Books: 'Adverse symptoms'

7

Thompson, K. C. (Kenneth Clive), 1944- and Borchers Ulrich, eds. Water contamination emergencies: Monitoring, understanding, and acting. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2011.

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8

Dillard, Milladie Lohmann. Food Sweeteners-Aspartame and Its Adverse Reactions, Strange Symptoms, Illness Behavior and Controversy. ABBE Publishers Association of Washington, DC, 1993.

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9

Wijdicks, Eelco F. M., and Sarah L. Clark. Treatment of Brain Injury-Associated Symptoms and Signs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190684747.003.0019.

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Acute neurologic disease results in a myriad of minor and major symptoms, some of which are partly specific to the nature of the illness. Symptom relief for acutely ill neurologic patients requires medication orders. Treatment of these symptoms is not without adverse effects, and regular use of opioids to treat severe headaches may very often lead to opioid-induced constipation, which may progress to adynamic ileus. This chapter focuses on, nausea and vomiting, hiccups, secretion control, constipation, fever and shivering, and rhabdomyolysis. Large volumes of emesis or secretions can easily ca

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10

Dillard, Miladie L. Food sweeteners: Aspartame and its adverse reactions, strange symptoms, illness behavior and controversy : Index of new information with authors & subjects. ABBE Publishers Association of Washington, D.C, 1994.

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11

Mental Health in the Digital Age: Grave Dangers, Great Promise. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2015.

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12

Mental Health in the Digital Age: Grave Dangers, Great Promise. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2015.

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13

Mental Health in the Digital Age: Grave Dangers, Great Promise. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2015.

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14

Dillard, Miladie L. Food Sweeteners - Aspartame and Its Adverse Reactions, Strange Symptoms, Illness Behavior and Controversy: Index of New Information With Authors and Subjects. Abbe Pub Assn of Washington Dc, 1997.

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15

Kramer, W., and V. Wizemann. The Heart in End-Stage Renal Failure: Etiology, Symptoms and Management of Uremic Heart Disease (Contributions to Nephrology). S Karger Pub, 1987.

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16

James, John D. Symptom-Oriented Guide to Adverse Drug Reactions. McGraw Hill Text, 1987.

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17

Tomasson, Jon, Mohamed A. Mahmoud, and James P. Spaeth. Mediastinal Mass Biopsy. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0044.

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It has been long recognized that patients with anterior mediastinal masses (AMMs) have a significantly increased risk of adverse perioperative events. Even asymptomatic patients or those with mild clinical symptoms are at risk for cardiopulmonary collapse and even death with induction of anesthesia, thus highlighting the need for careful preoperative evaluation and decision making.

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18

Li, Madeline, Joshua Rosenblat, and Gary Rodin. Psychopharmacologic Management of Anxiety and Depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491857.003.0005.

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Depression and anxiety are highly prevalent in patients with cancer. Defining the quality and severity of these symptoms, along with ruling out other causes for them, is required before treatment is initiated. The continuum of symptoms of depression or anxiety ranges from a normative response to more severe symptoms. Pharmacological management of depression and anxiety should be reserved for the latter, often in conjunction with psychotherapeutic interventions. Relative efficacy, adverse effects, and potential drug–drug interactions should be considered in the selection of medications. Antidep

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19

Zuddas, Alessandro, Tobias Banaschewski, David Coghill, and Mark A. Stein. ADHD treatment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0041.

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Stimulants are effective medications and should be used as one of the main pharmacological options for the management of ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults. They all inhibit catecholamine uptake, but they differ for specific aspects of the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, as well as on efficacy for specific patients. Short-term efficacy in reducing ADHD symptoms is well established, as is the safety profile for these agents. There is increasing evidence that ADHD symptom improvement generally translates or corresponds to improved functioning and quality of life. Stimulant treatmen

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20

Samol, Nancy B., and Eric P. Wittkugel. Upper Respiratory Infection. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0003.

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Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) are common in children, with most children experiencing six to eight episodes per year. Some evidence suggests that the airway reactivity associated with these infections persists for several weeks after resolution of symptoms and increases the risk of perioperative adverse events. Other data indicate that these complications are easily managed and seldom associated with any adverse sequelae. Unfortunately, cancellation of patients harboring URIs is not without economic and emotional implications for the patient, the family, and the operating suite as

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21

Borsboom, Denny. Mental disorders, network models, and dynamical systems. Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0011.

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Network approaches have been proposed as an alternative way of thinking about relations between symptoms of mental disorders. Unlike traditional psychometric approaches, network models view these associations as the result of direct interactions between symptoms. Disorders are defined as alternative stable states of a network due to increased connectivity between symptoms. This increased connectivity creates a pattern of reinforcement, so the system can get stuck in a state of prolonged activation. Mental health is defined as the stable state of a weakly connected network. Although symptomatol

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22

Brommelhoff, Jessica A. Depression in Dementia Syndromes. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.007.

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Depressive symptoms are common in many dementia syndromes, and depressive disorders are much more common in older adults with dementia than in cognitively intact older adults. Depression may be a risk factor for, or a prodromal feature of, subsequent dementia. Several neuropathological mechanisms have been suggested to explain these relationships, including the role of underlying cerebrovascular risk factors for depression and cognitive impairment. Depression also may be present in dementia as an emotional reaction to cognitive decline, or as a recurrence of early and midlife depression. Diffe

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23

Balzafiore, Danielle, Thalia Robakis, Sarah Borish, Vena Budhan, and Natalie Rasgon. The treatment of bipolar disorder in women. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0020.

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Sex-specific effects in the clinical presentation and course of bipolar disorder in women have important treatment implications for the management of symptoms across the menstrual cycle and reproductive lifespan. Women with bipolar disorder are particularly vulnerable to premenstrual mood symptoms, menstrual abnormalities, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Special considerations include understanding the interactions between these reproductive issues, oral contraceptives, and mood-stabilizing agents. Additionally, the management of bipolar disorder during the perinatal period requires a careful a

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24

Goldenberg, Don. COVID's Impact on Health and Healthcare Workers. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197575390.001.0001.

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The symptoms, risk factors and typical course of mild, moderate and severe COVID-19 infections are detailed, focusing on correlations with hospitalization and death. The physical and emotional toll on healthcare workers is described, as well as the innovations and sacrifices made by physicians, nurses, and hospitals during the pandemic. Present and enduring changes in primary care and mental healthcare, including increased utilization of telemedicine, are explained. The misinformation and disinformation raging during the pandemic and their adverse effect on public health and patient recovery a

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25

Montgomery, Erwin B. Clinical Assessments. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0010.

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The primary endpoints of DBS adjustments are functional and as such, are related to the symptoms and signs due to the disease and consequent to stimulation. Thus, effective programming requires the programmer to be an astute clinician in the assessing symptoms and signs. This is not always a straight forward or intuitive process. For example, stimulation of the corticospinal tract can reduce tremor but interfere with other motor functions. Assesments often are complicated by the time required for changes to manifest rendering some assessments impractical in the confines of a clinic visit. A sy

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26

Richer, Alice C. Food Allergies. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400652202.

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Most people take eating for granted - but for some, eating can be downright dangerous. Thirty thousand Americans are hospitalized each year due to an allergic food reaction and peanut allergies in American children doubled from 1997 to 2002. Between two and ten percent of children are affected by food allergies worldwide and adverse food reactions increased hospital admissions by five hundred percent in the United Kingdom during the past two decades. Asthma cases, a reliable indicator of food allergy susceptibility, increased one hundred percent during the last thirty years. While most people

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27

Beck, Cheryl Tatano. Panic Attacks During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.26.

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Panic attacks during pregnancy and the postpartum period are associated with substantial distress and impairment in women. Although perhaps the mostly likely course of perinatal panic disorder (PPD) is that women experience no change in symptoms, there appears to be a substantial minority whose symptoms improve during pregnancy but worsen in the postpartum period. Preliminary research suggests that panic disorder is associated with adverse child outcomes; thus, antenatal screening and diagnosis of panic disorder need to become routine obstetric practice so that treatment can be initiated when

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28

Awan, Kanwal, and Martin Steinberg. Medical Conditions That May Cause Cognitive Impairment and Depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199959549.003.0005.

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Ruling out medical conditions that can cause depression or cognitive impairment is essential in effectively caring for elderly patients. Case examples illustrate how these may present. Diabetes can cause confusion due to either hyper- or hypoglycemia. Congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive lung disease can cause hypoxia and resulting confusion. Sleep apnea can present with amnesia, apathy, and depression. Physiological changes make elderly patients especially susceptible to adverse drug effects, including hyponatremia and anticholinergic symptoms. Depression and cognitive changes hav

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29

Vigod, Simone, and Meir Steiner. Biomarkers of Perinatal Psychopathology. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.17.

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Much research has focused on understanding why women are at increased risk of serious mental health symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum. Although psychosocial stressors play a major role in perinatal psychiatric disorders, not every woman who experiences adverse psychosocial circumstances develops a major psychiatric illness during this time. As such, attention has focused on exploring how biological factors might impact the development of perinatal psychopathology. This chapter reviews biological changes during pregnancy and the postpartum that may contribute to the onset and/or exac

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30

Cavanna, Andrea E. Lamotrigine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791577.003.0007.

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Lamotrigine is a second-generation antiepileptic drug characterized by a wide range of antiepileptic indications, with an acceptable interaction profile in polytherapy. It has a good behavioural tolerability profile and a wide range of psychiatric uses. In patients with epilepsy, lamotrigine has shown antidepressant properties, as well as mixed effects on anxiety symptoms. Adverse behavioural effects (irritability, agitation, and aggression) are not very common and are usually observed in patients with learning disability. Lamotrigine has a licensed indication for the prevention of depressive

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31

Neary, John, and Neil Turner. Nutcracker syndrome and phenomenon. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0048.

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Nutcracker syndrome describes symptomatology associated with obstruction to the left renal vein caused by pressure from the overlying superior mesenteric artery. Modern imaging methods show that some degree of left renal vein obstruction may be a common incidental finding in asymptomatic patients so it is better described as ‘nutcracker phenomenon’, NCP. The association of NCP with symptoms and signs is often speculative. NCP may be seen at any age but most patients with symptoms attributed to it are teenagers or young adults. The strongest evidence is for association with episodic macroscopic

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32

Cavanna, Andrea E. Ethosuximide. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791577.003.0005.

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Ethosuximide is a first-generation antiepileptic drug characterized by few antiepileptic indications, with acceptable interaction profile in polytherapy. Ethosuximide has a good behavioural tolerability profile, but no approved indications or clinical uses in psychiatry. Behavioural adverse effects can sometimes occur following cessation of seizures and normalization of the EEG and resolve with discontinuation of Ethosuximide and seizure recurrence. Specifically, there are reports of psychosis (but no aggression-related behaviours) in adult patients treated with Ethosuximide. Since the psychot

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33

Cavanna, Andrea E. Topiramate. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791577.003.0013.

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Topiramate is a second-generation antiepileptic drug characterized by a good range of antiepileptic indications, with an acceptable interaction profile in polytherapy. Topiramate has an acceptable behavioural tolerability profile, although it has been associated with a number of negative behavioural effects in patients with epilepsy (in particular depression, irritability, and psychotic symptoms). Identified risk factors for the development of behavioural adverse effects include high starting doses and rapid titration schedules, as well as personal or family history of psychiatric disorders. T

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34

Cavanna, Andrea E. Levetiracetam, piracetam, and brivaracetam. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791577.003.0008.

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Levetiracetam is a third-generation antiepileptic drug characterized by a wide range of antiepileptic indications, with a very good interaction profile in polytherapy. Levetiracetam has an acceptable behavioural tolerability profile, but limited potential for psychiatric uses. Behavioural adverse events (irritability and emotional lability) are often reported by patients with epilepsy taking levetiracetam; psychotic symptoms and episodes of severe aggression have occasionally been reported. Initial reports suggesting a possible role for levetiracetam in the treatment of bipolar depression and

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35

Mutyambizi, Kudakwashe. Dermatologic Complications. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0034.

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The hallmark of HIV infection is immune dysregulation and immunosuppression. As the immune system deteriorates, inflammatory dermatoses, metabolic dysregulation, adverse drug reactions, opportunistic infections, and cutaneous malignancies become more common, atypical in presentation, and recalcitrant to therapy. Both acute and chronic skin complaints contribute significantly to reduced quality of life for HIV patients. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that individuals between ages 13 and 64 years be tested for HIV at least once in their lifetime, with increased screeni

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36

Fine, Perry G., and Matthew Kestenbaum. Clinical Processes and Symptom Management. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190456900.003.0003.

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This chapter describes what to do when a patient experiences severe anxiety and uncontrolled agitation that negatively affect care and the caregiving environment. Agitation and severe anxiety (panic) represent some of the few true emergency conditions in a hospice setting, so early recognition and prevention are critical. The discussion covers causes in depth, including psychosocial/spiritual and biomedical causes. The chapter details a tactical approach to evaluating and managing severe anxiety and agitation. An example of this is assessing if the patient has an organic brain syndrome due to

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37

Krake, Ann M. Extremes of Temperature. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0014.

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This chapter covers extremes of temperature conditions, physiological effects, and prevention. All deaths caused by exposure to hot and cold temperature extremes are preventable when proper measures are taken. Described in this chapter are the effects of extreme heat and extreme cold on the health of members of the public, particularly older people and young people, and workers employed in various workplace settings. The differences between heat stress and heat strain are also discussed, as are various regulations governing exposure to temperature extremes. The nature and magnitude of heat- an

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38

Dyken, Mark Eric, Kyoung Bin Im, George B. Richerson, and Deborah C. Lin-Dyken. Sleep and stroke. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0027.

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The study of stroke and sleep is in its infancy, as exemplified by the fact that polysomnography (PSG) has only recently been used to help confirm that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a stroke risk factor. There is a strong association between stroke and sleep problems, as stroke can cause, and also may result from, some sleep disorders. Symptoms of OSA, the most frequent and dangerous sleep problem associated with stroke, often suggest other primary sleep disorders. OSA should be the first concern, and, if diagnosed, positive airway pressure (PAP) and positional therapies are first-line trea

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39

Steinberg, Martin. Treatment of Depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199959549.003.0006.

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Most depression in the elderly can be effectively treated in the primary care setting. Psychiatric referral should be considered in the setting of severe depression, suicidal ideation, prior suicide attempts, multiple risk factors, psychotic symptoms, bipolar disorder, poor response to prior treatment, or high medical comorbidity. Combining pharmacological and psychosocial interventions is most likely to be effective. Available antidepressants include serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, novel mechanism agents, tricyclic antidepressants, and mon

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40

Vázquez, Gustavo H., Alberto Forte, Sebastián Camino, Leonardo Tondo, and Ross J. Baldessarini. Treatment implications for bipolar disorder co-occurring with anxiety syndromes and substance abuse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0017.

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Anxiety symptoms and syndromes affect approximately half of both types I and II bipolar disorder (BD) patients at some time, more in women than men. Reported prevalence has ranked: generalized anxiety ≥ phobias ≥ panic ≥ post-traumatic stress syndrome ≥ obsessive–compulsive syndrome. BD associated with anxiety disorders is less responsive to mood-stabilizing treatments, with greater disability, substance abuse, and possibly suicidal risk. Emerging treatments for anxiety in BD patients include lurasidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, valproate, and psychotherapies, whereas the efficacy and safety of

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41

Schmitz, Kathryn H., and Rinad Beidas. Implementing an Evidence-Based Exercise Program for Breast Cancer Survivors. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0026.

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Multiple persistent adverse effects of breast cancer treatment are improved with regular exercise. This case study describes a safe and effective exercise program for breast cancer survivors that was adapted into an evidence-based intervention offered through physical therapy (Strength After Breast Cancer). The program was successfully translated and implemented, and it showed equal safety and efficacy as the parent program with regard to lymphedema symptoms, muscular strength, quality of life, and body image. Evaluation of the implementation process revealed multiple facilitators and barriers

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42

Isaacs, John D., and Philip M. Brown. Rituximab and abatacept. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0083.

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Two biologics that target cells have been licensed to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CD20 that depletes B cells; abatacept is a soluble form of CTLA-4 that blocks costimulation and interferes with T-cell function. Both drugs alleviate signs and symptoms of RA and have been shown to retard radiographic progression. Rituximab is licensed for use following failure of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockade whereas abatacept's licence permits it use as a first-line biologic. In the United Kingdom, however, the National Institute for Health

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43

Kass, Erica, Jonathan E. Posner, and Laurence L. Greenhill. Pharmacological Treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0004.

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More than 225 placebo-controlled type 1 investigations demonstrate that psychostimulants are highly effective in reducing core symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. In contrast, there are limited type I studies demonstrating that psychopharmacological management with U.S. Food & Drug Administration-approved agents for ADHD (stimulants and nonstimulants), atypical antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers decrease the defiant and aggressive behavior characteristic of disruptive behavior disorders. Stimulant treatment evidence has been supplemented by

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44

Hvas, Anne-Mette, Erik L. Grove, and Steen Dalby Kristensen. Biomarkers of coagulation and thrombosis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0038.

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Coagulation is evaluated by conventional coagulation analyses, often supplemented by point-of-care tests. Recently, a number of point-of-care tests for evaluation of platelet function and the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy has been investigated. Thrombophilia contributes to the risk of thrombosis, and a battery of complex assays is required to identify all thrombophilias. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is characterized by microthrombosis and clinical bleeding. A scoring system for overt disseminated intravascular coagulation provides a five-step diagnostic algorithm. The cornerstone

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45

Hvas, Anne-Mette, Erik L. Grove, and Steen Dalby Kristensen. Biomarkers of coagulation and thrombosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0038_update_001.

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Coagulation is evaluated by conventional coagulation analyses, often supplemented by point-of-care tests. Recently, a number of point-of-care tests for evaluation of platelet function and the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy has been investigated. Thrombophilia contributes to the risk of thrombosis, and a battery of complex assays is required to identify all thrombophilias. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is characterized by microthrombosis and clinical bleeding. A scoring system for overt disseminated intravascular coagulation provides a five-step diagnostic algorithm. The cornerstone

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46

Farmakis, Dimitrios, John Parissis, George Papingiotis, and Gerasimos Filippatos. Acute heart failure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0051_update_001.

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Acute heart failure is defined as the rapid development or change of symptoms and signs of heart failure that requires urgent medical attention and usually hospitalization. Acute heart failure is the first reason for hospital admission in individuals aged 65 or more and accounts for nearly 70% of the total health care expenditure for heart failure. It is characterized by an adverse prognosis, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 4–7%, a 2–3-month post-discharge mortality of 7–11%, and a 2–3-month readmission rate of 25–30%. The majority of patients have a previous history of heart failure and

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47

Zhu, Nancy Y., and Cynthia Wu. Anaemia, cytopenias, and thrombosis in palliative medicine. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0083.

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Many haematological issues can complicate end-of-life care, including cytopenias and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Anaemia is very common and can significantly impact quality of life; causes include haemorrhage, iron deficiency, nutritional deficiencies, and bone marrow infiltration. Neutropenia from bone marrow failure as a result of disease infiltration or from chemotherapy effects can result in life-threatening infections. Finally, VTE is commonly seen in cancer patients as well as those who require prolonged hospitalization. Symptoms can cause discomfort, mortality is increased, and treatm

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48

Pillai, Vivek, and Christopher L. Drake. Shift work sleep disorder and jet lag. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0021.

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Some of the most devastating catastrophes in the modern world, such as the Chernobyl and Three Mile Island nuclear accidents, the Bhopal gas tragedy, and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, occurred during the night shift. These incidents serve as a painful reminder of the high individual and societal costs associated with sleep–wake schedules that oppose the endogenous physiological regulation of sleep and wakefulness across the 24-hour day. Insomnia-like symptoms during the sleep period and excessive sleepiness during the wake period are among the most common consequences of such circadian misalignm

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49

Kamat, Deepak M., Henry M. Adam, and Rebecca A. Baum, eds. Quick Reference Guide to Pediatric Care. 2nd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610021128.

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Significantly revised and updated, the second edition of this popular quick reference guide provides information and advice on 190 areas of current pediatric care, everything from abdominal pain and ADHD, to headache and herpes infections, to weight loss and wheezing. This indispensable resource delivers practical, action-orientated, clinical solutions for healthcare professionals to use during or between patient encounters. Authoritative content is presented in a concise outline format that helps speed and simplify decision-making. Regardless of the patient presentation you're confronted with

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50

Shapiro, Benjamin. Ibogaine: History, Pharmacology, Spirituality, & Clinical Data. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0027.

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Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid derived from the African shrub Tabernathe iboga with broad anti-addictive, anti-depressant, and central nervous system stimulating effects. It is categorized as an oneriogen (or atypical hallucinogen) and has been used in West African tribal rituals for centuries. It was identified by French explorers in the early 1900s, came to the United States in the 1960s, and became marginalized in the mid-1990s after adverse outcomes halted federally funded human trials. Since then legal ibogaine treatment clinics have been established in countries without use restrictions.

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Books on the topic 'Adverse symptoms'

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