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Campos, Henrique Matos, Filipe Augusto Sintra Lazzarini, and Aluisio Viais Pantaleão. "Solution of AePW-2 Test Cases Using Open-Source Code." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 8, no. 6 (2021): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.86.34.
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Raghavaiah, P., R. Kuladeep, D. Narayana Rao, A. Jyothi Lakshmi, P. Srujana, and J. Subbalakshmi. "Bis-(1-(2-aminoethyl)piperidino), (2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridino) and (1-(2-aminoethyl)pyrrolidino)-substituted dicyanoquinodimethanes: consequences of flexible ethylene spacers with heterocyclic moieties and amine functionalities." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 72, no. 5 (September 16, 2016): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520616009537.
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Heterocyclic building blocks possessing ethylene spacer and amine functionality such as 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperidine (1,2-AEPi), 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine (2,2-AEPy) and 1-(2-aminoethyl)pyrrolidine (1,2-AEPr) were reacted with tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) to give disubstituted compounds namely bis-(1-(2-aminoethyl)piperidino)dicyanoquinodimethane (1), bis-(2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridino)dicyanoquinodimethane (2) and bis-(1-(2-aminoethyl)pyrrolidino)dicyanoquinodimethane (3). Utilization of 1,2-AEPi, 2,2-AEPy and 1,2-AEPr as disubstituents on TCNQ has resulted in interesting crystal structures. Inter- and intramolecular hydrogen-bond mediated and expanded supramolecular structures were observed in the lattices of the crystals. Strong fluorescence was observed in solids and solutions. (2) showed a strong second harmonic generation (SHG) whereas (1) and (3) were found to be SHG inactive. All compounds possess good thermal stabilities.
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Schneider, Gerhard, Eberhard F. Kochs, Henry Arenbeck, Michael Gallinat, and Gudrun Stockmanns. "Signal Verification of Middle Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials by Automated Detection of the Brainstem Response." Anesthesiology 101, no. 2 (August 1, 2004): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200408000-00012.
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Background The midlatency components of auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) are gradually suppressed with increasing concentrations of anesthetics. Thus, they have been proposed as a monitor of anesthetic depth. However, undetected malfunction or disconnection of headphones and undetected hearing loss also result in suppressed midlatency AEPs that in turn may be misinterpreted as signs of deep anesthesia. As the brainstem component of the AEP is minimally influenced by anesthetics, its presence or absence can be used to verify that the recorded signal is a true AEP rather than an artifact. In this study, an online-capable procedure for detection of the brainstem component of the AEP was developed. Methods One hundred and ninety perioperatively recorded AEPs (binaural stimuli, 500 sweeps) were selected from a database with electroencephalographic and concomitant AEP stimulus information. Identical electroencephalogram regions were used to produce nonstimulus synchronized averaged signals (500 sweeps, "non-AEP"). The 190 AEPs and 190 "non-AEPs" were used to develop a detector of the brainstem component of AEPs. AEPs and "non-AEPs" were wavelet transformed (discrete wavelet decomposition, biorthogonal 2.2 mother-wavelet), and the coefficient with the best separation of the two classes of signals was selected. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine the optimum threshold value for this coefficient. Results The third coefficient of the third level was selected. In AEP signals, retransform of this coefficient produces a peak that resembles peak V of the brainstem response. The developed detector of the brainstem component of AEP had a sensitivity of 97.90% and a specificity of 99.48%. Conclusions This detector of the AEP brainstem component can be used to verify that the signal reflects the response to an auditory stimulus. An alternative approach, used in the Danmeter AEP monitor, is based on the signal-to-noise ratio of the midlatency components of the AEP. Because the midlatency components of AEP are suppressed by anesthesia, a false alarm "low AEP/no AEP" is generated during deep anesthesia. This, in turn, may suggest disconnection of headphones or technical problems whenever anesthesia is deep. This disadvantage has been overcome by our detector, which is based on the identification of the brainstem component of AEP.
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Kim, Alexander D., Angela S. Baker, Debra Dunaway-Mariano, W. W. Metcalf, B. L. Wanner, and Brian M. Martin. "The 2-Aminoethylphosphonate-Specific Transaminase of the 2-Aminoethylphosphonate Degradation Pathway." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 15 (August 1, 2002): 4134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.15.4134-4140.2002.
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ABSTRACT The 2-aminoethylphosphonate transaminase (AEPT; the phnW gene product) of the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium 2-aminoethylphosphonate (AEP) degradation pathway catalyzes the reversible reaction of AEP and pyruvate to form phosphonoacetaldehyde (P-Ald) and l-alanine (l-Ala). Here, we describe the purification and characterization of recombinant AEPT. pH rate profiles (log Vm and log Vm /Km versus pH) revealed a pH optimum of 8.5. At pH 8.5, K eq is equal to 0.5 and the k cat values of the forward and reverse reactions are 7 and 9 s−1, respectively. The Km for AEP is 1.11 ± 0.03 mM; for pyruvate it is 0.15 ± 0.02 mM, for P-Ald it is 0.09 ± 0.01 mM, and for l-Ala it is 1.4 ± 0.03 mM. Substrate specificity tests revealed a high degree of discrimination, indicating a singular physiological role for the transaminase in AEP degradation. The 40-kDa subunit of the homodimeric enzyme is homologous to other members of the pyridoxalphosphate-dependent amino acid transaminase superfamily. Catalytic residues conserved within well-characterized members are also conserved within the seven known AEPT sequences. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated the importance of three selected residues (Asp168, Lys194, and Arg340) in AEPT catalysis.
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Tan, Xiao-dan, Xue-fei Yu, Lin Lin, and Tao Wang. "Simulation on the Comparison of Steady-State Responses Synthesized by Transient Templates Based on Superposition Hypothesis." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/476050.
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The generation of auditory-evoked steady-state responses (SSRs) is associated with the linear superposition of transient auditory-evoked potentials (AEPs) that cannot be directly observed. A straightforward way to justify the superposition hypothesis is the use of synthesized SSRs by a transient AEP under a predefined condition based on the forward process of this hypothesis. However, little is known about the inverse relation between the transient AEP and its synthetic SSR, which makes the interpretation of the latter less convincible because it may not necessarily underlie the true solution. In this study, we chose two pairs of AEPs from the conventional and deconvolution paradigms, which represent the homo-AEPs from a homogenous group and the hetero-AEPs from two heterogeneous groups. Both pairs of AEPs were used as templates to synthesize SSRs at rates of 20–120 Hz. The peak-peak amplitudes and the differences between the paired waves were measured. Although amplitude enhancement occurred at ~40 Hz, comparisons between the available waves demonstrated that the relative differences of the synthetic SSRs could be dramatically larger at other rates. Moreover, two virtually identical SSRs may come from clearly different AEPs. These results suggested inconsistent relationships between the AEPs and their corresponding SSRs over the tested rates.
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McFadden, Dennis, Craig A. Champlin, Michelle H. Pho, Edward G. Pasanen, Mindy M. Maloney, and Erin M. Leshikar. "Auditory evoked potentials: Differences by sex, race, and menstrual cycle and correlations with common psychoacoustical tasks." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): e0251363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251363.
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Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and auditory middle-latency responses (AMLRs) to a click stimulus were measured in about 100 subjects. Of interest were the sex differences in those auditory evoked potentials (AEPs), the correlations between the various AEP measures, and the correlations between the AEP measures and measures of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and behavioral performance also measured on the same subjects. Also of interest was how the menstrual cycle affected the various AEP measures. Most ABR measures and several AMLR measures exhibited sex differences, and many of the former were substantial. The sex differences tended to be larger for latency than for amplitude of the waves, and they tended to be larger for a weak click stimulus than for a strong click. The largest sex difference was for Wave-V latency (effect size ~1.2). When subjects were dichotomized into Non-Whites and Whites, the race differences in AEPs were small within sex. However, sex and race interacted so that the sex differences often were larger for the White subjects than for the Non-White subjects, particularly for the latency measures. Contrary to the literature, no AEP measures differed markedly across the menstrual cycle. Correlations between various AEP measures, and between AEP and OAE measures, were small and showed no consistent patterns across sex or race categories. Performance on seven common psychoacoustical tasks was only weakly correlated with individual AEP measures (just as was true for the OAEs also measured on these subjects). AMLR Wave Pa unexpectedly did not show the decrease in latency and increase in amplitude typically observed for AEPs when click level was varied from 40 to 70 dB nHL (normal Hearing Level). For the majority of the measures, the variability of the distribution of scores was greater for the males than for the females.
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Flinn, Jane M., Susan Lydick, Ann B. Barnet, and Johanna Lackner. "Infant Malnutrition Affects Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials." Perceptual and Motor Skills 76, no. 3_suppl (June 1993): 1359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.3c.1359.
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Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) to click and name stimuli were recorded for 23 malnourished infants on admission to and 17 on discharge from hospital, together with those from age-matched controls. The number of peaks on the AEPs and the amplitude were examined. The malnourished infants' AEPs to click stimuli differed from the controls' on admission but not on discharge. The malnourished infants had smaller AEP amplitudes to name than to click stimuli on discharge while the controls did not. The data show that cortical AEPs in infants are affected by malnutrition.
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Davletbaeva, Ilsiya M., Oleg O. Sazonov, Ilyas N. Zakirov, Askhat M. Gumerov, Alexander V. Klinov, Azat R. Fazlyev, and Alexander V. Malygin. "Organophosphorus Polyurethane Ionomers as Water Vapor Permeable and Pervaporation Membranes." Polymers 13, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091442.
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Organophosphorus polyurethane ionomers (AEPA-PU) based on aminoethers of ortho-phosphoric acid (AEPA) were obtained and studied as pervaporation membrane materials for separating isopropanol/water mixtures. The regularities of the change in the water vapor permeability of AEPA-PU were also investigated. It has been established that an increase of solute content in the composition of the urethane-forming system and the content of ionogenic groups in AEPA leads to a noticeable increase in the vapor permeability of the resulting film materials. An increase in water vapor permeability values is accompanied by a significant increase in the pervaporation characteristics of AEPU-PU. It was shown that the conditions promoting clustering of phosphate anions cause an increase in the values of the vapor permeability coefficient of AEPA-PU obtained using polyoxypropylene glycol. However, the hydrophobicity of the polypropylene glycol surrounding the clusters makes it difficult for water to move through the polymer matrix. Due to the hydrophilicity of polyoxyethylene glycol, the highest values of water vapor permeability and pervaporation characteristics are achieved for AEPA-PU synthesized using PEG.
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Zhang, Wenrui, and Yingying Lin. "The Mechanism of Asparagine Endopeptidase in the Progression of Malignant Tumors: A Review." Cells 10, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10051153.
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Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), also called legumain, is currently the only known cysteine protease that specifically cleaves peptide bonds in asparaginyl residue in the mammalian genome. Since 2003, AEP has been reported to be widely expressed in a variety of carcinomas and is considered a potential therapeutic target. In the following years, researchers intensively investigated the substrates of AEP and the mechanism of AEP in partial tumors. With the identification of substrate proteins such as P53, integrin αvβ3, MMP-2, and MMP-9, the biochemical mechanism of AEP in carcinomas is also more precise. This review will clarify the probable mechanisms of AEP in the progression of breast carcinoma, glioblastoma, gastric carcinoma, and epithelial ovarian carcinoma. This review will also discuss the feasibility of targeted therapy with AEP inhibitor (AEPI) in these carcinomas.
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de Jong, Terry, and Coosje Griffiths. "The Role of Alternative Education Programs in Meeting the Needs of Adolescent Students With Challenging Behaviour: Characteristics of Best Practice." Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 16, no. 1 (July 1, 2006): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.16.1.29.
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AbstractRecently the Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs (MCEETYA) conducted a nationwide survey on programs that exhibit best practice in addressing student behaviour issues (de Jong, 2004). Seven themes related to the characteristics of best practice were identified in this survey. Alternative education programs (AEPs) was one of them. Although contentious in the context of inclusive education, this survey indicated that, provided they are embedded in best practice, AEPs are still considered to be a creditable means of meeting the needs of adolescent students with challenging behaviour in most Australian education jurisdictions. This being so, what constitutes best practice in the construction and delivery of an AEP? This is the main focus of our article. We briefly define AEPs, submit a continuum of types of AEPs, consider the cases against and in favour of AEPs, and conclude by presenting the characteristics of quality AEPs according to three categories, namely: (1) organisation and partnerships, (2) pastoral care and ethos, and (3) curriculum and pedagogy.
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Praczyk, Tomasz. "Evolving Co-Adapted Subcomponents in Assembler Encoding." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10006-007-0045-9.
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Evolving Co-Adapted Subcomponents in Assembler EncodingThe paper presents a new Artificial Neural Network (ANN) encoding method called Assembler Encoding (AE). It assumes that the ANN is encoded in the form of a program (Assembler Encoding Program, AEP) of a linear organization and of a structure similar to the structure of a simple assembler program. The task of the AEP is to create a Connectivity Matrix (CM) which can be transformed into the ANN of any architecture. To create AEPs, and in consequence ANNs, genetic algorithms (GAs) are used. In addition to the outline of AE, the paper also presents a new AEP encoding method, i.e., the method used to represent the AEP in the form of a chromosome or a set of chromosomes. The proposed method assumes the evolution of individual components of AEPs, i.e., operations and data, in separate populations. To test the method, experiments in two areas were carried out, i.e., in optimization and in a predator-prey problem. In the first case, the task of AE was to create matrices which constituted a solution to the optimization problem. In the second case, AE was responsible for constructing neural controllers used to control artificial predators whose task was to capture a fast-moving prey.
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Zimmermann, Alisa K., and Fiona Barnett. "What information is important for accredited exercise physiologists to facilitate change in clients living with type 2 diabetes mellitus?" Australian Journal of Primary Health 24, no. 6 (2018): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py18046.
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Accredited Exercise Physiologists (AEPs) prescribe exercise and physical activity interventions for people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). During initial consultations, AEPs face the challenge of collecting enough information to facilitate behaviour change and adherence to treatment recommendations. The objective of this research is to explore the initial consultation practices of AEPs with clients living with T2DM and resultant recommendations provided to clients to promote long-term adherence. This study was an exploratory descriptive qualitative study. Twenty-one AEPs who currently practice in the Townsville Region participated in focus groups or semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using a thematic and triangulation approach. Results revealed that an interview style consultation is standard practice, which varied based on experience of the AEP. Interviewing techniques facilitating behaviour change were under-utilised, especially among less-experienced AEPs who focused on the medical information. Assessment of the psychosocial wellbeing of the client living with T2DM by AEPs was limited. AEPs recommended that group exercise sessions yielded greater success for clients adopting physical activity. It is recommended that new graduate AEPs develop greater confidence in strategies of gathering information to facilitate behaviour change in clients with T2DM. A mentorship program could ensure the continued development of new graduate AEPs through the transfer of knowledge and skills.
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Nonis, Samuel G., Joel Haywood, and Joshua S. Mylne. "Plant asparaginyl endopeptidases and their structural determinants of function." Biochemical Society Transactions 49, no. 2 (March 5, 2021): 965–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20200908.
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Asparaginyl endopeptidases (AEPs) are versatile enzymes that in biological systems are involved in producing three different catalytic outcomes for proteins, namely (i) routine cleavage by bond hydrolysis, (ii) peptide maturation, including macrocyclisation by a cleavage-coupled intramolecular transpeptidation and (iii) circular permutation involving separate cleavage and transpeptidation reactions resulting in a major reshuffling of protein sequence. AEPs differ in their preference for cleavage or transpeptidation reactions, catalytic efficiency, and preference for asparagine or aspartate target residues. We look at structural analyses of various AEPs that have laid the groundwork for identifying important determinants of AEP function in recent years, with much of the research impetus arising from the potential biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications.
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Keshishzadeh, Sarineh, Markus Garrett, and Sarah Verhulst. "Towards Personalized Auditory Models: Predicting Individual Sensorineural Hearing-Loss Profiles From Recorded Human Auditory Physiology." Trends in Hearing 25 (January 2021): 233121652098840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331216520988406.
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Over the past decades, different types of auditory models have been developed to study the functioning of normal and impaired auditory processing. Several models can simulate frequency-dependent sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and can in this way be used to develop personalized audio-signal processing for hearing aids. However, to determine individualized SNHL profiles, we rely on indirect and noninvasive markers of cochlear and auditory-nerve (AN) damage. Our progressive knowledge of the functional aspects of different SNHL subtypes stresses the importance of incorporating them into the simulated SNHL profile, but has at the same time complicated the task of accomplishing this on the basis of noninvasive markers. In particular, different auditory-evoked potential (AEP) types can show a different sensitivity to outer-hair-cell (OHC), inner-hair-cell (IHC), or AN damage, but it is not clear which AEP-derived metric is best suited to develop personalized auditory models. This study investigates how simulated and recorded AEPs can be used to derive individual AN- or OHC-damage patterns and personalize auditory processing models. First, we individualized the cochlear model parameters using common methods of frequency-specific OHC-damage quantification, after which we simulated AEPs for different degrees of AN damage. Using a classification technique, we determined the recorded AEP metric that best predicted the simulated individualized cochlear synaptopathy profiles. We cross-validated our method using the data set at hand, but also applied the trained classifier to recorded AEPs from a new cohort to illustrate the generalizability of the method.
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Xu, Yuanpeng, Yunhuan Zhang, Jinyin Zhu, Yujing Sun, Baodian Guo, Fan Liu, Jie Huang, et al. "Phytophthora sojae apoplastic effector AEP1 mediates sugar uptake by mutarotation of extracellular aldose and is recognized as a MAMP." Plant Physiology 187, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab239.
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Abstract Diseases caused by Phytophthora pathogens devastate many crops worldwide. During infection, Phytophthora pathogens secrete effectors, which are central molecules for understanding the complex plant–Phytophthora interactions. In this study, we profiled the effector repertoire secreted by Phytophthora sojae into the soybean (Glycine max) apoplast during infection using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A secreted aldose 1-epimerase (AEP1) was shown to induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, as did the other two AEP1s from different Phytophthora species. AEP1 could also trigger immune responses in N. benthamiana, other Solanaceae plants, and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). A glucose dehydrogenase assay revealed AEP1 encodes an active AEP1. The enzyme activity of AEP1 is dispensable for AEP1-triggered cell death and immune responses, while AEP-triggered immune signaling in N. benthamiana requires the central immune regulator BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1. In addition, AEP1 acts as a virulence factor that mediates P. sojae extracellular sugar uptake by mutarotation of extracellular aldose from the α-anomer to the β-anomer. Taken together, these results revealed the function of a microbial apoplastic effector, highlighting the importance of extracellular sugar uptake for Phytophthora infection. To counteract, the key effector for sugar conversion can be recognized by the plant membrane receptor complex to activate plant immunity.
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Mohd Noor, Noorfaizalfarid, Nadhirah Mohd Napi, and Izzati Farzana Ibni Amin. "The Development of Autonomous Examination Paper Application: A Case Study in UiTM Cawangan Perlis." Journal of Computing Research and Innovation 4, no. 2 (November 14, 2019): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jcrinn.v4i2.105.
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Examination is a vital role to measure the capabilities of students in their learning. Hence, generating question paper in an effective way is a decisive job for educators in educational institution. Using traditional method, it is monotonous and time consuming. Today, Autonomous Examination Paper (AEP) is used to produce exam paper. Many researchers have proposed effective AEPs to be used by educators. This paper aims to investigate about AEP development and to construct AEP in UiTM Cawangan Perlis. As a result, Ad-Hoc Question Paper Application (AQPA) has been developed using Fisher-Yates algorithm to generate questions for exam paper in the university. Evaluation based on Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and Perceived Usefulness (PU) reveal that lecturers in the university manage to interact with AQPA and willing to use it as a tool to minimize their workload. However, more improvement must be done on AQPA to be an effective AEP. To conclude, AEP brings significance to educators and can be improved with the latest technology.
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Schalles, Matt D., Dorian S. Houser, James J. Finneran, Peter Tyack, Barbara Shinn-Cunningham, and Jason Mulsow. "Measuring auditory cortical responses in Tursiops truncatus." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 207, no. 5 (July 30, 2021): 629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-021-01502-5.
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AbstractAuditory neuroscience in dolphins has largely focused on auditory brainstem responses; however, such measures reveal little about the cognitive processes dolphins employ during echolocation and acoustic communication. The few previous studies of mid- and long-latency auditory-evoked potentials (AEPs) in dolphins report different latencies, polarities, and magnitudes. These inconsistencies may be due to any number of differences in methodology, but these studies do not make it clear which methodological differences may account for the disparities. The present study evaluates how electrode placement and pre-processing methods affect mid- and long-latency AEPs in (Tursiops truncatus). AEPs were measured when reference electrodes were placed on the skin surface over the forehead, the external auditory meatus, or the dorsal surface anterior to the dorsal fin. Data were pre-processed with or without a digital 50-Hz low-pass filter, and the use of independent component analysis to isolate signal components related to neural processes from other signals. Results suggest that a meatus reference electrode provides the highest quality AEP signals for analyses in sensor space, whereas a dorsal reference yielded nominal improvements in component space. These results provide guidance for measuring cortical AEPs in dolphins, supporting future studies of their cognitive auditory processing.
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Yue, Cheng-Dar, Yi-Shegn Chiu, Chien-Cheng Tu, and Ta-Hui Lin. "Evaluation of an Offshore Wind Farm by Using Data from the Weather Station, Floating LiDAR, Mast, and MERRA." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010185.
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Offshore wind energy is regarded as a key alternative to fossil fuels in many parts of the world. Its exploitation is based on the sound evaluation of wind resources. This study used data from a meteorological mast, a floating light detection and ranging (LiDAR) device, and the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, a reanalysis data set established by the NASA Center for Climate Simulation, to evaluate wind resources of the Changhua-South Offshore Wind Farm. The average wind speeds evaluated at a height of 105 m in the studied wind farm were 7.97 and 8.02 m/s according to the data obtained from the floating LiDAR device and a mast, respectively. The full-load hours were 3320.5 and 3296.5 h per year when data from the LiDAR device and mast were used, respectively. The estimated annual energy production (AEP) with a probability of 50% (P50) reached 314 GWh/y, whereas the AEPs with a probability of 75% (P75) and with a probability of 90% (P90) were 283 GWh/y and 255 GWh/y, respectively. The estimated AEP of P75 was 90% of the AEP of P50, whereas the estimated AEP of P90 was 81% of the AEP of P50. This difference might need to be considered when assessing the risk of financing a wind project.
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Yang, Haitao, Guan Wang, Jinxia Gao, and Jie Liu. "A Crossover Comparison of the Sensitivity and the Specificity between BIS and AEP in Predicting Unconsciousness in General Anesthesia." Scientific Programming 2020 (December 28, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8899957.
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Background. There is an increasing concern of awareness and recall during general anesthesia for both the patient and the anesthetist. The bispectral index (BIS) is used to assess the level of sedation and depth of anesthesia and detect consciousness in different anesthetic drugs. Middle-latency auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) also quantify action of anesthetic drugs and detect the transition from consciousness to unconsciousness. We aim to compare the sensitivity and specificity between BIS and AEP in predicting unconsciousness in inhalational sevoflurane anesthesia and intravenous propofol anesthesia. Methods. Totally, 40 patients were randomly allocated into two groups: propofol or sevoflurane group. In the propofol group, anesthesia was induced with target-controlled infusion propofol. In the sevoflurane group, anesthesia was induced by increasing concentrations of sevoflurane. There were 3 end points during induction: sedation, unconsciousness, and anesthesia. Target and effect-site concentrations of propofol, end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane, and BIS and AEP were recorded at each stage. Results. We obtained good EC50 with both monitors, at which there is a 50% chance that the patient has reached the end point, but the index variation was affected by the anesthetic technique. Propofol had higher correlations with stage of anesthesia, BIS, and AEP than sevoflurane. BIS had higher correlations with depth of anesthesia than AEP, but we did not find an anesthetic depth monitor that had high sensitivity and specificity and is not affected by the anesthetic technique. Conclusions. The prediction powers of BIS and AEP do not seem as good as some papers mentioned.
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Putluri, Srinivasareddy, and Md Zia Ur Rahman. "Efficient Adaptive Exon Prediction for DNA study using Proportionate LMS Variants." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.17 (April 15, 2018): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.17.11721.
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In the field of Bio-informatics, locating the exon fragments in a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence is an important and vital work. Study of protein coding regions is a wide phenomenon in identification of diseases and design of drugs. The regions of DNA that have the protein coding information are termed as exons. Hence identifying the exon segments in a genomic sequence is a crucial job in bio-informatics. Three base periodicity (TBP) has been observed in the regions of DNA sequences can be easily determined by applying signal processing methods. Adaptive signal processing techniques found to be useful than other available methods. This is due to their unique capability to alter weight coefficients based on genomic sequence. We propose efficient adaptive exon predictors (AEPs) based on these considerations using Proportionate Normalized LMS (PNLMS) algorithm and Maximum Proportionate Normalized LMS (MPNLMS) algorithm to improve exon locating ability and better convergence. To ease the complexity of computations in the denominator during filtering process, proposed AEPs using PNLMS and its maximum variants are combined with signature algorithms. Hybrid variants of proposed AEPs include PNLMS, DCPNLMS, ECPNLMS, SSPNLMS, MPNLMS, MDCPNLMS, MECPNLMS and MSSPNLMS algorithms. It was shown that the AEP based on MDCPNLMS is superior in applications of exon identification depending on performance measures with Sensitivity 0.7346, Specificity 0.7483 and precision 0.7325 for a genomic sequence with accession AF009962 at a threshold of 0.8. Finally the capability of several AEPs in predicting exon locations is verified using different DNA sequences found in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) gene database.
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Çelik, Mustafa, Erdoğan Sökmen, Serkan Sivri, Cahit Uçar, Rukiye Nar, and Murat Erer. "The Relationship Between Serum Endocan Level and Aortic Elastic Properties in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Essential Hypertension." Angiology 70, no. 7 (January 10, 2019): 662–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319718823625.
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Endothelial dysfunction plays role in the generation of both essential hypertension (EH) and aortic stiffness. We evaluated the relationship between serum endocan level and aortic elastic properties (AEPs) assessed with the aortic strain, aortic distensibility, and aortic stiffness index by echocardiography. Newly diagnosed EH patients (n = 67) and controls (n = 70) were included in the study. The EH group was subdivided into stage 1 and 2 EH groups. A higher endocan level was found in the EH group, compared to the controls (34.2 ± 13.0 vs 24.1 ± 7.3 ng/mL, respectively, P < .001). All the AEP parameters were worse in the EH group, compared to the controls. Further, endocan levels correlated with aortic distensibility ( r = −0.305, P < .001) and aortic strain ( r = −0.181, P = .038), but not with aortic stiffness index ( r = 0.162, P = .064) in the whole study population. Aortic elastic properties deteriorate and serum endocan level increases in patients with EH. Moreover, serum endocan level shows a correlation with deteriorated AEPs, and hence may a surrogate marker of escalating aortic stiffness in patients with newly diagnosed EH.
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Nourski, Kirill V., John F. Brugge, Richard A. Reale, Christopher K. Kovach, Hiroyuki Oya, Hiroto Kawasaki, Rick L. Jenison, and Matthew A. Howard. "Coding of repetitive transients by auditory cortex on posterolateral superior temporal gyrus in humans: an intracranial electrophysiology study." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 5 (March 1, 2013): 1283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00718.2012.
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Evidence regarding the functional subdivisions of human auditory cortex has been slow to converge on a definite model. In part, this reflects inadequacies of current understanding of how the cortex represents temporal information in acoustic signals. To address this, we investigated spatiotemporal properties of auditory responses in human posterolateral superior temporal (PLST) gyrus to acoustic click-train stimuli using intracranial recordings from neurosurgical patients. Subjects were patients undergoing chronic invasive monitoring for refractory epilepsy. The subjects listened passively to acoustic click-train stimuli of varying durations (160 or 1,000 ms) and rates (4–200 Hz), delivered diotically via insert earphones. Multicontact subdural grids placed over the perisylvian cortex recorded intracranial electrocorticographic responses from PLST and surrounding areas. Analyses focused on averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) and high gamma (70–150 Hz) event-related band power (ERBP). Responses to click trains featured prominent AEP waveforms and increases in ERBP. The magnitude of AEPs and ERBP typically increased with click rate. Superimposed on the AEPs were frequency-following responses (FFRs), most prominent at 50-Hz click rates but still detectable at stimulus rates up to 200 Hz. Loci with the largest high gamma responses on PLST were often different from those sites that exhibited the strongest FFRs. The data indicate that responses of non-core auditory cortex of PLST represent temporal stimulus features in multiple ways. These include an isomorphic representation of periodicity (as measured by the FFR), a representation based on increases in non-phase-locked activity (as measured by high gamma ERBP), and spatially distributed patterns of activity.
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Hsu, Wen-Ko, and Chung-Kee Yeh. "Offshore Wind Potential of West Central Taiwan: A Case Study." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 21, 2021): 3702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123702.
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In this study, we present the wind distributions from a long-term offshore met mast and a novel approach based on the measure–correlate–predict (MCP) method from short-term onshore-wind-turbine data. The annual energy production (AEP) and capacity factors (CFs) of one onshore and four offshore wind-turbine generators (WTG) available on the market are evaluated on the basis of wind-distribution analysis from both the real met mast and the MCP method. Here, we also consider the power loss from a 4-month light detection and ranging (LiDAR) power-curve test on an onshore turbine to enhance the accuracy of further AEP and CF evaluations. The achieved Weibull distributions could efficiently represent the probability distribution of wind-speed variation, mean wind speed (MWS), and both the scale and shape parameters of Weibull distribution in Taiwan sites. The power-loss effect is also considered when calculating the AEPs and CFs of different WTGs. Successful offshore wind development requires (1) quick, accurate, and economical harnessing of a wind resource and (2) selection of the most suitable and efficient turbine for a specific offshore site.
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Steinschneider, Mitchell, Igor O. Volkov, M. Daniel Noh, P. Charles Garell, and Matthew A. Howard. "Temporal Encoding of the Voice Onset Time Phonetic Parameter by Field Potentials Recorded Directly From Human Auditory Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 5 (November 1, 1999): 2346–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2346.
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Voice onset time (VOT) is an important parameter of speech that denotes the time interval between consonant onset and the onset of low-frequency periodicity generated by rhythmic vocal cord vibration. Voiced stop consonants (/b/, /g/, and /d/) in syllable initial position are characterized by short VOTs, whereas unvoiced stop consonants (/p/, /k/, and t/) contain prolonged VOTs. As the VOT is increased in incremental steps, perception rapidly changes from a voiced stop consonant to an unvoiced consonant at an interval of 20–40 ms. This abrupt change in consonant identification is an example of categorical speech perception and is a central feature of phonetic discrimination. This study tested the hypothesis that VOT is represented within auditory cortex by transient responses time-locked to consonant and voicing onset. Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) elicited by stop consonant-vowel (CV) syllables were recorded directly from Heschl's gyrus, the planum temporale, and the superior temporal gyrus in three patients undergoing evaluation for surgical remediation of medically intractable epilepsy. Voiced CV syllables elicited a triphasic sequence of field potentials within Heschl's gyrus. AEPs evoked by unvoiced CV syllables contained additional response components time-locked to voicing onset. Syllables with a VOT of 40, 60, or 80 ms evoked components time-locked to consonant release and voicing onset. In contrast, the syllable with a VOT of 20 ms evoked a markedly diminished response to voicing onset and elicited an AEP very similar in morphology to that evoked by the syllable with a 0-ms VOT. Similar response features were observed in the AEPs evoked by click trains. In this case, there was a marked decrease in amplitude of the transient response to the second click in trains with interpulse intervals of 20–25 ms. Speech-evoked AEPs recorded from the posterior superior temporal gyrus lateral to Heschl's gyrus displayed comparable response features, whereas field potentials recorded from three locations in the planum temporale did not contain components time-locked to voicing onset. This study demonstrates that VOT at least partially is represented in primary and specific secondary auditory cortical fields by synchronized activity time-locked to consonant release and voicing onset. Furthermore, AEPs exhibit features that may facilitate categorical perception of stop consonants, and these response patterns appear to be based on temporal processing limitations within auditory cortex. Demonstrations of similar speech-evoked response patterns in animals support a role for these experimental models in clarifying selected features of speech encoding.
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Kuron, Aneta, Malgorzata Korycka-Machala, Anna Brzostek, Marcin Nowosielski, Aidan Doherty, Bozena Dziadek, and Jaroslaw Dziadek. "Evaluation of DNA Primase DnaG as a Potential Target for Antibiotics." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 3 (December 30, 2013): 1699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01721-13.
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ABSTRACTMycobacteria contain genes for several DNA-dependent RNA primases, includingdnaG, which encodes an essential replication enzyme that has been proposed as a target for antituberculosis compounds. Anin silicoanalysis revealed that mycobacteria also possess archaeo-eukaryotic superfamily primases (AEPs) of unknown function. Using a homologous recombination system, we obtained direct evidence that wild-typednaGcannot be deleted from the chromosome ofMycobacterium smegmatiswithout disrupting viability, even in backgrounds in which mycobacterial AEPs are overexpressed. In contrast, single-deletion AEP mutants or mutants defective for all four identifiedM. smegmatisAEP genes did not exhibit growth defects under standard laboratory conditions. Deletion of nativednaGinM. smegmatiswas tolerated only after the integration of an extra intact copy of theM. smegmatisorMycobacterium tuberculosisdnaGgene, under the control of chemically inducible promoters, into theattBsite of the chromosome.M. tuberculosisandM. smegmatisDnaG proteins were overproduced and purified, and their primase activities were confirmed using radioactive RNA synthesis assays. The enzymes appeared to be sensitive to known inhibitors (suramin and doxorubicin) of DnaG. Notably,M. smegmatisbacilli appeared to be sensitive to doxorubicin and resistant to suramin. The growth and survival of conditional mutant mycobacterial strains in which DnaG was significantly depleted were only slightly affected under standard laboratory conditions. Thus, although DnaG is essential for mycobacterial viability, only low levels of protein are required for growth. This suggests that very efficient inhibition of enzyme activity would be required for mycobacterial DnaG to be useful as an antibiotic target.
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Brännström, K. Jonas, Edita Zunic, Aida Borovac, and Tina Ibertsson. "Acceptance of Background Noise, Working Memory Capacity, and Auditory Evoked Potentials in Subjects with Normal Hearing." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 23, no. 07 (July 2012): 542–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.23.7.6.
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Background: The acceptable noise level (ANL) test is a method for quantifying the amount of background noise that subjects accept when listening to speech. Large variations in ANL have been seen between normal-hearing subjects and between studies of normal-hearing subjects, but few explanatory variables have been identified. Purpose: To explore a possible relationship between a Swedish version of the ANL test, working memory capacity (WMC), and auditory evoked potentials (AEPs). Research Design: ANL, WMC, and AEP were tested in a counterbalanced order across subjects. Study Sample: Twenty-one normal-hearing subjects participated in the study (14 females and 7 males; aged 20–39 yr with an average of 25.7 yr). Data Collection and Analysis: Reported data consists of age, pure-tone average (PTA), most comfortable level (MCL), background noise level (BNL), ANL (i.e., MCL − BNL), AEP latencies, AEP amplitudes, and WMC. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was calculated between the collected variables to investigate associations. A principal component analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation was conducted on the collected variables to explore underlying factors and estimate interactions between the tested variables. Subjects were also pooled into two groups depending on their results on the WMC test, one group with a score lower than the average and one with a score higher than the average. Comparisons between these two groups were made using the Mann-Whitney U-test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Results: A negative association was found between ANL and WMC but not between AEP and ANL or WMC. Furthermore, ANL is derived from MCL and BNL, and a significant positive association was found between BNL and WMC. However, no significant associations were seen between AEP latencies and amplitudes and the demographic variables, MCL, and BNL. The PCA identified two underlying factors: One that contained MCL, BNL, ANL, and WMC and another that contained latency for wave Na and amplitudes for waves V and Na-Pa. Using the variables in the first factor, the findings were further explored by pooling the subjects into two groups according to their WMC (WMClow and WMChigh). It was found that the WMClow had significantly poorer BNL than the WMChigh. Conclusions: The findings suggest that there is a strong relationship between BNL and WMC, while the association between MCL, ANL, and WMC seems less clear-cut.
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Fishman, Yonatan I., Igor O. Volkov, M. Daniel Noh, P. Charles Garell, Hans Bakken, Joseph C. Arezzo, Matthew A. Howard, and Mitchell Steinschneider. "Consonance and Dissonance of Musical Chords: Neural Correlates in Auditory Cortex of Monkeys and Humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 2761–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.6.2761.
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Some musical chords sound pleasant, or consonant, while others sound unpleasant, or dissonant. Helmholtz's psychoacoustic theory of consonance and dissonance attributes the perception of dissonance to the sensation of “beats” and “roughness” caused by interactions in the auditory periphery between adjacent partials of complex tones comprising a musical chord. Conversely, consonance is characterized by the relative absence of beats and roughness. Physiological studies in monkeys suggest that roughness may be represented in primary auditory cortex (A1) by oscillatory neuronal ensemble responses phase-locked to the amplitude-modulated temporal envelope of complex sounds. However, it remains unknown whether phase-locked responses also underlie the representation of dissonance in auditory cortex. In the present study, responses evoked by musical chords with varying degrees of consonance and dissonance were recorded in A1 of awake macaques and evaluated using auditory-evoked potential (AEP), multiunit activity (MUA), and current-source density (CSD) techniques. In parallel studies, intracranial AEPs evoked by the same musical chords were recorded directly from the auditory cortex of two human subjects undergoing surgical evaluation for medically intractable epilepsy. Chords were composed of two simultaneous harmonic complex tones. The magnitude of oscillatory phase-locked activity in A1 of the monkey correlates with the perceived dissonance of the musical chords. Responses evoked by dissonant chords, such as minor and major seconds, display oscillations phase-locked to the predicted difference frequencies, whereas responses evoked by consonant chords, such as octaves and perfect fifths, display little or no phase-locked activity. AEPs recorded in Heschl's gyrus display strikingly similar oscillatory patterns to those observed in monkey A1, with dissonant chords eliciting greater phase-locked activity than consonant chords. In contrast to recordings in Heschl's gyrus, AEPs recorded in the planum temporale do not display significant phase-locked activity, suggesting functional differentiation of auditory cortical regions in humans. These findings support the relevance of synchronous phase-locked neural ensemble activity in A1 for the physiological representation of sensory dissonance in humans and highlight the merits of complementary monkey/human studies in the investigation of neural substrates underlying auditory perception.
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Qureshi, Shak, and Katarina Hanseús. "AEPC Newsletter." Cardiology in the Young 22, no. 4 (June 14, 2012): 486–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951112000844.
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Brugge, John F., Kirill V. Nourski, Hiroyuki Oya, Richard A. Reale, Hiroto Kawasaki, Mitchell Steinschneider, and Matthew A. Howard. "Coding of Repetitive Transients by Auditory Cortex on Heschl's Gyrus." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 4 (October 2009): 2358–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91346.2008.
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The capacity of auditory cortex on Heschl's gyrus (HG) to encode repetitive transients was studied in human patients undergoing surgical evaluation for medically intractable epilepsy. Multicontact depth electrodes were chronically implanted in gray matter of HG. Bilaterally presented stimuli were click trains varying in rate from 4 to 200 Hz. Averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) and event-related band power (ERBP), computed from responses at each of 14 recording sites, identified two auditory fields. A core field, which occupies posteromedial HG, was characterized by a robust polyphasic AEP on which could be superimposed a frequency following response (FFR). The FFR was prominent at click rates below ∼50 Hz, decreased rapidly as click rate was increased, but could reliably be detected at click rates as high as 200 Hz. These data are strikingly similar to those obtained by others in the monkey under essentially the same stimulus conditions, indicating that mechanisms underlying temporal processing in the auditory core may be highly conserved across primate species. ERBP, which reflects increases or decreases of both phase-locked and non–phase-locked power within given frequency bands, showed stimulus-related increases in gamma band frequencies as high as 250 Hz. The AEPs recorded in a belt field anterolateral to the core were typically of low amplitude, showing little or no evidence of short-latency waves or an FFR, even at the lowest click rates used. The non–phase-locked component of the response extracted from the ERBP showed a robust, long-latency response occurring here in response to the highest click rates in the series.
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Sartika, Tike, and Sofjan Iskandar. "The productivity of 4th Generation KUB-2 Chicken." Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v24i4.2033.
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KUB-2 line of chicken has improved local chicken selected from the KUB-1 chicken line. KUB-2 was selected for more egg production and yellow shank. KUB-1 chicken has 64% various of black feather color, which sometimes tends to have unpreferred dark carcass. Yellow shank color has a positive correlation with the skin color of carcass. As many as 517 pullets of KUB-2 at 4th generation were divided into two groups of 194 pullets of KUB-2kk (yellow shank) and 323 pullets of KUB-2nk non-yellow shank). The chickens were raised intensively in the individual cages for the 24 weeks observation. Variables measured were age at first egg (AFE) bodyweight at first egg (BWFE), egg weight at first egg (EWFE), average egg weight (AEW), average egg production (AEP) during 24 weeks, feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 25-43 weeks of age, and mortality. The result showed that there was no statistically significant different (p>0.05) between KUB-2nk and KUB-2kk respectively for AFE of 156.2 d and 158.1 d, for BWFE of 1788 g and 1808 g, for EWFE of 31.32 g and 31.34 g, for AEP24 of 103.3 eggs or 61.5% and 101.9 eggs or 60.7%, and for FCR25-43 of 3.53 and 3.54. AEW increased with increasing age of hen, the mortality of the whole population was 0.98%.
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Hsu, Jen-Ying, Hui-Hsuan Lin, Charng-Cherng Chyau, Zhi-Hong Wang, and Jing-Hsien Chen. "Aqueous Extract of Pepino Leaves Ameliorates Palmitic Acid-Induced Hepatocellular Lipotoxicity via Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis." Antioxidants 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060903.
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Saturated fatty acid is one of the important nutrients, but contributes to lipotoxicity in the liver, causing hepatic steatosis. Aqueous pepino leaf extract (AEPL) in the previous study revealed alleviated liver lipid accumulation in metabolic syndrome mice. The study aimed to investigate the mechanism of AEPL on saturated long-chain fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Moreover, the phytochemical composition of AEPL was identified in the present study. HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid (PA) were used for exploring the effect of AEPL on lipid accumulation, apoptosis, ER stress, and antioxidant response. The chemical composition of AEPL was analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. AEPL treatment reduced PA-induced ROS production and lipid accumulation. Further molecular results revealed that AEPL restored cytochrome c in mitochondria and decreased caspase 3 activity to cease apoptosis. In addition, AEPL in PA-stressed HepG2 cells significantly reduced the ER stress and suppressed SREBP-1 activation for decreasing lipogenesis. For defending PA-induced oxidative stress, AEPL promoted Nrf2 expression and its target genes, SOD1 and GPX3, expressions. The present study suggested that AEPL protected from PA-induced lipotoxicity through reducing ER stress, increasing antioxidant ability, and inhibiting apoptosis. The efficacy of AEPL on lipotoxicity was probably concerned with kaempferol and isorhamnetin derived compounds.
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Mustapha, Siti Noor Hidayah Binti, Muhammad Syafiq Asyraf Bin Azhman, Shamsul Zakaria, Rasidi Roslan, Rohani Binti Mustapha, and Lee Tee Chuan. "Mechanical Properties of Graphite Filled Unsaturated Polyester and Unsaturated Polyester/Palm Oil Blend Resin." Materials Science Forum 981 (March 2020): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.981.150.
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This research aim to investigate the effect of graphite loadings in unsaturated polyester (UPE) / acrylated epoxidized palm oil (AEPO) blend resin. The modification of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) to AEPO was carried out using acrylation process and further blended with synthetic UPE resin. Graphite powder was added at 0.03, 0.05 and 0.1 phr into the UPE/AEPO blend resin and cured in an oven at 100 °C and 160 °C. FTIR spectrums showed the disappearance of oxirane ring and existence of carbon double bond indicating successful of AEPO synthesis process. Tensile and Izod impact test revealed that, graphite showed different effects to neat UPE and UPE/AEPO blend resin. In neat UPE, graphite significantly improved the stiffness properties at 0.1 phr additions. However in UPE/AEPO blend resin, the toughness properties were improved with increased graphite loadings.
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Вокина, Vera Vokina, Якимова, Natalya Yakimova, Соседова, Larisa Sosedova, Лизарев, and Aleksandr Lizarev. "Influence of acute hypoxIa In late gestatIon perIod on the development of toluene neurotoxIc effect In adult albIno rats." Бюллетень Восточно-Сибирского научного центра Сибирского отделения Российской академии медицинских наук 1, no. 5 (December 6, 2016): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23400.
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The aim of the present investigation is to estimate the role of prenatal hypoxia in toluene neurotoxic effect in adult rats. Toluene-induced behavioral and electroencephalographic manifestations were investigated in animals with normal and abnormal embryonic development. To simulate prenatal hypoxia, we gave subcutaneous injections of sodium nitrite to pregnant female rats in a dose of 50mg/kg on the 18–19th day of gestation. At the age of 3months the males from the offspring were exposed to toluene inhalation (560mg/m3, 4w eeks, 4h/day, 5days/week). After toluene inhalation exposure we estimated rats’ individual behavior by plus maze test and visual and auditory evoked potentials (VEPs and AEPs). Toluene reduced P2N2 interpeak amplitude of VEPs compared with control rats without any latency change. We found out that toluene exposure of rats with acute prenatal hypoxia in late gestation had led to inhibition of motor activity and a statistically significant increase in latency of VEP’s N1, AEP’s P3 and N1P2 interpeak amplitude of AEP in comparison with all remained groups. Thus, these results show that prenatal hypoxic damage to the central nervous system is an aggravating factor in toluene intoxication in rats.
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Song-tao, Qi, Zhang Xi-an, Fan Jun, Huang Guang-long, Pan Jun, and Qiu Bing-hui. "Anatomical Study of the Arachnoid Envelope Over the Pineal Region." Operative Neurosurgery 68, suppl_1 (March 1, 2011): ons7—ons15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e3182059e10.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: The distribution of the arachnoid membrane and its relationship with the neurovascular structures in the pineal region are still not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: Because the arachnoid membrane has an intimate relationship with the neurovascular structures in the pineal region and it will always be encountered surgically, we attempted to clarify the formation and distribution of the arachnoid envelope over the pineal region (AEPG). METHODS: The formation and distribution of the AEPG and its relationship with the neurovascular structures in the pineal region were examined by anatomic dissection in 20 adult cadaveric formalin-fixed heads. RESULTS: The supratentorial and infratentorial outer arachnoid membranes converged at the tentorial apex and then embraced and ran forward along the vein of Galen to form the AEPG. The AEPG could be divided into 2 parts. Typically, the posterior part of the AEPG enveloped the vein of Galen and the terminal segments of its tributaries, and the anterior part of the AEPG enveloped the suprapineal recess, the pineal gland, and the distal segment of the internal cerebral veins. The compartment demarcated by the AEPG did not communicate with the adjacent subarachnoid cisterns or space. CONCLUSION: Previous knowledge about the AEPG, as well as the superior boundary and the contents of the quadrigeminal cistern, needs to be revised. The arrangement and individual variation of AEPG are important for a better understanding of the various growth patterns of the pineal tumors and the relationship between the tumor and the neurovascular structures in the pineal region.
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Smart, Neil A., Andrew Williams, and Katie Lyndon. "The Role and Scope of Accredited Exercise Physiologists in the Australian Healthcare System." Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31189/2165-6193-5.2.16.
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Vocational opportunities for Australian Accredited Exercise Physiologists (AEPs) are expanding. Australians with chronic disease may be able to claim some of the healthcare costs associated with AEPs through Medicare. This document aims to explain the place of AEPs in the Australian healthcare system and related industries.
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Passos, Clévia Santos, Lucimeire Nova Carvalho, Roberto Braz Pontes, Ruy Ribeiro Campos, Olinda Ikuta, and Mirian Aparecida Boim. "Blood pressure reducing effects of Phalaris canariensis in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 90, no. 2 (February 2012): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y11-120.
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The birdseed Phalaris canariensis (Pc) is popularly used as an antihypertensive agent. The aqueous extract of Pc (AEPc) was administered in adult normotensive Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in prehypertensive young SHR (SHRY, 3 weeks old). Animals received AEPc (400 mg·kg–1·day–1, by gavage) for 30 days, then groups were divided into 2 subgroups: one was treated for another 30 days and the other received water instead of AEPc for 30 days. AEPc reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) in both adult groups; however, treatment interruption was followed by a gradual return of the SBP to baseline levels. SHRY became hypertensive 30 days after weaning. AEPc minimized the increase in SBP in SHRY, but blood pressure rose to levels similar to those in the untreated group with treatment interruption. There were no changes in renal function, diuresis, or Na+ excretion. Pc is rich in tryptophan, and the inhibition of the metabolism of tryptophan to kynurenine, a potential vasodilator factor, prevented the blood pressure reducing effect of AEPc. Moreover, AEPc significantly reduced sympathoexcitation. Data indicate that the metabolic derivative of tryptophan, kinurenine, may be a mediator of the volume-independent antihypertensive effect of Pc, which was at least in part mediated by suppression of the sympathetic tonus.
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Mardani, Zahra, Sima Dorjani, Keyvan Moeini, Majid Darroudi, Cameron Carpenter-Warren, Alexandra MZ Slawin, and J. Derek Woollins. "A novel ligand transfer reaction: Transferring an N3-donor amine ligand from Ni(II) to Cu(II)—structural, spectral, theoretical, and docking studies." Journal of Chemical Research 43, no. 9-10 (July 19, 2019): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747519819863134.
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Two complexes of N1-(2-aminoethyl)propane-1,3-diamine (AEPD), [Ni(AEPD)2](NO3)2 (1) and [Cu2( μ-Cl)2(AEPD)2](NO3)2·2H2O (2), are prepared and identified by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV–Vis spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (for 2). Spectral and structural data reveal that the AEPD ligand transfers from nickel to copper in the reaction between 1 and copper chloride. All coordination modes of the AEPD-based ligands are studied by analysis of the Cambridge Structural Database. The nickel atom in 1 has octahedral geometry (NiN6) while X-ray structure analysis revealed that the copper atom in the binuclear structure of 2 has an elongated square-pyramidal geometry with a CuN3OCl2 environment. In the crystal network of 2, water molecules and cationic complex units along with the nitrate ions form different hydrogen bond motifs. The thermodynamic stability of the compounds and their charge distribution patterns is studied by density functional theory and natural bond orbital analysis. The ability of AEPD and its complexes to interact with 10 selected biomacromolecules is investigated by docking calculations.
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Senelaa, Evrim, Veysel T. Yilmaz, and William T. A. Harrison. "A New One-Dimensional Coordination Polymer of Silver(I) with Bridging 2-(2-Aminoethyl)pyridine and Nitrato Ligands: [Ag2(μ–NO3)2(μ–aepy)2]n." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 60, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2005-0608.
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A new silver(I) nitrate complex of 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine (aepy), [Ag2(μ-NO3)2(μ-aepy)2]n, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffractometry. Two silver(I) ions are doubly bridged by two bidentate aepy ligands forming dimeric building block [Ag2(μ-aepy)2] units with a Ag···Ag distance of 3.0587(17)Å . These dimeric units are further doubly bridged by two nitrato ligands into a one-dimensional polymeric chain. The nitrato ligand exhibits an uncommon bidentate bridging mode of Ag-ONO-Ag. The title complex features a hydrogen bonded two-dimensional supramolecular framework formed via N-H···O hydrogen bonds, involving the uncoordinated O atom of the nitrate ligand and amine hydrogen atoms of aepy. The thermal stability of the title complex was investigated using thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis.
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Moirangthem, Rakesh Singh, Ngangom Gunindro, Dipdeba Singh Takhellambam, Sucheta Devi Khuraijam, Meena N, and Rita S. "CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLANTHUS FRATERNUS LEAVES EXTRACT AGAINST CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE - INDUCED MYOCARDIAL INJURY IN RATS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i12.21003.
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Objectives: This study was undertaken to investigate the possible protective effect of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus fraternus (AEPF) leaves against cyclophosphamide (CP) induced myocardial toxicity in rats.Methods: Wistar rats were given CP single intraperitoneally injection (200 mg/kg) on day 1 of the experiment and two doses of AEPF (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) p.o. daily for 10 days. Cardiac biomarker enzymes such as creatinine kinase (CK), CK isoenzyme MB, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase were determined. Histopathological examinations of the hearts were done.Results: CP treated groups exhibited significantly increased in cardiac biomarker enzymes. Treatment with AEPF prevented the elevation of these enzymes. Potential protective effect was also seen in histopathological examination of the heart characterized by decreased myocardium cell damages in AEPF treatment group.Conclusion: The study showed the protective role of AEPF against CP-induced myocardial injury. The possible role of antioxidant activity is anticipated.
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Sharmin, Kamila I. "AADHAAR ENABLED PAYMENT SYSTEM – A NEW INNOVATION TO DIGITAL PAYMENTS OF INDIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 4 (April 29, 2020): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i4.2020.8.
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Aadhaar enabled payment system (AEPS) is a type of payment system that is based on the unique identification number and allows Aadhaar card holder seamlessly make financial transaction through Aadhaar based authentication. The AEPS framework expects to enable all the areas of society by making monetary and banking administrations accessible to all the Aadhaar. AEPS is context through one can make fund transfer, make disbursement, make cash deposit, make extractions, make request for information about bank balance etc.
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Manna, Prasenjit, Sudip Bhattacharyya, Joydeep Das, Jyotirmoy Ghosh, and Parames C. Sil. "Phytomedicinal Role ofPithecellobium dulceagainst CCl4-mediated Hepatic Oxidative Impairments and Necrotic Cell Death." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/neq065.
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Present study investigates the beneficial role of the aqueous extract of the fruits ofPithecellobium dulce(AEPD) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic injury using a murine model. AEPD has been found to possess free radical (DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide) scavenging activity in cell-free system. CCl4exposure increased the activities of various serum maker enzymes and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In line with these findings, we also observed that CCl4intoxication increased the lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation accompanied by decreased intracellular antioxidant defense, activity of cytochrome P450 and CYP2E1 expression. DNA fragmentation and flow cytometric analyses revealed that CCl4exposure caused hepatic cell death mainly via the necrotic pathway. Treatment with AEPD both pre- and post-toxin exposure protected the organ from CCl4-induced hepatic damage. Histological findings also support our results. A well-known antioxidant vitamin C was included in this study to compare the antioxidant potency of AEPD. Combining all, results suggest that AEPD protects murine liver against CCl4-induced oxidative impairments probably via its antioxidative property.
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Kitic, Cecilia M., Steve Selig, Kade Davison, Tania L. B. Best, Belinda Parmenter, Kate Pumpa, Bonnie Furzer, et al. "Study protocol for a multicentre, controlled non-randomised trial: benefits of exercise physiology services for type 2 diabetes (BEST)." BMJ Open 9, no. 8 (August 2019): e027610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027610.
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IntroductionControlled trials support the efficacy of exercise as a treatment modality for chronic conditions, yet effectiveness of real-world Exercise Physiology services is yet to be determined. This study will investigate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of services provided by Accredited Exercise Physiologists (AEPs) for clients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in clinical practice.Methods and analysisA non-randomised, opportunistic control, longitudinal design trial will be conducted at ten Exercise Physiology Clinics. Participants will be individuals with T2D attending one of the Exercise Physiology Clinics for routine AEP services (exercise prescription and counselling) (intervention) or individuals with T2D not receiving AEP services (usual care) (control). The experimental period will be 6 months with measurements performed at baseline and at 6 months. Primary outcome measures will be glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), resting brachial blood pressure (BP), body mass index, waist circumference, 6 min walk test, grip strength, 30 s sit to stand, Medical Outcomes Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey and Active Australia Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes will be medication usage, out-of-pocket expenses, incidental, billable and non-billable health professional encounters and work missed through ill health. Healthcare utilisation will be measured for 12 months prior to, during and 12 months after trial participation using linked data from Medicare Benefits Schedule and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data.Ethics and disseminationThe study is a multicentre trial comprising: University of Tasmania, University of New South Wales Lifestyle Clinic, University of Canberra, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (covered under the ethics approval of University of Tasmania Health and Medical Ethics Committee H0015266), Deakin University (Approval number: 2016–187), Australian Catholic University (2016–304R), Queensland University of Technology (1600000049), University of South Australia (0000035306), University of Western Australia (RA/4/1/8282) and Canberra Hospital (ETH.8.17.170). The findings of this clinical trial will be communicated via peer-reviewed journal articles, conference presentations, social media and broadcast media.Trial registration numberACTRN12616000264482.
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Wang, Tao, Jiang-hua Huang, Lin Lin, and Chang'an A. Zhan. "Continuous- and Discrete-Time Stimulus Sequences for High Stimulus Rate Paradigm in Evoked Potential Studies." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/396034.
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To obtain reliable transient auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) from EEGs recorded using high stimulus rate (HSR) paradigm, it is critical to design the stimulus sequences of appropriate frequency properties. Traditionally, the individual stimulus events in a stimulus sequence occur only at discrete time points dependent on the sampling frequency of the recording system and the duration of stimulus sequence. This dependency likely causes the implementation of suboptimal stimulus sequences, sacrificing the reliability of resulting AEPs. In this paper, we explicate the use of continuous-time stimulus sequence for HSR paradigm, which is independent of the discrete electroencephalogram (EEG) recording system. We employ simulation studies to examine the applicability of the continuous-time stimulus sequences and the impacts of sampling frequency on AEPs in traditional studies using discrete-time design. Results from these studies show that the continuous-time sequences can offer better frequency properties and improve the reliability of recovered AEPs. Furthermore, we find that the errors in the recovered AEPs depend critically on the sampling frequencies of experimental systems, and their relationship can be fitted using a reciprocal function. As such, our study contributes to the literature by demonstrating the applicability and advantages of continuous-time stimulus sequences for HSR paradigm and by revealing the relationship between the reliability of AEPs and sampling frequencies of the experimental systems when discrete-time stimulus sequences are used in traditional manner for the HSR paradigm.
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Chertoff, Mark E., Kurt E. Hecox, and Robert Goldstein. "Auditory Distortion Products Measured With Averaged Auditory Evoked Potentials." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 35, no. 1 (February 1992): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3501.157.
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The purpose of this investigation was to describe the properties of averaged auditory evoked potential distortion products (AEP-DPs) in guinea pigs. This study provided a step toward developing a clinical index of nonlinear processing of auditory signals and supplied a baseline for studies evaluating the effect of cochlear damage on AEP-DPs. The amplitude of the AEP-DPs was evaluated as a function of f2/fl ratio (1.12–1.52) and primary frequency (500 Hz–2000 Hz). The amplitude of the AEP cubic difference tone (AEP-CDT) increased with increasing f2/fl ratio for the 500-Hz f1 primary and remained constant for the 800-Hz and 1700-Hz f1 primaries. The AEP-CDT generated by the 1100-Hz and 1400 Hz f1 primaries was maximum for the middle f2/fl ratios (1.22, 1.32, and 1.42). The AEP-CDT could not be distinguished from the noise floor for the 2000-Hz f1 primary. The AEP difference tone (AEP-DT) was larger and more frequently identified than the AEP-CDT. The amplitude of the AEP-DT decreased with an increase in f2/f1 ratio. The decrease was more pronounced for low-frequency f1 primaries than for high-frequency f1 primaries.
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Zhou, Hui, Yuwei Chen, Nan Hu, Yuandan Dong, Xinmin Xu, Ziyi Feng, Teemu Hakala, and Juha Hyyppä. "The Determination of Effective Beamwidth of Ku Band Profiling Radar Based on Waveform Matching Method in the Boreal Forest of Finland." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 2710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172710.
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Radar scientists typically define the radar beamwidth as a half-power beamwidth (HPBW) in the main lobe of the antenna pattern. However, the microwave radiations outside radar HPBW might also backscatter into the radar receiver and change the distribution of the received signal. To determine an actual and effective beamwidth illuminated on the measured targets, we first generate the simulated-waveforms derived from coincident lidar points and radar equation and then develop a waveform matching method to seek out an optimal beamwidth based on the 95% threshold of correlation coefficients between radar waveforms and the simulated-waveforms. The 8565 measurements of a Ku-band profiling radar named Tomoradar and coincident lidar data in a widespread heterogeneous forest area of southern Finland are employed for resolving the effective beamwidth. The results reveal that about 97% of the effective beamwidth are larger than Tomoradar HPBW, but the effective beamwidth could be changeable for each measurement due to variations in the scattering properties of vegetation. Thus, a fixed average effective beamwidth (AEBW) with 0.1-degree resolution is introduced to determine Tomoradar cone according to the effective beamwidth and corresponding proportions. We discover that Tomoradar AEBW is approximately approaching to 8°, which is larger than Tomoradar HPBW of 6°. If we regard AEBW as the actual Tomoradar beamwidth rather than HPBW, the simulated-waveforms have substantially stronger correlation strength with Tomoradar waveforms, and canopy tops derived from lidar data within Tomoradar AEBW are much closer to those extracted from Tomoradar waveforms. The results demonstrate that radar AEBW is a more appropriate reference for designing radar antenna and selecting the region size of validation data such as lidar points or the ground truth. However, considering that radar AEBW is variable for different radar antenna pattern, we suggest that actual radar beamwidth should be defined with a fraction of total radiation energy within radar AEBW, just like the definition of laser divergence of lidar based on the percentage of transmitted laser energy. In this paper, for a forest inventory research case, the fraction of total radiation energy within the AEBW for radar system is supposed to be 91%.
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Nilsson, Inga, Sheng Y. Lee, William S. Sawyer, Christopher M. Baxter Rath, Guillaume Lapointe, and David A. Six. "Metabolic phospholipid labeling of intact bacteria enables a fluorescence assay that detects compromised outer membranes." Journal of Lipid Research 61, no. 6 (March 10, 2020): 870–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.ra120000654.
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Gram-negative bacteria possess an asymmetric outer membrane (OM) composed primarily of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) on the outer leaflet and phospholipids (PLs) on the inner leaflet. The loss of this asymmetry due to mutations in the LPS biosynthesis or transport pathways causes the externalization of PLs to the outer leaflet of the OM and leads to OM permeability defects. Here, we used metabolic labeling to detect a compromised OM in intact bacteria. Phosphatidylcholine synthase expression in Escherichia coli allowed for the incorporation of exogenous propargylcholine into phosphatidyl(propargyl)choline and exogenous 1-azidoethyl-choline (AECho) into phosphatidyl(azidoethyl)choline (AEPC), as confirmed by LC/MS analyses. A fluorescent copper-free click reagent poorly labeled AEPC in intact wild-type cells but readily labeled AEPC from lysed cells. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analyses confirmed the absence of significant AEPC labeling from intact wild-type E. coli strains and revealed significant AEPC labeling in an E. coli LPS transport mutant (lptD4213) and an LPS biosynthesis mutant (E. coli lpxC101). Our results suggest that metabolic PL labeling with AECho is a promising tool for detecting a compromised bacterial OM, revealing aberrant PL externalization, and identifying or characterizing novel cell-active inhibitors of LPS biosynthesis or transport.
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Lederman, O., A. G. Cashin, H. Fibbins, J. Gaston, S. Rosenbaum, and R. Stanton. "Burnout and compassion fatigue among Exercise Physiologists in mental healthcare." Occupational Medicine 70, no. 9 (November 2, 2020): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa177.
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Abstract Background Burnout and compassion fatigue (CF) are common among mental health practitioners. Accredited Exercise Physiologists (AEPs) provide clinical services to individuals experiencing mental illness, increasing their likelihood of experiencing burnout and CF. Aims To examine the prevalence of burnout and CF among AEPs working with people experiencing mental illness. Methods An anonymous online cross-sectional survey of AEPs working with people experiencing mental illness was distributed via the Exercise and Sports Science Australia Mental Health Special Interest Group Facebook page between July and November 2019. In addition to demographics and caseload data, respondents completed the Professional Quality of Life scale and Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI). Results are reported using descriptive statistics. Results Sixty-two AEPs (68%, n = 42 female) completed the survey. Most (n = 53, 86%) reported delivering services to consumers with severe mental health conditions. Less than half (n = 27, 44%) reported working in a dedicated mental health facility. Moderate levels of burnout and CF were experienced by 60% and 30% of respondents, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of moderate burnout and CF symptoms in AEPs is comparable with other mental health professionals. Strategies to preserve psychological well-being such as enhancing mental health training for undergraduates and formalized supervision structures discussed.
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Hung, Luu Xuan. "Analysis of exceedance probability of displacement response of randomly nonlinear structures." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 22, no. 4 (December 30, 2000): 212–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/9978.
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The paper presents the estimation of the exact exceedance probability (EEP) of stationary responses of some white noise-randomly excited nonlinear systems whose exact probability density function can be known. Consequently, the approximate exceedance probabilities (AEPs) are evaluated based on the analysis of equivalent linearized systems using the traditional Caughey method and the extension technique of LOMSEC. Comparisons of the AEPs versus the EEP are demonstrated. The obtained results indicate important characters of the exceedance probability (EP) as well as the influence of nonlinearity over EP. The evaluation of the applied possibility of the proposed linearization techniques for estimating AEPs are made.
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Hsu, Jen-Ying, Hui-Hsuan Lin, Cheng-Chin Hsu, Bing-Chen Chen, and Jing-Hsien Chen. "Aqueous Extract of Pepino (Solanum muriactum Ait) Leaves Ameliorate Lipid Accumulation and Oxidative Stress in Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease." Nutrients 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10070931.
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Chronic alcohol intake leads to alcoholic fatty liver. The pathogenesis of alcoholic fatty liver is related to abnormal lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, endotoxins, and cytokines. Solanum muricatum Ait. (Pepino) is a plant food commonly cultivated in the Penghu island, Taiwan. Previous studies indicated that the aqueous extract of pepino was able to attenuate diabetic progression via its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanisms of the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of pepino leaf in preventing alcoholic fatty liver remain unknown. In this study, Lieber–DeCarli ethanol-containing liquid diet was used to induce alcoholic hepatic injury in C57BL/6 mice. The hepatoprotective effects and the related mechanisms of aqueous extract of pepino leaf (AEPL) were examined. Our results showed that 2% AEPL treatments protected the liver from ethanol-induced injury through reducing serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) (all p < 0.05). AEPL had the effects in improving the ethanol-induced lipid accumulation in mice under histological examination. Molecular data indicated that the anti-lipid accumulation effect of AEPL might be mediated via inducing hepatic levels of phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (p-AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, and reducing the expressions of hepatic lipogenic enzymes, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) (all p < 0.05). AEPL also decreased hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acid relative substances (TBARS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6, as well as the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (all p < 0.05). Moreover, AEPL significantly elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione (GSH) content compared to the ethanol-fed group (all p < 0.05). Our present study suggests that AEPL could protect the liver against ethanol-induced oxidative injury and lipid accumulation.
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Schwarz, G., J. Brandenburg, M. Reich, T. Burster, C. Driessen, and H. Kalbacher. "Characterization of Legumain." Biological Chemistry 383, no. 11 (November 13, 2002): 1813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.2002.203.
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Abstract The mammalian legumain, also called asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP), is critically involved in the processing of bacterial antigens for MHC class II presentation. In order to investigate the substrate specificity of AEP in the P1 position, we created a peptide library and digested it with purified pig kidney AEP. Digestion was less efficient only when proline was in the P1 position. Maximum AEP activity was found in lysosomal fractions of different types of antigen presenting cells (APC). When the multiple sclerosisassociated autoantigen myelin basic protein (MBP) was digested with AEP, the immunodominant epitope 8399 was destroyed. Myoglobin as an alternative substrate was AEP resistant. These results suggest an important, but not necessarily critical role for AEP in lysosomal antigen degradation.