Academic literature on the topic 'Adverse side effects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Adverse side effects"
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Hollister, J., and Suzanne Bowyer. "Adverse Side Effects of Corticosteroids." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 8, no. 04 (1987): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1012680.
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Mary, AN Seles Xavier, Das Mazumder Mithila, and Pavan Kumar S. "A Mixed Cohort Study on Adverse Events Following Pentavalent Vaccine and Its Perception among Parents." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 15, no. 12 (2023): 470–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11520808.
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Background and Objective: Vaccination stands as one of the most effective strategies for disease preventionand place and pivotal role in family and public health. Vaccines significantly reduce morbidity and mortalityamong children. However, despite its benefits vaccination can occasionally result in some adverse effects.Furthermore, while the vast majority of children experience no adverse effects to a vaccine, a small percentagemay exhibit mild to severe side effects such as fever, redness and soreness of the injection site to convulsion andencephalopathy. Being informed about these potential outcomes empowers parents to make educated decisionsabout their child health care.This study focuses to evaluate adverse effects post pentavalent vaccine, assess parental concern and determinecontinuation despite side effects.Methods: This hospital based mixed cohort study was conducted from February 2021 to August 2022 enrolling96 children who visited pediatric OPD for Pentavalent Vaccination. Data was collected in predesigned proformaand through the phone call after 48 hours of immunization.Results: Most common adverse effect in first dose was fever (100%) and pain (100%) followed by redness(85.4%). Adverse effects in the subsequent doses were reduced. Only one participant (1%) had injection siteabscess. There is significant association between the parents who are doubtful regarding vaccination andcontinuation of vaccination even after side effects (p-0.01).Conclusion: Most of the children had minimal side effects. Incidence of adverse effects reduced in subsequentdoses of vaccination. Most of the parents who were aware of adverse effects, and continued vaccination evenafter side effects
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MacKrill, Kate, Greg D. Gamble, Debbie J. Bean, Tim Cundy, and Keith J. Petrie. "Evidence of a Media-Induced Nocebo Response Following a Nationwide Antidepressant Drug Switch." Clinical Psychology in Europe 1, no. (1) (2019): e29642. https://doi.org/10.32872/cpe.v1i1.29642.
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<b>Background</b>: In 2017, patients on a generic or branded antidepressant venlafaxine were switched to a new generic formulation (Enlafax). In February and April 2018, two major NZ media outlets ran stories about the new generic being less effective and causing specific side effects. This study aimed to examine the effect of the media coverage on drug side effects reported to the national Centre for Adverse Reactions Monitoring (CARM) and whether the specific symptoms reported in the media increased compared to side effects not reported in the media. <b>Method</b>: We analysed monthly adverse reaction reports for Enlafax to CARM from October 2017 to June 2018 and compared adverse reports, complaints of decreased therapeutic effect and specific symptom reports before and after the media coverage using an interrupted time series analysis. <b>Results</b>: We found the number of side effects and complaints of reduced therapeutic effect increased significantly following the media stories (interruption effect = 41.83, 95% CI [25.25, 58.41], p = .003; interruption effect = 15.49, 95% CI [7.01, 23.98], p = .012, respectively). The specific side effects mentioned in the media coverage, including suicidal thoughts, also increased significantly compared to other side effects not mentioned in the media. <b>Conclusions</b>: In the context of a drug switch, media reports of side effects appear to cause a strong nocebo response by increasing both the overall rate of side effect reporting and an increase in the specific side effects mentioned in the media coverage, including reduced drug efficacy and heightened suicidal thoughts. The study provides further evidence that media coverage of side effects can induce a nocebo effect. This is the first study to look at media coverage of an antidepressant brand switch. The increase in reported adverse events was higher for those symptoms mentioned in the media reports.
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FLAKER, GREG C., and DOUGLAS CHAPMAN. "Adverse Side Effects Associated with Mexiletine." Clinical Progress in Electrophysiology and Pacing 4, no. 6 (1986): 602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.1986.tb01740.x.
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Huang, Liang-Chin, Xiaogang Wu, and Jake Y. Chen. "Predicting adverse side effects of drugs." BMC Genomics 12, Suppl 5 (2011): S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-s5-s11.
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Rowe, Jonathan A., Matthew G. Hattenhauer, and David C. Herman. "Adverse Side Effects Associated With Latanoprost." American Journal of Ophthalmology 124, no. 5 (1997): 683–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70907-9.
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Robertson, Deborah. "Side effects and adverse drug reactions." Nurse Prescribing 15, no. 10 (2017): 512–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/npre.2017.15.10.512.
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Pichler, W. J. "Adverse side-effects to biological agents." Allergy 61, no. 8 (2006): 912–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01058.x.
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Beaumont, G., S. Kasper, J. O'Hanlon, and J. Mendlewicz. "Antidepressant side effects and adverse reactions." Depression 2, no. 3 (1994): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/depr.3050020305.
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Hsu, Hsiu-Ling. "Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccinations." Clinical Pathology & Research Journal 8, no. 1 (2024): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/cprj-16000183.
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In December 2020, the first COVID-19 vaccinations were granted emergency use permission in the US.1.2 billion vaccination doses have been delivered worldwide. However, some individuals are hesitant to get the COVID-19 vaccine due to safety concerns and unwanted effects. In randomized clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccinations, side effects reported included injection site discomfort, redness, swelling, as well as systemic symptoms such as weariness, headache, muscle or joint pain. Serious adverse events were infrequent. Although the majority of side effects were moderate, research found that 50% to 90% of subjects had them. While government-sponsored reporting systems have provided information on side effects, there is a lack of real-world patient-reported data on those who are more likely to have them after getting the COVID-19 vaccine. The study aimed to detect and report adverse effects related with COVID-19 immunization in an online population. Additionally, the study aimed to uncover variables linked to more severe unfavorable effects. These findings may improve public knowledge of harmful effects from COVID-19 vaccinations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Adverse side effects"
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Lau, Phyllis Min-yu. "Adverse drug reactions in oncology." Monash University, Dept. of Pharmacy Practice, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5549.
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Ödmark, Inga-Stina. "Hormone replacement therapy : benefits and adverse effects." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Obstetrik och gynekologi, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-243.
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Background: Numerous studies have shown that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is an effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms, insomnia and vaginal dryness. Beneficial effects have also been shown on lipid patterns and on the incidence of osteoporotic fractures. As ERT increases the risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma, combinations with various progestogens have been developed in order to protect the endometrium. However, the addition of progestogens tends to reduce the beneficial effects of estrogens on mood, cognition and lipid metabolism. The added progestogen often causes side effects such as irritability and depression. There is evidence that the effect on wellbeing varies between women and with the type of progestogen used. Women who prefer to avoid withdrawal bleedings can be given continuous combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Unfortunately, irregular bleedings are common at the beginning of treatment and reduces compliance. Recently, several studies have reported an increased risk of breast cancer and venous thrombosis, and therefore long-term treatment with HRT for women without climacteric symptoms is no longer recommended. The ongoing debate has, for the time being, resulted in a recommendation that improving quality of life (QoL) by treatment of climacteric symptoms should be the only indication for prescribing HRT. Aims and methods: The aims of the study were to investigate bleeding patterns, changes in wellbeing at onset and during long-term treatment, and lipid and lipoprotein profiles with two different types of continuous combined HRT. In addition, women starting, and women switching from mainly sequential HRT were compared. The design was a randomised, double-blind, one year, prospective, multicentre study including 249 healthy postmenopausal women who were given continuous daily oral treatment with either combined 0.625mg conjugated estrogen (CE) and 5mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) or combined 2mg 17β - estradiol (E2) and 1mg norethisterone acetate (NETA). Bleedings, if any, were recorded daily throughout the study. The main outcome measures (changes in wellbeing and climacteric symptoms) consisted of daily ratings of 12 items on a validated symptom scale. Serum concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins were measured at baseline and after one year of treatment. Results and conclusions: The majority of drop-outs were confined to the first three months, and the main reasons were bleedings and/or decreased wellbeing. Drop-outs were three times more common in the E2/NETA group. During the first month, 67% of the women reported irregular bleedings. The number of bleeding days decreased on both treatments during the first four months. Treatment with CE/MPA resulted in less irregular bleedings and a shorter time to amenorrhoea compared to E2/NETA. As expected, "starters" experienced more sweats than "switchers" at the onset of treatment, but both groups improved significantly. Side effects such as breast tenderness, swelling, depression and irritability appeared during the first treatment week in both groups. The side effects of HRT appeared much more quickly than the benefits and were more frequent in women with a history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Breast tenderness was more common in the E2/NETA group throughout the whole study period. Apart from that, there were no differences between the two treatment regimens as regards effects on well-being at the end of the study. Lipoprotein(a) levels, an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, decreased in both treatment groups. Triglyceride levels increased in women treated with CE/MPA, and levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein fell in the E2/NETA group. In conclusion, treatment with E2/NETA caused more bleeding problems than treatment with CE/MPA. CE/MPA was better tolerated than E2/NETA at the beginning of the study, but among the women remaining in the study there was no difference in QoL between the two treatment groups. HRT counselling should take into account that a history of PMS increases the likelihood of side effects and that these may precede any beneficial effects. Both treatments produced beneficial effects on lipid and lipoprotein levels, and neither of the regimens was superior in this respect.
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Kunac, Desirée L., and n/a. "Adverse drug events and medication errors in a paediatric inpatient population." University of Otago. Dunedin School of Medicine, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20060707.161220.
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Background. Medication-related patient injuries (adverse drug events, ADEs) are an important problem in all hospitalised populations; however, the potential for injury is reported to be greater in children than adults. Many ADEs are due to error and therefore could be prevented. Data regarding the risk factors (or predictors) for these events in paediatric inpatients is limited. It was hypothesised that "identification of risk factors for ADEs and medication errors in the paediatric inpatient setting will inform likely prevention strategies".
Aims. To determine the frequency, nature and risk factors for ADEs and potential ADEs occurring in a paediatric inpatient population; to assess the vulnerable processes in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) medication use process; and to provide recommendations for the targeting of likely prevention strategies.
Setting. A general paediatric ward (PW), postnatal ward (PNW) and NICU of a University- affiliated urban general hospital.
Design. There were two study components: the medEVENT study which involved identification of actual ADEs and potential ADEs over a twelve week period, through prospective review of medical records, medication charts and administration records along with voluntary and solicited staff report and parent interview; and the FMEA study which used a proactive risk assessment technique, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), to rank all potential failures in the NICU medication use process according to risk.
Results. In the MedEVENT study 3160 prescription episodes were reviewed (which represented 520 admissions, 3037 patient-days) and revealed a total of 67 ADEs and 77 potential ADEs. The greatest number of events occurred in NICU with very few events in the PNW. However, paediatric surgical admissions experienced the highest rate of ADEs per 1000 patient-days (80) as compared to medical (65) then NICU admissions (19). Over half of the ADEs were deemed preventable, 38 (57%), with the �more serious� ADEs more likely to be preventable than �not serious� ADEs. The impact on hospital resources was considerable with the cost attributed to extra bed days due to ADEs to be $NZD 50,000. Dosing errors were the most common type of error, particularly when prescribing and administering medications. Antibacterial and narcotic analgesics were commonly implicated, as was the intravenous route of administration. Few events were related to unlicensed use of medications.
For ADEs, the major risk factors when analysed by admission, were greater medication exposure and increasing age; by prescription, were increasing age, oral route and narcotics and antibacterial agents; for paediatric ward admission, were increasing age and increased length of stay; and for NICU admission, no major risk factors emerged. For potential ADEs, the major risk factors when analysed by admission were greater medication exposure; by prescription, were junior prescriber, intravenous route, narcotics and antibacterials; for paediatric ward admission, were junior prescriber and narcotics; and for NICU admission were antibacterials, electrolytes and umbilical venous catheter administration. Neither ADEs nor potential ADEs were associated with unlicensed use of medicines or high alert status drugs.
The FMEA study identified 72 potential failures in the NICU medication use process with 193 associated causes and effects. Multiple failures were possible in the process of �prescribing medication� and in the process of �preparation of medication for administration�. The highest ranking issues were found to occur at the administration stage. Common potential failures related to errors in the dose, timing of administration, infusion pump settings and route of administration.
Conclusions. Analysis of the risk factors of ADEs and potential ADEs found that the most vulnerable processes were when prescribing and when preparing a medicine for administration; especially when involving narcotic and antibacterial agents and for children with greater medication exposure Strategies that selectively target these high risk areas are therefore likely to have the greatest impact on preventing drug-related injuries in hospitalised children.
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Jarernsiripornkul, Narumol. "Pharmacist input into patients' self-reporting of adverse drug reactions." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2717.
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Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are common and should be reported to the CSM, particularly for newly marketed drugs. There is under-reporting of ADRs by doctors. Involving the patient in self-reporting, particularly when initiated by pharmacists is feasible and could help to improve reporting rates. This study investigated a comprehensive checklist questionnaire listed symptoms in all body systems to facilitate patient self-reporting using both established and new 'black triangle' centrally-acting drugs. Symptoms reported were compared to their documentation in medical notes and for new drugs to reports from other sources. A novel classification system for ADRs was developed to take account of the minimal data available and used to evaluate the potential accuracy of symptom attribution by patients. An external comparison of a sample of symptom classifications by an ADR expert was also obtained. The questionnaire was sent to 464 patients prescribed carbamazepine, sodium valproate, trazodone, doxepin and co-proxamol from three participating medical practices in a pilot study. Subsequently, it was sent to all patients (n=2307) prescribed tramadol, fentanyl patch, venlafaxine, nefazodone, citalopram, moclobemide, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate from 79 participating medical practices in Grampian during January-March 1997. The overall response rates were 44.6% (n=207) for the pilot study and 36.3% (n=837) for the main study. The most frequently reported symptoms were: drowsiness for carbamazepine, unusual tiredness for sodium valproate, constipation for co-proxamol, dry mouth for trazodone, doxepin, tramadol, venlafaxine, nefazodone, moclobemide and citalopram, weight gain for gabapentin, loss of memory for lamotrigine, weight loss for topiramate and constipation for fentanyl patch. Overall only 22.4% (522/2330) of symptoms reported by patients were recorded by GPs in the 310 medical notes accessed. In general, common symptoms were reported more frequently by patients than in CSM reports and PEM data. Patients tended to report minor and known ADRs which bothered them, while CSM and PEM reports received were of more severe ADRs. Respondents were more likely to report symptoms (6040/8630,70%) potentially caused by the study drugs than those not to be caused by the study drugs. Moderate agreement (Kappa = 0.4-0.5) was found between expert and researcher classifications of symptom causality. It is suggested that interpretation by pharmacists of patient self-reporting using the checklist questionnaire could result in much higher ADR reporting rates, in particular for new drugs.
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Ng, Fook-hong, and 吳福康. "Management of adverse gastrointestinal events in patients with anti-platelet therapy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41290963.
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Gyenes, Gábor. "Cardiac side-effects of adjuvant radiotherapy for early breast cancer /." [Budapest] ; Stockholm, 1997. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1997/963-9106-04-6.
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Björn, Inger. "Hormone replacement therapy and effects on mood." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Obstetrik och gynekologi, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-94115.
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Background: During the past 5 decades, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been used, and appreciated for its beneficial effects, by millions of women in their menopause. As treatment for climacteric symptoms, estrogen is outstanding, and effects on hot flushes, vaginal dryness, and insomnia have been widely documented. The increased risks of venous thrombosis and breast cancer, however, restrict the use of estrogen. Estrogen treatment in women with a remaining uterus includes a progestin, added to protect the endometrium from hyperplasia and malignancies. The long-standing clinical impression, that progestin addition negatively influences mood, has been discussed in previous studies. Mood deterioration is, however, not mortal, although mood is important to the wellbeing and daily functioning of women treated with hormones. Studies of the mental side effects of HRT add to our understanding of steroid effects in the brain. Aims and methods: In our studies, we aimed to establish to what extent negative side effects cause women to discontinue HRT, and find out which drug compounds lead to mood deterioration. The questions asked were whether the type and dose of progestin and the estrogen dose during the progestin addition influence the mood and physical symptoms during sequential HRT. Compliance with HRT and reasons for discontinuing the therapy were evaluated in a retrospective longitudinal follow-up study. Treatment effects were studied in three randomized, double-blind, cross-over trials. During continuous estrogen treatment, effects of sequential addition of a progestin were studied by comparing two different progestins, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) andnorethisterone acetate (NETA), comparing different doses of the same progestin, MPA, and comparing two doses of estrogen during addition of the same dose of MPA. The main outcome measure was the daily rating on mood and physical symptoms kept by the participants throughout the studies. The clinical trials were carried out at three gynecological centers in northern Sweden. Results and conclusions: Besides fear of cancer and a wish to determine whether climacteric symptoms had meanwhile disappeared, negative side effects was the most common reason or discontinuing HRT. Tension in the breasts, weight gain, a depressed mood, abdominal bloating, and irritability were the most important side effects seen both in women who continued HRT and in women who had discontinued the therapy. In our clinical trials, we showed that addition of a progestin to estrogen treatment induces cyclic mood swings characterized by tension, irritability, and depression, as well as increased breast tension, bloatedness, and hot flushes. Women with a history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) appeared to be more sensitive to the progestin addition and responded with lower mood scores compared with women without previous PMS. In our studies, MPA provoked depressed mood to a lesser extent than did NETA. Surprisingly, the higher dose of MPA (20 mg) enhanced the mood, compared with 10 mg, when added to estrogen treatment. In women continuously treated with 3 mg estradiol, mood and physical symptoms worsened during the progestin addition, as compared with treatment with 2 mg estradiol. The negative side effects seen during sequential HRT have much in common with symptoms seen in the premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), which is a psychoneuroendocrine disorder with psychiatric expression. Explanations for treatment effects on mood are likely to be found in drug interactions with neurotransmitter systems of the brain.<br><p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2003</p><br>digitalisering@umu
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O'Brien, Michelle University of Ballarat. "A study of multiple perspectives and knowledge in adverse drug reaction decision-making : Volume 1." University of Ballarat, 2004. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/12769.
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Injury and illness associated with drugs are major problems in Australia and around the world, despite significant developments in the area of adverse drug reaction (ADR) decision support technology. The aims of this thesis are: to investigate the ADR decision domain; to determine factors that may assist in the prevention, detection and management of ADRs; and, to inform the pre-requirements analysis phase of the development of decision support systems. An approach has been taken that permits open and grounded study of the decision environment. This approach can then be used to frame and inform the design of an ADR decision support system. Fifteen case studies that comprise self selected consumers, the treating medical practitioner/s and expert perspectives of a single instance of an ADR (fifteen in-depth consumer interviews, eight in-depth medical practitioner interviews and 30 expert written questionnaires), have been collected and analysed using a grounded theory approach, a symbolic interactionist theoretical framework and a social constructionist epistemology. The analysis was performed from three perspectives: individual case study analysis (all interviews for an instance of an ADR); group analysis (consumer, medical practitioner and expert views) and analysis combining the individual case studies and groups of data. Concepts, themes and theory have emerged from these data in the following areas: • the contribution of the differences in understanding of the core concepts within this domain, to misunderstandings between decision-makers; • the consumer as a diagnostic decision-maker in the ADR decision domain; • differential diagnostic strategies used by the consumers and medical practitioners; • complexities in the ADR decision domain that make diagnosis difficult; • the role of ADR information in consumer and medical practitioner decision-making; • decision types used by consumers and medical practitioners in the ADR decision domain; • resources used by consumers, medical practitioners and experts to inform their ADR decisions; • decision-making with partial knowledge of the consumer case history, drug behaviour and diseases; • the impact of suspected ADRs on consumers and on future decision-making; • medical practitioner/consumer decision-making models; and, • reasons for low ADR reporting and the impact on the development of new ADR knowledge. The results above suggest the following: • The ADR decision domain is more complex than the current ADR decision support focus and that broadening this focus may assist in providing a more complete and useful decision support solution. • Improving the prevention, detection and management of ADRs requires more than providing prescribers with up to date ADR information. Other important factors are sharing of information, awareness of the role of the consumer, a collaborative approach between the consumers and medical practitioners, and generation of new ADR knowledge. • A grounded theory analysis of case study data using the theoretical perspectives of social constructionism and symbolic interactionism provided insight into this domain from the perspectives of multiple decision-makers. This may be an approach that can be used by systems analysts to inform the requirements analysis phases of decision support within other domains. The results of this qualitative work are preliminary. Future work is required to confirm and expand these results.<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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O'Brien, Michelle. "A study of multiple perspectives and knowledge in adverse drug reaction decision-making : Volume 1." Thesis, University of Ballarat, 2004. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/36308.
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Injury and illness associated with drugs are major problems in Australia and around the world, despite significant developments in the area of adverse drug reaction (ADR) decision support technology. The aims of this thesis are: to investigate the ADR decision domain; to determine factors that may assist in the prevention, detection and management of ADRs; and, to inform the pre-requirements analysis phase of the development of decision support systems. An approach has been taken that permits open and grounded study of the decision environment. This approach can then be used to frame and inform the design of an ADR decision support system. Fifteen case studies that comprise self selected consumers, the treating medical practitioner/s and expert perspectives of a single instance of an ADR (fifteen in-depth consumer interviews, eight in-depth medical practitioner interviews and 30 expert written questionnaires), have been collected and analysed using a grounded theory approach, a symbolic interactionist theoretical framework and a social constructionist epistemology. The analysis was performed from three perspectives: individual case study analysis (all interviews for an instance of an ADR); group analysis (consumer, medical practitioner and expert views) and analysis combining the individual case studies and groups of data. Concepts, themes and theory have emerged from these data in the following areas: • the contribution of the differences in understanding of the core concepts within this domain, to misunderstandings between decision-makers; • the consumer as a diagnostic decision-maker in the ADR decision domain; • differential diagnostic strategies used by the consumers and medical practitioners; • complexities in the ADR decision domain that make diagnosis difficult; • the role of ADR information in consumer and medical practitioner decision-making; • decision types used by consumers and medical practitioners in the ADR decision domain; • resources used by consumers, medical practitioners and experts to inform their ADR decisions; • decision-making with partial knowledge of the consumer case history, drug behaviour and diseases; • the impact of suspected ADRs on consumers and on future decision-making; • medical practitioner/consumer decision-making models; and, • reasons for low ADR reporting and the impact on the development of new ADR knowledge. The results above suggest the following: • The ADR decision domain is more complex than the current ADR decision support focus and that broadening this focus may assist in providing a more complete and useful decision support solution. • Improving the prevention, detection and management of ADRs requires more than providing prescribers with up to date ADR information. Other important factors are sharing of information, awareness of the role of the consumer, a collaborative approach between the consumers and medical practitioners, and generation of new ADR knowledge. • A grounded theory analysis of case study data using the theoretical perspectives of social constructionism and symbolic interactionism provided insight into this domain from the perspectives of multiple decision-makers. This may be an approach that can be used by systems analysts to inform the requirements analysis phases of decision support within other domains. The results of this qualitative work are preliminary. Future work is required to confirm and expand these results.<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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O'Brien, Michelle. "A study of multiple perspectives and knowledge in adverse drug reaction decision-making : Volume 1." University of Ballarat, 2004. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/14606.
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Injury and illness associated with drugs are major problems in Australia and around the world, despite significant developments in the area of adverse drug reaction (ADR) decision support technology. The aims of this thesis are: to investigate the ADR decision domain; to determine factors that may assist in the prevention, detection and management of ADRs; and, to inform the pre-requirements analysis phase of the development of decision support systems. An approach has been taken that permits open and grounded study of the decision environment. This approach can then be used to frame and inform the design of an ADR decision support system. Fifteen case studies that comprise self selected consumers, the treating medical practitioner/s and expert perspectives of a single instance of an ADR (fifteen in-depth consumer interviews, eight in-depth medical practitioner interviews and 30 expert written questionnaires), have been collected and analysed using a grounded theory approach, a symbolic interactionist theoretical framework and a social constructionist epistemology. The analysis was performed from three perspectives: individual case study analysis (all interviews for an instance of an ADR); group analysis (consumer, medical practitioner and expert views) and analysis combining the individual case studies and groups of data. Concepts, themes and theory have emerged from these data in the following areas: • the contribution of the differences in understanding of the core concepts within this domain, to misunderstandings between decision-makers; • the consumer as a diagnostic decision-maker in the ADR decision domain; • differential diagnostic strategies used by the consumers and medical practitioners; • complexities in the ADR decision domain that make diagnosis difficult; • the role of ADR information in consumer and medical practitioner decision-making; • decision types used by consumers and medical practitioners in the ADR decision domain; • resources used by consumers, medical practitioners and experts to inform their ADR decisions; • decision-making with partial knowledge of the consumer case history, drug behaviour and diseases; • the impact of suspected ADRs on consumers and on future decision-making; • medical practitioner/consumer decision-making models; and, • reasons for low ADR reporting and the impact on the development of new ADR knowledge. The results above suggest the following: • The ADR decision domain is more complex than the current ADR decision support focus and that broadening this focus may assist in providing a more complete and useful decision support solution. • Improving the prevention, detection and management of ADRs requires more than providing prescribers with up to date ADR information. Other important factors are sharing of information, awareness of the role of the consumer, a collaborative approach between the consumers and medical practitioners, and generation of new ADR knowledge. • A grounded theory analysis of case study data using the theoretical perspectives of social constructionism and symbolic interactionism provided insight into this domain from the perspectives of multiple decision-makers. This may be an approach that can be used by systems analysts to inform the requirements analysis phases of decision support within other domains. The results of this qualitative work are preliminary. Future work is required to confirm and expand these results.<br>Doctor of Philosophy
Books on the topic "Adverse side effects"
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Yuuki, Inoue, and Watanabe Kouki, eds. Adverse effects of steroids. Nova Science Publishers, 2008.
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E, Weber, Lawson David H, Hoigné R. 1923-, and World Conference on Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (4th. : 1989 : Heidelberg, Germany), eds. Risk factors for adverse drug reactions: Epidemiological approaches. Birkhäuser Verlag, 1990.
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Florida. Agency for Health Care Administration. and Florida. State Center for Health Statistics., eds. Health outcome series: Adverse drug effects. The Agency, 2000.
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T, Florence A., and Salole E. G, eds. Formulation factors in adverse reactions. Wright, 1989.
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Stephens, M. D. B. The detection of new adverse drug reactions. 2nd ed. Macmillan Press ; New York, NY : Stockton Press, 1988.
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Canada, Canada Health, ed. Guidelines for reporting adverse reactions to marketed drugs: Guidelines for the Canadian Pharmaceutical Industry on reporting adverse reactions to marketed drugs (vaccines excluded.). Health Canada, 1996.
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A, Routledge P., and Talbot J. C. C, eds. Detection of new adverse drug reactions. 4th ed. Macmillan Reference Ltd, 1998.
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Foundation), Centre for Medicines Research Workshop (1983 Ciba. Monitoring for adverse drug reactions. MTP Press, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Adverse side effects"
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Rainsford, K. D. "Other Adverse Reactions." In Ibuprofen: Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Side Effects. Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0496-7_11.
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Avanzo, Michele, Joseph Stancanello, and Rajesh Jena. "Adverse Effects to the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue." In Modelling Radiotherapy Side Effects. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21956-12.
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Zheng, Yi, Xuewen Zhang, and Jiaoli Guo. "Precautions, Side-Effects and Adverse Reactions." In Dan Shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) in Medicine. Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9466-4_8.
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Pichler, Werner J., and Paolo Campi. "Adverse Side Effects to Biological Agents." In Drug Hypersensitivity. KARGER, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000104198.
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Rainsford, K. D. "Global Assessment of Adverse Reactions and Human Toxicology." In Ibuprofen: Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Side Effects. Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0496-7_12.
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O’Brien, W. M. "Rare adverse reactions to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs." In Side-Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9772-7_6.
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Barker, E. F. "Assessment of adverse reactions to NSAIDs: pre- and post- marketing." In Side-Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9772-7_3.
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Bellamy, N. "Measuring Beneficial and Adverse Events in Osteoarthritis Clinical Trials." In Side Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs IV. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5394-2_5.
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Brune, K., H. Fenner, M. Kurowski, and R. Lanz. "Adverse reactions to NSAIDs: Consecutive evaluation of 30,000 patients in rheumatology." In Side-Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 3. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2982-4_6.
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Rainsford, K. D. "Mechanisms of Adverse Reactions in the Skin from Anti-Rheumatic Drugs." In Side Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs IV. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5394-2_31.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Adverse side effects"
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Yan, Y., A. Neville, D. Dowson, S. Williams, and J. Fisher. "In Situ Electrochemical Study of the Interaction of Tribology and Corrosion in Artificial Hip Prosthesis Simulators." In CORROSION 2009. NACE International, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2009-09465.
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Abstract The second generation Metal-on-Metal (MoM) hip replacements have been considered as an alternative to commonly used Polyethylene-on-Metal (PoM) joint prostheses due to polyethylene wear debris induced osteolysis. However, the role of corrosion and the biofilm formed under tribological contact are still not fully understood. Enhanced metal ion concentrations have been reported widely from hair, blood and urine samples of patients who received metal hip replacements and in isolated cases when abnormally high levels have caused adverse local tissue reactions. An understanding of the origin of metal ions is really important in order to design alloys for reduced ion release. The welfare of patients and concerns of hypersensitity and other potential side effects have been recognised by both patients and surgeons. Both simple reciprocating pin-on-plate wear tests and hip simulator tests have been carried out to characterize the relationship and interactions between electrochemical reactions (corrosion), mechanical damage (wear) and biological environments. It was found that metal ions originated from two sources: (a) depassivation/repassivation of the contacting surfaces due to the interaction with tribology and corrosion processes under simulated motion and load and, (b) corrosion of nano-sized wear particles generated from the contacting surfaces.
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Wu, Yulin, Kenneth E. McSperitt, and George D. Harris. "Corrosion Inhibition and Monitoring in Seagas Pipeline System." In CORROSION 1988. NACE International, 1988. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1988-88365.
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Abstract Corrosion inhibition and monitoring programs in the 30", 500 mile (805 km) Pipeline in gas service are discussed. The inhibition programs were studied in the laboratory and applied in the pipeline. Twenty-eight pipeline corrosion inhibitors were screen-tested in the laboratory under extreme carbon dioxide and oxygen environments to select the most qualified and effective corrosion inhibitor for the pipeline. In addition to these screen-tests, the inhibitor's "gunk" forming tendency and properties in its condensed form were also studied for minimizing the downstream problems and inhibitor's adverse effects. The amine-based inhibitor, especially when it has an amide combination, was found to be effective and show less side effects at low oxygen concentration. This type of inhibitor is currently used in the pipeline. The inhibitors which are acidic in nature tended to hydrolize in the condensed form and caused stress cracking and pitting problems in the laboratory tests or pipelines. Some of these acidic inhibitors were effective as an oxygen corrosion inhibitor. Neutralization of these inhibitors by amine may minimize the problems. The inhibitor selected in the laboratory was injected into the pipeline in a diluted form and by an atomizer. The ratio of inhibitor quantity to gas volume depended on the relationship among chemical residuals in the pipeline fluids, coupon corrosion rates, and corrosive environments such as the content of carbon dioxide, oxygen and water. This relationship and ratio determination were monitored by a computer program to achieve the corrosion protection and cost reduction. Pipeline surveys were conducted by ultrasonic thickness measurements, "smart pig" and x-rays of piping to determine and verify the integrity of the pipeline. A weekly air survey was also carried out to monitor the pipeline. Results of these surveys verify that the integrity of the Seagas Pipeline is well preserved.
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Hettiarachchi, S., R. J. Law, T. P. Diaz, et al. "Application of Noble Metal Chemical Addition Technology to an Operating BWR to Mitigate IGSCC of Reactor Internals." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98142.
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Abstract Hydrogen Water Chemistry (HWC) has been successfully employed to mitigate the IGSCC of BWR internals over the past decade, However, the use of elevated levels of feed water hydrogen in the BWR results in high operating dose rates due to N16 partitioning into the main steam. Recent studies have shown that the presence of noble metals on reactor internal surfaces, by alloying or by various spray techniques could significantly reduce the hydrogen demand necessary to achieve the IGSCC protection potential of-230 mV(SHE) without the operating dose rate increase. A simpler method of applying noble metal on to reactor internals involve the addition of a noble metal compound into reactor water to cause deposition of noble metal from solution onto surfaces. This noble metal chemical addition (NMCA) technology has been successfully used in numerous laboratory tests to produce a "noble metal like" surface on three of the major structural materials, Type 304 SS, Inconel 600 and Alloy 182, used in the nuclear industry. The success of this technology has been tested using constant extension rate tensile (CERT) tests, crack growth rate (CGR) tests and electrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) response tests. The NMCA technology has successfully decreased the ECP of surfaces below -230 mV(SHE), prevented crack initiation and mitigated crack growth rates in stoichiometric excess hydrogen in simulated boiling water reactor (BWR) environments. The NMCA treatment of surfaces has drastically lowered the hydrogen demand necessary for IGSCC protection of the materials tested, with no identified side effects including no adverse effects on zircaloy fuel cladding materials. This paper describes the performance of the first NMCA treated BWR over a 12 month period. The paper will also describe the application of NMCA technology to internal components of the BWR by employing the reactor coolant water as the medium of transport for depositing noble metal on in-reactor surfaces. The paper will also describe results obtained during the process application, the plant response to low hydrogen after NMCA treatment and the plant performance in maintaining low ECPs during the fuel cycle. The benefits of the application of NMCA technology to the operating BWR fleet will also be highlighted.
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Marks, Chuck, Michael J. Little, Marc A. Kreider, and Robert D. Varrin. "Benefits of Partial Removal of Corrosion Deposits from Nuclear Steam Generators: ASCA and CODE Applications." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09481.
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Abstract As with many heat exchangers, nuclear steam generators are subject to the accumulation of corrosion product deposits on heated tube surfaces and other internal components on the secondary (shell) side. These deposits can have adverse effects on thermal efficiency, material integrity, and in some cases plant operability. Accordingly, plant operators routinely devote substantial resources to limiting the generation and accumulation of deposits, including periodic removal of deposits through various mechanical and chemical approaches. Since the 1980s, chemical cleaning processes with solvents designed to remove all (or nearly all) of the iron- and copper-based deposit material from the steam generator (SG) secondary side have been employed in dozens of different units worldwide. Although these full-bundle “hard” chemical cleaning processes have generally been quite successful in removing large fractions of the deposit mass (typically &gt;95%), they are complex, costly evolutions that require additional plant downtime. Additionally, a few units have unexpectedly experienced declines in SG heat-transfer efficiency and plant production following a successful cleaning application due to the removal of thermally beneficial scale layers. During the past 15 years, alternative processes designed to periodically remove only a fraction of the secondary SG deposit inventory have been developed and qualified by the authors. One of these is an advanced scale conditioning agent (ASCA) treatment, a dilute or “soft” chemical cleaning method that focuses on penetrating through consolidated tube scale layers. By removing a fraction of the iron-based matrix material throughout the scale layer thickness—but without fully removing the layer—ASCA applications increase the average scale porosity and thereby improve the associated scale thermal properties, raising SG thermal performance levels. ASCA processes have three principal benefits: 1) immediate, reliable improvements in SG heat-transfer efficiency as demonstrated by analysis of more than a dozen field applications, 2) reduction in the long-term rate of deposit accumulation within the SG (lowering long-term risks of component corrosion and heat-transfer fouling), and 3) substantially reduced application complexity and cost, including no added plant downtime. A second type of process developed by the authors, consolidated deposit extraction (CODE) removal, focuses on the dissolution of non-iron binding species such as oxides of aluminum and silicon from the deposits that form at the lower SG tubesheet elevation in vertically oriented SGs. These deposits typically are very hard and non-porous, making them at least partially resistant to removal through conventional chemical and mechanical removal methods. Laboratory test results and one successful plant application indicate that the use of CODE in conjunction with other cleaning methods can increase the cleaning yield for these hardened, consolidated deposits.
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Zhu, Xinyu. "Adverse reactions and toxic side effects of Tacrolimus." In International Conference on Biomedical and Intelligent Systems (IC-BIS 2022), edited by Ahmed El-Hashash. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2662733.
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Sampathkumar, Hariprasad, Bo Luo, and Xue-wen Chen. "Mining Adverse Drug Side-Effects from Online Medical Forums." In 2012 IEEE Second International Conference on Healthcare Informatics, Imaging and Systems Biology (HISB). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hisb.2012.75.
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Funari, Alessio, Paola Paci, and Federica Conte. "Network-based analysis to uncover drug-induced adverse side-effects." In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibm58861.2023.10385955.
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Jamshidi, E., A. Asgari, and N. Mansouri. "Personalized predictions of adverse side effects to the COVID-19 vaccines." In ERS International Congress 2022 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2022.57.
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Fezai, Nadia, and Abdessattar Ben Amor. "Adverse Side Effects of Noise given rise to Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)." In 2019 International Conference on Advanced Systems and Emergent Technologies (IC_ASET). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aset.2019.8871026.
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Lotsaris, Kleomenis, Vasiliki Sofia Grech, Ioanna Grech, Vasiliki Kefala, and Efstathios Rallis. "Isotretinoin and psychiatric adverse effects: A literature review." In 1st Conference of the Hellenic Scientific Society of Aesthetics. PHARMAKON-Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.61873/vuqt8301.
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This literature review article discusses the use of isotretinoin and examines its association with psychiatric adverse effects, particularly depression and suicidal ideation. The article presents historical and molecular data on isotretinoin and delves into the literature regarding its psychiatric side effects in the treatment of acne vulgaris. It tries to answer in questions about whether the scientific community has overlooked the significance of the underlying disease and explores the awareness of healthcare professionals regarding these potential adverse effects. Additionally, it investigates the likelihood of these effects based on the available literature to date.
Reports on the topic "Adverse side effects"
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Repository, Science. Hold the Prescription and Try These Natural Antibiotics Instead. Science Repository OÜ, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/sr.blog.20.
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The significance of natural antibiotics lies in the fact that they are effective against infections without causing enough side effects. Substitution of prescription drugs with these can completely eradicate the adverse side effects of antibiotics.
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WolfvWolf, Anne, Matthias Unterberg, Andrea Witowski, Michael Adamzik, and Alexander Wolf. Efficacy and effectiveness of Oliceridine in acute postoperative pain, a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0063.
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Review question / Objective: Oliceridine is a relatively novel so called bias opioid which is approved for severe opioid requiring pain. Due to its biased agonism, it is said to have fewer side effects than conventional opioids. This systematic review and meta-analysis will analyze the efficacy and effectiveness of oliceridine compared to placebo or morphine in acute postoperative pain for up to 72 hours. This will be the first meta-analysis on this topic. Our aim with this work is to evaluate the clinical utility of this relatively new substance in a broad postoperative context. The lead questions of this systematic review and meta-analysis are: 1. Does Oliceridine demonstrate comparable analgesia to morphine with an improved side effect profile? 2. Does oliceridine demonstrate a superior analgesia compared to placebo with a comparable side effect profile? Transfered to PICOS, the study questions present as follows: Patients: Postoperative (up to 72hours) patients with moderate to severe pain Intervention: Oliceridine (TRV130) Comparison: Morphine and Placebo Outcome: Efficacy (pain reduction), effectiveness (side effects, adverse events) Study: Randomized controlled trials, at least single-blind.
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Ding, Yukang, Xixia Chen, and Yongpeng Ge. Inflammatory myopathy following coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination: a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0084.
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Review question / Objective: Reports of unexpected side effects have accompanied the vaccination of larger proportions of the population against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including a few cases of inflammatory myopathy (IM). In a bid to improve understanding of the clinical course of vaccine complications, a systematic review of reported cases of IM following COVID-19 vaccination has been conducted. Condition being studied: Safety concerns have surrounded the vaccines since their development, with common adverse effects including local reaction at the site of injection and diverse non-specific flu-like symptoms (9). Most symptoms occur soon after vaccination and resolve within a short period but some serious events such as myopericarditis and cerebral venous thrombosis post COVID-19 vaccination had been reported. Meanwhile, some rare cases of vaccine-associated IMs have been reported. The current study systematically reviewed IM cases reported post-COVID-19 vaccination to date. Clinical and laboratory features are described and therapy and prognosis discussed.
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Wang, Xiaoyu. Pediatric TuiNa for Tourette syndrome in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.4.0077.
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Review question / Objective: Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric TuiNa for Tourette Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. Condition being studied: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common psychological, behavioural and neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by chronic, fluctuating, multiple muscle convulsions, or accompanied by involuntary laryngeal abnormalities and indecent language. It mainly appears in childhood. At present, Tourette syndrome generally has a long course of the disease and is difficult to cure, which seriously affects the children's learning and physical and mental health, and also causes panic and anxiety to many parents. The incidence of Tourette syndrome was increasing year by year. Clinical studies found that only relying on Western medicine for treatment was easy to have recurrent symptoms and serious adverse reactions. Traditional Chinese medicine has great advantages in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, especially in children's massage, because it has no side effects and is more likely to be favoured by parents. To provide a better basis and guidance for clinical treatment by Meta-analysis of the literature on tuina treatment of Tourette syndrome in children.
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Peters, Erin, Anna Antrim, Alyxandra Cicerrella, et al. Development of innovative cyanophage-based biotechnology for harmful cyanobacterial blooms mitigation : interim progress report. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2025. https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/49801.
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Freshwater harmful cyanobacteria blooms (HCBs) are caused by toxin-producing cyanobacteria. Current efforts to prevent and mitigate HCBs include physical and chemical treatments, as well as manipulating the nutrient input and biological ecosystem of impacted water bodies. However, the development of remediation technologies lags behind the increasing frequency, prevalence, and severity of HCBs and their associated adverse health effects and socioeconomic losses. It is difficult to control the side effects of these remediation technologies due to their interactions with non-target species, including microbes, plants, and animals. This project proposed the use of cyanophages, an abundant natural resource, to control HCBs in a target-specific manner. Here, the results of Year 1 of this effort are reported. Environmental field samples were collected, processed, and characterized morphologically and molecularly. Assays were refined for isolating and characterizing lytic environmental cyanophages. Cryopreservation methods were tested on pure cyanobacteria cultures, while well-characterized cyanophages were used to verify methods to retain infectivity for over 1 year. Methods to induce lysogenic phages to enter their lytic cycle were also explored. The goal was to develop a novel cyanophage-based biotechnology for HCBs mitigation by turning field-collected cyanophages into genetically modified (GM) or non-GM biocontrol agents to disrupt HCBs.
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Börjesson, Patrik, Maria Eggertsen, Lachlan Fetterplace, et al. Long-term effects of no-take zones in Swedish waters. Edited by Ulf Bergström, Charlotte Berkström, and Mattias Sköld. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.10da2mgf51.
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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly established worldwide to protect and restore degraded ecosystems. However, the level of protection varies among MPAs and has been found to affect the outcome of the closure. In no-take zones (NTZs), no fishing or extraction of marine organisms is allowed. The EU Commission recently committed to protect 30% of European waters by 2030 through the updated Biodiversity Strategy. Importantly, one third of these 30% should be of strict protection. Exactly what is meant by strict protection is not entirely clear, but fishing would likely have to be fully or largely prohibited in these areas. This new target for strictly protected areas highlights the need to evaluate the ecological effects of NTZs, particularly in regions like northern Europe where such evaluations are scarce. The Swedish NTZs made up approximately two thirds of the total areal extent of NTZs in Europe a decade ago. Given that these areas have been closed for at least 10 years and can provide insights into long-term effects of NTZs on fish and ecosystems, they are of broad interest in light of the new 10% strict protection by 2030 commitment by EU member states. In total, eight NTZs in Swedish coastal and offshore waters were evaluated in the current report, with respect to primarily the responses of focal species for the conservation measure, but in some of the areas also ecosystem responses. Five of the NTZs were established in 2009-2011, as part of a government commission, while the other three had been established earlier. The results of the evaluations are presented in a synthesis and also in separate, more detailed chapters for each of the eight NTZs. Overall, the results suggest that NTZs can increase abundances and biomasses of fish and decapod crustaceans, given that the closed areas are strategically placed and of an appropriate size in relation to the life cycle of the focal species. A meta-regression of the effects on focal species of the NTZs showed that CPUE was on average 2.6 times higher after three years of protection, and 3.8 times higher than in the fished reference areas after six years of protection. The proportion of old and large individuals increased in most NTZs, and thereby also the reproductive potential of populations. The increase in abundance of large predatory fish also likely contributed to restoring ecosystem functions, such as top-down control. These effects appeared after a 5-year period and in many cases remained and continued to increase in the longer term (>10 years). In the two areas where cod was the focal species of the NTZs, positive responses were weak, likely as an effect of long-term past, and in the Kattegat still present, recruitment overfishing. In the Baltic Sea, predation by grey seal and cormorant was in some cases so high that it likely counteracted the positive effects of removing fisheries and led to stock declines in the NTZs. In most cases, the introduction of the NTZs has likely decreased the total fishing effort rather than displacing it to adjacent areas. In the Kattegat NTZ, however, the purpose was explicitly to displace an unselective coastal mixed bottom-trawl fishery targeting Norway lobster and flatfish to areas where the bycatches of mature cod were smaller. In two areas that were reopened to fishing after 5 years, the positive effects of the NTZs on fish stocks eroded quickly to pre-closure levels despite that the areas remained closed during the spawning period, highlighting that permanent closures may be necessary to maintain positive effects. We conclude from the Swedish case studies that NTZs may well function as a complement to other fisheries management measures, such as catch, effort and gear regulations. The experiences from the current evaluation show that NTZs can be an important tool for fisheries management especially for local coastal fish populations and areas with mixed fisheries, as well as in cases where there is a need to counteract adverse ecosystem effects of fishing. NTZs are also needed as reference for marine environmental management, and for understanding the effects of fishing on fish populations and other ecosystem components in relation to other pressures. MPAs where the protection of both fish and their habitats is combined may be an important instrument for ecosystembased management, where the recovery of large predatory fish may lead to a restoration of important ecosystem functions and contribute to improving decayed habitats. With the new Biodiversity Strategy, EUs level of ambition for marine conservation increases significantly, with the goal of 30% of coastal and marine waters protected by 2030, and, importantly, one third of these areas being strictly protected. From a conservation perspective, rare, sensitive and/or charismatic species or habitats are often in focus when designating MPAs, and displacement of fisheries is then considered an unwanted side effect. However, if the establishment of strictly protected areas also aims to rebuild fish stocks, these MPAs should be placed in heavily fished areas and designed to protect depleted populations by accounting for their home ranges to generate positive outcomes. Thus, extensive displacement of fisheries is required to reach benefits for depleted populations, and need to be accounted for e.g. by specific regulations outside the strictly protected areas. These new extensive EU goals for MPA establishment pose a challenge for management, but at the same time offer an opportunity to bridge the current gap between conservation and fisheries management.
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Dong, Yi, LiJia Liu, Jianing Liu, Tianqi Liao, Jieru Zhou, and Huaien Bu. Incidences of Adverse Reactions in BNT162b2: A Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.1.0043.
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Review question / Objective: This study searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase Electronics, and other databases to collect healthy adults aged 16 and older, subjects with no previous history of COVID-19 infection, A randomized controlled trial of Pfizer's vaccine BNT162b2 versus placebo. Using RevMan5.4 software, meta-analysis was conducted to compare the effects of injection of BNT162b2 and placebo on the incidence of adverse reactions in healthy adults over 16 years of age. Main indexes include total incidence of adverse reactions, the incidence of local adverse reactions at the injection site (including red hot accessories), the incidence of systemic adverse reactions, including fever, headache, rash, urticaria, joint pain, muscle pain, gastrointestinal tract reaction, fatigue, cough, etc.), death rate, so as to provide a reference for clinical practice. Information sources: The following electronic databases will be searched from January 2020 to November 2021: PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase Electronics. In addition, reference lists of the included studies were manually searched to identify additional relevant studies.
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Littles, Chanda, David Trachtenbarg, Hans Moritz, et al. Site selection and conceptual designs for beneficial use of dredged material sites for habitat creation in the lower Columbia River. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48550.
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Channel maintenance in most major rivers throughout the United States requires ongoing dredging to maintain navigability. The US Army Corps of Engineers explores several options for placement based on sediment characteristics, material quantity, cost, operational constraints, and minimization of potential adverse effects to existing resources and habitat. It is a priority to beneficially reuse dredged sediments to create habitat and retain sediments within the river system whenever possible. Nonetheless, there can be discrepancies among state and federal resource agencies, landowners, tribes, and various other stakeholders about what constitutes a benefit and how those benefits are ultimately weighed against short- and long-term tradeoffs. This work leveraged prior Regional Sediment Management efforts building consensus among stakeholders on a suite of viable strategies for in-water placement in the lower Columbia River. The goal was to identify suitable locations for applying the various strategies to maximize habitat benefits and minimize potential adverse effects. A multistep site-selection matrix was developed with criteria accounting for existing site conditions, overall placement capacity, tradeoffs, long-term maintenance, cost, stakeholder concerns, and landscape principles in the context of other habitat restoration projects implemented in the lower river. Three highly ranked sites were selected for conceptual design and exemplify results of collaborative beneficial use implementation.
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Peterson, Bradley S., Joey Trampush, Margaret Maglione, et al. ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer267.
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Objective. The systematic review assessed evidence on the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents to inform a planned update of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines. Data sources. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, PsycINFO®, ERIC, clinicaltrials.gov, and prior reviews for primary studies published since 1980. The report includes studies published to June 15, 2023. Review methods. The review followed a detailed protocol and was supported by a Technical Expert Panel. Citation screening was facilitated by machine learning; two independent reviewers screened full text citations for eligibility. We abstracted data using software designed for systematic reviews. Risk of bias assessments focused on key sources of bias for diagnostic and intervention studies. We conducted strength of evidence (SoE) and applicability assessments for key outcomes. The protocol for the review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022312656). Results. Searches identified 23,139 citations, and 7,534 were obtained as full text. We included 550 studies reported in 1,097 publications (231 studies addressed diagnosis, 312 studies addressed treatment, and 10 studies addressed monitoring). Diagnostic studies reported on the diagnostic performance of numerous parental ratings, teacher rating scales, teen/child self-reports, clinician tools, neuropsychological tests, EEG approaches, imaging, and biomarkers. Multiple approaches showed promising diagnostic performance (e.g., using parental rating scales), although estimates of performance varied considerably across studies and the SoE was generally low. Few studies reported estimates for children under the age of 7. Treatment studies evaluated combined pharmacological and behavior approaches, medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration, other pharmacologic treatment, psychological/behavioral approaches, cognitive training, neurofeedback, neurostimulation, physical exercise, nutrition and supplements, integrative medicine, parent support, school interventions, and provider or model-of-care interventions. Medication treatment was associated with improved broadband scale scores and ADHD symptoms (high SoE) as well as function (moderate SoE), but also appetite suppression and adverse events (high SoE). Psychosocial interventions also showed improvement in ADHD symptoms based on moderate SoE. Few studies have evaluated combinations of pharmacological and youth-directed psychosocial interventions, and we did not find combinations that were systematically superior to monotherapy (low SoE). Published monitoring approaches for ADHD were limited and the SoE is insufficient. Conclusion. Many diagnostic tools are available to aid the diagnosis of ADHD, but few monitoring strategies have been studied. Medication therapies remain important treatment options, although with a risk of side effects, as the evidence base for psychosocial therapies strengthens and other nondrug treatment approaches emerge.
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Flórez, Luz Adriana, Didier Hermida, and Leonardo Fabio Morales. The Heterogeneous Effect of Minimum Wage on Labor Market Flows in Colombia. Banco de la República Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1213.
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We provide evidence of the negative effect of the minimum wage on labor market flows, such as job creation, job destruction, hiring, and separations in Colombia. Depicting firms' minimum wage (MW) compliance cost, we find evidence of an adverse effect of increases on MW compliance cost on employment. This negative effect is explained mainly by a reduction in job creation and hiring rate and the rise in job destruction and separations. In contrast to the evidence for developed economies, our results are in line with the predictions of the standard search model. We also explore this differential effect by firm size and age. We found that an increase in the MW compliance cost has relatively critical negative impacts on small and medium-sized firms (with less than 250 employees); and new and young firms (lower than six years old).