Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Advisory opinion'

This article discusses the conventionality control according to the jurisprudence of the interamerican Court of Human rights. Particularly, the author analyzes whether advisory opinions, like judgments, constitute the “controlling material” of the conventionality control. in this way, the author presents and discusses theses derived from the referred jurisprudence, to conclude that the interpretative guidelines contained in advisory opinions of the interamerican Court of Human rights constitute the “controlling material” under certain circumstances.
El presente artículo aborda el control de convencionalidad según la jurisprudencia emitida por la Corte interamericana de Derechos Humanos. En particular, el autor se detiene a analizar si las opiniones consultivas, al igual que una sentencia, pueden constituir el “material controlante” del control de convencionalidad. De esta forma, el autor expone y examina las principales tesis que se derivan de la referida jurisprudencia, para concluir los lineamientos interpretativos contenidos en opiniones consultivas de la Corte interamericana de Derechos Humanos valen como el “material controlante” bajo ciertas circunstancias.

In order to minimize duplication, consolidate resources and strengthen industry representation to government, the South African Avocado Growers Association (SAAGA), South African Litchi Growers Association (SALGA), South African Macadamia Growers Association (SAMAC) and the South African Mango Growers Association (SAMGA); amalgamated under an umbrella organization called Subtrop. This study focuses on the pre and post effect the amalgamation had on Extension services to the abovementioned organizations. The effect was measured by conducting a survey. The survey measured both Subtrop member and relevant Subtrop staff responses. The survey used two questionnaire types, one for Subtrop members and one for Subtrop extension advisors. The questionnaires were designed to complement the SPPS V19.0® statistical package. The questionnaires were completed at group interview sessions. A total of 127 farmer respondents, divided in two groups, namely 90 farmer respondents and 37 opinion leader respondents participated in the external survey. The internal survey comprised of six Subtrop extension advisor respondents. Farmer and opinion leader respondents, (hereafter called respondents), provided their perceptions and rated the extension services of the technical department of Subtrop. Results showed that the respondents used the Extension services for on farm advice and group based Extension services like study groups. The Subtrop Extension services received a higher rating after the Subtrop amalgamation than before the amalgamation. Subtrop extension advisor responses showed a need for training and coaching, as well as some reconciliation with respect to the increase in work load afforded by the amalgamation. Pre-amalgamation extension advisors served one commodity, while post amalgamation extension advisors now serve four commodities. The respondents indicated their satisfaction with the organizing of study groups. They also indicated that the study groups met their needs. Although the respondents understood the value of intercommunication and participation, the study showed that the minority realized the need to take ownership of study groups. All the extension advisors indicated that organizing study groups was the single activity that used most of their time. The Subtrop study groups were rated higher after the Subtrop amalgamation than before. The Subtrop newsletters were rated higher after the Subtrop amalgamation. The respondents indicated the newsletters as valuable and therefore proved newsletters as an appropriate extension communication tool. The Subtrop websites were indicated as somewhat valuable. Most respondents indicated a lack of awareness of the websites, indicating a need to promote the websites better. Although very few respondents completed the marketing related services section of the survey, those that completed this section were all aware of this service. The following recommendations emerged: For extension advisors:

• The development of a curriculum of Subtrop commodities for training purposes;
• Regular technical and soft-skill training;
• The development of a mentorship program; and
• For new extension advisors an orientation program which includes the above mentioned.

To improve the Extension service outputs: programmed extension and the implementation of area committees. Additional focus on communication and exit interviews. For farmer members:

• Study group management needs to be improved, combine newsletters, improve awareness of research and promote websites and market services.
• Further: develop an extension policy, maximize area committee involvement and regular member feedback surveys.

Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
unrestricted

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1999.
Title from title page screen, viewed July 27, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Elizabeth Lugg (chair), James Martindale, James Palmer, Al Azinger. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-142) and abstract. Also available in print.

Wildlife management requires understanding resources and involving stakeholders. The process Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF) and Virginia Tech used to develop a black bear (Ursus americanus) management plan during 1999-2001 provided me with opportunities to understand diverse stakeholders and examine influences of participation on stakeholder knowledge, attitudes, and opinions concerning bear management. I used focus groups (with 5 key stakeholder groups), pre- and post-planning surveys, and interviews. I surveyed VDGIF biologists and managers (N = 21), members of a stakeholders advisory committee (N = 15), and members of 3 constituent groups representing bear hunters (N = 459), beekeepers (N = 442), and environmental interests (N = 500). I interviewed advisory committee members to validate survey results and evaluate the bear management plan. Participation apparently improved constituents' knowledge about bear management and their image of VDGIF bear management, and increased their support for controversial management options (e.g., lethal methods), but did not affect their opinions about bear hunting. Participation apparently had little effect on VDGIF staff opinions about bear management. Knowledge varied widely among constituent organizations. Bear hunting continues to be one of the most central, yet divisive, bear management issues in Virginia. Advisory committee members and VDGIF staff expressed satisfaction with the bear management plan and the planning process. Recommendations for wildlife decision-making processes include: balance science and public values in management, use multiple public involvement techniques, establish collaborative forums among stakeholders, reach out to all stakeholders, and nurture relationships with constituents during implementation.
Master of Science

No presente trabalho busca-se demonstrar a inovação trazida pela regulamentação dos Estados-partes do Mercosul, especialmente pela brasileira, que conferiu ao particular o direito subjetivo de postular Opiniões Consultivas diretamente ao Tribunal Permanente de Revisão. Para tanto, destaca-se a condição de sujeito de direito internacional adquirida pelo particular por meio de normas advindas de integrações entre Estados soberanos. Da mesma forma, a importância que possui um tribunal legitimado e com atribuições claras, tendo por exemplos a União Europeia e da Organização dos Estados Americanos, onde o Tribunal de Justiça e Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos são reconhecidos como responsáveis diretos pelo sucesso destes blocos. Dentre suas competências, destaca-se o protagonismo que tiveram as suas faces consultivas, representadas pelo reenvio prejudicial e pelas opiniões consultivas, respectivamente, instrumentos que não foram apenas responsáveis pela harmonização das legislações internas com a norma da integração, mas também por criar uma verdadeira cooperação jurisdicional entre organismos jurisdicionais interacionais e as jurisdições nacionais. Institutos que se assemelham às opiniões consultivas do Mercosul, cuja legitimação em postulá-las diretamente ao Tribunal Permanente de Revisão é conferida ao particular de forma inovadora em processos de integração.
This paper seeks to demonstrate the innovation brought about by the regulations of the Mercosur States Parties, especially by the Brazilian, which gave the individual the subjective right to apply for Consultative Opinions directly to the Permanent Review Tribunal. In order to do so, the condition of being a subject of international law acquired by the individual is highlighted, through norms derived from integrations between sovereign states. Likewise, the importance of a legitimate and clearly defined court, for example the European Union and the Organization of American States, where the Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights are recognized as directly responsible for the success of these blocs. Among its competences, the leading role played by advisory opinions, represented by the reference for a preliminary ruling and by the advisory opinions respectively, were not only responsible for the harmonization of domestic legislation with the integration rule but also for creating a genuine Jurisdictional cooperation between national courts and national courts. Institutes that resemble the consultative opinions of Mercosur, whose legitimacy in postulating them directly to the Permanent Review Tribunal is given to the individual in an innovative way in integration processes.

In the first part of this essay, the author describes the regulatory regime governing the issuance of opinions by the Supervising Agency of the Government Procurement (OSCE) in Peru. In the second, there is a series of interpretative elements of the binding nature of opinions of OSCE that were provided by the legislature and that institution. The third is a review of the doctrinarian characteristics that defined the institution of the Administrative Advisory Service. And finally, in the fourth part, the author proposes an interpretation of the meaning and scope of the binding nature of opinions of OSCE, with focus on their application across the various stages of government procurement in Peru.
En la primera parte de este artículo se describe el régimen normativo que regula la emisión de opiniones por parte del Organismo Supervisor de las Contrataciones del Estado en el Perú. En la segunda, se recogen una serie de elementos interpretativos del carácter vinculante que el legislador nacional le ha dado a esas opiniones. La tercera hace una revisión de las características con que la doctrina define a la Función Administrativa Consultiva. Y en la cuarta, finalmente, se propone una interpretación del sentido y alcance del carácter vinculante de las opiniones, con especial énfasis en su aplicación durante las diversas etapasde la contratación pública en el Perú.

Aux lendemains des indépendances, les Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest ont constitués entre eux des organisations d’intégration économique dans le but de favoriser leur développement économique et social.Ces organisations conçues pour la plupart à partir du modèle Européen dispose d’une personnalité juridique autonome et d’un corps de règles propres ayant vocation à s’insérer de façon uniforme dans l’ordre juridique interne des différents Etats membres. Le fonctionnement harmonieux de ce système suppose l’existence d’un organe indépendant chargé, entre autres, de veiller à l’équilibre général du dispositif et d’assurer une interprétation uniforme des normes communautaires.Dans le cadre de l’UEMOA comme de La CEDEAO, cette fonction de protection est exercée par des organes juridictionnels intégrés dont la mission principale consiste à veiller au respect du droit dans l’interprétation et dans l’application des Traités constitutifs.L’objectif visé, à travers cette contribution, est de faire observer que le dispositif de protection mis en place fonctionne, d’une part, par les mécanismes de coopération institués entre les cours de justice et les autres composantes du système communautaire et d’autre part par le contrôle juridictionnel exercé sur les organes communautaires et les Etats membres
After being freed from colonization, the West African States have set up commonly economic integration organizations to promote their economic and social development.The creation of the majority of those organizations is based on the European example and they have an independent legal personality and a body with specific rules in charge of integrating uniformly the internal legal environment of the different Member States.The harmonious functioning of the system requires, among others, the existence of an independent structure designed to take control of the general balance organization and achieve a uniform interpretation of the Community norms. Within the framework of the WAEMU as well as in the ECOWAS, this protective function is delegated to integrated judicial bodies whose main mission consists in making sure that a submission to the law related to the interpretation and compliance with Treaties is effective.The goal of such a contribution is to point out that the settled protection device is functioning, on the one hand, by the cooperation mechanisms introduced by justice courts and the other components of the Community system and, on the other hand, by the judicial control over the community structures and the Member States

La Cour de Justice Communautaire (CJC), la Cour des Comptes Communautaire (CCC) et la Cour Commune de Justice et d’Arbitrage (CCJA) sont les trois juridictions supranationales créées respectivement par les traités de la CEMAC et de l’OHADA pour renforcer les nouveaux processus d’intégration économique et juridique des Etats membres. Dans la mesure où ces juridictions exercent un contrôle juridictionnel déterminant de la norme communautaire, le premier contrôle étant effectué par les juridictions nationales des Etats parties, la conception, l’organisation, le fonctionnement, les caractéristiques, les rôles ou compétences de ces juridictions nouvelles ainsi que la destinée des décisions qu’elles rendent dans leurs fonctions strictement judiciaires ou dans celles accessoires d’appui à la procédure arbitrale, présentent un intérêt digne d’une recherche doctorale. S’il est apparu que des jalons supplémentaires d’efficacité des nouveaux processus d’intégration ont été plantés par la création desdites juridictions, il a également été constaté que des pesanteurs d’ordre juridictionnel, structurel ou fonctionnel continuent d’en retarder la vitesse de croisière. Les solutions que nous avons proposées pour surmonter ces difficultés se regroupent en une réorganisation des juridictions communautaires, une répartition claire des compétences entre elles, un renforcement de la procédure de contrôle du droit communautaire, une vulgarisation permanente du droit de l’intégration, une revalorisation des titres exécutoires, une clarification des fonctions du juge d’exécution, une restriction du domaine de l’immunité d’exécution, un réaménagement des procédures de recouvrement, une formation continue des acteurs de la justice, une amélioration de leur condition de travail et de vie, une résurgence de l’éthique morale, une réelle indépendance de la justice… C’est dire que l’étude met un accent sur les obstacles qui entravent les nouveaux processus d’intégration et propose des solutions pour parfaire les textes législatifs et leurs interprétations jurisprudentielles, dans la perspective d’accélérer le développement économique des Etats concernés en particulier, pour une meilleure prospérité globale des économies mondiales
The Communautary Court of Justice (CCJ), the Communautary Court of Account (CCA) and the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration (CCJA) are the three supranational jurisdictions respectively created by EMCAC and OHBLA treaties to reinforce the new processes of economical and judicial integration for their member States. In the measure where these jurisdictions are competent to exercise a juridictional control, by determining the communautary norms, the first control being carried out by the national juridictions, the conception, the organisation, the functioning, the characteristics, the roles or competences of these new jurisdictions and also the destiny of the decisions they rend in their strictly judiciary functions or in their accessory functions of supporting the arbitral procedure, present an interest worthy of a doctorate research. If it appears that the supplementary Milestones of efficiency of the new processes of integration had been installed by the creation of the said jurisdictions, it had also been observed that the gravities of jurisdictional, structural or functional order continue to delay the speed of cruise. The solutions that we have proposed to overcome these difficulties involves the reorganization of communautary jurisdictions, the clearly distribution of competences between them, the reinforcement of the communautarian law control procedure, a permanent vulgarisation of integration law, a revalorisation of executary titles, a clarification of immunity of execution domain, a development of the recovery procedures, a continual training of judicial actors, and improvement of their working and living conditions, a resurgence of moral ethic, a real independence of the Justice… This means that the study put a stress on the obstacles which hold up the new processes of integration and propose solutions to perfect the legislative texts and their jurisprudential interpretations, in the perspective of accelerating the economic development of the concerned States, for the best global prosperity of the world’s economies

碩士
國立臺灣大學
科際整合法律學研究所
107
Kosovo has an area of around 10,800 square kilometers and a population of only about 2 million. Since March 1991 the Kosovar Albanian issued a Declaration of Independence, the independence movement in Kosovo has been surging. After the bloody genocide, the civil war and the interference of the United Nations, on February 17, 2008, Kosovar Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi presented a declaration of independence to the National Assembly. After the vote of the National Assembly, he declared that Kosovo is a sovereign and independent State. Kosovo soon has won the recognitions from 69 States. Serbia as the former “home State” of Kosovo expressed severe protests and finally brought it to the UN General Assembly. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued an advisory opinion on Kosovo’s declaration of independence at the request of the UN General Assembly. The advisory opinion was announced on July 22, 2010, and concluded that the adoption of the declaration of independence of 17 February 2008 did not violate any applicable rule of international law. As soon as this advisory opinion came out, 22 states including the United States and European States declared their support to the advisory opinion; on the other hand, Russia, China and five States in Europe opposed it. There are still disputes between the two sides. International law scholars have asserted that this is a victory for “the right of self-determination” and “democracy”. They believe that the decision of the ICJ to declare Kosovo’s independence does not violate international law will bring legal basis and power to the political organizations and groups which is pursuing independence. After the ICJ has declared that Kosovo’s unilateral declaration of independence is in accordance with international law, does it mean that any political entity can declare independence in any situation without violating international law? Whether the Kosovo Advisory Opinion has clearly declared the right of political entities to pursue independence, and whether this advisory opinion has brought the non-state political entities a sufficient legal basis to pursue the desired national independence would be the questions that this thesis would like to find out. Therefore, this thesis directly discusses the specific content of the advisory opinion, which is decided by the ICJ on Serbia’s accusation of the illegality of Kosovo’s declaration of independence and the violation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity. We try to analyze it in a comprehensive way, and discuss it from the perspective of international law. We hope to understand the explanation of the advisory opinion and the limitation of the scope of the case; and furthermore, to identify what the legal basis that the advisory opinion has brought to the legality of the unilateral declaration of independence in international law. We also try to predict the implications and consequences of the first-ever advisory opinion which discusses the unilateral declaration of independence, and what it would contribute to the true meanings of the rights of self-determination, secession, and independence movement of the people in international law.

The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) theme has increasingly debated, reaching greater relevance in the society in which we are living. This thematic is frequently present in the policies and decisions of managers in the organizations they are leading, namely in the three main dimensions, economic, social, and environmental, due to the change and demands that society imposes. However, there is still a devaluation of workers' opinions regarding the implementation of CSR policies by managers who oversee decision making. In that way, this study was based on a literature review to understand the critics’ opinions of this theme. Then, a survey was applied to workers who currently are working in consulting companies, in the banking area, or retail companies, and the data was submitted to quantitative treatment. The focal objective of this survey was to understand the importance that workers give to the practice of CSR policies and what impact these actions would have on the organization by employees’ perspective. The results indicated that the employees, regardless of the industry which they are working for, considered that the implementation of good CSR policies is an added value for the employee if they are consistent with his needs. Regarding questions related to the impact of these practices would have on the organization, all respondents agree that the implementation of these policies can meet the needs of workers and maximize the reputation of the organization. Still, around 91% of the respondents acknowledge that good CSR practices could improve companies' financial performance and profitability by providing quality goods and services.
O tema da Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC) é cada vez mais debatido, ganhando maior relevância na sociedade em que vivemos. Esta temática está progressivamente mais presente nas políticas e decisões dos gestores, nomeadamente nas três principais dimensões, económica, social e ambiental, devido à mudança e exigências que a sociedade impõe. Contudo, verifica-se ainda a desvalorização da opinião dos trabalhadores em relação à implementação de políticas de RSC por parte dos gestores. Neste sentido, este estudo teve por base uma revisão da literatura de modo a ser percebida a opinião dos críticos desta temática. De seguida, foi aplicado um questionário a trabalhadores que atualmente desempenham funções em empresas de Consultoria, na área da Banca ou que trabalham em empresas de Retalho, cujos dados foram submetidos a um tratamento quantitativo. O principal objetivo deste inquérito foi perceber a importância que os trabalhadores dão à prática de políticas de RSC e qual seria o impacto que estas ações teriam na organização, na perspectiva dos colaboradores. Os resultados indicaram que os trabalhadores, independentemente do ramo de atividade, consideraram que a implementação de boas políticas de RSC são uma mais-valia para o próprio, caso estas sejam coerentes com as suas necessidades. De acordo com as questões relativas ao impacto que estas práticas teriam na organização, a totalidade dos inqueridos concorda que a implementação destas políticas podem satisfazer as suas necessidades e maximizar a reputação da organização, e ainda cerca de 91% dos inquiridos reconhece que boas práticas podem melhorar o desempenho financeiro e a lucratividade das empresas, fornecendo bens e serviços de qualidade.

碩士
義守大學
管理科學研究所
89
From January 1, 1999, our government has promulgated the integrated income tax. The main reason is to eliminate the problem of double taxation. As of now, the corporate tax can be used to offset the shareholder''s income tax. However, the limitation of tax withhold ratio in integrated income tax and the imposition tax on 10% for undistributed earning profits are controversial and very complicated than ever. Especially, the former, based on a fixed assumption by discretion of national tax authorities gives rise to a problem that taxes imposed on earnings pursuant to corporate accounting books do not match with actual earnings. This problem attracts me to study, and I spot relevant issues and possible solutions as follows: A. The compensation of board of directors and supervisors as well as employee bonus cannot be deemed as expenses for the purpose of integrated income tax. They are deemed to be post-taxation items as distribution of earning profits. The tax levied on corporate level cannot be used to offset shareholder''s individual income taxes. This phenomenon is unreasonable since the corporate tax and individual tax are not fully integrated. I propose to make suggestions allowing corporate tax levied could be utilized to offset shareholder''s income tax. B. Repealing the limitation of withhold tax ratio could reasonably make corporate taxes in form of distribution of earning offset individual income tax. This method could actually reflect the accounting cost and solve complicated calculation formula. C. Eliminate the imposition tax on the 10% of undistributed earning profits. The new integrated tax system sets no criteria in determining which items shall be added or subtracted in standard tax forms. The classification is too controversial to be a generally acceptable standard. Thus, I propose to repeal it. D. Since small profit-seeking enterprises cannot fully enjoy the benefit from the integrated income tax system. This system seems to encourage such enterprises to continue avoiding tax illegally as usual. I propose to strengthen internal control and accounting auditing of small business enterprises in dealing with integrated income tax. E. Government tax organizations shall be reorganized. The local tax bureau and national bureau should merger into one national tax bureau office with county tax branches specifically dealing with integrated income taxes.

C'est avec beaucoup de complexité et d'ambiguïté que les opérations de la paix des Nations Unies se sont déployées sur la scène internationale au cours des dernières décennies. Si le déploiement de ces opérations reflète avant tout la matérialisation de l’un des buts fondamentaux de l’ONU, à savoir : le maintien de la paix et de la sécurité internationale (Article 1(1) de la Charte des Nations Unies), il n'en reste pas moins manifeste que les actions qu’elles entreprennent sur le terrain sont susceptibles de produire des effets préjudiciables pour les tiers. La question que pose le présent mémoire est donc de savoir si, et dans quelle mesure, la responsabilité de l'ONU est régie par le droit international lorsque des tiers subissent des dommages matériels et corporels du fait des troupes des opérations de paix des Nations Unies. Que prévoit le droit international ? Existe-t-il pour les victimes des voies de réparations ? S’interroger sur la responsabilité de l’ONU suppose que l’on tienne compte avant tout de sa personnalité juridique internationale, car l’existence juridique de l’Organisation universelle constitue le postulat primaire sur lequel sera fondée sa responsabilité internationale. L’avis consultatif de la Cour Internationale de Justice du 11 avril 1949 sur la Réparation des dommages subis au service des Nations Unies représente le moment précis de cette personnification de l’ONU sur la scène internationale. D’un point de vue plus substantiel, les contours de la responsabilité onusienne dans le contexte du maintien de la paix se dessineront autour d’un élément central : « le fait internationalement illicite ». Celui-ci comprend deux éléments; d’une part, un élément objectif consistant en un comportement précis (action ou omission)violant une obligation internationale; et, d’autre part, un élément subjectif attribuant à l’Organisation ce manquement au droit international. Cette ossature de la responsabilité onusienne permettra d’appréhender de façon plus précise dans quelle mesure l’Organisation pourrait être tenue responsable de ses actes ou omissions dans le contexte du maintien de la paix. Plus encore, elle nous permet de plaider pour une responsabilité intégrée tenant compte des facteurs endogènes propres à toute situation, mais aussi faisant de l’individu dans le droit international des sujets dont les intérêts sont susceptibles de protection juridique.
It is with great complexity and ambiguity that the United Nations Peace Operations took place on the international scene during the last decade. Since their deployment reflects first and foremost one of the most fundamental goal of the Unites Nations Organization, namely: to maintain international peace and security (Section 1(1) of the Charter of the United Nations), it is predictable that the actions they undertake on the field may produce harmful effects for the third parties. The question raised by this thesis aims to discover if and to what extent the UN responsibility is governed by International Law when such third parties suffer from material and personal damages at the hand of UN Peace Operations troops. What does International Law provide? Are there any means of reparation for the victims? Searching for the UN responsibility includes the supposition that the Organization possesses the international legal personality, because its legal existence represents the basic postulate on which its responsibility will be based. The Advisory Opinion of 11 April 1949 of the International Court of Justice on Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations constitutes the exact moment of the personification of the UN on the international scene. From a more substantial perspective, the outlines of the UN responsibility in the peacekeeping context are being drawn around one crucial element: « the internationally wrongful act ». This element includes two parts; on the one hand, an objective component which consists of a specific conduct (action or omission) breaching an international obligation; and, on the other hand, a subjective component attributing to the Organization the breach of this international obligation. This framework of the UN responsibility will allow a better understanding of the extent to which the responsibility of the Organization can be retained for actions or omissions committed in a peacekeeping context. More importantly, it allows us to plead for a responsibility which encompasses not only the endogenous characteristics of each situation, but also a legal protection by International Law of the interest of each individual.