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Journal articles on the topic 'Aegean Arc'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 21 February 2023

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1

PE-PIPER, GEORGIA, and K. HATZIPANAGIOTOU. "The Pliocene volcanic rocks of Crommyonia, western Greece and their implications for the early evolution of the South Aegean arc." Geological Magazine 134, no. 1 (January 1997): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756897006390.

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Minor Pliocene dacites from Crommyonia mark the western end of the South Aegean volcanic arc. They form small lava domes and flows generally associated with extensional faults. An older group (3.6–4 Ma) occurs in the west and a younger group (2.3–2.8 Ma) in the east. Volcanic rocks of similar age are found at Aegina, Poros and Milos in the western part of the South Aegean arc, whereas volcanism in the eastern part of the arc is of Quaternary age. The two groups of rocks at Crommyonia are chemically distinct. Both groups contain multiple generations of plagioclase. Both have εNd (−8.0 to −10.6) that is much more negative than any other rocks in the South Aegean arc and model ages that are similar to those for many Miocene extensional granites of the Cyclades. The model ages are interpreted to reflect a mid-Proterozoic mantle event recognized elsewhere in the Hellenides. The Crommyonia dacitic magmas represent the first stages of melting of deep lithosphere as a result of both subduction-related hydrous fluids and extensional decompression. Plagioclase compositions suggest important magma evolution in a base-of-crust magma chamber, where the strong crustal Nd isotope signature was acquired. With time, asthenospheric sources that upwelled as a result of extension played an increasingly important role in determining the isotopic characteristics of the arc volcanism.

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2

Sakellariou, D., J. Mascle, and V. Lykousis. "Strike slip tectonics and transtensional deformation in the Aegean region and the Hellenic arc: Preliminary results." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11098.

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Recently acquired offshore seismic and swath bathymetry data from the Hellenic Arc, the Ionian Sea and the South and North Aegean Sea, including the Hellenic Volcanic Arc and the Cyclades plateau, along with geological and tectonic data from Plio-Quaternary basins exposed on the Hellenic Arc indicate that strike slip tectonics has played a major role in the southwestward extension of the Aegean crustal block, the development of the offshore neotectonic basins and the spatial distribution of the volcanic activity along the Volcanic Arc. Transtensional deformation, accommodated by (sinistral or dextral) strike slip zones and related extensional structures, prevail throughout Plio-Quaternary, since the North Anatolian Fault broke westwards into the North Aegean. Incipient collision of the Hellenic Forearc south of Crete with the Libyan promontory and consequent lateral escape tectonics led to the segmentation of the Hellenic Arc in distinct blocks, which move southwestwards independently from each other and are bounded by strike slip faults.

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ΠΑΠΑΖΑΧΟΣ, Β. Κ. "Active Tectonics in the Aegean and surrounding area." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 6 (January 1, 2002): 2237. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16865.

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The purpose of the present article is to summarize the current scientific knowledge related to the active tectonics of the Aegean and surrounding area (active deformation, lithospheric plate-motions, etc.), as well as describe the main information (data, methods, etc.) which were used to obtain this knowledge. It is pointed out that the understanding of active tectonics has not only theoretical but also practical interest, as it contributes to the solution of problems of direct social impact such as the problem of earthquake prediction. It is shown that most of our present knowledge relies on geophysical, geological and geodetic data. Due to the fact that the Aegean exhibits a variety of geomorphological structures and on going geophysical processes, it has been one of the modern "natural laboratories" where scientists from different parts of the world are working and verify various hypotheses related to our current view of World Tectonics. The Aegean exhibits the typical characteristics of a subduction area, such as the Hellenic Arc (a typical island arc), the Aegean Sea (a marginal sea with typical geomorphological characteristics) and the Collision Zone between the Balkan peninsula and the southwestern Adriatic. A large number of results concerning the Aegean area relies on the use of the spatial distribution of earthquake foci. Accurate data of the last two decades showed that most shallow earthquakes are generated on the shallowest part of the crust (upper 20km) and only along the southern Aegean subduction zone can their depth reach up to 60km. Papazachos and Comninakis (1969/70, 1971) were the first to determine the depth of 109 intermediate-depth events using PcP phases and showed that their foci lied on an amphitheatrically-shaped Benioff zone, which dips from the outer arc (Hellenic Trench) towards the concave part of the Hellenic Arc. This has been confirmed by recent studies, showing that the subduction is separated in a shallower (20-100km), small-dip (-20-30°) section where the lithospheric coupling takes place and events up to M = 8.0 occur, and a deeper (100-180km) part with higher dipping angle (-45°) where events up to M=7.0 occur. Fault plane solutions which have been constructed since the 60s were used for the study of the active tectonics in the Aegean. Their use allowed the detection of reverse faulting along the Hellenic Arc (Papazachos and Delibasis 1969), the Rhodes sinistral fault (Papazachos 1961), as well as the domination of a strong ~N-S extension field throughout the whole back-arc Aegean area (McKenzie 1970, 1972, 1978). The identification of the dextral transform Cephalonia fault (Scordilis et al., 1985) was also of significant importance for the understanding of the Aegean tectonics. This understanding was enhanced by the results obtained about the geophysical lithospheric structure of the Aegean, using either traditional or tomographic methods. These results showed strong crustal thickness variations in agreement with isostasy, detected the presence of a high-velocity subducted slab under the Aegean, with low-velocity/low-Q material in the mantle wedge above the slab, as usually anticipated for a subduction zone. The active deformation of the Aegean has been studied by seismological, geodetic and palaeomagnetic methods. The obtained results allowed the determination of various models describing the active crustal deformation in the Aegean area, showing a anticlockwise motion for Anatolia and a fast southwestern motion of the Aegean microplate at an average rate of ~3.5cm/yr relative to Europe. Similar studies have been performed for the subducted slab. The derivation of such models is further supported by geophysical and geological studies that led to the identification and classification of a large number of active faults, which are related to several strong shallow events in the broader Aegean area. In general, active seismic faults in the Aegean area can be separated in ten main groups, which exhibit different type of faulting. The active deformation and faulting characteristics of the broader Aegean area is the base of the understanding of the driving mechanisms, which control the Aegean active tectonics. In general, the convergence of Africa and Eurasia is responsible for the eastern Mediterranean subduction under the Aegean. The Arabian plate pushes the Anatolia microplate towards the Aegean, thus affecting the active tectonic setting in the Northern Aegean where the dextral motion along the northern Anatolia border continues. Also, the Apulia (Adriatic) anticlockwise rotation results in convergence along the coastal Albania and NW Greece, with trust faulting. However, the main controlling force of the active tectonics in the Aegean is the fast southwest Aegean motion and its overriding of the Mediterranean lithosphère, which is responsible for the large thrust events along the Hellenic Arc, as well as for the large seismicity of the Cephalonia (dextral) and Rhodes (sinistral) faults that are the contact between the Aegean microplate and Apulia and the eastern Mediterranean (east of Rhodes) plates, respectively.

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4

Kougioumoutzis, K., A. Tiniakou, O. Georgiou, and T. Georgiadis. "CONTRIBUTION TO THE FLORA OF THE SOUTH AEGEAN VOLCANIC ARC: KIMOLOS ISLAND (KIKLADES, GREECE)." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 71, no. 2 (June 13, 2014): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428614000055.

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The island of Kimolos, located in the western Kiklades in Greece, constitutes together with Milos, Polyaegos, Anafi and the Santorini island group the central part of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc. The flora of Kimolos consists of 443 taxa, 70 of which are under a statute of protection, 30 are Greek endemics and 225 are reported here for the first time. We show that Kimolos has the highest percentage of Greek endemics in the South Aegean Volcanic Arc. The known distribution of the endemics Sedum eriocarpum subsp. eriocarpum and Anthemis rigida subsp. liguliflora is expanded, being reported for the first time for the phytogeographical region of the Kiklades. The floristic cross-correlation between Kimolos and other parts of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc by means of Sørensen’s index revealed that its phytogeographical affinities are somewhat stronger to Anafi than to neighbouring Milos.

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5

Francalanci, Lorella, and Georg F. Zellmer. "Magma Genesis at the South Aegean Volcanic Arc." Elements 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.15.3.165.

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The South Aegean volcanic arc consists of five volcanic fields, with products that range from medium- and high-K calc-alkaline basalts to rhyolites. Parental magmas are generated by variable proportions of decompression and flux melting of a mantle source metasomatized by sediment melts and aqueous fluids released from the subducted slab. Fluid/sediment ratios are lowest in Santorini (Greece) where high lithospheric extension results in a predominance of decompression melting, shallower magma storage, and more mafic volcanism than elsewhere in the arc. Contributions from slab sediment melt decrease from west to east. With the lowest convergence rate and surface heat flux of any continental arc worldwide, the South Aegean is an ideal natural laboratory for studying arc magmatism at low magma production rates.

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6

Mitropoulos, P., A. Katerinopoulos, and A. Kokkinakis. "Occurrence of primary almandine-spessartine-rich garnet and zinnwaldite phenocrysts in a Neogene rhyolite on the island of Chios, Aegean Sea, Greece." Mineralogical Magazine 63, no. 4 (August 1999): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646199548673.

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AbstractPrimary almandine and spessartine-rich garnet and zinnwaldite phenocrysts occur along with feldspar (plagioclase and sanidine) phenocrysts, in the rhyolite of Profitis Ilias, which is located on the SE coast of the island of Chios, Greece. The distinctive mineralogical composition of this rhyolite is described. Although formed in the back-arc tectonic environment of the Aegean volcanic arc, the Profitis llias rhyolite shows significant trace element compositional differences when compared with typical arc or back-arc volcanic rocks of the area. It shows extreme depletion in Sr and Ba and enrichment in Nb and Mn, and has much more affinity with A-type granites and particularly Li-mica granites.Apparently, both zinnwaldite and spessartine-rich garnet can be generated as primary phases from a granite melt enriched in volatile constituents at low P–T. This granite melt could be the residual product of an un-exposed, earlier formed, typical back-arc granite of the area, enriched in volatile constituents from a subcrustal source above the active mantle of the eastern Aegean area.The extensive and deep faulting in the broad eastern Aegean lithosphere section would have facilitated the rapid ascent of that volatile-enriched granite melt, the parent of the Profitis Ilias rhyolite.

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7

Vougioukalakis, Georges E., Christopher G. Satow, and Timothy H. Druitt. "Volcanism of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc." Elements 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.15.3.159.

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Volcanism along the South Aegean volcanic arc began about 4.7 Ma and has lasted until the present day, with eruptions at Methana, Milos, Santorini, Kolumbo and Nisyros volcanoes in historical times. These volcanoes can be grouped into five volcanic fields: three western fields of small, mostly monogenetic edifices, and two central/eastern fields with composite cones and calderas that have produced large explosive eruptions. Crustal tectonics exerts a strong control over the locations of edifices and vents at all five volcanic fields. Tephra and cryptotephra layers in deep-marine sediments preserve a continuous record of arc volcanism in the Aegean as far back as 200,000 years. Hazards from the volcanoes include high ash plumes, pyroclastic flows and tsunamis. Monitoring networks should be improved and expanded.

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8

Piper, D. J. W., and C. Perissoratis. "Quaternary neotectonics of the South Aegean arc." Marine Geology 198, no. 3-4 (July 2003): 259–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(03)00118-x.

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9

Nomikou, Paraskevi, Dimitrios Papanikolaou, Matina Alexandri, Dimitris Sakellariou, and Grigoris Rousakis. "Submarine volcanoes along the Aegean volcanic arc." Tectonophysics 597-598 (June 2013): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.10.001.

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10

Mantovani, Enzo, Daniele Babbucci, Caterina Tamburelli, and Marcello Viti. "Late Cenozoic Evolution and Present Tectonic Setting of the Aegean–Hellenic Arc." Geosciences 12, no. 3 (February 23, 2022): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12030104.

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The Aegean–Hellenic arc is a deformed sector of a long heterogeneous orogenic system (Tethyan belt), constituted by an inner old metamorphic crystalline core flanked by younger chains of European and African affinity, running from the Anatolian to the Pelagonian zones. Due to the convergence between the Arabian promontory and the Eurasian continental domain, the Anatolian sector of that belt has undergone a westward extrusion, accommodated by oroclinal bending, at the expense of the surrounding low buoyancy domains. Since the late Miocene, when the Aegean Tethyan belt collided with the Adriatic continental promontory, the southward bowing of the Aegean–Hellenic sector accelerated, leading to the consumption of the Levantine and Ionian oceanic domains and to the formation of the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex. The peculiar distribution of extensional and compressional deformation in the Aegean zone has mainly been influenced by the different rheological behaviours of the mainly ductile inner core (Cyclades arc) and of the mainly brittle outer belt (Hellenic arc). The bowing of the inner belt developed without involving any major fragmentation, whereas the outer brittle belt underwent a major break in its most curved sector, which led to the separation of the eastern (Crete–Rhodes) and western (Peloponnesus) Hellenic sectors. After separation, these structures underwent different shortening patterns, respectively driven by the convergence between southwestern Anatolia and the Libyan continental promontory (Crete–Rhodes) and by the convergence between the Cycladic Arc and the Adriatic continental domain (Peloponnesus). A discussion is given about the compatibility of the observed deformation pattern with the main alternative geodynamic interpretations and with the Nubia–Eurasia relative motions so far proposed.

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11

Papazachos, Costas B. "Deep Structure and Active Tectonics of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc." Elements 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.15.3.153.

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The seismotectonic setting of the Aegean Sea, based on information from seismicity, neotectonics and global positioning system studies, is characterized by a sharp transition from a compressional outer arc to a complex back-arc, with an approximate north–south extension along the volcanic arc. Seismicity and 3-D tomography studies reveal the geometry of the subducting slab and image the low-velocity/high-attenuation mantle wedge at depths of 50–80 km beneath the volcanic arc where magma is generated. The 1956 Amorgos M7.5 earthquake and the impact from its seismic shaking and landslide-triggered tsunamis are discussed in the context of the regional seismotectonic setting.

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12

Hloupis, G., I. Papadopoulos, J. P. Makris, and F. Vallianatos. "The South Aegean seismological network – HSNC." Advances in Geosciences 34 (April 30, 2013): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-34-15-2013.

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Abstract. In the present work, the installation and the technology applied for the operation of the Hellenic Seismological Network of Crete (HSNC), located in the front of the Hellenic Arc, are presented. The topology, the communication modes (wire and satellite) along with data collection and processing methodologies applied leads to the operation of a new seismological infrastructure in South Aegean, one of the most seismically active regions in Europe.

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Nikolov, Todor, and Tzanko Tzankov. "The Bulgarian Early Cretaceous basin in the Tethys panorama." Geologica Balcanica 27, no. 1-2 (August 30, 1997): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.27.1-2.3.

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The Bulgarian Early Cretaceous basin developed within the northern periphery of the Tethyan Ocean adjacent to the European fragment of the Eurasian lithospheric plate. The basin was of a back-arc type, and formed over the Moesian microplate. It had an arc configuration convex to the North. An avolcanic island arc was situated South of it. Further South, a comparatively narrow interarc basin developed that was bounded to the South by a well-expressed volcanic island arc. The midocean zone of the Tethys Ocean passed through the Aegean.

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Kkallas, Ch, C. B. Papazachos, B. N. Margaris, D. Boore, Ch Ventouzi, and A. Skarlatoudis. "Stochastic Strong Ground Motion Simulation of the Southern Aegean Sea Benioff Zone Intermediate‐Depth Earthquakes." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 108, no. 2 (January 16, 2018): 946–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120170047.

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Abstract We employ the stochastic finite‐fault modeling approach of Motazedian and Atkinson (2005), as adapted by Boore (2009), for the simulation of Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS) of intermediate‐depth earthquakes in the southern Aegean Sea subduction (southern Greece). To calibrate the necessary model parameters of the stochastic finite‐fault method, we used waveform data from both acceleration and broadband‐velocity sensor instruments for intermediate‐depth earthquakes (depths ∼45–140 km) with M 4.5–6.7 that occurred along the southern Aegean Sea Wadati–Benioff zone. The anelastic attenuation parameters employed for the simulations were adapted from recent studies, suggesting large back‐arc to fore‐arc attenuation differences. High‐frequency spectral slopes (kappa values) were constrained from the analysis of a large number of earthquakes from the high‐density EGELADOS (Exploring the Geodynamics of Subducted Lithosphere Using an Amphibian Deployment of Seismographs) temporary network. Because of the lack of site‐specific information, generic site amplification functions available for the Aegean Sea region were adopted. Using the previous source, path, and site‐effect constraints, we solved for the stress‐parameter values by a trial‐and‐error approach, in an attempt to fit the FAS of the available intermediate‐depth earthquake waveforms. Despite the fact that most source, path, and site model parameters are based on independent studies and a single source parameter (stress parameter) is optimized, an excellent comparison between observations and simulations is found for both peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground velocity (PGV), as well as for FAS values. The final stress‐parameter values increase with moment magnitude, reaching large values (>300 bars) for events M≥6.0. Blind tests for an event not used for the model calibration verify the good agreement of the simulated and observed ground motions for both back‐arc and along‐arc stations. The results suggest that the employed approach can be efficiently used for the modeling of large historical intermediate‐depth earthquakes, as well as for seismic hazard assessment for similar intermediate‐depth events in the southern Aegean Sea area.

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15

Lykakis, N., and S. P. Kilias. "EPITHERMAL MANGANESE MINERALIZATION, KIMOLOS ISLAND, SOUTH AEGEAN VOLCANIC ARC, GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 5 (July 31, 2017): 2646. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11672.

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Manganese mineralization is hosted by a marine monomictic, lithic volcaniclastic breccia, possibly an andesitic in situ hyaloclastite, and shallow-marine or subaerial epiclastic conglomerates, in the Korakies area, NE Kimolos, active south Aegean volcanic arc. Old mine workings (in the form of rubble, adit and shaft), and abandoned rail and ship loading facilities, exist in the area. Mineralization occurs as a quartz/chalcedony vein system filling extensional NNE-SSW–trending faults and fractures, of Pliocene age. Maximum vein width reaches 5 m; length may extend to 250 m. The ore shares strong textural analogies with volcanic-hosted epithermal-style deposits, i.e. crustiform banding, vugs, hydrothermal breccias, cockade and comb textures. Vein wall rocks are hydrothermally altered to quartz-adularia±illite, chlorite and barite. Pyrolusite, hollandite, cryptomelane, and coronadite are the main ore minerals, with quartz, chalcedony, jasper and barite gangue. Ore samples contain up to 25.8 % MnO2, 14.7 % FeOTOT, 2860 ppm Zn, 1132 ppm Pb and 136 ppm Cu; Mn and Zn show mutual positive correlation (r2=0.61). Trace element enrichment (i.e. Zn, Pb, and Cu) may suggest a proximal base metal sulfide mineralization. Concentrations of 4.3 % Na, 0.09 % Mg and barite presence may suggest genetic involvement of sea water. The mineralization studied is similar to volcanic-hosted low-sulfidation epithermal ore deposits deposited from neutral pH fluids. This is a rare example of a vein-type epithermal-style hydrothermal manganese deposit formed in a marine environment.

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16

Mitropolous, P., J. Tarney, A. D. Saunders, and N. G. Marsh. "Petrogenesis of Cenezoic volcanic rocks from the Aegean island arc." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 32, no. 1-3 (June 1987): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(87)90043-6.

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17

Mitropoulos, Panagiotis, and John Tarney. "Significance of mineral composition variations in the Aegean Island Arc." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 51, no. 4 (August 1992): 283–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(92)90104-l.

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18

Kougioumoutzis, Konstantinos, and Argyro Tiniakou. "Ecological factors driving plant species diversity in the South Aegean Volcanic Arc and other central Aegean islands." Plant Ecology & Diversity 8, no. 2 (February 5, 2014): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2013.866989.

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19

Papanikolaou, D. "MAJOR PALEOGEOGRAPHIC, TECTONIC AND GEODYNAMIC CHANGES FROM THE LAST STAGE OF THE HELLENIDES TO THE ACTUAL HELLENIC ARC AND TRENCH SYSTEM." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11161.

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Present day location and geometry of the Hellenic arc and trench system is only a small portion of the previously developed Hellenic arc that created the Hellenides orogenic system. The timing of differentiation is constrained in Late Miocene, when the arc was divided in a northern and a southern segment. This is based on: a) the dating of the last compressive structures observed all along the Hellenides during Oligocene to Middle-Late Miocene, b) on the time of initiation of the Kephalonia transform fault, c) on the time of opening of the North Aegean Basin and d) on the time of opening of new arc parallel basins in the south and new transverse basins in the central shear zone, separating the rapidly moving southwestwards Hellenic subduction system from the slowly converging system of the Northern Hellenides. The driving mechanism of the arc differentiation is the heterogeneity produced by the different subducting slabs in the north (continental) and in the south (oceanic) and the resulted shear zone because of the retreating plate boundary producing a roll back mechanism in the present arc and trench system. The paleogeographic reconstructions of the Hellenic arc and surrounding areas show the shortening of the East Mediterranean oceanic area, following the slow convergence rate of the European and African plates plus the localised shortening following the rapid Hellenic subduction rate. The result is that the frontal parts of the accretionary prism developed in front of the Hellenic arc have reached the African continent in Cyrenaica whereas on the two sides the basinal parts of the Ionian and Levantine basins are still preserved before their final subduction and closure. The extension produced in the upper plate has resulted in the subsidence of the Aegean Sea and the creation of several neotectonic basins in southern continental Greece in contrast to the absence of new basins in the northern segment since Late Miocene.

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20

Tsampouraki-Kraounaki, Konstantina, and Dimitris Sakellariou. "Seismic stratigraphy and geodynamic evolution of Christiana Basin, South Aegean Arc." Marine Geology 399 (May 2018): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2018.02.012.

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21

Kissel, Catherine, and Carlo Laj. "The Tertiary geodynamical evolution of the Aegean arc: a paleomagnetic reconstruction." Tectonophysics 146, no. 1-4 (January 1988): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90090-x.

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22

Papadopoulos, T., Max Wyss, and David L. Schmerge. "Earthquake locations in the western Hellenic arc relative to the plate boundary." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 78, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 1222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0780031222.

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Abstract Four vertical-component seismograph stations were operated in western Crete, southeastern Peloponnesus, the island of Milos, and south of Corinth on Mount Didimon from 1981 to 1984. Combining arrival times from this network, the Greek National Network, and VOLNET, we relocated hypocenters within Greece and the surrounding area. The difference between the relocations and the locations published in the National Observatory of Athens Bulletin in most instances were minor, except for earthquakes located in the vicinity of the western Hellenic arc. In this area, we found that epicenters thought to lie south of the plate boundary, within the African plate, relocated an average of approximately 60 km to the N30°E, which places them at or north of the plate boundary. We suggest that this difference is a minimum estimate of the location error and the true locations may lie still further to the NNE. We propose that anomalously slow seismic velocities in the Aegean back-arc upper mantle cause travel-time delays to the seismograph stations located to the NE of the source volumes, resulting in location errors in a direction away from these stations. Extrapolating from our observations to other segments of the Hellenic plate boundary and to periods not covered by our operation, we hypothesize that most or all earthquakes thought to have originated on the African plate, within about 100 km of the Hellenic arc, were actually located at the plate boundary or on the Aegean plate.

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Jolivet, Laurent, Armel Menant, Vincent Roche, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, Agnès Maillard, Romain Augier, Damien Do Couto, Christian Gorini, Isabelle Thinon, and Albane Canva. "Transfer zones in Mediterranean back-arc regions and tear faults." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 192 (2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021006.

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Slab tearing induces localized deformations in the overriding plates of subduction zones and transfer zones accommodating differential retreat in back-arc regions. Because the space available for retreating slabs is limited in the Mediterranean realm, slab tearing during retreat has been a major ingredient of the evolution of this region since the end of the Eocene. The association of detailed seismic tomographic models and extensive field observations makes the Mediterranean an ideal natural laboratory to study these transfer zones. We review in this paper the various structures in back-arc regions differential retreat from the Alboran Sea to the Aegean-Anatolian region and discuss them with the help of 3D numerical models to better understand the partitioning of deformation between high-angle and low-angle faults, as well as the 3-D kinematics of deformation in the middle and lower crusts. Simple, archetypal, crustal-scale strike-slip faults are in fact rare in these contexts above slab tears. Transfer zones are in general instead wide deformation zones, from several tens to several hundred kilometers. A partitioning of deformation is observed between the upper and the lower crust with low-angle extensional shear zones at depth and complex association of transtensional basins at the surface. In the Western Mediterranean, between the Gulf of Lion and the Valencia basin, transtensional strike-slip faults are associated with syn-rift basins and lower crustal domes elongated in the direction of retreat (a-type domes), associated with massive magmatic intrusions in the lower crust and volcanism at the surface. On the northern side of the Alboran Sea, wide E-W trending strike-slip zones in the brittle field show partitioned thrusting and strike-slip faulting in the external zones of the Betics, and E-W trending metamorphic core complexes in the internal zones, parallel to the main retreat direction with a transition in time from ductile to brittle deformation. On the opposite, the southern margin of the Alboran Sea shows short en-échelon strike-slip faults. Deep structures are not known there. In the Aegean-Anatolian region, two main tear faults with different degrees of maturity are observed. Western Anatolia (Menderes Massif) and the Eastern Aegean Sea evolved above a major left-lateral tear in the Hellenic slab. In the crust, the differential retreat was accommodated mostly by low-angle shear zones with a constant direction of stretching and the formation of a-type high-temperature domes exhumed from the middle and lower crust. These low-angle shear zones evolve through time from ductile to brittle. On the opposite side of the Aegean region, the Corinth and Volos Rift as well as the Kephalonia fault offshore, accommodate the formation of a dextral tear fault. Here, only the brittle crust can be observed, but seismological data suggest low-angle shear zones at depth below the rifts. We discuss the rare occurrence of pure strike-slip faults in these contexts and propose that the high heat flow above the retreating slabs and more especially above slab tears favors a ductile behavior with distributed deformation of the crust and the formation of low-angle shear zones and high-temperature domes. While retreat proceeds, aided by tears, true strike-slip fault system may localize and propagate toward the retreating trench, ultimately leading to the formation of new plate boundary, as shown by the example of the North Anatolian Fault.

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24

Friederich, W., A. Brüstle, L. Küperkoch, and T. Meier. "Focal mechanisms in the Southern Aegean from temporary seismic networks – implications for the regional stress field and ongoing deformation processes." Solid Earth Discussions 5, no. 2 (October 24, 2013): 1721–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-5-1721-2013.

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Abstract. The lateral variation of the stress field in the southern Aegean plate and the subducting Hellenic slab is determined from recordings of seismicity obtained with the CYCNET and EGELADOS networks in the years from 2002 to 2007. First motions from 7000 well-located earthquakes were analysed to produce 540 well-constrained focal mechanisms. They were complemented by another 140 derived by waveform matching of records from larger events. Most of these earthquakes fall into 16 distinct spatial clusters distributed over the southern Aegean region. For each cluster, a stress inversion could be carried out yielding consistent estimates of the stress field and its spatial variation. At crustal levels, the stress field is generally dominated by a steeply dipping compressional principal stress direction except in places where coupling of the subducting slab and overlying plate come into play. Tensional principal stresses are generally subhorizontal. Just behind the forearc, the crust is under arc-parallel tension whereas in the volcanic areas around Kos, Columbo and Astypalea tensional and intermediate stresses are nearly degenerate. Further west and north, in the Santorini-Amorgos graben and in the area of the islands of Mykonos, Andros and Tinos, tensional stresses are significant and point around the NW–SE direction. Very similar stress fields are observed in western Turkey with the tensional axis rotated to NNE–SSW. Intermediate depth earthquakes below 100 km in the Nisyros region indicate that the Hellenic slab experiences slab-parallel tension at these depths. The direction of tension is close to east-west and thus deviates from the local NW-oriented slab dip presumably owing to the segmentation of the slab. Beneath the Cretan sea, at shallower levels, the slab is under NW–SE compression. The lateral and depth variations of the stress field reflect the various agents that influence tectonics in the Aegean: subduction of the Hellenic slab, incipient collision with continental African lithosphere, roll back of the slab in the south-east, segmentation of the slab, arc volcanism and extension of the Aegean crust.

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Jolivet, Laurent, Laurent Arbaret, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, Florent Cheval-Garabédian, Vincent Roche, Aurélien Rabillard, and Loïc Labrousse. "Interactions of plutons and detachments: a comparison of Aegean and Tyrrhenian granitoids." Solid Earth 12, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 1357–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1357-2021.

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Abstract. Back-arc extension superimposed on mountain belts leads to distributed normal faults and shear zones interacting with magma emplacement within the crust. The composition of granitic magmas emplaced at this stage often involves a large component of crustal melting. The Miocene Aegean granitoids were emplaced in metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) below crustal-scale low-angle normal faults and ductile shear zones. Intrusion processes interact with extension and shear along detachments, from the hot magmatic flow within the pluton root zone to the colder ductile and brittle deformation below and along the detachment. A comparison of the Aegean plutons with the island of Elba MCC in the back-arc region of the Apennine subduction shows that these processes are characteristic of pluton–detachment interactions in general. We discuss a conceptual emplacement model, tested by numerical models. Mafic injections within the partially molten lower crust above the hot asthenosphere trigger the ascent within the core of the MCC of felsic magmas, controlled by the strain localization on persistent crustal-scale shear zones at the top that guide the ascent until the brittle ductile transition. Once the system definitely enters the brittle regime, the detachment and the upper crust are intruded, while new detachments migrate upward and in the direction of shearing.

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26

Sachpazi, Maria, and Alfred Hirn. "Shear-wave anisotropy across the geothermal field of Milos, Aegean volcanic arc." Geophysical Journal International 107, no. 3 (December 1991): 673–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1991.tb01426.x.

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Bailey, J. C., E. S. Jensen, A. Hansen, A. D. J. Kann, and K. Kann. "Formation of heterogeneous magmatic series beneath North Santorini, South Aegean island arc." Lithos 110, no. 1-4 (June 2009): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2008.12.002.

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28

Clift, Peter, and Jerzy Blusztajn. "The trace-element characteristics of Aegean and Aeolian volcanic arc marine tephra." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 92, no. 3-4 (October 1999): 321–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(99)00059-1.

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29

Rotstein, Yair. "Tectonics of the Aegean block: Rotation, side arc collision and crustal extension." Tectonophysics 117, no. 1-2 (August 1985): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(85)90241-0.

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30

Bachmann, Olivier, Paul J. Wallace, and Julie Bourquin. "The melt inclusion record from the rhyolitic Kos Plateau Tuff (Aegean Arc)." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 159, no. 2 (August 1, 2009): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-009-0423-4.

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31

Borissov, Simeon B., Aneliya Bobeva, Battal Çıplak, and Dragan Chobanov. "Evolution of Poecilimon jonicus group (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae): a history linked to the Aegean Neogene paleogeography." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 20, no. 4 (October 26, 2020): 803–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00466-9.

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AbstractThe Aegean archipelago is among the largest on Earth with astonishing biodiversity within Europe. Its territory underwent a massive geotectonic transformation in Neogene that resulted in multitude of changes in land-sea configuration and disintegrated the formerly united Aegean land to a complicated mainland-archipelago system. Therefore, it represents an excellent laboratory for studying evolution of terrestrial fauna. In the present study, we use a model group of flightless bush crickets with annual reproduction cycle—Poecilimon jonicus species group—to trace correlation of lineage diversification with the known paleogeographic events in the Aegean area. The group belongs to the hyperdiverse genus Poecilimon and has a disjunct distribution along the Hellenic arc from southwestern Anatolia through Crete to the western Balkans and the Apennines. To test our hypothesis, we inferred phylogenetic relationships of the P. jonicus group sensu lato using a nuclear fragment covering two spacers of the ribosomal cistron (ITS1 + ITS2). To study intra-group phylogeny, we compared mitochondrial phylogenies based on two matrices—(1) a concatenated ND2 and COI dataset of 1656 bp and (2) a 16S rRNA + 12S rRNA dataset of 1835 bp. As a second step, we estimated divergence times applying Bayesian approach with BEAST and a relative rate framework with RelTime on the mitochondrial matrices. We compare trees calibrated based on evolutionary rates and tectonic events and discuss radiation scenarios in concordance with known paleogeographic events in the Aegean area. Our results revealed robust phylogeny of the Poecilimon jonicus group and confirmed a strong link between its evolution and the Aegean paleogeography. The phylogenetic relationships of the group supported reconsideration of its systematics.

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32

van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., E. Snel, S. A. Garstman, M. Mărunţeanu, C. G. Langereis, M. J. R. Wortel, and J. E. Meulenkamp. "Vertical motions in the Aegean volcanic arc: evidence for rapid subsidence preceding volcanic activity on Milos and Aegina." Marine Geology 209, no. 1-4 (August 2004): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.06.006.

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33

Ganas, A., I. A. Oikonomou, and C. Tsimi. "NOAfaults: a digital database for active faults in Greece." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11079.

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This paper documents the approach to compiling a digital database of fault geometry and additional attributes primarily to support seismicity monitoring at the National Observatory of Athens (NOA). A database for Greek active faults has been constructed from published fault maps in peer-reviewed journals since 1972. The standard commercial software ARC GIS has been used to design and populate the database. The fault layer was produced by on-screen digitization and is available to the scientific community in ESRI shapefile (SHP) and TXT formats in WGS84 projection. A KML file is also available to display the fault data in an Earth browser such as Google Earth. In this version of the database, we focus our attention to the active faults of the upper (Aegean + Eurasian) plate and the back-arc region of the Hellenic Arc, in general. 963 faults are included. The database is freely accessible from the Internet.

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34

Friederich, W., A. Brüstle, L. Küperkoch, T. Meier, S. Lamara, and Egelados Working Group. "Focal mechanisms in the southern Aegean from temporary seismic networks – implications for the regional stress field and ongoing deformation processes." Solid Earth 5, no. 1 (May 9, 2014): 275–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-5-275-2014.

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Abstract. The lateral variation of the stress field in the southern Aegean plate and the subducting Hellenic slab is determined from recordings of seismicity obtained with the CYCNET and EGELADOS networks in the years from 2002 to 2007. First motions from 7000 well-located microearthquakes were analysed to produce 540 well-constrained focal mechanisms. They were complemented by another 140 derived by waveform matching of records from larger events. Most of these earthquakes fall into 16 distinct spatial clusters distributed over the southern Aegean region. For each cluster, a stress inversion could be carried out yielding consistent estimates of the stress field and its spatial variation. At crustal levels, the stress field is generally dominated by a steeply dipping compressional principal stress direction except in places where coupling of the subducting slab and overlying plate come into play. Tensional principal stresses are generally subhorizontal. Just behind the forearc, the crust is under arc-parallel tension whereas in the volcanic areas around Kos, Columbo and Astypalea tensional and intermediate stresses are nearly degenerate. Further west and north, in the Santorini–Amorgos graben and in the area of the islands of Mykonos, Andros and Tinos, tensional stresses are significant and point around the NW–SE direction. Very similar stress fields are observed in western Turkey with the tensional axis rotated to NNE–SSW. Intermediate-depth earthquakes below 100 km in the Nisyros region indicate that the Hellenic slab experiences slab-parallel tension at these depths. The direction of tension is close to east–west and thus deviates from the local NW-oriented slab dip presumably owing to the segmentation of the slab. Beneath the Cretan sea, at shallower levels, the slab is under NW–SE compression. Tensional principal stresses in the crust exhibit very good alignment with extensional strain rate principal axes derived from GPS velocities except in volcanic areas, where both appear to be unrelated, and in the forearc where compressional principal stresses are very well aligned with compressional principal strain rates. This finding indicates that, except for volcanic areas, microseismic activity in the southern Aegean is not controlled by small-scale local stresses but rather reflects the regional stress field. The lateral and depth variations of the stress field reflect the various agents that influence tectonics in the Aegean: subduction of the Hellenic slab, incipient collision with continental African lithosphere, roll back of the slab in the southeast, segmentation of the slab, arc volcanism and extension of the Aegean crust.

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35

Caputo, R., S. Catalano, C. Monaco, G. Romagnoli, and Et Al. "MIDDLE-LATE QUATERNARY GEODYNAMICS OF CRETE, SOUTHERN AEGEAN, AND SEISMOTECTONIC IMPLICATIONS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11191.

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In order to characterize and quantify the superficial deformation occurred during Middle-Late Quaternary in the Southern Aegean, we have systematicaly analyzed the major tectonic structures affecting Crete Island. They typically consist of 10 to 30 km-long dip-slip normal faults, separating carbonate and/or metamorphic massifs, in the footwall block, from loose to poorly consolidated alluvial and colluvial materials within the hanging-wall. All these faults show clear evidence of recent re-activation and trend parallel to two principal directions: WNW-ESE and NNE-SSW. Based on all available data for both onland and offshore structures (morphological and structural mapping, satellite imagery and airphotographs remote sensing as well as the analysis of seismic profiles and the investigation of marine terraces and Holocene raised notches along the island coasts), for each fault we estimate and constrain some of the principal seismotectonic parameters and particularly the fault kinematics, the cumulative amount of slip and the slip-rate. Summing up the contribution to crustal extension provided by the two major fault sets (ca. E-W and ca. N-S) we calculate both radial and tangential (i.e. perpendicular and parallel to the Hellenic Arc, respectively) long-term strain-rates. A comparison of these geologically-based values with those obtained from GPS measurements show a good agreement, therefore suggesting that the present-day crustal deformation is probably active since Middle Quaternary and mainly associated with the seismic activity of upper crustal normal faults characterized by frequent shallow moderate-to strong (Mmax = 7.0) seismic events seldom alternating with stronger (Mmax = 7.5) earthquakes occurring along blind low-angle thrust planes affecting deeper and more external sectors of the Hellenic Arc.

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36

Zouzias, Dimitrios, and Karen St Seymour. "Kos Plateau Tuff (KPT) on Kalymnos island, Aegean volcanic arc: A geochemical approach." Journal of Volcanology and Seismology 7, no. 5 (September 2013): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0742046313050047.

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37

Pe-Piper, Georgia, and Ben Moulton. "Magma evolution in the Pliocene–Pleistocene succession of Kos, South Aegean arc (Greece)." Lithos 106, no. 1-2 (November 2008): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2008.07.002.

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38

Zellmer, Georg, Simon Turner, and Chris Hawkesworth. "Timescales of destructive plate margin magmatism: new insights from Santorini, Aegean volcanic arc." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 174, no. 3-4 (January 15, 2000): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(99)00266-6.

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39

Pe-Piper, Georgia, David J. W. Piper, and Constantine Perissoratis. "Neotectonics and the Kos Plateau Tuff eruption of 161 ka, South Aegean arc." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 139, no. 3-4 (January 2005): 315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.08.014.

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40

Woelki, Dominic, Karsten M. Haase, Milena V. Schoenhofen, Christoph Beier, Marcel Regelous, Stefan H. Krumm, and Thomas Günther. "Evidence for melting of subducting carbonate-rich sediments in the western Aegean Arc." Chemical Geology 483 (April 2018): 463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.03.014.

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41

Philippon, Mélody, Jean-Pierre Brun, Frédéric Gueydan, and Dimitrios Sokoutis. "The interaction between Aegean back-arc extension and Anatolia escape since Middle Miocene." Tectonophysics 631 (September 2014): 176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.04.039.

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42

Zouzias, Dimitrios, and Karen St Seymour. "Kos Plateau Tuff (KPT) on Kalymnos Island, Aegean Volcanic Arc: a Geochemical Approach." Вулканология и сейсмология 2013, no. 5 (2013): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0203030613050040.

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43

Athanassas, Constantin D. "Muography for geological hazard assessment in the South Aegean active volcanic arc (SAAVA)." Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews 2, no. 2 (March 27, 2020): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42990-020-00020-x.

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44

PAPANIKOLAOU, D., and P. NOMIKOU. "Tectonic structure and volcanic centers at the eastern edge of the aegean volcanic arc around Nisyros island." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17025.

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The recent volcanic activity at the eastern edge of the Aegean Volcanic Arc is limited within a neotectonic graben structure which is developed in an E-W general direction between the alpine basement of Kos Island to the north and the alpine basement of Tilos Island to the south. In between the boundary faults of the neotectonic graben there is an extended volcanic area comprising several individual volcanic centers, which penetrate through the thick post-alpine sedimentary deposits of the graben.

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45

Brun, Jean-Pierre, Claudio Faccenna, Frédéric Gueydan, Dimitrios Sokoutis, Mélody Philippon, Konstantinos Kydonakis, and Christian Gorini. "The two-stage Aegean extension, from localized to distributed, a result of slab rollback acceleration." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 11 (November 2016): 1142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0203.

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Back-arc extension in the Aegean, which was driven by slab rollback since 45 Ma, is described here for the first time in two stages. From Middle Eocene to Middle Miocene, deformation was localized leading to (i) the exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks to crustal depths, (ii) the exhumation of high-temperature metamorphic rocks in core complexes, and (iii) the deposition of sedimentary basins. Since Middle Miocene, extension distributed over the whole Aegean domain controlled the deposition of onshore and offshore Neogene sedimentary basins. We reconstructed this two-stage evolution in 3D and four steps at Aegean scale by using available ages of metamorphic and sedimentary processes, geometry, and kinematics of ductile deformation, paleomagnetic data, and available tomographic models. The restoration model shows that the rate of trench retreat was around 0.6 cm/year during the first 30 My and then accelerated up to 3.2 cm/year during the last 15 My. The sharp transition observed in the mode of extension, localized versus distributed, in Middle Miocene correlates with the acceleration of trench retreat and is likely a consequence of the Hellenic slab tearing documented by mantle tomography. The development of large dextral northeast–southwest strike-slip faults, since Middle Miocene, is illustrated by the 450 km long fault zone, offshore from Myrthes to Ikaria and onshore from Izmir to Balikeshir, in Western Anatolia. Therefore, the interaction between the Hellenic trench retreat and the westward displacement of Anatolia started in Middle Miocene, almost 10 Ma before the propagation of the North Anatolian Fault in the North Aegean.

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46

RING, UWE, STUART N. THOMSON, and MICHAEL BRÖCKER. "Fast extension but little exhumation: the Vari detachment in the Cyclades, Greece." Geological Magazine 140, no. 3 (May 2003): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756803007799.

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Markedly different cooling histories for the hanging- and footwall of the Vari detachment on Syros and Tinos islands, Greece, are revealed by zircon and apatite fission-track data. The Vari/Akrotiri unit in the hangingwall cooled slowly at rates of 5–15 °C Myr−1 since Late Cretaceous times. Samples from the Cycladic blueschist unit in the footwall of the detachment on Tinos Island have a mean zircon fission-track age of 10.0±1.0 Ma, which together with a published mean apatite fission-track age of 9.4±0.5 Ma indicates rapid cooling at rates of at least ∼60 °C Myr−1. We derive a minimum slip rate of ∼6.5 km Myr−1 and a displacement of <∼20 km and propose that the development of the detachment in the thermally softened magmatic arc aided fast displacement. Intra-arc extension accomplished the final ∼6–9 km of exhumation of the Cycladic blueschists from ∼60 km depth. The fast-slipping intra-arc detachments did not cause much exhumation, but were important for regional-scale extension and the formation of the Aegean Sea.

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47

Kougioumoutzis, Konstantinos, Argyro Tiniakou, Ourania Georgiou, and Theodoros Georgiadis. "Contribution to the flora of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc: Anafi Island (Kiklades, Greece)." Willdenowia 42, no. 1 (June 21, 2012): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3372/wi.42.42115.

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48

Zellmer, G. F., and S. P. Turner. "Arc dacite genesis pathways: Evidence from mafic enclaves and their hosts in Aegean lavas." Lithos 95, no. 3-4 (May 2007): 346–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.08.002.

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49

Voegelin, Andrea R., Thomas Pettke, Nicolas D. Greber, Brigitte von Niederhäusern, and Thomas F. Nägler. "Magma differentiation fractionates Mo isotope ratios: Evidence from the Kos Plateau Tuff (Aegean Arc)." Lithos 190-191 (March 2014): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.12.016.

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50

Shimizu, Aya, Hirochika Sumino, Keisuke Nagao, Kenji Notsu, and Panagiotis Mitropoulos. "Variation in noble gas isotopic composition of gas samples from the Aegean arc, Greece." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 140, no. 4 (February 2005): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.08.016.

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