Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Advertising and marketing'

This research is made with the aim of find out how Iberostar communicates its values through Offline and Online advertising campaigns and if those campaigns send the same message to the target audience

Today advertisers face the challenge of securing advertising effectiveness by producing advertisement that gets the consumers’ attention and shape their attitudes and behavior. One suggested way to reach these objectives is creativity. Both advertising industry professionals, awards, effectiveness reports and research support this notion that what makes advertising effective is creative excellence. However, research has shown that advertising professionals seems to have little formalized understanding about how advertising creativity work and how it is defined and measured. Current research need to better understand the response to creative advertisements by documenting how advertising professionals and consumer assess and value creativity. By applying new perspectives and new theories this thesis investigate the effects advertising creativity has on consumers. The thesis reviews the academic research on advertising creativity and contributes with five articles to increase the understanding of advertising creativity and how perceptions of creativity influence advertising effectiveness. In so doing, it plays a part in advertisers understanding and use of advertising creativity.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2012. Sammanfattning jämte 5 uppsatser.

In the 21st century, advertising might just be the most powerful weapon a marketer has and a quite efficient one if we think about the way it changed our world. But all that power comes with great responsibility: used accordingly by planning everything in the smallest detail possible it can be the best thing that ever happen to a company even to the local retailers as a medium, used without any kind of strategy it can very well be a large scale disaster. Because of the great costs that advertising is much too often associated with and also the long term affects it has on the consumer a company should never start an advertising campaign without knowing every single last detail concerning their product and consumers. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/12672

This dissertation presents three sociological essays analyzing advertising agencies through the lens of cultural economic sociology. Drawing on 12 months of ethnographic research and 81 interviews across four American advertising agencies, this dissertation presents three explorations of how meaning-making processes are central to the various processes of advertising production.

The first essay explores how market intermediaries help other market actors see the market and their opportunities for action within it. The essay article illustrates how advertising practitioners provide their clients with visions of what the market is and what opportunities for action lie within it, developing advertising campaigns to match that vision. These accounts of the market and its opportunities are dynamically negotiated, both reflecting and shaping the identities of the clients, their target audiences, and the intermediaries themselves. Because intermediaries dramaturgically perform these interpretations of the market for their client in micro-level interactions, they must also deal with disagreement, contestation, and negotiation over their visions of the market.

The second essay explores how advertising agencies consume and produce consumer research. Taking a relational approach to the production of advertising, this essay conceives of the work agencies do as part of establishing viable exchange relationships with their clients in which the client exchanges money for the agency's ideas for campaigns. The analysis shows how agency employees—in particular, account planners—first negotiate what kinds of consumers matter with their clients, then produce consumer research in ways that helps them generate particular types of qualitative materials. Agency employees then use those materials to craft aesthetic, material representations of the consumer that can serve as exchange media to facilitate the broader exchange of campaign ideas and money.

The third essay takes adopts a pragmatic sociological framework to examine conflict in advertising agencies, suggesting such conflicts can be better understood as inevitable clashes between different regimes for justifying the value of advertising work. The article examines three such regimes that advertising practitioners use to justify the work they do: the regime of partnership, the regime of expertise, and the regime of brokerage. Each regime supposes its own definition of what is good advertising work, how that work is evaluated, and how that work should be done, as well as what relationships there should be between the agents who do the work and their clients. Furthermore, each regime has its critiques of the others, and compromises between regimes are unstable and temporary. The different types of conflicts that arise from clashes between these regimes can be understood as the outcome of threats to the different social bonds supposed by each of those regimes.

These articles are prefaced by a broad discussion of the intellectual projects of economic sociology, in which the literature is divided into two camps: one that studies the economy of culture, and one that studies the economy as culture. After reviewing the different conceptualizations of production and consumption in each, as well as considering the role of materiality and the relationship between the economic and the social, this discussion concludes with a commitment to studying the economy as the enactment of cultural intentions, opting for an analytical strategy that preserves the relative autonomy of culture in exploring how narratives and codes structure economic activity.

The three essays of this thesis consider a firm’s choice of advertising campaign when advertising may be conditioned on the preferences of individual consumers. In essay one, I show that a monopolist will use such advertising to turn sub-marginal consumers, who are not quite willing to pay for the good, into marginal consumers who are indifferent to paying for the good or going without it. The second essay considers the use of targeted advertising in duopoly, when one of the firms does not have access to advertising. I find that advertising will target those consumers most likely to switch to the non-advertising firm. Each firm sets a price just high enough to capture the consumers on either side of the advertising 'barrier’. The third essay looks at targeted advertising in the context of Canadian public health. When the goals of government and industry are aligned, advertising by the firm may be an alternative superior to government advertising in the form of a public health education campaign.

Theoretically, advertising has been regarded as a marketing communication; that is, advertising is subsumed under marketing. However, this thesis deconstructs the existing theories and argues that advertising historically was not a marketing tool due to practical conflicts within the British advertising industry. Field work was conducted by means of interviews in addition to document research of publications by practitioners. After the Second World War, marketing people in Britain adopted the modern marketing concepts from the US where marketing and advertising people used the same principles and practice of advertising. The thesis traces back to fundamental concepts in social sciences such as economics, sociology and psychology that marketing and advertising people applied to their disciplines. Then, relevant historical backgrounds including the history of advertising agencies, market research and account planning are explored. They indicate that advertising was not part of marketing communications but rather located between marketing and communications. The application of various social sciences and the historical backgrounds govern British agency people's practice of advertising research during the 1960s and 1970s. They used research to explain advertising effectiveness in terms of both communication and sales. However, they found some disagreements between their concepts and that of marketing people in their client companies. They felt more frustrated when clients and research companies used scientific principles and practice in measuring advertising effectiveness. The 1960s and 1970s events led to the origin of the IPA (Institute of Practitioners in Advertising) Awards in 1980. The IPA Awards were in fact the consequence of the past as they tried to maintain their stance of developing advertising effectiveness theories as opposed to those of clients and research companies for two decades. However, as the Awards grew and became one of the most recognised award schemes in the industry, they were used by agency people as a tool to increase their agencies' reputation rather than a demonstration of advertising effectiveness.

Nowadays, in France a debate on the implementation of ethnic statistics in order to appreciate the structure of the French population has been recently impulsed by the president, Nicolas Sarkozy. Indeed, for having a reliable tool which can be used to identify and count the different “visible communities” in its country, the French government is intending to modify the current legislation about collects of personal data. It initiates these legal procedures to be able to measure and judge racial discriminations that occur in several areas (employment, scholarship…). However, even if these steps are as goal a fall in ethnic discriminations, they keep highly controversial. Its opponents claim the French constitutional principles that want Republic to be indivisible.

This debate overall underlines the lack of an “ethno-racial” national referential. Nevertheless, individuals’ origins were progressively introduced into statistics.

- 1851: the first census including questions about nationality was realized (native French, naturalized French and foreign). (Courrier des statistiques n° 117-119, 2006, p 34)

- 1962: This census was completed by asking the origin nationality of the naturalized French.

- 1993: The Great Integration Council developed surveys about the ethnic structure of the French population for specifics purpose.

Now, only one major law – Information and freedom law of the sixth August 2004 – breaks the access to ethnic data. It stipulates that personal data which precise, directly or indirectly, racial or ethnic origins, political views, philosophical and religious ones are prohibited. (www.juriscom.net)

But some surveys highlighting ethnic origins can be conducted, on one condition; they must respect an individual agreement.

Both French debates on ethnic statistics and racial discriminations raise the issue of how important the minorities’ demographical and economical weight is. Indeed, more and more firms and marketing agencies have started to target ethnic market for few years.

According to the INSEE – the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies – and the INED – a French research institute specialized in demography and population studies –, ethnic minorities and immigrants in France are the same. Their number is around 4.3 millions people, that is to say 6.7% of the 2002’s French population (see Annexe 3).

But the ethnic minority notion is wider: as it was said before, the real statistics about such a sensitive issue are not clearly defined and collected by any French official institute. Indeed, Jean-Paul Tréguer and Jean-Marc Segati (Les nouveaux marketings, Dunod 2003) estimate ethnic communities’ population between roughly 12 and 14 millions people, more than 20% of the French population.

Moreover, SOPI – a marketing agency focused on ethnic marketing – conducted a consumer survey in 2004 that included ethnic data under control of several national and independent associations. (http://www.sopi.fr)

It concludes distinguishing six ethnic groups:

- Caribbean from France (Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Reunion Island…)

- Black Africans (Senegal, Mali, Cameroon…)

- Maghreb-Arabians (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia…)

- Indopakistanis (Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan…)

- East-Asians (China, Vietnam, Cambodia…)

- And other minorities (Anglo-Saxon, Latin American, Italian, Spanish…)

The weight of the visible minorities in the French population is enough important to arouse firms and marketing agencies' interests. Indeed, this part of the French population can be considered as a niche with its own and specific needs. Problems of discrimination and under representativeness highlighted ethnic communities can be perceived as a potential and profitable outlet. Taking progressively these markets into consideration, marketers have implemented a new kind of segmentation based on ethnic origins. Targeting depends on the ethnic background of every community. Each ethnic group, with its own values, beliefs and needs, forms an aggregated market.

French ethnic marketing is so in direct connection with the current French debate about the consideration of ethnic data in official statistics. Actually, with exact figures, ethnic groups would be quantifiable and identifiable. Clearer statistics are, easier target group are satisfied. Ethnic data would allow marketers to better understand and meet the needs and wants of these populations.

To sum up, ethnic marketing in France is dependent on ethnic statistics; so it is necessary to get round, without going against, the French principle which wants a Republic to be indivisible.

This diploma thesis aims primarily to present inbound marketing as a new method of free propagation on the Internet and on the basis of my own research to further evaluate its suitability for selected business sectors. Research is conducted on a sample of 69 websites divided into seven sectors. After successive investigation of traffic sources and their effectiveness based on the relative expression of conversion rate the suitability of this method for particular sectors is judged. The second objective is a design of inbound marketing strategy for selected web based on knowledge from the practical part of thesis.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Marketing
El advertising o publicidad es una herramienta de marketing que se hace presente en nuestro día a día a través de distintas plataformas, cambiando la forma en que se desarrolla y adaptándose a las necesidades de los consumidores y las nuevas tecnologías. Este estudio realiza un análisis bibliométrico a través de indicadores relevantes; entre ellos, índice H, total de papers, total de citas, entre otros; de los journals, autores, universidades y países más influyentes en la generación de contenido de advertising en los últimos 25 años (1992-2016) a partir de los datos disponibles en Web of Science, basados en el conocimiento de la existencia de tres revistas enfocadas en temas de advertising, el Journal of Advertising, el Journal of Advertising Research y el International Journal of Advertising y los journals más influyentes en temas de marketing presentados por Valenzuela et al. (2017). Se incorporan gráficas obtenidas del software VOSviewer (Van Eck, Waltman, 2010) para los análisis de co-citation, co-authorship, bibliographic coupling y citation. Además, se presenta el análisis de contenido basado en las definiciones de Sudhir (2016), sobre exploración de nuevos temas y explotación de contenidos ya estudiados en las publicaciones de los journals más influyentes. El estudio comienza analizando el total de publicaciones por año y como ha evolucionados en períodos de cinco años, además de presentar la estructura de citas anualmente. Existe un aumento general del total de publicaciones por año, mostrando un gran incremento a partir del año 2004, explicados en gran parte por la aparición de diversas redes sociales en el mundo digital. A nivel de journals, resultan ser los más influyentes las tres revistas de enfoque en advertising y el Journal of Consumer Research; ubicándose en los primeros lugares a nivel general y al realizar el análisis por quinquenios. En esta misma línea, destacan el Journal of Business Research y el Psychology & Marketing como journals que están abarcando el advertising en sus publicaciones, sirviendo de referencia para nuevos investigadores que quieran presentar sus investigaciones. El análisis de autores más influyentes muestra que gran de éstos provienen de universidades estadounidenses. Los autores más relevantes son Charles R. Taylor, Chingching Chang y Patrick De Pelsmacker, quienes también logran aparecer en los rankings por quinquenios dentro de las posiciones más importantes. Estos autores, representa una posibilidad para jóvenes investigadores de conocer las temáticas ya estudiadas y tomarlas de referencia para la generación de nuevos contenidos. Las universidades o instituciones más influyentes resultan ser en su gran mayoría estadounidenses, presentándose también universidades de Holanda y Australia en el ranking. University of Florida se ubica como la más influyente en relación a su índice H, mientras que, en cuanto a las publicaciones totales, University of Georgia resulta ser la más productiva. Las universidades tienden a citarse mutuamente, destacando de gran manera la cita a publicaciones de la propia institución. Analizando los indicadores a nivel de países, Estados Unidos resulta ser el país líder en cada ranking; seguido por Reino Unido, Australia y Canadá; quienes disputan las siguientes posiciones, pero resultando ser países influyentes en la generación de contenidos de advertising. Holanda y China también están transformándose en referentes. A nivel de regiones, Norteamérica y Europa del Oeste resultan ser las más influyentes dado que incluyen a los países más importantes en cuanto a publicaciones; mientras que regiones como Latinoamérica y África son las que menos han aportado a la comunidad, pero que se espera que desarrollen contenidos a futuro. Finalmente, existe una diferencia significativa de los niveles de exploración de nuevas conocimientos y explotación de contenidos validados previamente, entre los journals más influyentes del ranking y los menos influyentes.
2019-09-30

This thesis examines the problem of evaluating the effectiveness of digital marketing; more specifically it looks at the topic of Pay-per-click advertising on the scope of Small and Medium-sized businesses in the Czech Republic. The thesis provides literature review of the historical and current possible practices of what specific measures can be used to evaluate the success of pay-per-click advertising. Moreover, it connects the measurement subject with the associated area of attribution modeling. This topic represents an important issue for the online marketers mostly because of a currently widely used last-click attribution model that is not able to attribute the fair value of the different channels on the consumer journey to purchase. The primary research conducted in the form of qualitative research through in-depth interviews brings insights into the current practices of selected representatives of Czech SME sector as well as the digital agencies on the matter of measuring the success of online marketing and the attribution modeling. Derived findings give a picture at what stage of development the measurement and attribution of PPC currently is in the Czech SME market.

The aim of this research is to find out the effectiveness of banner advertising in mobile games. The matter has been approached by examining the attitudes consumers have towards mobile in-game banner advertising (IGBA) and the intention they have to click on these advertisements. The existing literature considering banner advertising, mobile advertising and in-game advertising is gone through rather extensively and based on it, a theoretical framework was formed and later on tested with empirical data. The empirical part of this study is conducted by using primarily quantitative methods but also some qualitative methods were employed in the initial phases of the research. As this research was done simultaneously with another researcher on the same topics, access to some of her interview transcripts were gained. These interviews were used as a pre-test before studying the matters in a larger scale with quantitative methods and they also helped in forming the survey questionnaire. However, as the interviews were conducted for different purposes, only what comes out of the quantitative study, are reported as findings of this research. The results of the study show that banner advertising, as it currently exists in mobile games, does not have a positive effect on gamers. On the contrary, gamers have fairly negative or negligent attitudes towards advertising in mobile games. Entertainment offered by the advertisement, as well as its information value, are important determinants of attitudes but gamers do not feel that IGBA succeeds in either category. In addition, due to the rather disconnected nature of banners, they are many times on the way of playing and get clicked accidentally which causes irritation in gamers. The cost of the game also affects significantly to the acceptance of advertising in mobile games. The cheaper the game, the more tolerant players are for advertising in it and vice versa. The same applies to the level of involvement that the game requires. If the game requires deep concentration, an appearing banner advertisement is perceived considerably more irritating and inappropriate, as it harms the game play severely. The correlation between attitudes and intentions is significant and thus it is important to pay attention to the factors that contribute to the overall attitude towards IGBA. One of the most promising findings in this study considering advertising effectiveness links to incentives offered via IGBA. Offering incentives based on the progress made in the game, for instance in the form of discounts and free trials, has a strong positive effect on the intention to click on IGBA. These kinds of incentives players would like to choose themselves from different options and preferably redeem them in a physical store. Basing the incentives on the player’s specific playing location got rather strongly divided interest, which yields for careful targeting and consideration if this advertising format is to be used. The results of this study need to be taken in light of some limitations. Firstly, the empirical research was conducted on a convenience sample of Finnish mobile players, which limits the possibility to generalize the results. Also as earlier research in this area is very scarce, the model presented acts only as a start for mobile IGA effectiveness research. It is likely that not all the factors affecting attitudes towards mobile IGBA are represented in the model. Thus the presented model could be further developed in future research
Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on määrittää mobiilipeleissä esiintyvän bannerimainonnan tehokkuutta. Aihetta lähestytään tutkimalla mobiilipelaajien asenteita bannerimainontaa kohtaan, sekä heidän aikomustaan klikata kyseisiä mainoksia. Aluksi käydään laajasti läpi aiempaa kirjallisuutta bannerimainonnasta, mobiilimainonnasta sekä pelien sisäisestä mainonnasta. Tämän pohjalta muodostetaan teoreettinen viitekehys, jota myöhemmin testataan empiirisen datan avulla. Empiirinen osio on suoritettu pääasiallisesti kvantitatiivisia metodeja hyödyntäen, mutta tutkimus sisältää myös lyhyen laadullisen osion. Laadullisen osion aineisto koostuu toisen tutkijan haastatteluaineistosta. Tätä haastatteluaineistoa käytettiin esitestinä, ennen asenteiden ja aikomusten tarkastelua laajemmalla kyselytutkimuksella kvantitatiivisin menetelmin. Haastatteluaineisto myös auttoi kyselylomakkeen kysymysten muotoilussa. Haastattelut suoritettiin eri tarkoitusta varten, minkä vuoksi ainoastaan kyselyn tuloksia käytetään raportoitaessa tämän tutkimuksen johtopäätöksiä. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että peleissä hyödynnettävällä bannerimainonnalla ei ole kovinkaan positiivisia vaikutuksia pelaajiin. Päinvastoin, pelaajien asenne bannereita kohtaan on yleisesti melko negatiivinen tai välinpitämätön. Mainosten tarjoama viihdearvo sekä informatiivisuus ovat olennaisia asenteiden muodostumisen kannalta, mutta bannerit eivät onnistu tyydyttävästi kummassakaan kategoriassa. Lisäksi, bannerit ovat usein irrallisia peliympäristöön nähden, minkä vuoksi ne ovat helposti pelaamisen tiellä ja niitä klikataan vahingossa. Tämä puolestaan ärsyttää pelaajia. Näiden tekijöiden lisäksi pelin hinnalla on olennainen vaikutus asenteisiin mainontaa kohtaan. Mitä halvempi peli on, sitä hyväksyttävämpää mainostaminen on pelaajien silmissä. Myös pelin vaatimalla keskittymisen tasolla on vaikutusta pelaajien asenteisiin. Peleissä, jotka vaativat pelaajalta syvempää keskittymistä ja enemmän huomiota, mainokset koetaan huomattavasti negatiivisemmin, sillä ne haittaavat pelikokemusta. Asenteiden ja aikomusten välillä on merkittävä positiivinen korrelaatio, minkä vuoksi on syytä kiinnittää huomiota pelaajien asenteisiin vaikuttaviin tekijöihin. Yksi tutkimuksen lupaavimmista tuloksista liittyy tarjouksiin tai etuihin, joita bannereissa voidaan tarjota. Systeemi, jossa pelaajaa voisi saavuttaa palkintoja, kuten alennuskuponkeja tai tuotenäytteitä pelisaavutustensa perusteella, lisäisi pelaajien aikomusta klikata bannereita huomattavasti. Pelaajat ovat kiinnostuneita itse valitsemaan saavuttamansa edun muutamista vaihtoehdoista ja suosisivat fyysistä myymälää edun lunastamisessa ennemmin kuin verkko- tai mobiilikauppaa. Kiinnostus etujen kohdentamiseen pelaajan paikkatiedon perusteella saa vaihtelevan kannatuksen, minkä vuoksi harkintaa on syytä noudattaa, mikäli kyseistä mainonnan muotoa aiotaan hyödyntää. Tämän tutkimuksen tuloksia tarkastellessa on syytä ottaa huomioon eräitä rajoituksia. Ensinnäkin, empiirinen osio on suoritettu mukavuusotannalla kerätystä otoksesta saatuun dataan perustuen ja otos koostuu ainoastaan suomalaisista pelaajista. Nämä seikat rajoittavat tulosten yleistettävyyttä. Toiseksi, koska aiempi tutkimus aiheesta on hyvin niukkaa, esitetty malli on vasta alkua tutkimukselle mobiilipelimainonnan tehokkuudesta, eikä esimerkiksi todennäköisesti käsitä kaikkia asenteisiin vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tämä kuitenkin tarjoaa pohjan tulevaisuuden tutkimukselle, joka voi jatkaa esimerkiksi kehittämällä esitettyä mallia eteenpäin

CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
A importância de sistemas que monitorem continuamente as resposta dos consumidores à propaganda é notadamente reconhecida pela comunidade de pesquisa de mercado. A coleta sistemática deste tipo de informação é importante porque através desta, pode-se revisar campanhas anteriores, corrigir tendências detectadas em pré-testes e melhor orientar as tomadas de decisão nos setores de propaganda. O presente trabalho contém um modelo para tentar medir esta resposta baseada em Modelos Lineares Dinâmicos Generalizados.
Analysis of consumer markets define and attempt to measure many variables in studies of the effectiveness of adversitising. The awareness in a consumer population of a particular advertising is one such quantity, the subject of the above-referenced studies. We define and give the implementation of model based in dynamic Generalised Linear Models which is used to measure this quantity.

The social media usage in this decade has seen a vast expansion, expansion that has been observed in the amount of time users spend on social media. This has provided ground for advertising within the media. Exploiting those opportunities, a number of advertisement tricks have been contrived and exercised with the intention of drawing the users’ attention and turning them into potential customers, although the effectiveness of these advertising has shown mixed results. Moreover there is an insufficient amount of scientific research within social media advertising, as well as the forms and effects of this form of advertising. The aim of this study is to identify and explain the main forms of social media advertising, acquire an understanding of the reasons behind the labeling, by the users, of these advertising techniques as irritating, as also, rank the tricks based on the irritation levels effectuated by them to the users. As a result the paper will provide a concentrated guide of social media advertising techniques, with positive and negative aspects of each type of trick and distinguish those tricks that effectuate the most consequential effects. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire was conducted and aimed to a demographic representing the majority of social media users and as a derivate the users that most frequently encounter social media advertising tricks. The results indicated an inclination towards advertisement that make use of celebrity personalities. The reasons and motivations that lead to this eventuality can be due to contempt, appreciation or practical post characteristics.

The authors realized the importance of being flexible in cultural values in the current environment of today’s economy. This environment is called ‘globalization’ that has become an interesting topic in the academic world. Beyond the different challenges, the most important challenge regarding to the thesis topic is the cultural challenge. The authors have combined these elements and  wanted to investigate how these factors influence marketing advertising in the Middle East. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to reach an understanding about how cultural differences in global marketing advertising can be handled by global companies in the Middle East.  The findings of the thesis reflect upon the question of "how global companies can better address cultural differences in marketing advertising in the Middle East" by first understanding and respecting the culture and religion of the region, following the regulations and guidelines for advertising in every specific country, cooperating with local agencies and adapting the marketing advertising strategy with a glocal ‘think global, act local’ approach.

The use of technology is changing at a very rapid pace, and companies must strategically design advertising messages for the ever-changing devices and platforms. The general business problem was that business owners have not been able to maximize the profitability of mobile advertising messages directed at women. The specific business problem was that business leaders need strategies to enhance mobile advertising returns by targeting messages that incorporate women's perceptions of mobile advertising. The purpose of this case study was to explore how business leaders can enhance mobile advertising returns by incorporating women's perceptions of mobile advertising into the design of advertising messages. The conceptual framework for this study was user gratification theory. The study population was 5 women business owners from a medium-sized city in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Criteria for study participation included owning a business and using a mobile device to shop. Data were gathered in face-to-face interviews and the review of company documents and websites pertaining to mobile advertising. Yin's 5-step process was used for data analysis. Themes that emerged were value, need, personalization, and time. Business owners, potential business owners, and marketing personnel could benefit from this research. The implications for positive social change include activating management to motivate employees, thereby enhancing employee performance to sustain organizational profitability. Leaders can actively participate in social change by motivating and developing employees, who can then help others and contribute to society by bringing awareness to social causes and providing mentoring and job skills training.

This thesis discusses how sociocultural meaning is layered into the rhetorical structure of advertising and illustrates how an ad's meaning achieves its goal of persuading consumers to buy a specific product. Its aim is to deepen translators' understanding of the advertising genre and elaborate a theoretical base that can help them make decisions about composing the translation specifically for the target culture. The key elements of translating advertising, namely the importance of its persuasive function, its cultural groundwork, and its communicative unity, are determined through a survey of translation literature. The recurrence of communicative variables such as the addresser-addressee relationship, intention, and purpose is furthered in an investigation of the rhetorical structure of print advertisements. A framework that describes the layering of ideologemes, values, and beliefs in persuasive language, through stereotypes and cliches, is proposed to improve translators' understanding of advertisements. This framework is then applied to four in-depth analyses of ads and their translations. Observations include translators' misunderstanding of the rhetorical importance of the textual and visual unity in ads and the importance of cliches as pivotal logical devices and carriers of sociocultural meaning.

The application of marke ting to the political process has been advanced in a number of writings . A marketing perspective in e xamining the political process and electoral behaviour offers n ew insights into electoral behaviour and understanding the c ampaign p r ocesses of polit i cal parties . Research on the actual marketing orientation of political parti es is not signif i cant at this stage and as such this r e search addr esses the market i ng orientation and structur al and process charact eristics of political marketing with the research problem being: To determine what extent marketing has been inc orporated i n to the ope rations of the QLD Liberal Party and identify the struc tural and process characteristics of par ty's market ing environment. The research questions were : RQ 1. To what extent has the QLD Liberal Party adopted the marketing concept and is there support within t he party for the researcher's redefini tion of the Ma rke ting Concept i nto poli tical terminology to suit political marketing? RQ 2. To what extent are the QLD Liberal Party market ing oriented? RQ 3 . What are the struct ural and process characteristics o f the QLD Liberal Party's marketing environment? These research questions provided a focus for the investigations and the r esearcher' s endeavor to address the research problem. Chapter 1 of this thesis set the scene and identif i ed the broad d ire ctions and boundaries for t he study. It i ntroduced the topic and set out the purpose of the s tudy and its background. Chapte r a lso justif i ed the study on a number of theoretical and pra ctical 1 grounds and h ighlights the signif icance of the study because of its focus on polit i cal marketing which is postulated to b e part of marketing's e xtended doma in . Chapter 2 provided a review of the relevant literat u re , addressing the broader parent discipline f ocusing on the market ing concept, e xchange, market orientation and other key concepts and parent di s cipline issues . Importantly the r eview identified t he arguments for proposing that mar keti ng or more pre cisely a marketing orientation has been incorporated into politics by political parties rests upon the generic concept of marketing and that it (the generic concept) has been accepted as a central paradigm in marketing. Chapte r 2 then focused on the immediate discipline of political marketing and reviews the similari ties between commercia l marketi ng and pol itical marketing and other issues and concepts that the political marketing literature has addressed. From the two areas gaps in the literature are identified and the research questions developed. Chapter 3 aqdressed the methodological issues related to the research area and discussed the selected methodology. I t descri bed the data gathering techniques to be employed and types of analysis to be performed in the two stage primary research desi gn of this case study. Chapter 3 also established that the study was rigorous, methodologically sound and repl icable. Chapter 4 presented t he patt erns of results of the two s t age data gathering of the primary research for the three research question. The anal ysis of results i ndicated that the key dimensions and concepts addressed in the survey were significantly associated and the scale was quite rel i able and as such the measure of internal consistency was satisfactory . The results were judged not to be an artifact of the individual or separate stages . The pattern of results indicated that the interviewees had mini mal to none existent understanding of the marketing concept and a somewhat negative attitude toward ic. However survey results indicated a positive acceptance and attitude toward the marke ting concept generally and also its application in politics. The researcher's redef inition of t he marketing concept i nto political terms also received a high level of acceptance from respondents . The results indicated t he marketing concept has not been adopt~d by the party and their voter focus is minimal and they do not have a market orientation . The results indicated that the organisation is highly ' organisa tion centered ' which i ndicates the l a ck of a true marketing orientation; it has a strong sales orientation, where it believed electora l success is obtained if it can persuade the voters to accept its policy and issues stands rather than its competitors. The QLD Liberal Party does not possess a marketing 'mind set', structure or follow processes that yield a marketing orientation. The structural and process characterist i cs of the QLD Liberal party's marketing environment indicated that the product is a complex blend of various elements and that ser vice is a component . The results also indicate that loya lty was very important for the par ty and that mutability created pr oblems because of the party's minor status and alignment with the National Party. Furthe r the r esults indicated amateurism and volunteers creat ed p r oblems of control and motivation for the party and that a negative percept i on of marketing exists in some sections of t he party. The results also indicated that campaigns are based on style over substance and there is a high use of negative advertising and with the media being both a market and communications channel . The r esearch orientation of the party is toward polling and tactical voting was a critical strategy in campaigns. Chapter 5 discussed the findings and detailed the conclusions drawn f r om the data pre sented in c hapter 4 t o a nswer the r esearch prob lem , and discussed the implications of the study's findings. The r esearch problem as such went beyond e xami ning singular concepts that are appropriate in marketing and looked for the i n tegrated and synergistic appli cati on of marketing concept s and tools by- the party. It also focused on the political marketing environment to e xamine the structural and process characteristics that affect the party's operations . The conclusion about the research problem was that the party has not incorporated marketing into it operations. Specifically marketing whi ch is i ntegrated and s ynergistic . Further the study identified those structural and process characteristics that wer e identified in the literature and discovered t hat the produ~L was more comp lex than the literature indicated. Further the ~arketplace was identified as being competitive and volatile . Al so the process element of party tactical voting in a preferential voting system was ide n tified as being a critical s trategy to ensure t he opposing candidates were allocated last on the ballot by loyal voters. Further the mar keting concept with its custome r centered orientation creates a major concern from the perspective of interviewees, as they indicate the role and significance of the voter{customer) in deve l oping the political product is negligible. In conclusion the results of this study indicated that marketing has not been successfully extended into the QLD Liberal Party 's political operations, even though the party argues it successfully uses advertising and political polling. Contrary t o the party's belief marketing is characterised by an integrated and synergistic mix of product development and design , dis tribution, pricing or economic cost and promotion . This set of marketing activities is the twin edge. sword of marketing, the first edge is the mix of these elements that are developed to meet the needs and wants of target customers (voters) and the second edge is to meet the objectives of the organisation.

The main aim of this thesis is to discuss conflicting opinions about the existence, targets and the system of advertising and to examine its effects on purchasing behaviors. Another important aim of the study is to demonstrate that advertising is an important but not the sole factor which increases the sales of a product. The study focuses on the relationship between the capitalist industry and consumers&
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purchasing decisions. It discusses the effects of marketing strategies on consumer behaviors and purchasing preferences. The interaction between the symbolic representations of commodities&
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brand names and consumption decisions are evaluated and the basic arguments of critics and advertisers about the system of advertising are discussed. In addition, variables other than advertising that influence consumer behaviors are examined and the importance of advertising in modern marketing is presented. To understand the messages in today&
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s advertisements deeply, semiology as one of the most important methodologies of decoding advertisements, the basic advertising formats and the language of advertising are evaluated. The question of how meaning is reconstituted both by advertisers and the viewers of messages is discussed. The study also entails a case study in which AkSam&
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s re-launch advertising campaign is evaluated. AkSam&
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s brand and image perception before and after the advertising campaign is examined. After this evaluation, the success of an advertising campaign in accordance with its advertising strategy is discussed.

Recent developments in internet technology have ushered in unprecedented change when it comes to communication. This change has also given rise to social media, which has significantly changed the way modern communication occurs (Rosengren, 2000; Evans & McKee, 2010; Tuten & Solomon, 2015). While social media has gained enormous reach in recent years, with millions of new users joining social platforms every year, it has changed company-consumer relations as well (Akar & Topcu, 2011; Fan & Niu, 2013; Tuten & Solomon, 2015). Marketers are continuously turning towards social media to distribute advertisements and gather information (Akar & Topcu, 2011). As such, consumers today are bombarded by vast amounts of promotions and advertisements on social media. However, consumers are no longer passive observers and are increasingly becoming more and more able to edit and control what they choose to see online  (Kelly, Kerr & Drennan, 2010). This has led to the decline of social media advertising effectiveness, as consumers choose to avoid and ignore more advertisement than ever before (Wen, Tan & Chang, 2009; Kelly et al., 2010; Chang, Chen & Tan, 2012; Khan, Dongping & Wahab, 2016). As such, in order to be able to overcome consumer avoidance of marketing messages, it is now more important than ever for advertisers and marketers to understand what drives consumers to avoid advertising in the first place (Cho & Cheon, 2004; Wen et al., 2009; Akar & Topcu, 2011; Chang et al., 2012). Therefore, as there is a significant lack of research on these subjects, the authors constructed a model based on Cho and Cheon’s (2004) theory that describes the antecedents of online marketing avoidance, and sought to test a number of hypotheses about the relationships between the antecedents of social media marketing avoidance and social media advertising effectiveness. To be able to do so, the authors constructed and utilized a survey method and a questionnaire. However, while the initial results of the data  gathered by the survey were encouraging for the model as a whole, it was ultimately found that only one hypothesis was acceptable. Keywords Antecedents of marketing avoidance, social media advertising effectiveness, advertising effectiveness

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (January 25, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Background:  With the ever-growing advancement of technology and the implementation of new groundbreaking technology in our day-to-day lives, a path of curiosity was opened that attracted attention. Just how much does the use of artificial intelligence (AI) affect consumer behavior and how much do consumers trust AI.    Purpose:  The purpose of this thesis is to explore the effects of the implementation of AI and machine learning in marketing on consumer behavior and measure the level of trust consumers have towards this advancement of technology.    Method: This research study is conducted through a qualitative method while taking advantage of interviews from individuals based in Sweden ranging from ages of 18 to 30 carried out in a thematic analysis approach.   Conclusion: the results show that implementation of AI in marketing has direct effect on the consumer behaviour. The authors have used various different of primary data collected from a number of interviews and secondary data from depth research of articles as well application of consumer decision model (CDF) to analyse and evaluate the findings.

21st century consumers are faced with the ubiquitous presence of marketing communications for innumerable products and brands across an expanding network of media platforms. This, coupled with the increasing homogeneity of product offerings in today’s marketplace, has lead marketers to differentiate their brands through brand image and personality characteristics, with the aim of developing emotional connections between consumers and their brands, and personalising the consumption experience. Meanwhile broadcast television advertising faces a revolution: where once an ad could be placed in a prime time program with an assured reach to a captive mass market audience, this is no longer the case. Digital broadcast and internet technologies have revolutionised the consumption of television programs, fragmenting television audiences and transferring control over the time and place of program viewing to the consumer. Television advertisers are faced with problems and opportunities posed by these technological advances, both in terms of advertising reach and exposure, as these technologies allow viewers to determine the advertising messages to which they will be exposed. As a consequence, marketers are increasingly looking towards product placement as a means of cutting through advertising clutter and averting the problems of advertising avoidance, by embedding brand communications within program content. In particular, product placement in television establishes a brand presence alongside characters with which an involved consumer (or fan) may hold a strong emotional attachment. This form of marketing communication has the potential to allow marketers to develop brand associations facilitated by the pseudo-endorsement of the characters alongside whom their brands are placed.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
Full Text

A majority of marketers plan to increase their investment in online marketing messaging to reach an expanding population of potential consumers using online social networking platforms. The problem addressed in this study was a marketer’s inability to determine the most effective video advertising in a social networking site to increase consumer attitude and engagement. A non experimental quantitative survey study was used to gather data to test a unique hypothesized structural equation model based on the theory of advertising involvement and the affect transfer theory. The purpose was to examine the relationships among the factors of consumer attitude, defined as attitude toward the advertising and attitude toward the brand, the second order construct of advertising involvement, and the consumer engagement behaviors of sharing intention and purchase intention. Participants were recruited from the student body of a community college located in a major metropolitan city in the southwest United States. Data analysis consisted of summary descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM). The objective of the research was to contribute to the theoretical body of knowledge by demonstrating the generalizability of the theory of advertising involvement to video advertising. The measurement model was a good fit to the data, CFI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.000. Findings indicated that the theory of advertising involvement, first validated in the context of static advertising, is useful in understanding the relationship of the factors in the context of video advertising.

Attitude toward the advertising played a significant mediating role between advertising involvement and the two factors, attitude toward the brand and sharing intention. Attitude toward the brand played a significant mediating role between advertising involvement and the two factors of sharing intention and purchase intention. Attitude toward the advertising had no significant influence on purchase intention. The structural model can serve as a useful tool in evaluating video advertising in a social networking site. Future research with the model should be conducted with different types of products, different types of videos, and different consumer populations.

In offline media, one of the most important determinants of advertising effectiveness is advertising frequency. However, it is not known whether this determinant applies to Web advertising and particularly to banner advertisements, the dominant form of Web advertising until recently. However, in addition to advertising frequency, advertising appeal (emotional or rational) (Dahlen & Bergendahl, 2001) and advertising type (static and pop-up) have been found to influence consumers’ responses. Thus, the problem driving this research is: What is the impact of banner advertising frequency on consumers’ attitudinal, behavioural, and cognitive responses moderated by banner advertisement type and appeal? Based on the literature, a theoretical model was developed comprising one independent, two moderating, and three dependent variables and tested in a two-phase methodology. In phase one, Web sites were content analysed to identify a typology of banner advertisements used to guide the design of the experimental Web site used in phase two. Three pre-tests identified an appropriate experimental product, brand name, and banner advertisements stimuli. In phase two, a laboratory experiment used a convenience sample of 400 students. Sixteen versions of the experimental Web site of more than 400 pages were professionally developed so that manipulating banner advertisement type (static vs. pop-up), banner advertisement appeal (emotional vs. rational), and banner advertisement frequency (1, 2, 3, and 5) could be evaluated. Consumers’ cognitive (brand recall) and attitudinal (brand attitude) responses were recorded in an online questionnaire that was designed in SPSS and linked to the experimental Web sites and tested in a pilot study. Behavioural responses (click through) were measured with a specifically designed script. Two separate databases where linked to the online questionnaire, one for recording the cognitive and attitudinal responses and the other for the click-through responses. Upon completion, the master file was then directly imported into the SPSS for data analysis.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
Full Text

Programmatic advertising is an actively developing industry and research area. Some of the research in this area concerns the development of optimal or approximately optimal contracts and policies between publishers, advertisers and intermediaries such as ad networks and ad exchanges. Both the development of contracts and the construction of policies governing their implementation are difficult challenges, and different models take different features of the problem into account. In programmatic advertising decisions are made in real time, and time is a scarce resource particularly for publishers who are concerned with content load times. Policies for advertisement placement must execute very quickly once content is requested; this requires policies to either be pre-computed and accessed as needed, or for the policy execution to be very efficient. We formulate a stochastic optimization problem for per publisher ad sequencing with binding latency constraints. Within our context an ad request lifecycle is modeled as a sequence of one by one solicitations (OBOS) subprocesses/lifecycle stages. From the viewpoint of a supply side platform (SSP) (an entity acting in proxy for a collection of publishers), the duration/span of a given lifecycle stage/subprocess is a stochastic variable. This stochasticity is due both to the stochasticity inherent in Internet delay times, and the lack of information regarding the decision processes of independent entities. In our work we model the problem facing the SSP, namely the problem of optimally or near-optimally choosing the next lifecycle stage of a given ad request lifecycle at any given time. We solve this problem to optimality (subject to the granularity of time) using a classic application of Richard Bellman's dynamic programming approach to the 0/1 Knapsack Problem. The DP approach does not scale to a large number of lifecycle stages/subprocesses so a sub-optimal approach is needed. We use our DP formulation to derive a focused real time dynamic programming (FRTDP) implementation, a heuristic method with optimality guarantees for solving our problem. We empirically evaluate (through simulation) the performance of our FRTDP implementation relative to both the DP implementation (for tractable instances) and to several alternative heuristics for intractable instances. Finally, we make the case that our work is usefully applicable to problems outside the domain of online advertising.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2006.
"December, 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves [92]-[94]). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2006]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.

This thesis sought to answer the research question: How do the top educators in the area of public relations, marketing, and advertising perceive the concept of integrated marketing communications as compared to one another?The mail survey applying Q methodology was sent to 15 top educators in each of the three fields in the United States for a total sample of 45 educators. A total of twenty-five responses were returned representing 55.5 percent of the sample. When the respondents were analyzed by discipline, there were eight responses from the pubic relations educators, nine from the marketing educators, and eight from the advertising educators. As a result the responses from each disciplines comprised, respectively, 53.3 percent, 60 percent, and 53.33 percent of the total sample.The statements in Q-Sorting were collected from the review of literature and in interviews with the Ball State University advertising, and public relations professors. Each statement either agreed or disagreed with the perception of integrated marketing communications. Each educator was asked to indicate how strongly they agreed or disagreed with each statement.A computer program developed for Q-Methodology studies was used to extract the factors from the educators' responses. After the Q-Sorts were tabulated, the researcher identified two factors, Factor I, and Factor II. The majority of Factor I respondents were the marketing, and advertising educators. The majority of Factor II respondents were public relations educators.The researcher concluded that these two groups had clearly different attitudes toward IMC. Stated in another way, marketing educators and advertising educators had similar perceptions of IMC, while public relations educators perceived the IMC concept very differently. Public relations educators indicated that the concept of IMC would be acceptable if it should be viewed as a total organizational communications function.
Department of Journalism

Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-93).
Multimedia applications and communication services are offered to users free of charge over the open Internet. However, since the Internet is a best effort network, these services are not associated with any Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) guarantees. Furthermore, security cannot be guaranteed when using these services over the open Internet.

The principal aim of this thesis is to assess the state of the mobile marketing as of the first quarter of 2011 and to discuss various scenarios of the future development. This thesis defines the terms "mobile marketing" and "mobile advertising" and identifies the main players in the industry. It explores the main categories of mobile advertising such as mobile messaging, in-content and mobile internet advertising. Later, it analyzes the latest trends in the industry and describes in detail the advancements in QR tagging, location based advertising and augmented reality.

Marketing plays an influential role in small business survival. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the mechanisms used by microbusiness retail store owners for collecting, monitoring, and transforming market data into operational marketing activities. Marketing orientation (MO) provided the conceptual framework for this study. Guided by an abridged interview protocol, 4 retail microbusiness owners from Delaware participated in audio-recorded, semistructured interviews. Saturation of data occurred after 3 interviews, confirmed when the 4th interview produced no new information. After transcribing the interviews, member checking occurred, as each participant received a summary of the interview, along with thematic interpretations to ensure accurate capture of their intended meaning. The data were triangulated using the audio-recordings, transcriptions, observations, field notes, and Internet documents. From the coded data, 3 main themes emerged: (a) role of business owner as marketing instrument, (b) human capital, time, and self, and (c) relationships and networking. Positive social change may result from helping retail microbusiness owners understand the (a) identity relationship that exists between retail microbusiness owners and their business, (b) importance of active owner involvement in marketing, and (c) significant influence of networking and relationships on profitability. These findings may also promote firm and local economic stability through greater understanding of microbusiness owner marketing orientation and effective mechanisms for the integration of marketing activities into operations.

The aim of this research is to understand how targeted social media advertising influences online buying behavior. More accurately, this research focuses on the five-stage consumer buying decision process model and how targeted social media advertisements affect each stage of the model. This research approaches the subject through phenomenography, where the objective is to concentrate on the attitudes and opinions of individuals and gain a deeper understanding by observing the phenomenon closely. Research theory examines prior research of social media marketing, targeted social media advertising and consumers buying behavior. In this research social media marketing and the possible reactions towards targeted social media advertising are interpreted to be able to create a comprehensive understanding of current research. The online specific features of the different stages in the buying decision model are acknowledged in the research theory and included in the theoretical framework of the research. The empirical research is conducted as a qualitative research and semi-structured interviews are utilized to gather the empirical data. The research target group consists of young adults, who are active social media users and make purchases online on a regular basis. The 24–27 year-old interviewees in this target group participated in the research. Abductive reasoning guides the empirical analysis of the research and the empirical data is analyzed by dividing data into relevant themes. The findings of this research indicate that targeted social media advertisements affect the consumer online buying behavior throughout the whole buying decision process. The influence of targeted social media advertisements is greater depending on the stage of the process. Targeted advertisements can arouse different reactions and affect positively to the online buying intention, when the advertisements are correctly targeted. This research complements the prior social media research by emphasizing the significance of effectively targeted advertisements. According to this research, online buying behavior follows the five-stage buying process model, but is also influenced by online specific variables. The research findings provide further information about the effects of targeted social media advertisements and increase the understanding of consumer online buying behavior. This research also emphasizes the importance of effective targeting of social media advertising and provides means for implementation of targeted advertisements. It needs to be acknowledged that the narrow target group and the subjective nature of phenomenography limit the generalization of the research findings.

The major aim of this dissertation is to attempt to determine whether Direct Response Advertising (DRA) is a distinct discipline of communication practice within the advertising industry rather than a natural evolution of general advertising practice which has developed gradually, particularly over the last three hundred years. A secondary aim is to relate historical international experience in DRA to the current status of DRA in Australia and from there to speculate on possible future developments in the industry. The dissertation initially examines aspects of DRA which include its definition, historical origins and theoretical base and structure. From there, the conditions which have stimulated and assisted DRA growth are considered. These conditions fall into two main areas escalation of media 'de-massification' and community attitudes towards DRA practice. and recorded community The evidence for media 'de-massification' attitudes is countries which are more actively using largely DRA. held The by those predominant users are the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom and Europe. Additional evidence is available from Australia, which while not yet a major practitioner in DRA, is the focus of attention in this paper. Having established the national and international position of DRA, the next section reviews the historical progress of mass media advertising (HHA). That progress draws heavily on cultural, social, technical changes which have which affected economic and communication practices. iv The developments which are common to MMA and DRA and fundamental to their theory and execution are noted. The concluding sector of the paper relates the structural aspects of DRA to classical and contemporary communication models and a communication model for DRA is proposed. The emphasis of examination is deliberately biased towards the communication component of the subject. This does not mean that factors other than communication are ignored. Indeed the communication content must take into account market and social considerations, but it is beyond the scope of this dissertation to probe as deeply into areas other than communication. Finally the dissertation speculates on future directions for DRA, including matters of privacy, media usage and industry structural change. The value of this study should lie in its status as a coherent study of DRA in Australia, as practised elsewhere in the world. within the framework of DRA It should provide a useful background for further, more focused studies of DRA.

Thesis (M.A.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 24. 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

Internet marketing, not only in tourism but also in other fields/spheres plays significant role in comprehensive marketing strategy and is actually an integral element of a company. Currently, just internet emphasis becomes one of the major topics of corporate communication. If a company wants to compete the others, the comprehensively elaborate procedures are must, which really is obvious on internet. What can really be helpful in this regard is to set up internet marketing tools properly. With no doubt, internet today is very important in tourism, therefore, in my diploma thesis I do deal with particular general varieties of internet marketing, and at the same time its concrete implementation in tourism. The purpose of my dissertation is to be beneficial for people who are going to be concerned and are interested in this matter and / or for those who want to get announced of how an internet can help them to become more visible.

This thesis constitutes one of the first investigations that lie at the intersection of social influence propagation, viral marketing, and social advertising. The objective of this thesis is to take the algorithmic aspects of viral marketing out of the lab, and further enhance these aspects to account for the real world social advertisement models, by drawing on the viral marketing literature to study social influence aware ad allocation for social advertising. To this end, we take a first step towards enabling social influence online analytics in support of viral marketing decision making, and propose efficient influence indexing framework that can accurately answer topic-aware viral marketing queries with milliseconds response time. We then initiate investigation in the area of social advertising through the viral marketing lens, aligned with real world social advertisement models, and introduce two fundamental optimization problems, regarding the allocation of ads to social network users under social influence. We devise greedy approximation algorithms with provable approximation guarantees for the novel problems introduced. We also develop scalable versions of our approximation algorithms by leveraging the notion of reverse reachability sampling on social graphs, and experimentally confirm that our algorithms are scalable and deliver high quality solutions.
Aquesta tesi constitueix una de les primeres investigacions en la intersecció entre propagació d'influència social, màrqueting viral i publicitat social. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és treure els aspectes algorítmics de màrqueting viral fora del laboratori, i millorar-los per tenir en compte els models de publicitat del món real en xarxes socials, fent ús de la literatura del màrqueting viral per estudiar l'assignació d'anuncis basada en la influència social per a la publicitat en xarxes socials. Amb aquesta finalitat, hem pres un primer pas cap al desenvolupament de anàlisi d'influència social en línia que ajudin en la presa de decisions en el màrqueting viral, i proposem un marc per a la indexació eficient d'influència que pugui respondre amb precisió a les consultes de màrqueting viral orientades a temes específics amb temps de resposta de mil·lisegons. A continuació, comencem una investigació en l'àrea de la publicitat social a través de la lent del màrqueting viral, en línia amb models de publicitat del món real, i introduïm dos nous problemes d'optimització pel que fa a l'assignació d'anuncis als usuaris de la xarxa social sota la influència social, amb garanties d'aproximació demostrables. També desenvolupem una versió escalable dels nostres algoritmes d'aproximació aprofitant la noció de presa de mostres d'accessibilitat inversa en grafs socials, i confirmem experimentalment que els nostres algoritmes són escalables i ofereixen solucions d'alta qualitat.
Esta tesis constituye una de las primeras investigaciones en la intersección entre propagación de influencia social, marketing viral y publicidad social. El objetivo es sacar los aspectos algorítmicos de marketing viral fuera del laboratorio, y mejorarlos para tener en cuenta los modelos de publicidad del mundo real en redes sociales, haciendo uso de la literatura de marketing viral para estudiar asignación de anuncios basada en la influencia social. Con este fin, tomamos un primer paso hacia el desarrollo de análisis de influencia social en línea que ayuden en la toma de decisiones en el marketing viral, y proponemos un marco para la indexación eficiente de influencia que pueda responder con precisión a las consultas de marketing viral orientadas a temas específicos con tiempo de respuesta de milisegundos. A continuación, iniciamos una investigación en el área de la publicidad social a través de la lente del marketing viral, en línea con modelos de publicidad del mundo real, e introducimos dos nuevos problemas de optimización respecto a la asignación de anuncios a los usuarios de la red social bajo la influencia social, con garantías de aproximación demostrables. También desarrollamos una versión escalable de nuestros algoritmos de aproximación aprovechando la noción de toma de muestras de accesibilidad inversa en grafos sociales, y confirmamos experimentalmente que nuestros algoritmos son escalables y ofrecen soluciones de alta calidad.

The Web presents enormous opportunities for marketing. The growth and reach of the Internet is unparalleled. There are virtually no limits to the things that can be done but your own imagination. Practitioners and academics alike have raised this new medium to the skies. Yet, the results of Internet marketing efforts have not always lived up to the expectations. This books presents some new insights into the prerequisites for Web marketing effectiveness. Web advertising in theory and practice has mainly focused on the transportation of Internet users to target Web sites. The predominant form of transporters, banner ads, have been evaluated on their clickthrough rates and the target Web sites have been evaluated mainly in terms of number and duration of visits and attitudes toward the sites. Is this adequate? This thesis suggests that Web advertising needs to be advanced with more qualified objectives and tools of evaluation. The goal should not necessarily be transportation of Internet users to target Web sites. Banner ads may work as ads in their own right. Target Web sites need to be evaluated based on the communication objectives. The traditional logic of Web advertising is challenged and the thesis suggests that Internet marketing could be much more effective if designed and evaluated differently. The thesis consists of five articles based on empirical studies. The articles cover Web advertising and promotion effectiveness with respect to a number of important factors, such as involvement, product type, brand familiarity, ad wearout, and Internet user experience. The behaviors of visitors to a retail site are also studied, with important implications for Web site and promotion design.
Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2001.Article no 1 has been published as:Dahlén, M., Ekborn, Y. and Mörner, N., "To Click or Not to Click - An Empirical Study of Response to Banner Ads for High and Low Involvement Products." in Consumption, Markets & Culture, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2000, pp 57-76.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-132).
Recently, various kinds of biosensors have been developed, which can be used by advertising researchers for their research to understand consumer behavior and responses. At the same time, most advertisers have become more sensitive to marketing ROI, so they need to know real audience response to their advertising. I compare several different biosensors, including Pupillometer, Eye tracking system, EEG, and Multiple EEG, and I find the pros and cons of each for the business purposes of advertising and marketing researchers. Pupillometer and EEG are useful for quantitative analysis to measure ROI, and Eye tracking and Multiple EEG are useful for qualitative analysis to modify advertising by creative planners. I use data from several experiments with these biosensors, and analyze these data quantitatively and qualitatively.
by Takeshi Nakagawa.
M.B.A.

Thesis (MComm (Economics)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa faces an epidemic, namely, HIV/Aids, which has grown substantially over the last ten years. It can be regarded as the country with the most alarming statistical figures concerning HIV infection rates. Even though South Africa is a country under scrutiny, given the high prevalence of HIV/Aids, this epidemic also constitutes as a global problem, given that an approximate number of 7400 individuals are infected with HIV every day. The number of Aids related deaths has risen from 100 000 in 1999 to over 400 000 in 2009. Given the concern, and in an effort to combat the fast spread of HIV/Aids, the South African government has implemented various educational and support programs. Marketing efforts are related to the above topic, given that various marketing-related practices have been implemented by non-profit organisations in an attempt to create awareness of HIV/Aids and the related risks. These marketing communication programs are referred to as social campaigns. HIV/Aids social campaigns involve communication strategies which attempt to persuade the target market to ensure that they adhere to safesexual practices, by making individuals aware of the threat that infection poses to their lifestyles. Various campaigns also explore how an individual can ensure safe sexual behaviour. Empirical research stretching back to 1975 has provided marketers with guidelines as to what social communication campaigns, concerning threats to human health, should include regarding an emotional, cognitive aspect. Evidence exists for the need to include emotional cues that would stimulate medium to high levels of fear, rather than low levels of fear, in order to effectively persuade an individual to adhere to a protective behavioural pattern. No research has been conducted in order to conclude whether one type of execution style or specific advertising content would result in significantly increased intentions to behave in the recommended protective manner. This study investigated whether different execution styles would result in significantly different levels of attitude, fear and behavioural intention. This was done by sampling a group of 450 respondents who participated in an experimental study. Three execution styles were tested by means of a post-test self administered questionnaire including items related to variables of the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). The PMT explores the effects that fear appeal would have on attitude change. Not only was it found that different execution styles result in significantly different levels of the mentioned variables, it was also found that one execution style is significantly more effective in evoking these cognitive responses in one race group as compared to another. The empirical results of this study reveal that by discontinuing mass communication, and, in preference, segmenting the market towards which HIV/Aids social campaigns are currently aimed, based on race, these awareness campaigns would be more effective in inducing protective sexual behaviour.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika word gekonfronteer met ’n epidemie, naamlik MIV/Vigs, wat aansienlik gegroei het oor die afgelope tien jaar. Suid Afrika kan beskou word as die land met die mees ontstellende statistieke met betrekking tot MIV-infeksie. Selfs al is Suid-Afrika die land met die hoogste gevalle van MIV/Vigs, is hierdie epidemie ook 'n wêreldwye probleem, gegewe dat 'n ongeveer 7400 individue met MIV besmet word elke dag. Die aantal Vigs-verwante sterftes het toegeneem van 100 000 in 1999 tot meer as 400 000 in 2009. Gegewe bogenoemde en in 'n poging om MIV/Vigs verspreiding te beveg, het die Suid- Afrikaanse regering verskeie ondersteunende en opvoedkundige programme geïmplementeer om hierdie doel te bereik. Die verwantskap tussen bemarkingspogings en die betrokke onderwerp is dat verskeie bemarkingsverwante praktyke geïmplementeer word deur nie-winsgewende organisasies in 'n poging om bewustheid van MIV/Vigs en die verwante risiko's te skep. Hierdie bemarkingskommunikasie programme word na verwys as sosiale veldtogte. Die relevante MIV/Vigs-veldtogte behels sosiale kommunikasie strategieë wat die teikenmark probeer oorreed om te verseker dat hulle voldoen aan veilige seksuele praktyke, deur individue bewus te maak van die bedreiging wat infeksie inhou tot hul lewenswyse. Verskeie veldtogte brei ook uit oor hoe 'n individu veilige seksuele gedrag kan verseker. Empiriese navorsing wat terugstrek tot 1975 voorsien bemarkers met riglyne oor wat die sosiale kommunikasie veldtogte, wat 'n bedreiging vir menslike gesondheid behels, moet insluit met betrekking tot 'n emosionele, kognitiewe aspek. Bewyse bestaan in guns van die noodsaaklikheid van emosionele leidrade wat medium tot hoë vlakke van vrees in ‘n individu sal stimuleer, eerder as lae vlakke van vrees, om sodoende 'n individu effektief te oorreed om te voldoen aan beskermende gedragspatrone gegewe die bedreiging wat bestaan. Geen navorsing bestaan tans met betrekking tot of ‘n sekere tipe advertensie uitvoeringstyl of spesifieke advertensie-inhoud sou lei tot ‘n aansienlik hoër voorneme om te reageer op die aanbevole beskermende gedrag nie. Hierdie studie ondersoek of sekere advertensie uitvoeringstyle sou lei tot aansienlik verskillende vlakke van houding, vrees en gedrag. Die ondersoek is gedoen deur middel van 'n groep van 450 respondente wat deelgeneem het aan 'n eksperimentele studie. Drie uitvoeringstyle is getoets deur middel van 'n na-toets self-voltooiingsvraelys wat items ingesluit het wat verband hou met veranderlikes van die beskermings-motiveringsteorie (BMT). Die BMT ondersoek die uitwerking wat vreesaanlagte sal hê op houding en aanpassing daarvan. Hierdie studie het bevind dat verskillende advertensie uitvoeringstyle bydra tot aansienlike verskillende vlakke van die bogenoemde veranderlikes, asook dat een uitvoeringstyl beduidend meer effektief is in die ontlokking van kognitiewe respons in sekere rassegroepe in vergelyking met ander. Die empiriese resultate van hierdie studie bewys dat bemarkers die doeltreffendheid van MIV/Vigs sosiale veldtogte kan verbeter deur massa-kommunikasie te staak en eerder segmentering toe te pas binne die mark op wie veldtogte gemik is. Segmentering op grond van rassegroepe sal veroorsaak dat bewusmakingsveldtogte meer effektief is met betrekking tot hul invloed op die toepassing van beskermende seksuele gedrag binne die teikenmark.