Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Adventure travel'

Adventure tourism involves travel and leisure activities pursued with the expectation that they will produce a rewarding, adventurous experience. Adventure tourism can be defined as travel to a destination to participate in adventurous activities in a natural environment. Two categories of adventure are distinguished, namely soft and hard adventure. Soft adventure includes activities such as bird–watching, hiking, camping and horseback riding, and it requires relatively little physical skill and little or no experience. Hard adventure includes activities such as rock climbing, mountaineering, survival games and caving. Hard adventure has high levels of risk and participants are more likely to engage in physically and mentally challenging outdoor activities. Magoebaskloof Adventures is one of many adventure destinations in South Africa where adventure tourists can participate in adventure activities. It is of great value for Magoebaskloof Adventures to ensure that the needs and expectations of adventure tourists are fulfilled. One way to ensure that these needs are met, is to determine what motivates adventure tourists to travel and participate in adventure activities. Knowledge of these motives will assist adventure tourism products to stay competitive and to develop relevant products. A number of researchers have found that certain travel motives can explain the existence of certain adventure tourism products. Motive can also influence or determine the behaviour of adventure tourists visiting different adventure products or destinations. Past research into adventure motives identified important motives such as escape, challenge, fun, social interaction and experience. As little research has been conducted on travel motives for adventure tourism in South Africa, the aim of this research was to determine the travel motives of adventure tourists to Magoebaskloof Adventures. iv A literature study provided the background for the empirical study. A quantitative research approach was followed, with a non–probability sampling method, namely convenience sampling. The research was conducted at Magoebaskloof Adventures for a period of nine months (March 2010 to December 2010). A total of 400 usable questionnaires were received back. The results of the study involved two sections: firstly the profile of the typical adventure tourist was determined; and secondly the travel motives of adventure tourists were determined. The profile indicated that adventure tourists are on average 33 years old, male and English–speaking. They are married, hold a diploma or degree and travel in groups of 1–5. The typical adventure tourist travels 1–3 times a year, drives a sedan vehicle and prefers self–catering accommodation. The factor analysis identified the following seven travel motives for adventure tourists: Factor 1 ? Prestige and status(an increased sense of personal growth, acquiring new skills, the feeling of success after completing the activity, overcoming fear, and interacting with people and/or the environment); Factor 2 ?Group togetherness(participation in a recreational opportunity, family recreation, spending time with someone special, experiencing fun and excitement, and spending time with friends); Factor 3 ?Knowledge seeking(learning about adventure, sharing in the challenge, and educating oneself); Factor 4 ?Escape and relaxation(exploring a new destination, getting away from routine, and relaxing); Factor 5?Photography and attraction(an opportunity to practice photography, continuing a habit of adventure that already started in childhood, and the desire to feel part of an adventure); Factor 6 ? Enhancing relations (participating because friends arranged the activity, participating in order to tell friends about the experience, and participating because the participant has the necessary experience to perform the activity); and Factor 7 ? Novelty(performing the activity before the participant is too old, enjoying the journey with family and friends, and doing ‘something different’). Escape and relaxation was the factor with the highest mean value, and this correlates with other adventure travel motive research as well as research regarding tourists’ motives for visiting nature–based attractions. An analysis of travel motives in v general indicates that Escape and relaxation is commonly an important travel motive. Magoebaskloof Adventure focuses more on soft adventure, and the travel motives of participants in this research will therefore differ from those of consumers of hard adventure products. The latter are motivated by aspects such as thrill, challenge, fear, terror, risk, daring, adrenaline, journey, expedition, excitement and success, to name a few. Group togetherness was also identified as a strong motivating factor, and existing nature–based research confirms this as an important motive to travel. In conclusion, this study found that there are differences between the travel motives of tourists to Magoebaskloof Adventures ? which provides soft adventure tourism products ? and the travel motives of tourists who pursue hard adventure activities. The results of this research can assist Magoebaskloof Adventures in the development of feature adventure tourism products and focused marketing material.
Thesis (MA (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

This study examines the translation of an adventure travel guide from English to Swedish, focusing on the translation of conventional metaphors, original metaphors, metonymy and similes, with special attention to conceptual metaphors. The results show that most of the metaphors are reproduced in the target text, along with most of the metonymic segments and all similes. The findings suggest that the relatively high rate of metaphors and metonymy reproduced is due to a high degree of shared metaphorical concepts in source and target culture, whereas the decrease likely is due to an asymmetry in the preference of usage and degree of elaboration for these metaphors. The qualitative analysis shows that many conceptual metaphors fulfilled important functions in the source text, which confirms previous research that preserving the conceptual metaphors as much as possible in the translation process is essential in order to preserve all the functions of the source text. Analysis of metonymy and the personification of cities shows how the metonymic concept place for person is related to the central theme of personification and that this concept is likewise used to fulfill an important purpose of the source text, showing that metonymy is equally important to preserve in the translation process. The results of this study suggest that the choice of translation strategy in some cases is less dependent on category and more dependent on to what extent the cultural concepts that the metaphor/simile/metonymy is based on is similar/different, more/less elaborate or more/less preferred in source and target culture.

How can reductionism lead to a greater experience and add to the appeal of a product? The Land Rover BackPacker is a minimalistic travel vehicle that questions the space and the complexity needed in a vehicle while exploring the world 4x4 inspired by the necessity of reduction in today's consumerist world to fight climate change and the freedom of travelling light. Its open design creates an interactive space with it's surroundings for 2 people which is created in a multifunctional approach to be more then a car but a space to hang out and a place to sleep in the wild. The project is highly inspired by the global adventures of the very first Land Rover Series 01 and it’s modular and highly functional design.  To reinterpret this spirit and to bring it into a future context was the main goal besides combining it with the approach and philosophy of modern minimalists and the efficiency of tiny house lifestyles. Living in a compressed space, how this affects the interaction with nature and what reduction adds to the user in the travel context are key points. Finding the right balance between the amount of space and comfort needed on a trip and the openness and simplicity of the vehicle to guarantee and unfiltered experience was a major challenge.After understanding the future context of the vehicle, the design process started with exploring different packages of the car and prototyping different ways to create a space in nature in the most minimal way using Virtual Reality and quick 2D doodles.  This led to optimising the proportions and the chosen theme of the design in developed 2D renderings and early CAS models.  The final design concept was developed in 3D software to translate the digital data into a physical scale model in the end.All in all the Land Rover BackPacker is a reductive travel vehicle concept targeting the future needs of more sustainable and more flexible experiences. It’s designed to be part of an on-demand car sharing service which is setup globally to reach people of different regions, different cultures and different backgrounds. It provides a space for two people to move freely, to hang out and to sleep in nature. To make travelling a no-brainer, the vehicle service includes modular equipment kits which provide the things needed during different trips in nature.  The user can choose from e.g. weather protection, cooking equipment, a water tank or a solar sun sail, depending on where the next journey starts.

The purpose of this exploratory qualitative research study was to identify the elements of adventure travel experiences that contribute to the process of transformational learning in adults. A qualitative research design was employed for this study. The sources of data were twelve pre-existing and de-identified interview transcriptions. A textual analysis was performed on the data, using an a priori approach to coding and analysis. An analysis of the data identified seven key themes that were critical for transformational learning in adults: (a) A Call to Adventure; (b) Being Open to Experience; (c) Entering a Zone Unknown; (d) Extra-Ordinary & Challenging Experiences; (e) Meaningful Interactions with Others (f) Re-Connecting to Self; and (g) Taking Action. These themes suggested a process for transformational learning in adults. In addition, (a) the authentic nature of the experience and (b) trip length, were also found to be important factors in transformational learning for these interviewees. These findings also suggest that intentionally designing adventure travel programs around these themes and the emergent transformational learning process has the potential to increase the likelihood of participants experiencing transformational learning through adventure travel.

Tourists are now visiting some of the most remote and amazing places on Earth, travelling to �frontiers� on journeys that are psychological and emotional as well as geographical or physical. These extraordinary journeys to the Poles, the peaks of the highest mountains in the world, harsh deserts and even outer space test both physical and mental endurance and can be characterised as �unique� even in the current era. Travelling largely without the aid of a commercial tour operator or guide, the frontier traveller usually invests a great deal of time and resources in their travel experience, often with the assistance of sponsorship, and generally takes part in an extensive and arduous preparation period in their quest for the extraordinary. While the search for new and unique tourism destinations and experiences appears to be relentless in this post-modern era, the frontier traveller appears to be searching for the �authentic� beyond the �tourist bubble,� both in relation to self and setting. These frontier �trailblazers� are already being followed by guided adventure tourists and some of the former are supplementing their incomes and funding their own travel by leading tours or guiding others to the frontier. Studying the extraordinary experiences of the frontier traveller could therefore provide us with a glimpse of the future of travel, although likely to occur in a more structured and less risky guise. Uncovering the motivations for this form of travel will also assist with future marketing of these experiences, including elements of the marketing mix such as product development and promotion. This thesis examines the motivations behind frontier travel and considers the implications of the findings for tourism marketing. Unstructured, long interviews with 37 individuals were used to uncover the motivations behind these experiences, supplemented by content analysis of narratives produced by frontier travellers, encompassing 50 autobiographies, two online diaries and online interviews with two individuals. The interview participants were largely selected through purposive sampling, in that they were screened as fitting the criteria of a past or potential frontier traveller before being interviewed. They were predominantly born and living in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, and 29 of the 37 individuals were male. Ages of participants ranged from 24 to 60 years of age. Interviews continued until saturation of categories of motivation had been reached. Texts were mainly located through searches of bookshops and libraries, including the author�s personal library. A qualitative methodological approach was chosen in order to provide rich data and allow the researcher to enter the world of the frontier traveller. An interpretive paradigm based on a constructivist paradigm underpinned this study, with an ontological stance based on multiple realities and an epistemological position where participants and myself as the researcher created understandings. The methodology outlined above was consistent with this position and was designed to identify different constructions of the data and seek consensus, where possible. The literature on motivations provides a complex plethora of theories and models, many of which contradict each other, so a principal objective of this study was to work from first principles, grounding a theory of motivations pertaining to frontier travel experiences in the data, rather than seeking to test out a pre-existing model or theory. Overall, the research findings show that motivations for frontier travel can be analysed under the broad heading of �adventure,� which is composed of a variety of sub-motives such as achievement and competence, challenge, thrill-seeking and sensation, ego, dreams or fantasies, self-actualisation, cognizance (exploration/discovery), freedom/escape motives (autonomy), isolation and solitude, spirituality, camaraderie and communitas, authenticity, prestige (external rewards), pro-social motives and a love of nature and wilderness. Risk or danger is an element of these experiences and feeds into many of the motivations identified in this study. A theory of motivations behind frontier travel experiences has been developed, covering intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, as well as achievement-motivated behaviour. Pre-travel influences and inspirations such as literature, cinema, visual stimuli, childhood games, heroes and mentors, family influences and educative influences are also considered with respect to their effect on motivational behaviour. An exploratory typology was then developed for frontier travellers, based on common motivations, which might be used to segment the market. Four basic types have been identified and labelled or categorised as �Seekers of Truth,� �Enlightened Explorers,� �Concerned Elitists,� and �Freedom Seekers.� Key motivations behind specific frontier travel experiences have also been identified. Each frontier traveller will exhibit some, but not all, of the motivations highlighted in this study. Segmenting the market on the basis of motivations may therefore be a difficult, if not impossible task. However, marketers could use the information unearthed during this study in the marketing mix to develop new products aimed at satisfying some of the key motivations and use the findings as themes to be highlighted in promotional literature such as brochures and websites. This thesis also argues that the study of travel motivations in the future would be better served by considering motivations behind market niches such as frontier travel, rather than attempting to develop a comprehensive theory of motivations covering the whole travel industry.

A short story collection that explores themes of culture, history, race, movement, stagnancy, and freedom. All stories are connected by elements of water, swimming, rivers, or wetlands. All contain characters seeking to escape their circumstances, with varying degrees of success. For some characters, the arc of their development lays in their movement; for others, it lays in their learning to live with a lack of movement.

Abstract

Date: 2008-09-29

Course: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration, EFO703

Authors: Andrey Makoveychuk; Konlaan Leedip Boinkum.

Supervisor: Leif Sanner

Title: How can the Russian Far South-East improve itself in order to attract moreinternational adventure tourists?

Problem: The region is very attractive for adventure tourism due to its unique nature sightsand wildlife. However, there are several problematical areas both when it comes to regionseconomy and marketing of its tourist sights abroad.

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to outline why international adventure tourists decidenot to choose the Far South-East as their travel destination and to suggest possible ways ofdeveloping the region and its marketing in order to make this place more attractive forinternational adventure seekers. Given suggestions can later be used in development of a newregional marketing strategy.

Method: Way of managing content in this thesis consists of two main and two supportingprocesses, which follow the main ones. Information collection in the two main processes leadsto analysis and then further to the recommendation part. Data sources used are of two types:primary and secondary data. Both qualitative and quantitative types of data are being used.

Conclusion: After have been studying current problems with attracting potential tourists tothe region and evaluating existing possibilities for adventure tourism in the Far South-East,authors have come to a conclusion. This would be that modern marketing strategy forexpansion of international adventure tourism has to be created by travel agencies of the regionas well as some suggested practical improvements have to be done in order to make foreignadventure seeking individuals feel more convenient and comfortable.

This thesis was made with "executive speed" level.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka förståelsen för problematiken kring marknadsföring av upplevelser. Detta genom att undersöka hur turismupplevelser av äventyrligt inslag marknadsförs av reseföretag och ta reda på vad det är för känslor man vill förmedla. I den teoretiska referensramen har vi tagit upp tidigare forskning som ska ge en djupare förståelse kring de två undersökningsområden, upplevelser och marknadsföring, som omfattar denna uppsats. Studien är en komparativ flerfallsstudie där vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys samt en retorisk analys i analyserandet av vårt material. Det undersökta materialet består av marknadsföringstexter från reseföretags kataloger. Slutsatserna vi har kunnat fastställa är att samtliga företag berör de fem kriterier som berikar en upplevelse, men att de hade kunnat förtydligas. Vidare kan de strategier som används för att konkretisera tjänster på samma sätt användas på upplevelser. Slutligen kom vi även fram till att de retoriska reglerna till stor del har tillämpats i företagens marknadsföringstexter.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:58:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Miyuki Iwai.pdf: 530529 bytes, checksum: 3711914198b6c937427b6a9bc5057983 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-21
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This monograph intends to investigate the genre adventure novel of the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, and the ways in which this genre builds the images of the Other. Considering that this Historical moment corresponds to the period of expansion of the European colonial empires, and of organization of the working class and feminist movements, the intension of this study is to make a reflection about the representations of workers, women, colonized peoples, and Nature in the adventure novels, as well as to think about the images of the Self, or of the heroes in these books men, Europeans, bourgeois, and colonizers. Starting with the analysis of the novel The Lost World, written in 1912 by Arthur Conan Doyle, we firstly studied the themes of the discovery of a new land, its exploitations, and the relations between the heroes and the inhabitants of this land. Secondly, we analyzed the weapons used by the heroes to conquer this land: Science, War, and Word. In a third moment, we made reflections about the images of the Feminine in the novel: the feminine identity of the land, the absence or the vilanization of the feminine characters, and the production and consumption of the adventure novel (which is usually described as a masculine genre) as the rejection of a so-called Feminine Literature. Finally, we studied the protagonists of the novel, or the virile heroes, and the world that they intend to build. Thus, from the analysis of The Lost World, which we regard as a model adventure novel, we made comparisons with other novels in the same genre, so that we could establish themes, rules, and conventions which can characterize the genre adventure novel
Esta dissertação se propõe a investigar o gênero romance de aventura do fim do século XIX e início do século XX, e as maneiras como esse gênero constrói as imagens do Outro. Considerando-se que a fase de sua produção corresponde ao período de expansão dos impérios coloniais e de organização dos movimentos operários e feministas europeus, a intenção deste trabalho é refletir sobre as representações presentes nesse gênero romanesco sobre as classes trabalhadoras, as mulheres, os povos colonizados e a Natureza, bem como pensar a imagem do Eu, ou dos heróis dessas obras homens, europeus, burgueses e colonizadores. A partir da análise do romance de aventura O mundo perdido, escrito em 1912 por Arthur Conan Doyle, foram estudadas, em primeiro lugar, as questões do descobrimento de uma nova terra pelos heróis, a sua exploração e a relação desses heróis com os habitantes desse lugar. Em segundo lugar, foram analisadas as armas usadas pelos protagonistas para a conquista do território a Ciência, a Guerra, a Palavra. Em terceiro lugar, foi feita uma reflexão acerca da imagem feminina no romance: o caráter feminino do território, a vilanização ou a ausência de personagens femininas, a escritura e leitura do romance de aventura (que se descreve como um gênero masculino) como rejeição a uma literatura considerada feminina. Por fim, foram estudadas as próprias personagens dos heróis viris e o mundo que eles constroem. Dessa maneira, partindo da análise de O mundo perdido, visto como um romance de aventura modelar, foram feitas comparações com outros romances do mesmo gênero, para que possam ser levantados temas, regras e convenções que caracterizem o gênero romance de aventura

The main objective of the thesis is to outline an advertising campaign for the travel agency Adventura. The paper contains a description of marketing itself, marketing mix and marketing in tourism. Subsequently, it focuses on competitive analysis with competitors' communication behavior, an analysis of the target audience and its definition. The recommended media mix follows, including the detailed budget.

"Homely Adventures": Travel and the Gender Economy of Colonial Difference in Eighteenth-Century British Literature examines the shift from adventure tales, in which characters dress up in the signs of colonial otherness, to domestic stories, in which characters are valued for their assimilation into an idealized, bourgeois identity. In so doing, I demonstrate that England's literary imagination and national identity were increasingly built upon an economy of colonial difference. In demonstrating the relationship between domesticity and difference, I analyze canonical fiction in a colonial context and read women's travel writing in the context of abolitionist poetry, natural history, and political pamphlets. Chapter one argues that Daniel Defoe's novel, Captain Singleton, moved questions of domesticity and sexuality, usually constellated around the notion of the home, into the public realm of colonial enterprise. Singleton transports his adventures to a home in England and threatens the countryside with piratical illegitimacy. Chapter two argues that Richard Cumberland's sentimental play, The West Indian, resolved colonialism's anxieties by incorporating worry about Afro-Caribbean commerce and sexuality into its domestic plot. Reworking the trope of the passionate Creole into the manageable figure of domestic husband, the sentimental script diffuses sexual danger and endorses patriarchy. Chapter three analyzes one of the scant travelogues written by a woman in the eighteenth century. Anna Maria Falconbridge's Narrative of Two Voyages to the River Sierra Leone challenges stereotypes of women that had become fundamental to empire by opening the domestic to exploration. In examining images of disease and representations of women in colonial contexts, I demonstrate that the connections between colonialism and domesticity in women's travel writing reorganized colonial discourse written by men. Chapter four argues that Austen's Mansfield Park represents class and race-mixing as dangerous excesses that threaten the ordered English countryside. Like many contemporary texts, Austen's novel views the relationship between female sexuality and labor as a way to define cultural (and moral) difference. Fanny Price and Edmund Bertram's marriage is an endorsement of patriarchal and imperial values based upon an ideology that fears the contaminating vices of cultural others whose difference is determined by the kinds of labor women perform.

A consistent feature of Saul Bellow???s fiction is the protagonist???s encounter with one or more teaching figures. Dialogue with such individuals prompts the Bellovian protagonist to reject his current state of selfhood as inadequate and provokes him to re-form as a new person. The teacher figure offers a better self to which the protagonist is attracted; or, more frequently in Bellow, the protagonist is repelled by both his teacher and his own current state to form a new, previously unrepresented self. This thesis argues that Bellow???s self inherits and modifies the perfectionist philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, in a literary reinterpretation that parallels Stanley Cavell???s philosophical revaluation of the American Transcendentalists. In Emerson and Thoreau, and in Cavell???s reading of perfectionism, the self is attracted onward only by a better representation of selfhood in another, while Bellow???s self may also be, and often is, provoked by a repellent other to inhabit a new form of selfhood. This thesis takes the evolution of selfhood in Bellow to be structured by travel. In The Adventures of Augie March, Augie???s movement between selves is impelled by conversation with teacher figures and paralleled by his unending journeys. In Herzog, Herzog???s self-transformations and travels are provoked by reading and writing, and by the ecstasy of loss revealed to him through apostrophic conversations with the dead and absent in a series of unsent and mental letters. Letter-writing, the provocation for Herzog???s self-perfection, becomes a form of travel in Herzog. This thesis further argues that Bellow???s travelling self is a critical response to two poles of modern subjectivity, structured by European mythologies of travel: Bellow???s fiction is critical, first, of a Hegelian, egoist mode of selfhood structured after the Odyssey; but equally critical of examples of Levinasian openness to the Other, patterned on Abraham???s exile. Bellow does not accept either the Odyssean or the Abrahamic mode of selfhood on its own, recognizing oppressive possibilities in both. Travelling selfhood in Bellow, initiated by conversation with others, both fuses and rereads Odyssean and Abrahamic constructs within a new, but perpetually unfinished American mode of selfperfection.

Il existe une abondance extraordinaire de récits de voyage et d'oeuvres de fiction en langue allemande focalisant l'outre-mer et en premier lieu les Etats-Unis d'Amérique. Ces textes écrits au cours du XIX et pendant la première moitié du XX siècle représentent un phénomène notable mais peu commenté qui se prête tout à fait à un traitement historique: ces écrits accompagnent, appuient, commentent et vilipendent la très forte émigration allemande vers les Amériques, notamment l'Amérique du Nord. Le présent travail s'attache à rendre compte du roman d'aventures outre-mer de langue allemande et ce faisant s'efforce de cerner ce qui fait la spécificité de la perspective allemande. Dans cette optique ont été retenues douze oeuvres composées par des auteurs germanophones aussi différents les uns des autres que les Allemands Friedrich Gerstäcker (1816-1872), Karl May (1842-1912), Ernst Friedrich Löhndorff (1899-1976), L'Austro-Américain Karl Postl alias Charles Sealsfield (1793-1864), l'Autrichien Franz Kafka (1883-1924), le Germano-Mexicain B. Traven (1882-1969). Après un chapitre d'exposition traitant de l'horizon d'attente présent dans l'Allemagne du XIX siècle, onze chapitres sont consacrés à l'étude des romans sélectionnés. L'analyse de ces oeuvres permet de mettre en évidence quelques caractéristiques saillantes qui sont propres au genre tant au niveau de l'esthétique , de la logique, des thématiques et des schémas idéologiques qu'au niveau de l'organisation en affrontements axiologiques entre un univers de la rationalité et de la civilisation et un monde considéré comme relevant de la "sauvagerie". Sont aussi analysées la silhouette de l'aventurier littéraire, les différentes approches de l'altérité entre refus et attrait, la tentation récurrente de la transgression, l'inscription du récit dans un système de codes et de stéréotypes préexistants
There are many German travel stories as well as works of fiction focusing on overseas territories, in the first place on the United States of America. These texts that were written in the course of the nineteenth century and during the first half of the twentieth century represent a noteworthy phenomenon that has been little commented on and lends itself well to a historical approach. Indeed, these pieces of writing accompany, comment on and vilify the German mass migration to the American continent, especially to North America. The present work attempts to account for the German adventure novel the plot of which takes place overseas. In so doing it tries to define the specificity of the German perspective. Twelve novels have been selected that were written by several german-speaking authors very different from one another: the German Friedrich Gerstäcker (1816-1872), Karl May (1842-1912), Ernst Friedrich Löhndorff (1899-1976), the Austro-American Karl Postl aka Charles Sealsfield (1793-1864), The Austrian Franz Kafka (1883-1924), the Germano-Mexican B. Traven (1882-1969). Following an introductory chapter dealing with the horizon of aspirations in nineteenth-century Germany are eleven chapters each devoted to the study of one selected novel.The analysis of these works shows some striking features that belong to the genre either at the level of the aesthetics, logic, set of themes and ideological patterns or at the level of axiological confrontations between a rational, civilized world and the so-called "savageness". Other items in the study are the figure of the literary adventurer, the different approaches to the alterity phenomenon, the recurrent temptation of transgression, the insertion of the text in a pre-existent codes and stereotypes system

碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
104
There is a huge demand and a lot of room for growth for tourism industry in China today. While there are a lot of travel products, the market lacks of product differentiation and quality control. As most outbound travelers from China are young, they are hungry for authentic local experiences, adventures, and meeting diverse people during their journey. I found this huge demand is not being met in China, and it would be a great opportunity to start a business to satisfy the market needs.

碩士
輔仁大學
餐旅管理學系碩士班
103
"Tourism" is one of the most important industries of the 21st century, with the development of transportation, it has become a major income for most countries. The main purpose of this study is to understand if different travel type will affect the spirit of adventure, cultural acceptance and pressure release rate, furthermore, how this will help us develop tourism industry. The study is based on the "backpacker tourism" scale by Murphy (2000), dividing travelers into backpackers and group tourist. A survey with purposive sampling is conducted at northern Taiwan, with 335 questionnaires distributed and all of them are valid. The results shows there’s great difference between different travel type and the spirit of adventure, cultural acceptance, and pressure release rate.

Thesis (MTech. degree in Adventure Tourism) -- Tshwane University of Technology, 2010.
Different adventure activities and experiences constantly evolve because individuals, motives, behaviours, and experiences differ and change over time. The prosperity of an adventure tourism company is based on promoting and selling specific activities and experiences that will meet the specific needs and wants of their identified target markets. The objective was to develop a profile of adventure tourists in Pretoria. In today’s highly competitive environment, it is important for adventure tourism companies to develop profiles based demographic, psychographic and behavioural descriptors in order to attain their objectives. Two hundred and fifty adventure tourists who used the products/services of adventure tourism companies within Pretoria participated in this paper. However, because of incomplete self-completing uestionnaires that could affect the outcome of this paper, the sample that actually realised was 234, providing a 93.6% response rate.

A Landescape é uma agência nacional de viagens de cultura e aventura fundada em 2016 com o objetivo de proporcionar experiências únicas, responsáveis e locais através de viagens em grupo guiadas por um líder de viagens português. Este conceito de viagens não é amplamente conhecido e a agência precisa investir mais em marketing para aumentar o seu reconhecimento e intensificar a intenção de compra do públicoalvo, bem como criar uma estratégia para abordar segmentos B2B para viagens customizadas. Portanto, um Plano de Comunicação para 2021 foi criado, com o intuito de apoiar a Landescape a atingir esses objetivos e estudar as características singulares e o comportamento do consumidor associados a este tipo de agências de viagem. Além disso, com o surgimento da pandemia, a indústria do turismo foi fortemente afetada e, por isso, uma comunicação eficaz tornou-se ainda mais relevante para reconquistar a confiança dos viajantes. Para atingir estes objetivos, a autora recorreu a uma revisão de literatura, análise externa e análise interna para adquirir os conhecimentos base e orientações necessárias para criar o plano, bem como um questionário "online" e uma entrevista com a responsável pela comunicação da Landescape, que garantiram uma visão clara do que a marca representa e do "status quo" do mercado-alvo. Consequentemente, o Plano de Comunicação proposto considerou esta pesquisa ao definir a estratégia de marketing, determinar os objetivos e mensagem, e ao criar sugestões para melhorar o "mix" promocional atual e delinear novas campanhas e atividades.
Landescape is a national cultural and adventure travel agency founded in 2016 that aims to provide unique, responsible and local experiences through group trips guided by a Portuguese travel leader. This travel concept is not widely known yet and the agency needs to invest more in marketing to increase awareness and intensify purchase intention from the target audience, as well as to create a strategy to approach B2B segments for customized trips. Therefore, the author decided to create a Communication Plan for 2021, to help Landescape achieve these goals and study the unique characteristics and consumer behaviour associated with this type of travel agencies. Moreover, with the emerge of a pandemic the tourism industry was strongly affected and therefore effective communication become even more relevant to regain travellers’ trust. In order to achieve these objectives, the author resorted to a literature review, external analysis and internal analysis to acquire the base knowledge and guidelines necessaire to design the plan, as well as an online questionnaire and an interview with Landescape’s Communication Manager, which together ensured the author had a clear view of what the brand represents and the "status quo" of the target market. Consequently, the Communication plan purposed considered this research while defining the marketing strategy, determining the objectives and message, and creating suggestions to improve the current communication mix and designing new campaigns and activities.

JEL Classificação: M31 – Marketing e M13 - Startup companies
Esta tese de mestrado é um plano de negócios para uma startup inovadora na indústria do turismo. Mais precisamente, a startup atua no nicho de mercado das viagens de aventura, onde pretende substituir as vulgarmente conhecidas agências de viagens físicas. Adventurer, o nome do arranque, tem como objetivo proporcionar valor acrescentado para viajantes, fornecendo experiências através de reservas on-line para viagens e passeios de aventura cuidadosamente selecionados. Adventurer irá atuar como uma agência de reservas no mundo on-line, mas que não irá operar diretamente as viagens ou passeios. Antes age como um serviço intermediário, filtrando a web para as melhores ofertas e as mais baratas. O problema identificado centra-se no facto das pessoas, especialmente jovens (25-40), cada vez mais fazerem as reservas de viaja on-line em vez de utilizar as agências de viagens físicas. Os resultados mostraram que esta tendência leva à redução do número de agências de viagens físicas e dá a oportunidade para as agências viagens on-line entrarem no mercado. Os negócios e-commerce estão a aumentar e o mercado de turismo de aventura está a crescer. Especialmente depois de analisar o mercado on-line para plataformas de reserva de viagens de aventura, era certo que havia espaço para melhorias. Este plano de negócios explica o processo de lançamento e ajustamento do Adventurer. O presente plano apresenta uma análise de mercado em profundidade e análise SWOT, mas também a missão, visão, STP, estratégia de branding, plano de marketing, análise da concorrência e cálculos financeiros. O foco principal será colocado na avaliação da ideia de negócio e no desenvolvimento dum produto bem-equilibrado de acordo com os resultados e a investigação.
The present masters’ thesis is a business plan for an innovative Startup in the tourism industry. More precisely, the startup operates in the niche market of adventure travels, where it substitutes the commonly known, physical travel agencies. Adventurer, the name of the startup, aims to provide added value for (adventure) travelers by providing a stellar online booking experiences for carefully selected adventure tours and trips. Adventurer will act as a third party booking agency in the online world, as the company will not be operating any of the tours. Adventurer merely acts as a service intermediary, filtering the web for the best and cheapest offers. The problem, which has been identified, was that especially young people (25-40) are not going anymore to physical travel agencies and start booking travels increasingly online. Findings showed that this trend leads to the reduction of physical travel agencies and gives the opportunity to enter the online travel market. E-commerce business are increasing and the market for adventure tourism is growing. Especially after analyzing the online market for adventure travel booking platforms, it was certain that there was room for improvement. This business plan explains the process of launching and setting up Adventurer. It offers an in-depth market and SWOT analysis, with a clear mission, vision, STP, branding strategy, marketing plan, competitor’s analysis and financial calculations. The main focus will be put on evaluating the business idea and developing a well-rounded product in accordance to the findings and research.

The aim of this paper is to review the current trends in tourism industry and travel behavior and preferences of Millennials or Generation Y in relation to traveling, and more specifically, adventure travel segment. Furthermore, the obtained data is compared to a recent research on adventure travel tour operators’ perception of Millennials and their travel habits and preferences, in order to determine whether or not these companies understand their customer. The results indicate that the adventure travel tour operators generally understand Millennials, however, they need to stay up to date with the latest technological and social media trends.

D. Tech. Tourism Management
South Africa is widely regarded as one of the best adventure destinations on the African continent. However, here and elsewhere, sustainability is a pressing issue in any tourism context. Therefore, adventure tourism destinations need guidance on the best ways to succeed and to be sustainable. The objective of this study was to propose a framework of indicators that are specifically formulated for sustainable adventure tourism. In order to achieve this objective, a literature survey of pertinent issues in this field was conducted, followed by an empirical study. Firstly, profiling of the destination (Waterval Boven) was conducted followed by determining respondents' knowledge of a number of pertinent iconic sustainable tourism organisations. Hereafter the sustainable tourism indicators were categorised into economic, social and environmental groups.

Tourism in Lesotho reached a peak in the mid-1970's, based upon the opening of modern hotels and casinos in Maseru and the attraction of gambling. This was an activity which was not then available in the neighbouring country of the Republic of South Africa. Casinos became Lesotho's dominant tourist product. The legalising of gambling in South Africa increased competition in the casino market and Lesotho could therefore no longer capitalise on casinos. Furthermore, the casinos in the country were externally owned and controlled. This form of tourism was therefore not economically viable for the greater proportion of the host population because most of the revenue generated drained back to parent countries. As a result, the strategy for tourism development shifted to the development of natural environment, landscape and outdoor pursuits such as pony trekking. Pony trekking became popular in the late 1970's and has since become one of the most important tourist products of the country. In the 1980's community pony trekking associations were established. These pony trekking initiatives were identified as one development option that could provide economic opportunities for rural communities where few other opportunities exist. The purpose of this study is to examine whether pony trekking initiatives in Lesotho can yield maximum possible economic, social and environmental benefits for the present and future host communities. While investigating its potential to meet the needs of host communities for improved living standards, it also examines whether this tourist product satisfies the demands and expectations of visitors. The field work described in this dissertation was carried out in three pony trekking centres, namely: the government owned Basotho Pony Trekking Centre located at Molimo-Nthuse in the Maseru district; the privately owned Malealea Pony Trekking Centre at Malealea in the Mafeteng district; and the community owned- Khohlonts'o Pony Trekking Centre at III Bokong in the Thaba-Tseka district. This study has revealed that pony trekking activities provide substantial socio- economic opportunities for local communities along the trek routes and around the trekking centres, from the renting of overnight facilities and horses, the production and selling of crafts and tour guiding by local people. Furthermore, the majority of members of pony trekking associations surveyed revealed high support for the activity due to the economic benefits. It was also found that the demands of the majority of visitors are being met. They were satisfied with the facilities and services offered in these centres and regarded public reception as being good. Though pony trekking contributes to social upliftment of the host communities, it is found, however, that there are major drawbacks. The survey indicates that at present limited number of people are involved or participate in pony trekking associations. Not only that, but even communities that are directly involved in pony trekking associations do not have control of such initiatives. Further, the survey shows that there is insufficient community capacity building and lack of government involvement in funding in the investment in infrastructure. Finally, the potential to attract more visitors remains relatively untapped due to a lack of proper marketing strategies; a lack of integrated marketing efforts in promotional campaigns; and weak advertising of the product between the public and private sectors. On the basis of these findings suggestions are made for further improvement. These include, firstly, a need to launch education and awareness programmes on the important role that tourism can play in socio-economic development of the communities. Secondly, more opportunities for the local population and new areas for pony trekking development should be opened. Finally, stronger support, from both the government and private firms for the tourist industry is needed.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
體育學系碩士班
95
The purpose of the study was to understand the adventure travelers’ mental processes. Because the goal was to deeply explore the travelers’ stories and experience, the journey of the travelers should be more than two times and lasted at least ten days. The anonymous participants of the study were named Warger, Taiwan Lonely Traveler and Little Ant. The narrative study was put to use collecting the data, when the participants were in semi-structured interview. The feelings and the experience of the participants were typed word by word and coded by ATLAS.ti and concept mapping. The main storyline was the crisis of the participants in the adventure travel, when they faced the adverse circumstances in the journey. The study found that the participants regarded the difficulty and sense of loneliness challenging the extremity of the mind and body as the positive helping. In addition to the peak experience, the participants got some different comprehension of the spirit. The finding of the spirit part was rarely found in the past related research. The result of the study discovered that the participants changed much that influenced their daily life. The participants became more optimistic and contented, and their interpersonal relationships were also improved. The values of participants converted. They cared more about the satisfaction of the mind than the pursuance of the materials and money, and became more open-minded and tolerant. As the results mentioned above, the participants had a more persistent values of their life. The adventure travel has become a part of their life, which could not be apart from them. Keywords: adventure travel, narrative study

The South African government has recognized tourism as a key development priority and an important contributor to the South African economy. Numerous global lifestyle and travel trends impact the nature of tourism, changing it from consisting of mass standardized travel options to more customized niche offerings. Globally adventure tourism has been recognized as one of the fastest growing niche travel market segments. Whilst South Africa has enormous potential for adventure tourism, it is fast becoming a highly competitive sector with many countries competing for a share. For the South African adventure travel product to grow and prosper, it needs the support of South African Tourism (SAT) to successfully market and promote it to the appropriate target market.

Adventure tourism is currently regarded as one of the fastest growing forms of nature-based tourism within the alternative tourism industry. Historically, adventure was only considered a by-product on journeys of discovery and exploration as travellers sought new land, wealth and knowledge. As the uncertainty surrounding travel diminished and more people began to travel further in search of new and exciting pursuits, the term adventure tourism began to take shape. Those who travelled further to remote and exotic nature-based settings to participate in unique and adventurous activities become known as adventure tourists. These travellers may be thought of as being the first adventure tourists, although modern-day adventure tourism has its origins in numerous historic themes in travel and ways of thinking, including those of explorers and adventurers, pilgrims, travel writer adventurers, merchants and traders, trekking, Outward Bound and World War periods. Although being a much debated topic amongst scholars, adventure tourism is described as travel to a remote, exotic or nature-based destination with the purpose of participating in adventure activities. Adventure activities are usually associated with risk, challenge and danger and are pursued for their ability to provide the participant with unknown outcomes, constricting emotions, educational opportunities, and novel, thrilling, stimulating, exciting and adrenaline rush experiences. Adventure activities also differ in respect of their requirements to competently overcome different levels of challenge. Challenges posed by adventure activities can range from the routine to the extreme and are therefore divided into two categories, namely soft and hard adventure activities. Soft adventure activities require little to no previous experience or skills as they only contain perceived levels of risk, whereas hard adventure activities are regarded as highly challenging activities that require great mental and physical effort to perform. The bulk of the adventure tourism market consists of soft adventure tourists. This is also true of the visitors who participate in adventure activities in national parks, as most adventure offerings in the parks consist of soft adventure activities, such as safaris, game drives, camping, and trail walking, to name but a few. A great number of these adventure activities are centred on family groups and more mature audiences, as they make up the majority of the market of visitors visiting South African National Parks. In other words, from the over 80% of funding that is self-generated by South African National Parks, these markets are considered primary contributors to park income. Unfortunately, it was estimated that by 2022 operational cost would have exceeded tourism profits due to the constant increase in conservation costs and land management costs. A feasible solution to this problem was identified; connecting a broader South African society with national parks to help support and protect the natural heritage of the parks. This included the development of new adventure activities for current and potentially new markets that will respond to both the adventure and wilderness lore of national parks. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to determine tourist needs for adventure activities in South African National Parks. A literature analysis of adventure tourism and adventure tourism product development, which provided the background for the empirical study, was conducted. A quantitative research approach was followed by means of an electronic questionnaire that was posted on the SANParks web site under the sub-link 'Media & News', allowing for convenience sampling. Respondents had access to the questionnaire during the months of April and May 2014, from which 387 usable questionnaires were obtained. Data was analysed using descriptive and exploratory statistics for arriving at the empirical results. The socio-demographic profile of the majority of respondents who completed the questionnaire was found to be as follows: almost an equal number of females (51%) and males (49%) spoke English as a home language, married, obtained some kind of diploma or degree, averaged an age of 49 years, and resided in Gauteng or the Western Cape. Thirty-four percent (34%) of respondents included children in their travel party of which the majority were between the ages of nineteen to twenty-five years. It was also identified that respondents visited national parks an average of 8.54 times over a five-year period and stayed an average of two to seven nights, while most respondents were owners of a Wild Card. Most respondents indicated that they participated in adventure activities but felt that current adventure activities in national parks were sufficient. Respondents were also willing to pay for adventure activities in national parks, ranging from R101-R300 for an activity per person. Respondents were offered the opportunity to identify the level of importance between a list of soft and hard adventure activities for national parks, as well as motives for participating in adventure activities. Three factor analyses were conducted on these lists from which eight factors were identified for the soft adventure activities (water-based, interpretive, wildlife interaction, heritage, consumptive, trail/trekking, self-executing and team-based), three factors for the hard adventure activities (adrenaline rush, wilderness training and survival courses, and adventure sports) and two factors for adventure participation motives (internal and external motives). The most important soft adventure factor with the highest mean value was interpretive (safari/game viewing, night drives, bird watching, stargazing, guided walks and hot air ballooning), with self-executing (guided and unguided 4x4 trails and campsite camping) in second place, heritage (archaeological tours, historical tours, geographical tours and botanical tours) in third place and trail/trekking (backpacking, cycling routes, hiking and horseback safaris) in fourth place. Self-executing was also considered the only factor that had a positive small effect correlation with visits over the past five years, meaning that if visitor visits increase so does the importance of self-executing activities. Wilderness training and survival courses (field-guide training, wilderness camping, survival and wilderness training, and survival games) were considered as the most important hard adventure factor. Regarding adventure participation motives, respondents considered external motives, such as getting in touch with nature, spending time with family and friends, educational reasons, escaping routine and exploring a new destination, to be the most important reasons for participating in adventure activities. The profile of visitors who were most likely to participate in adventure activities was below the age of forty years and not a Wild Card member. It was also identified that males generally had a higher preference rate for adventure activities, including respondents that were either single or living together. In conclusion, this study found that there is a need for a variety of adventure activities in national parks and visitors are motivated by the social and environmental aspects of adventure activities, rather than by the performance thereof. The results in this study can assist South African National Parks in the development of appropriate adventure activities as a strategy to combat future increases in operational costs.
MA (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This thesis has two components : a novel and an exegesis. Pangamonium is a comic novel that parodies and satirises adventure romances and travel accounts as well as global imperialisms. Francis, an American journalist who has lived in Australia, travels to a tiny Asian country, Panga, a kingdom that has been taken over by a military dictatorship. There he meets Easter, an African on a quest to find the grave and buried treasure of his pirate ancestor. The odd couple endure a comic odyssey together and ultimately liberate a group of enslaved children from a vibrator factory. The Ludic Mode of Pangamonium is an exegesis of the novel. It explores the ludic mode, which it considers an open play of signification characterised by freedom, reflexivity and subversion, and it explores the work of Nabokov, Calvino and Borges to explicate manifestations of play. Pangamonium is also examined in the light of its mythic hero quest structure and its relationship to the discourses of Orientalism and Neocolonialism.
Thesis (Ph.D.) - School of Humanities, 2007.

This thesis has two components : a novel and an exegesis. Pangamonium is a comic novel that parodies and satirises adventure romances and travel accounts as well as global imperialisms. Francis, an American journalist who has lived in Australia, travels to a tiny Asian country, Panga, a kingdom that has been taken over by a military dictatorship. There he meets Easter, an African on a quest to find the grave and buried treasure of his pirate ancestor. The odd couple endure a comic odyssey together and ultimately liberate a group of enslaved children from a vibrator factory. The Ludic Mode of Pangamonium is an exegesis of the novel. It explores the ludic mode, which it considers an open play of signification characterised by freedom, reflexivity and subversion, and it explores the work of Nabokov, Calvino and Borges to explicate manifestations of play. Pangamonium is also examined in the light of its mythic hero quest structure and its relationship to the discourses of Orientalism and Neocolonialism.
Thesis (Ph.D.) - School of Humanities, 2007.

Thesis (M.Tech : Adventure Tourism Management)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2012.
Investigates the successful utilisation of CRM in various high risk industries, in order to reduce the incidence of fatal and serious accidents, and incidents.

This research focused on adventure tourism in KZN. The adventurer traveller is interested in remote pristine hotspots. A concern is that irresponsible behaviour on the adventurer’s part could lead to the destruction of the fragile natural environment, as well as negatively interfere with the local traditional cultural values. Adventure hotspots were identified by using the functionalities of a GIS. These findings were validated by tourism practitioners in KZN. The researcher also proposed a practical solution that could improve or enhance the behaviour of adventurers. Existing media were collated into information prompts. These information prompts were categorised in tables that could be linked to a mobile GIS environment. The researcher then examined the framework requirements for a mobile GIS. This resulted in a set of seven criteria that brought together the core essentials required for the conceptual framework of a mobile GIS device dedicated to the adventurer in KZN.
Geography
M.A. (Geography)

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
The genre of travel writing is widely recognised as providing useful insights into the ways that discourse is used to frame the interplay between self, place and Other. Recently, it has been suggested that these writings inform the development of global citizenry literacy because, as cultural texts, they recount an engagement in, and with, cosmopolitanism while informing readerships about the foreign. However, it is important to remember that these writings appear in context and the authors of such texts craft discourse to construct sociocultural imaginings of the self and Other – of a journey told from a particular viewpoint, in a particular time, to a particular audience. Through an analysis of the travel writings of four Western women who travelled to Iran in a particular historical moment – after the Islamic Revolution of 1979 and until Iran was positioned as part of the ‘Axis of Evil’ in 2002 – this thesis examines the ways in which these authors script their gaze through discourse. The author/narrator is an aesthetic cosmopolitan figure, who casts her gaze from a particular ‘viewing platform’ informed by Western discourse and accumulated cultural capital. Attention is paid in this thesis to the ways in which these writers discursively frame their narratives according to the ‘I’ of the gendered experiencing self who focuses the ‘eye’ (or gaze) through a lens oriented by their cosmopolitical imagination or worldview. Notions of authenticity, fear, danger and threat appeared as recurring themes in each of the selected texts and operate to construct place as political, self as heroic and the journey as quest. The authors engaged aesthetic dimensions of time and space to position the liminal in their narratives and, in so doing mobilised discourses of gender and power. Notions of the liminal were employed to describe Iran's physical and social scapes to position discursive spaces in the texts that were used to affirm traveller identity, build cultural capital and, in the process, make political comments. The texts revealed that while the authors commonly used metaphor and trope drawn from inherited Western discourses such as Orientalism, postcolonialism and imperialism to provide authority, they also drew from the currently circulating discourses of gender equity, human rights and liberal democracy; all of which foreground notions of freedom. However, these currently circulating discourses, when combined with dimensions of heroism, were found to work in the tradition of inherited Western discourse – to authorise the narrator voice and legitimise the ways that self and Other are constructed. The central argument this thesis makes is that Western travel writing is restricted in its contribution to global literacy because these texts reveal more about Western ways of seeing the world and about the author as cosmopolitan than they do about the foreign.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
The genre of travel writing is widely recognised as providing useful insights into the ways that discourse is used to frame the interplay between self, place and Other. Recently, it has been suggested that these writings inform the development of global citizenry literacy because, as cultural texts, they recount an engagement in, and with, cosmopolitanism while informing readerships about the foreign. However, it is important to remember that these writings appear in context and the authors of such texts craft discourse to construct sociocultural imaginings of the self and Other – of a journey told from a particular viewpoint, in a particular time, to a particular audience. Through an analysis of the travel writings of four Western women who travelled to Iran in a particular historical moment – after the Islamic Revolution of 1979 and until Iran was positioned as part of the ‘Axis of Evil’ in 2002 – this thesis examines the ways in which these authors script their gaze through discourse. The author/narrator is an aesthetic cosmopolitan figure, who casts her gaze from a particular ‘viewing platform’ informed by Western discourse and accumulated cultural capital. Attention is paid in this thesis to the ways in which these writers discursively frame their narratives according to the ‘I’ of the gendered experiencing self who focuses the ‘eye’ (or gaze) through a lens oriented by their cosmopolitical imagination or worldview. Notions of authenticity, fear, danger and threat appeared as recurring themes in each of the selected texts and operate to construct place as political, self as heroic and the journey as quest. The authors engaged aesthetic dimensions of time and space to position the liminal in their narratives and, in so doing mobilised discourses of gender and power. Notions of the liminal were employed to describe Iran����s physical and social scapes to position discursive spaces in the texts that were used to affirm traveller identity, build cultural capital and, in the process, make political comments. The texts revealed that while the authors commonly used metaphor and trope drawn from inherited Western discourses such as Orientalism, postcolonialism and imperialism to provide authority, they also drew from the currently circulating discourses of gender equity, human rights and liberal democracy; all of which foreground notions of freedom. However, these currently circulating discourses, when combined with dimensions of heroism, were found to work in the tradition of inherited Western discourse – to authorise the narrator voice and legitimise the ways that self and Other are constructed. The central argument this thesis makes is that Western travel writing is restricted in its contribution to global literacy because these texts reveal more about Western ways of seeing the world and about the author as cosmopolitan than they do about the foreign.

This dissertation examines the theme of travel in the work of Karel Čapek (1890-1938), both in his travelogues and fiction. Instead of assuming travel as a conventional departure to another destination, journey and return home, Čapek experimented with the topic, popular in interwar literatures and arts, as an example of the avant-garde interconnectedness between different genres and arts. Čapek used three approaches to express his experiences of traveling. First, he founded his own aesthetics of the so called “marginal forms” or “low-brow genres” which he simultaneously interpolated in his prose. Their use, which greatly changes the perspective on travel writing, is visible in comparison between Čapek’s and previous travelogues (chapter 1). Secondly, he introduced skaz as stylized spoken language to Czech literature, and changed the traditional roles of the narrator and his addressees in travelogues (chapter 2). Thirdly, he used visual elements of language, combined verbal and visual arts (illustrations and drawings) in the narrative (chapter 3). Finally, all these elements he interpolated to his prose (chapter 4) through the intertextual links with travelogues. On the example of the theme of travel in Karel Čapek’s work, my dissertation revisits some current definitions of the historical avant-garde. It shows that the recent theories, predominantly developed on the examples from Western European and Russian arts, cannot be fully applied to local artistic movements. First, it shows that the notion of the avant-garde cannot be just confined to the writers who called themselves “avant-garde” (such as Karel Teige or Vladislav Vančura). Instead, it should be also expanded to other writers, such as Karel Čapek, marginal to the avant-garde mainstream. Second, the analysis of the theme of travel in Karel Čapek’s opus shows that the Czech avant-garde was not destructive towards its literary heritage. Instead, it offered an alternative reading of tradition through artistic experiments. In extension, it also provided a new understanding of the cultural and literary identity.

碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文研究所
96
In Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865), Alice is a traveler, adventuring in the fantastic underground under the framework of her dream. Alice’s failure to grasp sense in Wonderland and her constant suspicion of things and inhabitants make her travel an uncanny one, for events in Wonderland always disturb but uncannily refer to those of the above world. This thesis attempts to explore the secrets of Alice’s travel lurking in the dream scenario, identifying and explicating her role as a traveler in the miraculous Wonderland from three aspects of travel: traveling spatiotemporality, the nature of travel and the traveler herself.

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
國文學系
106
“Slow Travel Adventures”, a travel program of Public Television, is hosted by two writers having rich scholarship, Liu,Ke-Xiang and Wang,Hao-Yi. Through the cooperation and explanations of these two experts from different fields, they created possibility of a new way of travelling by comparing one city, one town or one village with another. They visited every corner of Taiwan, followed some cultural traces, experienced the living intelligence from the interactions of different people, events, views and objects, and thought about the future between the new and old times. This thesis tries to clarify the ordinary people’s living culture in “Slow Travel Adventures” of the first season from different aspects such as railways, sugar factories, train stations, cities, old trees, markets, local snacks, old streets, independent bookstores, monuments, historical buildings and so on. It also intends to elaborate the values and meanings of the ordinary people’s living culture which is presented in the program.

碩士
國立臺東大學
兒童文學研究所
96
Taking an adventure is human nature. A man discovers the meaning of his life and self-existence through the process of “ home–away- home”, so the motif of taking an adventure is deeply popular with the readers. In the development of literature, adventure story is the most ancient form of the novel. With exciting and tight plots, blazing characters and grotesque and uncommon incidents, adventure stories make strong appeal to the readers. After going through a series of ordeals, the protagonist can cast off his old self; at the same time, the reader remolds himself through reading. Robinson Crusoe, Gulliver's Travels, and Treasure Island are the adventure novels of the British Maritime Era in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. In these three novels, the adventures heroes taking are different. However, they share with a common motif: in order to get rid of certain situation, the protagonist goes outside to a new place searching for the meaning of life and comes back with victory in the end. A man desires to take an adventure because he wants new challenges and stimulus. Taking an adventure is the best way to find the value of self-existence. A man is ambivalent. He stays home to meet basic demand; he gets away home to find the meaning of life. Getting away home doesn’t deny the meaning of home; on the contrary, it manifests the importance of the home. For heroes, going outside to take adventures is necessary. But after the pursuit of the new value of living, they should come back their original homes.

Les six romans du cycle de Caoba retracent sur un mode fictif le déroulement de la Révolution mexicaine et montrent les conséquences de la colonisation de même que les injustices sociales et économiques dont souffre tout particulièrement la population indigène. Dans ce contexte de conflit culturel entre colonisés et colonisateurs, le personnage de l’indigène est perçu de façon variée dans les différents romans. L’analyse de la représentation de la population indigène est donc le sujet principal de ce travail qui combine une étude narratologique et une approche postcoloniale. L’examen détaillé d’extraits de texte permettra de vérifier dans quelle mesure l’auteur germanophone B. Traven, dans sa représentation de l'étranger, se détache d’un discours colonial, et s’il peut être considéré comme un auteur postcolonial avant la lettre. Dans ces analyses, les questions suivantes serviront de fil conducteur : dans quelle mesure la représentation du personnage de l’indigène correspond-elle à celle du «bon sauvage» ? Comment les différents groupes sociaux du Mexique sont-ils représentés – par des individus, des descriptions stéréotypées, des allégories? Quels moyens l’auteur utilise-t-il pour familiariser son lectorat européen/occidental avec cette culture étrangère? Ainsi, le travail se penche sur les procédés narratifs employés par l’auteur pour dépeindre la société à partir de perspectives diverses. Dans le but de dénoncer des conditions d’oppression et d’exploitation, Traven écrit à partir du regard du colonisé. Mais lorsqu'il cherche à comprendre le système dictatorial, il écrit dans la perspective du colonisateur. Cette méthode correspond à celle des regards croisés que le théoricien Edward E. Said décrit dans son ouvrage Orientalisme. L’emploi de cette méthode contrapunctique - permet-il d’exercer une critique (post)coloniale? Dans quelle mesure ce texte révèle-t-il l’importance de l’hybridité de la culture telle qu'elle a été théorisée par K. Bhabha? Dans quelle mesure l'accent est-il mis sur les rapports transculturels, sur la façon dont les cultures s'influencent les unes les autres?
The fictitious retelling of the events of the Mexican Revolution in the six novels of the Caoba cycle shows the consequences of colonialism. It also shows the social and economic injustices under which Mexican indigenous peoples suffered. The distinctive character of the native is well shown in the context of the cultural conflict between the colonizer and the colonized. The examination of the portrayal of the native section of the population is the major aim of the following thesis, which combines a narratological and postcolonial approach. The examination of selected text extracts shows, how and to what extent the German-speaking author is detached from a colonial discourse and if he can be seen as a forerunner of postcolonial discourses. The following central questions guide the analysis: To what extend does the representation of indigenous characters correspond to the one of the "noble savage"? How are the different groups of society portrayed (as individuals, type or allegory)? Which methods does the author employ in order to give the European or Western reader an understanding of the foreign culture? Traven's narrative technique of showing the various societies from different perspectives plays an important role in this respect. In his desire to show societal situations as oppression and exploitation, Traven writes from the perspective of the colonized; but he narrates from the perspective of the colonizer with the intention to understand the dictatorial system. This approach corresponds to the "contrapuntal" method described by Edward E. Said in his work Orientalism. I want to show to which extent the author utilises the "contrapuntal" method in his postcolonial criticism and to which extent it is a real postcolonial criticism. Furthermore, the thesis draws on Homi K. Bhabhas theory of the hybrid contact zones to assess the importance Traven gives to transcultural, viz. reciprocal influences?

This Doctor of Creative Arts thesis (comprising a novel and an exegesis) illuminates the experiences of the earliest women to visit Antarctica. Working within the discipline of polar studies, I pose the questions: how have women been represented in, and excluded from, Antarctic narratives of the continent’s early history? Are the experiences of the earliest women to visit the continent – largely overlooked until now – intrinsically worthy of attention? What issues should be considered in using historical fiction to recreate their stories? In the exegesis I argue that women have been not only physically, but also narratively excluded from Antarctica by the way the ‘grand heroic journey’ functions as a master narrative and foundation myth that privileges the masculine hero struggling for survival. I examine early female memoirs of Antarctica, focusing on those by Dorothy Braxton, Jennie Darlington and Pamela Young, to establish how gender preoccupations influence their narratives. The work of polar scholars, including Lisa Bloom, Tom Griffiths and Gretchen Legler, and literary critics Peter Brooks, Annette Kolodny and Ruth Page form the conceptual framework for this argument. Focusing on the journeys of Ingrid Christensen and her female companions to Antarctica in the 1930s, this thesis places their experiences in the context of decades of struggle by women to reach the southern continent. Archival information about Christensen’s journeys shows evidence that she was the first woman to land on the Antarctic mainland, rather than Caroline Mikkelsen, as is still widely believed. In the absence of primary documents, Christensen’s own experience of travelling to Antarctica remains invisible. I argue that historical fiction is an effective tool for recreating the story of Christensen and her companions and that such fiction is not historical recovery, but a form of imaginative historiography. Works of historical fiction by Ursula Le Guin, Francis Spufford and Mojisola Adebayo, which aim to include previously marginalised voices and engage differently with the heroic 3 narrative of Antarctica, are used to explore the ethics of using real characters and events in historical fiction. The thesis concludes with the historical novel Chasing the Light, a fictional narrative inspired by events from Christensen’s four real life voyages to Antarctica in the 1930s. ACCESS TO EXEGESIS ONLY

This thesis is a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of traveling from an ethical point of view. The analysis focuses mainly on the ethical aspects of individual travels of European travelers with regards to cultural contact with different people and also taking into consideration the European tradition of travel. Based on this analysis, an ethical framework is proposed as a tool of interpretation of selected texts that reflect the travel adventures of exceptional Czech travelers, such as A. V. Frič, J. Hanzelka and M. Zikmund, M. Zelený among the Indians of South America. The above mentioned Czech travelers described their travel experiences in the form of ethnographic travelogues and other texts. The aim of this study was, by analysing certain parts of selected ethnographic texts of these Czech travelers - explores, to reveal their individual ethical reflections of the experienced adventures and to interpret it. I have attempted to describe each studied Czech traveler's specific ethical approach to "otherness" in the extreme conditions of their adventures among the Indians of South America. Keywords: Ethics of travel, traveling - ethical aspects, traveling - intercultural contact, A. V. Frič, J. Hanzelka and M. Zikmund, M. Zelený, travel adventures among Indians.