this complex ecology (a program of action). The purpose of this qualitative case study was twofold. First, was to examine the learning ecology created throughout an adventure education unit in the physical education curriculum. Second, was to examine the role of content-embedded accountability in the developing program of action. Participants included Ivana, a 23 year veteran physical education teacher and her physical education class (N=19). Data were collected throughout an adventure education unit (N=8 classes) using qualitative research techniques (e.g. field notes, formal interviews, informal conversations). Data were inductively coded through a method of constant comparison. Multiple processes of open and axial coding were completed to develop major themes and supporting categories. Overall, the strong program of action (PoA) was co-created by Ivana and her students. Structures within the adventure education model provided a framework that allowed the teacher to align content, instruction and assessment and students to focus on their learning to be civil and self-directed. Ivana was influenced by structures in the adventure education (AE) model to (a) bridge the global school initiative for teaching civility with student learning, (b) select activities based on student engagement with relevant content, (c) implement instructional methods that included students' social participation and (d) align assessment with the content and her instructional methods. A significant feature in this ecology was the role of content-embedded accountability, which helped to shape the PoA. Ivana's role as a facilitator and structures in the adventure model for learning tasks held students accountable for their self-directed engagement with the content espoused in the AE model. The structure of content embedded in learning tasks eventually defined how Ivana facilitated student learning. Instructional models such as AE can assist teachers to define content, align instructional methods and create learning tasks that initiate a system of accountability. Future researchers could benefit from considering the connection between a teacher seen as a "technical virtuoso" and the instructional model from which they operate.
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Jen, Lin Yuan, and 林芫任. "A Study of Enduring Involvement Model: Base on Mountain Hiking Adventure Recreation." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13677659289250557373.

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碩士
大葉大學
運動事業管理學系碩士在職專班
96
Due to the rapid development of foreign and domestic adventure recreation ac-tivities, several overseas scholars have tried to construct adventure recreation model. Most of the scholars still focus on the correlation and difference among the variables and the difference of demographic statistics in participation behavior and they rarely validate adventure recreation model by cause-and-effect model or develop the theo-retical model with explanatory capacity on adventure recreation behavior. Thus, it is important to construct and validate adventure recreation participation behavior model for adventure recreation researchers, adventure recreation theory introducers, activity planners and promoters and adventure recreation participants. The main contribution of this research is to construct and validate enduring involvement model of mountain hiking adventure recreation. This research is based on Robinson’s (1992b) adventure recreation model and follows enduring involvement degree suggested by McIntyre (1989) and Schuett(1993), and the researcher extends the above model and designs the research variables, including participation motive, risk cognition, decision-making, experience, assessment of participation result, positive influence of feeling after par-ticipation and enduring involvement to explore enduring involvement model of mountain hiking adventure recreation. This research used questionnaire to survey the mountain hikers of Yuanze Mt., Hoping Township, Taichung County by convenient sampling on the mountaintop. There were 213 valid questionnaires returned. The data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0 for Window and AMOS 5.0 for Windows. The result demonstrates that “participation motives” will positively influence “risk cognition and decision-making”; “risk cogni-tion and decision-making” will positively influence “the experience”; “the experience” will positively influence “positive affect”; “positive affect” will positively influence “enduring involvement”. This model can elaborate and describe the mountain hikers’ enduring involvement model of adventure recreation.
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Lin, Nan-Wei, and 林男洧. "A Study on the Professional Competence Construction of the Instructors in Adventure Recreation." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34549851430365245195.

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碩士
國立體育學院
休閒產業經營學系碩士班
94
With the diversity of travelers’ demand and the advantage of the congenital geographical environment and climate, adventure recreation in Taiwan becomes more and more attractive to commonalty. In order to improve recreationists’ satisfaction and pleasure, and help them enhance their basic skills and reduce the risk of danger, the instructors in adventure recreation are significantly necessary. When having professional knowledge, professional skills and personality traits, one will have higher attitude of adventure recreation. It can ensure the safety of recreationists and further increase participation. Therefore, the instructors’ competences in adventure recreation are significantly necessary. 　　This study adopted the “Job Competence Assessment Method” (JCA). Firstly, interviewing with three experts from the fields of mountain climbing, rock climbing and stream tracing respectively, to assure the criteria of outstanding incumbent instructors . And then the “Behavioral Event Interview” (BEI) were applied with 11 outstanding incumbent instructors in above three adventure recreation activities, and as the references of the competency dictionary for professional instructors. The results are as following: 1. The references of the competency dictionary for professional instructors are achievement orientation, initiative, information seeking, interpersonal understanding, customer service orientation, impact and influence, organizational awareness, relationship building, developing others, directive ness, teamwork and cooperation, team leadership, analytical thinking, expertise, self-control, self-confidence and flexibility. There are seventeen dimensions totally. 2. The approaches for adventure recreation instructors to develop their competences are to take part in activities held by professional institute and to study on their own. 3. The constraints for adventure recreation instructors to develop their competences are time, family, money and income, and lack professional training institutes, organizations or schools.
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Chu, Li-Hsien, and 朱笠瑄. "The Research of the Adventure Recreation on Rock Climbing at the Northeastern Coast." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/xgt4y6.

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Abstract:
碩士
朝陽科技大學
休閒事業管理系碩士班
91
In this study, level of the enduring involvement (Schuett, 1991；McIntyre, 1992) of rock climbing participants was used to test the Adventure Model (Ewert and Hollenhorst, 1989). The purpose of this study to explore (1) the underlying factors personal rock climbing involvement and (2) the relationship among rock climbing involvement and the individual attribute, the activity/setting attribute. The method used to conduct this study was by the mean of using questionnaires submitted by the rock-climbing participants that visited the Lone Dome, a total of 269 questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire is included sociodemographic, skill level, experience, frequency of participation, the motivations for rock climbing, social orientation, level of the enduring involvement of the participant in rock climbing, perception of risk, environmental preference, and louse of control. The finding of this study showed that as enduring involvement increased, skill level/experience/frequency of participation increased, the louse of control shifted from external to internal, physical/functional risk increased, financial/satisfaction/psychological/time risk decreased, go rock climbing with teacher/mentor/people in classes less frequency than with peers of similar interest, the challenge/take a risk (intrinsic motivations) more strongly than the physical setting (external motivations), prefers more natural and challenge environment than human development environment. These characteristics and behaviors are then matched with certain recreation setting attributes that managers can manipulate in order to create high quality opportunities for the users.
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50

Chau-An, Pan, and 潘秋安. "The Study of Adventure-based Recreation Activities on Adolescent Consoling of Social Adapted Behavior." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55717261794473577691.

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Abstract:
碩士
國立台灣體育學院
休閒運動管理研究所
95
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of proper planning activities of Adventure based recreation activities on adolescents with maladapted behavior. The ways of the research were interview, observation in participation and the Questionnaire of Adolescent Social Behavior Scale. The subject of the study was the 6 fresh students in junior high school. The duration of the experiment was 8 weeks. It got the data by Questionnaire of Adolescent Social Behavior, the record of activity processing, observation and interview with subject. It used the scrutators’ triangulation to analyze. The findings of the study were as follow： 1.Growth of the member The members could make used of the experience on reality life and reduce social maladapted behavior. They could build good relationship with companion and decrease anxious and worried performance. They turned shrink to positive and enhance their self-efficiency. Besides, they had positive attitude to life and reduce attack and impetuous behavior. Show their support to others and increase interaction, respect and reciprocal with others. Last, they could perform adapted behavior gradually by courage and demonstration of leader. 2.Effect of Adventure based recreation activities （1）After the experiment, members showed the difference on their social adapted behavior. It revealed that Adventure based recreation activities did have immediately counseling effect for the adolescents who were not adapted to society. （2）After the experiment, though the effect on adolescents’ maladapted behavior was not significantly, the means increased. It showed that the Adventure based recreation activities had positive effect for the adolescents with maladapted behavior.
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