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1
Zagalikis, G., A. D. Cameron, and D. R. Miller. "The application of digital photogrammetry and image analysis techniques to derive tree and stand characteristics." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-030.
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Ground-based forest inventory surveys can provide highly accurate measurements of tree and stand characteristics, but these are expensive to carry out. Aerial photography has been used for several decades as a tool in forest management and inventory. However, conventional methods of interpretation are both time-consuming and costly, with results varying among interpreters. With continuing development of personal computer technology, aerial photographs have become more accessible for digital analysis. This paper presents the potential operational use of digitized aerial photographs for the estimation of tree and stand characteristics of two forest plantations of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) in Scotland. The digitized aerial photographs were processed using softcopy photogrammetry, and image analysis techniques were used for individual tree crown delineation. For the first site the estimations of stand top height, basal area, volume, biomass, and density (23.7%) were similar to the ground-measured stand characteristics (±10%), whereas for the second site the estimations were less accurate mainly because of the nonoptimal illumination conditions during the acquisition of the aerial photographs.
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Strunk, Jacob, Petteri Packalen, Peter Gould, Demetrios Gatziolis, Caleb Maki, Hans-Erik Andersen, and Robert J. McGaughey. "Large Area Forest Yield Estimation with Pushbroom Digital Aerial Photogrammetry." Forests 10, no. 5 (May 7, 2019): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050397.
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Low-cost methods to measure forest structure are needed to consistently and repeatedly inventory forest conditions over large areas. In this study we investigate low-cost pushbroom Digital Aerial Photography (DAP) to aid in the estimation of forest volume over large areas in Washington State (USA). We also examine the effects of plot location precision (low versus high) and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) resolution (1 m versus 10 m) on estimation performance. Estimation with DAP and post-stratification with high-precision plot locations and a 1 m DTM was 4 times as efficient (precision per number of plots) as estimation without remote sensing and 3 times as efficient when using low-precision plot locations and a 10 m DTM. These findings can contribute significantly to efforts to consistently estimate and map forest yield across entire states (or equivalent) or even nations. The broad-scale, high-resolution, and high-precision information provided by pushbroom DAP facilitates used by a wide variety of user types such a towns and cities, small private timber owners, fire prevention groups, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), counties, and state and federal organizations.
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Massada, Avi Bar, Yohay Carmel, Gilad Even Tzur, José M. Grünzweig, and Dan Yakir. "Assessment of temporal changes in aboveground forest tree biomass using aerial photographs and allometric equations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-152.
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Studies of forest biomass dynamics typically use long-term forest inventory data, available in only a few places around the world. We present a method that uses photogrammetric measurements from aerial photographs as an alternative to time-series field measurements. We used photogrammetric methods to measure tree height and crown diameter, using four aerial photographs of Yatir Forest, a semi-arid forest in southern Israel, taken between 1978 and 2003. Height and crown-diameter measurements were transformed to biomass using an allometric equation generated from 28 harvested Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) trees. Mean tree biomass increased from 6.37 kg in 1978 to 97.01 kg in 2003. Mean plot biomass in 2003 was 2.48 kg/m2 and aboveground primary productivity over the study period ranged between 0.14 and 0.21 kg/m2 per year. There was systematic overestimation of tree height and systematic underestimation of crown diameter, which was corrected for at all time points between 1978 and 2003. The estimated biomass was significantly related to field-measured biomass, with an R2 value of 0.78. This method may serve as an alternative to field sampling for studies of forest biomass dynamics, assuming that there is sufficient spatial and temporal coverage of the investigated area using high-quality aerial photography, and that the tree tops are distinguishable in the photographs.
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Lendzioch, T., J. Langhammer, and M. Jenicek. "TRACKING FOREST AND OPEN AREA EFFECTS ON SNOW ACCUMULATION BY UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE PHOTOGRAMMETRY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 6, 2016): 917–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b1-917-2016.
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Airborne digital photogrammetry is undergoing a renaissance. The availability of low-cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms well adopted for digital photography and progress in software development now gives rise to apply this technique to different areas of research. Especially in determining snow depth spatial distributions, where repetitive mapping of cryosphere dynamics is crucial. Here, we introduce UAV-based digital photogrammetry as a rapid and robust approach for evaluating snow accumulation over small local areas (e.g., dead forest, open areas) and to reveal impacts related to changes in forest and snowpack. Due to the advancement of the technique, snow depth of selected study areas such as of healthy forest, disturbed forest, succession, dead forest, and of open areas can be estimated at a 1 cm spatial resolution. The approach is performed in two steps: 1) developing a high resolution Digital Elevation Model during snow-free and 2) during snow-covered conditions. By substracting these two models the snow depth can be accurately retrieved and volumetric changes of snow depth distribution can be achieved. This is a first proof-of-concept study combining snow depth determination and Leaf Area Index (LAI) retrieval to monitor the impact of forest canopy metrics on snow accumulation in coniferous forest within the Šumava National Park, Czech Republic. Both, downward-looking UAV images and upward-looking LAI-2200 canopy analyser measurements were applied to reveal the LAI, controlling interception and transmitting radiation. For the performance of downward-looking images the snow background instead of the sky fraction was used. In contrast to the classical determination of LAI by hemispherical photography or by LAI plant canopy analyser, our approach will also test the accuracy of LAI measurements by UAV that are taken simultaneously during the snow cover mapping campaigns. Since the LAI parameter is important for snowpack modelling, this method presents the potential of simplifying LAI retrieval and mapping of snow dynamics while reducing running costs and time.
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Lendzioch, T., J. Langhammer, and M. Jenicek. "TRACKING FOREST AND OPEN AREA EFFECTS ON SNOW ACCUMULATION BY UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE PHOTOGRAMMETRY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 6, 2016): 917–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-917-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Airborne digital photogrammetry is undergoing a renaissance. The availability of low-cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms well adopted for digital photography and progress in software development now gives rise to apply this technique to different areas of research. Especially in determining snow depth spatial distributions, where repetitive mapping of cryosphere dynamics is crucial. Here, we introduce UAV-based digital photogrammetry as a rapid and robust approach for evaluating snow accumulation over small local areas (e.g., dead forest, open areas) and to reveal impacts related to changes in forest and snowpack. Due to the advancement of the technique, snow depth of selected study areas such as of healthy forest, disturbed forest, succession, dead forest, and of open areas can be estimated at a 1 cm spatial resolution. The approach is performed in two steps: 1) developing a high resolution Digital Elevation Model during snow-free and 2) during snow-covered conditions. By substracting these two models the snow depth can be accurately retrieved and volumetric changes of snow depth distribution can be achieved. This is a first proof-of-concept study combining snow depth determination and Leaf Area Index (LAI) retrieval to monitor the impact of forest canopy metrics on snow accumulation in coniferous forest within the Šumava National Park, Czech Republic. Both, downward-looking UAV images and upward-looking LAI-2200 canopy analyser measurements were applied to reveal the LAI, controlling interception and transmitting radiation. For the performance of downward-looking images the snow background instead of the sky fraction was used. In contrast to the classical determination of LAI by hemispherical photography or by LAI plant canopy analyser, our approach will also test the accuracy of LAI measurements by UAV that are taken simultaneously during the snow cover mapping campaigns. Since the LAI parameter is important for snowpack modelling, this method presents the potential of simplifying LAI retrieval and mapping of snow dynamics while reducing running costs and time.
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Gagnon, P. A., J. P. Agnard, and C. Nolette. "Evaluation of a soft-copy photogrammetry system for tree-plot measurements." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1781–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-225.
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This article describes and evaluates the application of a soft-copy photogrammetry system to large-scale forest inventories. A specially designed software, developed by the authors, has been investigated in terms of accuracy and general operability. Tests based on 1:1100 color aerial photographs, taken with a 10-m cross-boom system and digitized at resolutions of 300, 450, and 600 dots per inch, confirmed the expected tree-height accuracies of 48, 32, and 24 cm, respectively. This indicates that a photographic scale of 1:800 and a scanning resolution of 800 dots per inch could produce a tree-height precision of the order of 10 cm. The tests have shown that model orientation takes about 15 min; for a tree plot of 24 trees, measurements (height and crown diameter) and observations (species and condition) also take about 15 min. As the important problem of positioning a helicopter over a tree plot has now been solved using global positioning system receivers, the results and information presented in this paper indicate that the existing technology can provide a rigorous and operational photogrammetric system for large-scale forest inventories and regeneration monitoring.
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Vásconez, Norma Lara, and Hernán Chamorro Sevilla. "Uso De Los Sensores Remotos En Mediciones Forestales." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 15 (May 31, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n15p58.
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To understand the use of remote sensors in forestry measurements, some of the most relevant definitions have been taken from a wide variety that currently exist, therefore, we will say that these generally play a predominant role in the Dasometry and that all The forest resource requires qualitative and quantitative information regarding the state of the forest and its evolution over time, with sampling that follows one of the existing methods. Historically, modern discipline arises with the invention of flight and the first photographs are obtained from a balloon in the years 1858 and 1859, in 1909 and on board the airplane the first photographic observation is acquired. The first aerial camera was developed in 1915 by J.T.C. Moore, starting the interesting way forward in the techniques of aerial photography using modified combat aircraft giving way to what was called systematic aerial photography in the late 50s. The development on a global scale of the first artificial satellites, allowed remote sensing in the middle of the 20th century on board the first satellite placed in orbit is that of the TYROS series in 1960 by NASA, becoming the pioneer in missions of meteorological observation, which also led to the appearance of satellite image processing, using mathematical procedures such as the Fourier transform. During the 70s missions were promoted with the objective of exploring the solar system and the moon; giving rise to the first spatial photographs taken by Alan B. Shepard rudimentary, Subsequently, Apollo-9 was used for the first multi-spectral experiment in which 4 Hasselblad cameras with different filters were installed. On July 23, 1972, the Landsat project appeared with the launch of the first satellite of the ERTS series (Earth Resources Technology Satellite). Google Earth in the 21st century, introduces online web services making remote sensing accessible to all audiences, with many techniques and processes that allow an image of the earth's surface to be obtained remotely captured by remote sensors located on satellites or airplanes that gather the spectral and spatial relations of objects. Interferometric radar synthetic aperture They are used to producing accurate digital models of large areas of land. LiDAR(An acronym for the English Light Detection and Ranging) is a monochrome active sensor, its mode of operation consists of measuring the distance between the sensor and the target. It is less expensive compared to manual inventory is multi-purpose, allows a complete survey of the study area, is more efficient than photogrammetry. The multi-spectral acquisition is based on the collection and analysis of areas or objects that emit or reflect radiation at a higher level than nearby objects. The quality of the information collected remotely, once the correction of errors through georeferencing with the help of specialized programs, will depend on their resolutions: spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal.
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Arkin, Jeremy, Nicholas C. Coops, Txomin Hermosilla, Lori D. Daniels, and Andrew Plowright. "Integrated fire severity–land cover mapping using very-high-spatial-resolution aerial imagery and point clouds." International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 11 (2019): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19008.
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Fire severity mapping is conventionally accomplished through the interpretation of aerial photography or the analysis of moderate- to coarse-spatial-resolution pre- and post-fire satellite imagery. Although these methods are well established, there is a demand from both forest managers and fire scientists for higher-spatial-resolution fire severity maps. This study examines the utility of high-spatial-resolution post-fire imagery and digital aerial photogrammetric point clouds acquired from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to produce integrated fire severity–land cover maps. To accomplish this, a suite of spectral, structural and textural variables was extracted from the UAV-acquired data. Correlation-based feature selection was used to select subsets of variables to be included in random forest classifiers. These classifiers were then used to produce disturbance-based land cover maps at 5- and 1-m spatial resolutions. By analysing maps produced using different variables, the highest-performing spectral, structural and textural variables were identified. The maps were produced with high overall accuracies (5m, 89.5±1.4%; 1m, 85.4±1.5%), with the 1-m classification produced at slightly lower accuracies. This reduction was attributed to the inclusion of four additional classes, which increased the thematic detail enough to outweigh the differences in accuracy.
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Lu, Mei-Kuei, Tzeng Yih Lam, Bo-Hao Perng, and Ho-Tung Lin. "Close-range photogrammetry with spherical panoramas for mapping spatial location and measuring diameters of trees under forest canopies." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 8 (August 2019): 865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0430.
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Measurement of tree attributes is important to collect information for forest management. Close-range photogrammetry with spherical panoramas has seen very little development and applications compared with aerial photography. This study develops methods to extract azimuth, horizontal distance, diameter at breast height, and upper stem diameters of individual trees from spherical panoramas based on (i) the trigonometry principle (TRIGO), (ii) the TRIGO corrected for terrain slope (TRIGOSLP), and (iii) the pinhole camera model (PINHOLE). Twenty-three horizontal point sample plots were randomly established in plantations in Taiwan, for a sample size of 486 trees. Results showed that tree azimuth was accurately and precisely estimated. TRIGO performed the worst in accuracy and precision for all other tree attributes. TRIGOSLP improved the results of TRIGO but had large estimation errors. PINHOLE achieved the best overall precision for all other tree attributes but was slightly inaccurate for estimating upper stem diameters. PINHOLE requires approaching a tree to attach a target of known size but has the ability to extract an almost continuous set of upper stem diameters from the tree, which could improve estimation of tree volume. Thus, PINHOLE could potentially be an alternative measurement system for hard-to-measure tree attributes.
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Remmel, Tarmo K., Kenton W. Todd, and James Buttle. "A comparison of existing surficial hydrological data layers in a low-relief forested Ontario landscape with those derived from a LiDAR DEM." Forestry Chronicle 84, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 850–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc84850-6.
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The current provincial-extent digital elevation model (DEM) and corresponding hydrological maps for Ontario have been produced using traditional photogrammetry and aerial photograph interpretation. This process is labour-intensive and requires visual interpretation of stereo image pairs. The ground surface and small hydrological features may be inaccurately delineated in areas where vegetation is dense or the ground is otherwise shielded from aerial view. In an effort to improve and automate delineation of hydrological features, we examined the behaviour and final products of the D8 flowrouting algorithm in 2 software environments (TAS and TauDEM for ArcGIS) operating on a high spatial resolution DEM derived using canopy-penetrating light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology in a pilot study in the Romeo Malette Forest (41.25°N, 81.50°W). Filtered LiDAR data points (5-m spacing) were interpolated using IDW, TIN, and splines, each resulting in a 2.5-m spatial resolution DEM. Results demonstrate improved realism in the characterization of surficial hydrology by LIDAR derived products as compared to applying identical algorithms on existing coarser provincial data. Benefits include the ability to represent streams of lower Strahler order to define crisp watershed boundaries, and the more accurate identification of local depressions that form potentially wet sites. This approach identifies wet sites that should be avoided during forest operations (e.g., skidder traffic) and can provide additional information for trail layout, road planning, and water crossings. By increasing the number of uses of LiDAR, the capital investment in these data becomes increasingly palatable for forest companies interested in obtaining detailed plans of their forest holdings. Key words: LiDAR, DEM, OBM, spatial resolution, interpolation, Strahler stream order, flow routing, topographic wetness
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Suziedelyte-Visockiene, Jurate, Arminas Stanionis, Egle Tumeliene, and Ruta Puziene. "Analyses of Archival Cartographic Materials for Geomorphological Changes of River Channel." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (July 19, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8502780.
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In Lithuania, the old archival topographic maps of locations of small and medium scale and 1 : 10,000 scale contour photo plans were created on the basis of aerial images. The material of these scales provides documented records on the condition of the objects in the location and the landscape at the moment of aerial photography. Those maps can be used to restore the accurate topographic image of the terrain and buildings in 1945–1951 and in later years and perform the necessary topographic, photogrammetric, and geodetic measurements of the parameters of objects, to identify the location of objects and changes. This information is necessary for a variety of disputed property issues and for building farmhouses in reserves, in areas of forestry land parcels, and for assessment of changes in the landscape. Studies of landscape changes are needed for the assessment of renaturalization processes. This paper presents the geodetic method used for geomorphological changes at the channel of River Žalesa during the period 1942–2017, based on the collected archival cartographic materials: historical topographic maps from archive of the Lithuanian State Company Land Fund, Land Information System, and land management projects and orthophoto maps from Lithuanian spatial information portal and free open-access Sentinel-1 satellite data from the Copernicus Open Access Hub.
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Grybas, Heather, and Russell G. Congalton. "Evaluating the Capability of Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Imagery to Detect and Measure the Effects of Edge Influence on Forest Canopy Cover in New England." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091252.
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Characterizing and measuring the extent of change at forest edges is important for making management decisions, especially in the face of climate change, but is difficult due to the large number of factors that can modify the response. Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) imagery may serve as a tool to detect and measure the forest response at the edge quickly and repeatedly, thus allowing a larger amount of area to be covered with less work. This study is a preliminary attempt to utilize UAS imagery to detect changes in canopy cover, known to exhibit changes due to edge influences, across forest edges in a New England forest. Changes in canopy cover with increasing distance from the forest edge were measured on the ground using digital cover photography and from photogrammetric point clouds and imagery-based maps of canopy gaps produced with UAS imagery. The imagery-based canopy gap products were significantly more similar to ground estimates for canopy cover (p value > 0.05) than the photogrammetric point clouds, but still suffered overestimation (RMSE of 0.088) due to the inability to detect small canopy openings. Both the ground and UAS data were able to detect a decrease in canopy cover to between 45–50 m from the edge, followed by an increase to 100 m. The UAS data had the advantage of a greater sampling intensity and was thus better able to detect a significant edge effect of minimal magnitude effect in the presence of heavy variability.
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Lendzioch, Theodora, Jakub Langhammer, and Michal Jenicek. "Estimating Snow Depth and Leaf Area Index Based on UAV Digital Photogrammetry." Sensors 19, no. 5 (February 28, 2019): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051027.
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This study presents a novel approach in the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imaging for the conjoint assessment of the snow depth and winter leaf area index (LAI), a structural property of vegetation, affecting the snow accumulation and snowmelt. The snow depth estimation, based on a multi-temporal set of high-resolution digital surface models (DSMs) of snow-free and of snow-covered conditions, taken in a partially healthy to insect-induced Norway spruce forest and meadow coverage area within the Šumava National Park (Šumava NP) in the Czech Republic, was assessed over a winter season. The UAV-derived DSMs featured a resolution of 0.73–1.98 cm/pix. By subtracting the DSMs, the snow depth was determined and compared with manual snow probes taken at ground control point (GCP) positions, the root mean square error (RMSE) ranged between 0.08 m and 0.15 m. A comparative analysis of UAV-based snow depth with a denser network of arranged manual snow depth measurements yielded an RMSE between 0.16 m and 0.32 m. LAI assessment, crucial for correct interpretation of the snow depth distribution in forested areas, was based on downward-looking UAV images taken in the forest regime. To identify the canopy characteristics from downward-looking UAV images, the snow background was used instead of the sky fraction. Two conventional methods for the effective winter LAI retrieval, the LAI-2200 plant canopy analyzer, and digital hemispherical photography (DHP) were used as a reference. Apparent was the effect of canopy density and ground properties on the accuracy of DSMs assessment based on UAV imaging when compared to the field survey. The results of UAV-based LAI values provided estimates were comparable to values derived from the LAI-2200 plant canopy analyzer and DHP. Comparison with the conventional survey indicated that spring snow depth was overestimated, and spring LAI was underestimated by using UAV photogrammetry method. Since the snow depth and the LAI parameters are essential for snowpack studies, this combined method here will be of great value in the future to simplify snow depth and LAI assessment of snow dynamics.
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St-Onge, Benoît, Julien Jumelet, Mario Cobello, and Cédric Véga. "Measuring individual tree height using a combination of stereophotogrammetry and lidar." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 2122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-093.
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Photogrammetric methods using parallaxes can be employed to measure tree heights on aerial photographs. Because it is often impossible to measure ground elevation near trees growing in dense forests, such height measurements remain prone to error. Our objective was to solve this problem by combining a stereomodel and a digital terrain model (DTM) produced by an airborne-scanning system that uses light detection and ranging (lidar). A stereopair of scanned aerial photographs was first registered to a lidar DTM. The elevation of the apex of 202 Thuja occidentalis (L.) individuals was measured by an observer on a digital photogrammetric workstation. The tree base elevations were read from the lidar DTM and subtracted from the corresponding apex elevations to calculate individual tree heights. These were then compared with the heights measured in the field. The average photo-lidar bias was 0.59 m, and the average deviation of 1.01 m decreased to 0.88 m when the bias was removed. It was demonstrated that the photographic clearness of the tree apices influences the height error, while the density of the lidar echoes under the forest canopy does not. Using this method, retrospective studies of changes in tree height become feasible by using archived aerial photographs and recent lidar DTMs.
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Iqbal, Irfan A., Jon Osborn, Christine Stone, and Arko Lucieer. "A Comparison of ALS and Dense Photogrammetric Point Clouds for Individual Tree Detection in Radiata Pine Plantations." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 3536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173536.
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Digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) has emerged as a potentially cost-effective alternative to airborne laser scanning (ALS) for forest inventory methods that employ point cloud data. Forest inventory derived from DAP using area-based methods has been shown to achieve accuracy similar to that of ALS data. At the tree level, individual tree detection (ITD) algorithms have been developed to detect and/or delineate individual trees either from ALS point cloud data or from ALS- or DAP-based canopy height models. An examination of the application of ITDs to DAP-based point clouds has not yet been reported. In this research, we evaluate the suitability of DAP-based point clouds for individual tree detection in the Pinus radiata plantation. Two ITD algorithms designed to work with point cloud data are applied to dense point clouds generated from small- and medium-format photography and to an ALS point cloud. Performance of the two ITD algorithms, the influence of stand structure on tree detection rates, and the relationship between tree detection rates and canopy structural metrics are investigated. Overall, we show that there is a good agreement between ALS- and DAP-based ITD results (proportion of false negatives for ALS, SFP, and MFP was always lower than 29.6%, 25.3%, and 28.6%, respectively, whereas, the proportion of false positives for ALS, SFP, and MFP was always lower than 39.4%, 30.7%, and 33.7%, respectively). Differences between small- and medium-format DAP results were minor (for SFP and MFP, differences between recall, precision, and F-score were always less than 0.08, 0.03, and 0.05, respectively), suggesting that DAP point cloud data is robust for ITD. Our results show that among all the canopy structural metrics, the number of trees per hectare has the greatest influence on the tree detection rates.
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Ullah, Sami, Matthias Dees, Pawan Datta, Petra Adler, Mathias Schardt, and Barbara Koch. "Potential of Modern Photogrammetry Versus Airborne Laser Scanning for Estimating Forest Variables in a Mountain Environment." Remote Sensing 11, no. 6 (March 19, 2019): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11060661.
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Digital stereo aerial photographs are periodically updated in many countries and offer a viable option for the regular update of information on forest variables. We compared the potential of image-based point clouds derived from three different sets of aerial photographs with airborne laser scanning (ALS) to assess plot-level forest attributes in a mountain environment. The three data types used were (A) high overlapping pan-sharpened (80/60%); (B) high overlapping panchromatic band (80/60%); and (C) standard overlapping pan-sharpened stereo aerial photographs (60/30%). We used height and density metrics at the plot level derived from image-based and ALS point clouds as the explanatory variables and Lorey’s mean height, timber volume, and mean basal area as the response variables. We obtained a RMSE = 8.83%, 29.24% and 35.12% for Lorey’s mean height, volume, and basal area using ALS data, respectively. Similarly, we obtained a RMSE = 9.96%, 31.13%, and 35.99% and RMSE = 11.28%, 31.01%, and 35.66% for Lorey’s mean height, volume and basal area using image-based point clouds derived from pan-sharpened stereo aerial photographs with 80/60% and 60/30% overlapping, respectively. For image-based point clouds derived from a panchromatic band of stereo aerial photographs (80%/60%), we obtained an RMSE = 10.04%, 31.19% and 35.86% for Lorey’s mean height, volume, and basal area, respectively. The overall findings indicated that the performance of image-based point clouds in all cases were as good as ALS. This highlights that in the presence of a highly accurate digital terrain model (DTM) from ALS, image-based point clouds offer a viable option for operational forest management in all countries where stereo aerial photographs are updated on a routine basis.
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Walstra, J., J. H. Chandler, N. Dixon, and T. A. Dijkstra. "Aerial photography and digital photogrammetry for landslide monitoring." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 283, no. 1 (2007): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp283.5.
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Huda, Feblil, Kaspul Anuar, Syafri Syafri, and Anita Susilawati. "PEMBUATAN PETA GEOSPASIAL MELALUI PEMETAAN UDARA PADA KELURAHAN BATU BERSURAT, KECAMATAN XIII KOTO KAMPAR, KABUPATEN KAMPAR, PROVINSI RIAU." Dinamisia : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 3, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/dinamisia.v3i1.2060.
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One of the most commonly used geospatial mapping methods is photogrammetry (aerial mapping). Photogrammetry is a method of mapping objects on the surface of the earth by using aerial photography as a medium. The aerial mapping process is carried out through cameras installed on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). From the aerial photography, object interpretation and geometry measurements will be carried out to produce line maps, digital maps and photo maps. In general, photogrammetry is a mapping technology by utilizing aerial photography to be processed into a geo-spatial information system. Batu Bersurat Village is one of the villages located in Subdistrict XIII Koto Kampar, Kampar Regency, which did not have a geospatial information map. Community service team from the Mechanical Engineering Department of the University of Riau had a plan to carry out community service activities in Batu Besurat Village in the form of making geospatial information maps through aerial mapping. This aerial mapping activity was carried out by utilizing UAV with the type of fixed wing. In its implementation, the community service activities were planned to involve Mechanical Engineering students, university students of the University of Riau, village officials and the local community. It is expected that with this community service program, the geospatial information system map made by Batu Bersurat Village can be used in village spatial planning for agricultural land, residential land and validation of village boundaries.
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Ye, Dongmei, Ming Liao, Ao Nan, Enquan Wang, and Gaowei Zhou. "RESEARCH ON REEF BATHYMETRIC SURVEY OF UAV STEREOPAIR BASED ON TWO-MEDIUM PHOTOGRAMMETRY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 3, 2016): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b1-407-2016.
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This paper is based on the principles of two-medium photogrammetry, with the purpose to perform a bathymetric survey of a reef in the South China Sea, using aerial imagery acquired by UAV. The first objectives are to introduce the basic principles of two-medium photogrammetry, discuss the technical requirements of this methodology to determine an accurate refractive index of sea water, and propose a new method to calculate seawater refraction and calculate corrected reef elevations. The second objective is to analyse and integrate the elevation and depth datum for both the land mass and the undersea reef. The final objective of this paper is performing stereoscopic mensuration on the UAV photography in order to transform reef elevation and depth datum. Our test shows that aerial two-medium photogrammetry is feasible in practical application, but requires relatively high aerial photography conditions.
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Ye, Dongmei, Ming Liao, Ao Nan, Enquan Wang, and Gaowei Zhou. "RESEARCH ON REEF BATHYMETRIC SURVEY OF UAV STEREOPAIR BASED ON TWO-MEDIUM PHOTOGRAMMETRY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 3, 2016): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-407-2016.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is based on the principles of two-medium photogrammetry, with the purpose to perform a bathymetric survey of a reef in the South China Sea, using aerial imagery acquired by UAV. The first objectives are to introduce the basic principles of two-medium photogrammetry, discuss the technical requirements of this methodology to determine an accurate refractive index of sea water, and propose a new method to calculate seawater refraction and calculate corrected reef elevations. The second objective is to analyse and integrate the elevation and depth datum for both the land mass and the undersea reef. The final objective of this paper is performing stereoscopic mensuration on the UAV photography in order to transform reef elevation and depth datum. Our test shows that aerial two-medium photogrammetry is feasible in practical application, but requires relatively high aerial photography conditions.
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Fensham, R. J., and R. J. Fairfax. "Aerial photography for assessing vegetation change: a review of applications and the relevance of findings for Australian vegetation history." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 4 (2002): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01032.
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Studies attempting to calibrate vegetation attributes from aerial photography with field data are reviewed in detail. It is concluded that aerial photography has considerable advantages over satellite-based data because of its capacity to assess the vertical dimension of vegetation and the longer time period the record spans. Limitations of using the aerial photo record as digital data include standardising image contrast and rectification. Some of these problems can be circumvented by manual techniques, but problems of crown exaggeration that varies with photo scale and variation in contrast between the textures of tree crowns and the ground remain. Applications of aerial photography for assessing vegetation change are also reviewed and include deforestation, reforestation, changes in vegetation boundaries, tree density, community composition and crown dieback. These changes have been assessed at scales ranging from individual tree crowns to regional landscapes. In Australia, aerial photography has provided a clear demonstration of deforestation rates and the expansion and contraction of forest and woodland, which is generally attributed to changes in grazing and fire regimes. It is suggested that manual techniques with point-based sampling, digital processing of data for complete spatial coverages and the application of photogrammetric measurements with stereo-plotters are all techniques with great promise for utilising this underrated medium for assessment of vegetation dynamics.
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Žíhlavník, S., F. Chudý, and M. Kardoš. "Utilization of digital photogrammetry in forestry mapping." Journal of Forest Science 53, No. 5 (January 7, 2008): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2176-jfs.
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At present, photogrammetric interpretation of aerial images is a dominant method of forestry mapping. In the last years, transition from analogue to digital photogrammetry has been distinct. Digital photogrammetry enables to achieve workflow effectivity, and so to decrease the final product costs. The objective of the submitted paper was to evaluate the availability of digital photogrammetry for the forestry mapping rationalization. Digital aerotriangulation using the ImageStation SSK system brings more accurate results without requirements for the use of a larger amount of control points. The results also demonstrated the use of colour infrared aerial images, and also black and white aerial images at the scale 1:15,000 for the orthoimage creation in the forestry mapping department. Compared with the black and white aerial images, the colour infrared images have an essentially more interesting content, mainly from the qualitative aspect, which shifts them to use in many forestry disciplines (mostly for determination of the health conditions of forests stands, …), in combination with the remote sensing of the Earth and GIS (Geographic Information Systems).
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Jianming, Chen. "Map of the Mount Gongga Glacier: A Combination of Terrestrial and Aerial Photogrammetry." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500001099.
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For use in glaciological research, between 1982 and 1984, we succeeded in surveying and mapping the Mount Gongga Glacier, on a scale of 1:25 000, by means of a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. This paper describes the method in detail. In the survey area, we set up an independent, triangulation network, with microwave distance measurement, and two, independent, straight-line traverses, for basic control. Control points were observed by intersection. The terrestrial, photogrammetric baselines were projected and corrected into distances on the. plane of the map. Terrestrial photography accounted for the majority of the photographs of the survey area. Surveying and mapping of planimetrie and topographic features were completed on a stereo-autograph, using plates mainly from terrestrial photogrammetry. Where these data were insufficient, they were supplemented by aerial photography, plotted on a photographic plotting instrument. Orientation points of the aerial photographs were established by terrestrial, photogrammetric analysis and located on the map by an optical, mechanical method. The practical result showed that a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, in mapping a high, mountain, glacier area, on a large scale, is more feasible and flexible than other methods and more economical as well.
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Jianming, Chen. "Map of the Mount Gongga Glacier: A Combination of Terrestrial and Aerial Photogrammetry." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500001099.
Full textAbstract:
For use in glaciological research, between 1982 and 1984, we succeeded in surveying and mapping the Mount Gongga Glacier, on a scale of 1:25 000, by means of a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. This paper describes the method in detail.In the survey area, we set up an independent, triangulation network, with microwave distance measurement, and two, independent, straight-line traverses, for basic control. Control points were observed by intersection. The terrestrial, photogrammetric baselines were projected and corrected into distances on the. plane of the map.Terrestrial photography accounted for the majority of the photographs of the survey area. Surveying and mapping of planimetrie and topographic features were completed on a stereo-autograph, using plates mainly from terrestrial photogrammetry. Where these data were insufficient, they were supplemented by aerial photography, plotted on a photographic plotting instrument. Orientation points of the aerial photographs were established by terrestrial, photogrammetric analysis and located on the map by an optical, mechanical method.The practical result showed that a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, in mapping a high, mountain, glacier area, on a large scale, is more feasible and flexible than other methods and more economical as well.
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Ngadiman, Norhayati, Masiri Kaamin, Nor Baizura Hamid, Suhaila Sahat, Mardiha Mokhtar, AslilaAbd Kadir, and Ahmad Hakimi Mat Nor. "Production of Orthophoto Map Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Photogrammetry." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 4925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8543.
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Orthophoto is a part of the process of concept of photogrammetry in map production. Orthophoto image is a specific scaled photographic image produced from perspective images in which distortion errors originating from the attitude differences and the tilt of image are eliminated while orthophoto map is an orthophoto that has cartographic information on it (legend, grids, contours, labels, etc.). The development of current technology has introduced the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) as an alternative to conventional photogrammetry in creating orthophoto map. Purpose of this paper is to identify the potential of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) as an alternative to conventional photogrammetry which uses aircraft in creating orthophoto map. The area of the study is UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) Pagoh Campus within Pagoh Educational Hub. UAV photogrammetry based on a photogrammetricmeasurement platform, which operates remotely controlled, semi-autonomously, or autonomously, without a pilot sitting in the vehicle. The large format aerial camera in conventional photogrammetry is replaced with small format digital camera in UAV photogrammetry. For general area, the amount of forward overlap and side overlap is 75% and 60% respectively. For forest area, the amount of forward overlap and side overlap is 85% and 70% respectively as the UAV flight altitude will be higher. The whole workflow is introduced in the paper, where 461 images were collected with DJI Phantom 4 Pro with camera model FC6310. The flight mission was completed using PIX4D Capture. An orthophoto map covering an area of 250458 m2 was produced using AgisoftPhotoScan. The result from this study produces a better quality orthophoto map of UTHM Pagoh Campus. This map will shows the overview of the campus area with the most updated information.
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Li, Jun, Dengshan Huang, and Peng Yang. "Inspection method of images' overlap of UAV photogrammetry based on features matching." MATEC Web of Conferences 173 (2018): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817302022.
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The overlapping degree of UAV aerial imagery is an important parameter in judging the quality of aerial photography. This paper applies the technology of image feature matching to realize the automatic inspection of low-altitude UAV aerial image overlap. It utilizes the feature point matching and homography transformation model, which can accurately identify the overlapping area of the image and overcome the defect caused by the large rotation angle of UAV's images and irregular overlap area. We use various feature-extracting algorithms to verify the practicability of this method. It shows that it can calculate the overlapping degree of adjacent aerial images efficiently and accurately, which improve the production efficiency of aerial photogrammetry.
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Grip, Wayne M., Randall W. Grip, and Robert D. Morrison. "Application of Aerial Photography and Photogrammetry in Environmental Forensic Investigations." Environmental Forensics 1, no. 3 (January 2000): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/enfo.2000.0014.
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Kamioka, Hisaaki, and Nobuyuki Abe. "Estimating Stand Structure Using Digitalized Aerial Photography." Journal of Forest Research 4, no. 2 (May 1999): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02762229.
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Gillis, Mark D., and Donald G. Leckie. "Forest inventory update in Canada." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72138-2.
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Modern forest management presents ever increasing demands for accurate and up-to-date forest inventory information. The process of inventory update is critical. Inventory update in Canada is examined including update for harvest, burns, insect and disease, silviculture, roads and other changes. The magnitude and requirements of the update task are documented. The procedures used are described and summarized by province in table form. Usage, advantages and disadvantages of current methods (e.g. conventional 9 × 9 aerial photography, supplemental aerial photography, satellite imagery, and aerial reconnaissance) are examined, new methods discussed and trends highlighted. Also outlined are issues related to the incorporation of silviculture and insect and disease information into inventories and the structure and responsibilities for update. Key words: forest inventory, inventory update, harvest, burns, insect and disease, blowdown, silviculture, aerial photography, satellite imagery, Global Positioning System, aerial reconnaissance, video
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Dorozhynskyy, O. L. ,., I. Z. Kolb, L. V. Babiy, and L. V. Dychko. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 92,2020, no. 92 (December 24, 2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2020.92.015.
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Aim. Determination of the elements of external spatial orientation of the surveying systems at the moment of image acquisition is the fundamental task in photogrammetry. Principally, this problem is solving in two ways. The first way is direct positioning and measuring of directions of camera optical axis in the geodetic space with the help of GNSS/INS equipment. The second way is the analytical solution of the problem using a set of reference information (often such information is a set of ground control points whose geodetic positions are known with sufficient accuracy and which are reliably recognised on aerial images of the photogrammetric block). The authors consider the task of providing reference and control information using the second approach, which has a number of advantages in terms of reliability and accuracy of determining the unknown image exterior orientation parameters. It is proposed to obtain additional images of ground control points by the method of their auxiliary aerial photography using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) on a larger scale compared to the scale of the images of the photogrammetric block. The aim of the presented work is the implementation of the method of creating reference points and experimental confirmation of its effectiveness for photogrammetric processing. Methods and results. For the entire realization of the potential of the analytical way to determine the elements of external orientation of images, it is necessary to have a certain number of ground control points (GCP) and to keep the defined scheme of their location on the photogrammetric block. As the main source of input data authors use UAV aerial images of the terrain, which are obtained separately from the block of aerial survey, and have a better geometric resolution and which clearly depict the control reference points. Application of such auxiliary images gives the possibility of automated transferring of the position of ground control point into images of the main photogrammetric block. In our interpretation, these images of ground control points and their surroundings on the ground are called "control reference images". The basis of the work is to develop a method for obtaining the auxiliary control reference images and transferring of position of GCP depicted on them into aerial or space images of terrain by means of computer stereo matching. To achieve this goal, we have developed a processing method for the creation of control reference images of aerial image or a series of auxiliary multi-scale aerial images obtained by a drone from different heights above the reference point. The operator identifies and measures the GCP once on the auxiliary aerial image of the highest resolution. Then there is an automatic stereo matching of the control reference image in the whole series of auxiliary images in succession with a decrease in the resolution and, ultimately, directly with the aerial images of photogrammetric block. On this stage there are no recognition/cursor targeting by the human operator, and therefore there are no discrepancies, errors or mistakes related to it. In addition, if to apply fairly large size of control reference images, the proposed method can be used on a low-texture terrain, and therefore deal in many cases without the physical marking of points measured by GNSS method. And this is a way to simplify and reduce the cost of photogrammetric technology. The action of the developed method has been verified experimentally to provide the control reference information of the block of archival aerial images of the low-texture terrain. The results of the experimental approbation of the proposed method give grounds to assert that the method makes it possible to perform geodetic reference of photogrammetric projects more efficiently due to the refusal of the physical marking of the area before aerial survey. The proposed method can also be used to obtain the information for checking the quality of photogrammetric survey for provision of check points. The authors argue that the use of additional equipment - UAV of semi-professional class to obtain control reference images is economically feasible. Scientific novelty and practical relevance. The results of approbation of the "control reference image" method with obtaining stereo pairs of aerial images with vertical placement of the base are presented for the first time. There was implemented the study of the properties of such stereo pairs of aerial images to obtain images of reference points. The effectiveness of including reference images in the main block of the digital aerial triangulation network created on UAV’s images is shown.
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Brecher, H. H. "Surface Velocity Determination on Large Polar Glaciers by Aerial Photogrammetry." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500001063.
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Aerial photogrammetric block triangulation, a standard and well-developed technique for extending accurate control for mapping into the interior of a region from a few points of known position on its perimeter, can be readily adapted to determine surface velocities on bodies of ice which are too large, and often too crevassed, to be studied effectively by conventional ground surveying. Velocities are calculated from the changes in positions of the same natural surface features determined from photography of two (or more) epochs and the elapsed time. This method is capable of providing many uniformly-spaced measurements over the whole, moving, ice surface, thus allowing the production of maps of velocity and strain-rate, which are valuable in analyzing the ice-flow regime. Results from measurements completed some years ago on Byrd Glacier, one of the largest outlet glaciers from the East Antarctic plateau, are presented as an example of what the method can yield. By means of Doppler satellite surveying, relative positions of control points for each photography epoch can be determined with sub-meter accuracy, making the technique suitable also in regions where no fixed land features exist. A brief description of a project under way in such an area, on Ice Stream B in West Antarctica, is given.
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Brecher, H. H. "Surface Velocity Determination on Large Polar Glaciers by Aerial Photogrammetry." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500001063.
Full textAbstract:
Aerial photogrammetric block triangulation, a standard and well-developed technique for extending accurate control for mapping into the interior of a region from a few points of known position on its perimeter, can be readily adapted to determine surface velocities on bodies of ice which are too large, and often too crevassed, to be studied effectively by conventional ground surveying. Velocities are calculated from the changes in positions of the same natural surface features determined from photography of two (or more) epochs and the elapsed time. This method is capable of providing many uniformly-spaced measurements over the whole, moving, ice surface, thus allowing the production of maps of velocity and strain-rate, which are valuable in analyzing the ice-flow regime. Results from measurements completed some years ago on Byrd Glacier, one of the largest outlet glaciers from the East Antarctic plateau, are presented as an example of what the method can yield. By means of Doppler satellite surveying, relative positions of control points for each photography epoch can be determined with sub-meter accuracy, making the technique suitable also in regions where no fixed land features exist. A brief description of a project under way in such an area, on Ice Stream B in West Antarctica, is given.
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Kim, K. M. "ESTIMATION OF STAND HEIGHT AND FOREST VOLUME USING HIGH RESOLUTION STEREO PHOTOGRAPHY AND FOREST TYPE MAP." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-695-2016.
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Traditional field methods for measuring tree heights are often too costly and time consuming. An alternative remote sensing approach is to measure tree heights from digital stereo photographs which is more practical for forest managers and less expensive than LiDAR or synthetic aperture radar. This work proposes an estimation of stand height and forest volume(m<sup>3</sup>/ha) using normalized digital surface model (nDSM) from high resolution stereo photography (25cm resolution) and forest type map. The study area was located in Mt. Maehwa model forest in Hong Chun-Gun, South Korea. The forest type map has four attributes such as major species, age class, DBH class and crown density class by stand. Overlapping aerial photos were taken in September 2013 and digital surface model (DSM) was created by photogrammetric methods(aerial triangulation, digital image matching). Then, digital terrain model (DTM) was created by filtering DSM and subtracted DTM from DSM pixel by pixel, resulting in nDSM which represents object heights (buildings, trees, etc.). Two independent variables from nDSM were used to estimate forest stand volume: crown density (%) and stand height (m). First, crown density was calculated using canopy segmentation method considering live crown ratio. Next, stand height was produced by averaging individual tree heights in a stand using Esri’s ArcGIS and the USDA Forest Service’s FUSION software. Finally, stand volume was estimated and mapped using aerial photo stand volume equations by species which have two independent variables, crown density and stand height. South Korea has a historical imagery archive which can show forest change in 40 years of successful forest rehabilitation. For a future study, forest volume change map (1970s–present) will be produced using this stand volume estimation method and a historical imagery archive.
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Kim, K. M. "ESTIMATION OF STAND HEIGHT AND FOREST VOLUME USING HIGH RESOLUTION STEREO PHOTOGRAPHY AND FOREST TYPE MAP." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-695-2016.
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Traditional field methods for measuring tree heights are often too costly and time consuming. An alternative remote sensing approach is to measure tree heights from digital stereo photographs which is more practical for forest managers and less expensive than LiDAR or synthetic aperture radar. This work proposes an estimation of stand height and forest volume(m<sup>3</sup>/ha) using normalized digital surface model (nDSM) from high resolution stereo photography (25cm resolution) and forest type map. The study area was located in Mt. Maehwa model forest in Hong Chun-Gun, South Korea. The forest type map has four attributes such as major species, age class, DBH class and crown density class by stand. Overlapping aerial photos were taken in September 2013 and digital surface model (DSM) was created by photogrammetric methods(aerial triangulation, digital image matching). Then, digital terrain model (DTM) was created by filtering DSM and subtracted DTM from DSM pixel by pixel, resulting in nDSM which represents object heights (buildings, trees, etc.). Two independent variables from nDSM were used to estimate forest stand volume: crown density (%) and stand height (m). First, crown density was calculated using canopy segmentation method considering live crown ratio. Next, stand height was produced by averaging individual tree heights in a stand using Esri’s ArcGIS and the USDA Forest Service’s FUSION software. Finally, stand volume was estimated and mapped using aerial photo stand volume equations by species which have two independent variables, crown density and stand height. South Korea has a historical imagery archive which can show forest change in 40 years of successful forest rehabilitation. For a future study, forest volume change map (1970s–present) will be produced using this stand volume estimation method and a historical imagery archive.
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Schumacher, Johannes, Margret Rattay, Melanie Kirchhöfer, Petra Adler, and Gerald Kändler. "Combination of Multi-Temporal Sentinel 2 Images and Aerial Image Based Canopy Height Models for Timber Volume Modelling." Forests 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2019): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090746.
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Multi-temporal Sentinel 2 optical images and 3D photogrammetric point clouds can be combined to enhance the accuracy of timber volume models on large spatial scale. Information on the proportion of broadleaf and conifer trees improves timber volume models obtained from 3D photogrammetric point clouds. However, the broadleaf-conifer information cannot be obtained from photogrammetric point clouds alone. Furthermore, spectral information of aerial images is too inconsistent to be used for automatic broadleaf-conifer classification over larger areas. In this study we combined multi-temporal Sentinel 2 optical satellite images, 3D photogrammetric point clouds from digital aerial stereo photographs, and forest inventory plots representing an area of 35,751 km2 in south-west Germany for (1) modelling the percentage of broadleaf tree volume (BL%) using Sentinel 2 time series and (2) modelling timber volume per hectare using 3D photogrammetric point clouds. Forest inventory plots were surveyed in the same years and regions as stereo photographs were acquired (2013–2017), resulting in 11,554 plots. Sentinel 2 images from 2016 and 2017 were corrected for topographic and atmospheric influences and combined with the same forest inventory plots. Spectral variables from corrected multi-temporal Sentinel 2 images were calculated, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) regressions were fitted for each Sentinel 2 scene estimating the BL% for corresponding inventory plots. Variables from the photogrammetric point clouds were calculated for each inventory plot and a non-linear regression model predicting timber volume per hectare was fitted. Each SVM regression and the timber volume model were evaluated using ten-fold cross-validation (CV). The SVM regression models estimating the BL% per Sentinel 2 scene achieved overall accuracies of 68%–75% and a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 21.5–26.1. The timber volume model showed a RMSE% of 31.7%, a mean bias of 0.2%, and a pseudo-R2 of 0.64. Application of the SVM regressions on Sentinel 2 scenes covering the state of Baden-Württemberg resulted in predictions of broadleaf tree percentages for the entire state. These predicted values were used as additional predictor in the timber volume model, allowing for predictions of timber volume for the same area. Spatially high-resolution information about growing stock is of great practical relevance for forest management planning, especially when the timber volume of a smaller unit is of interest, for example of a forest stand or a forest district where not enough terrestrial inventory plots are available to make reliable estimations. Here, predictions from remote-sensing based models can be used. Furthermore, information about broadleaf and conifer trees improves timber volume models and reduces model errors and, thereby, prediction uncertainties.
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Rybchenko, A. A., A. V. Kadetova, E. A. Kozyreva, and A. A. Yuriev. "Experience of using non‐specialized unmanned aerial vehicles for aerial surveys in the studies of exogenous geological processes." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 10, no. 4 (December 11, 2019): 1045–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2019-10-4-0457.
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The article reviews the experience of aerial surveys using a quadcopter DJI Inspire 1 PRO (unmanned aerial vehicle, UAV) for solving problems of engineering geodynamics. It describes the application of photogrammetry to estimate quantitative parameters of the studied objects, the experience of using UAVs to study flood processes in the Tunka valley (Russia) and erosion structures in the Ulaanbaatar agglomeration (Mongolia). The first UAV‐acquired data on debris flow alluvial fans and elementary drainage basins of erosion structures are presented. The ranges of UAV flight heights were 100–150 m and 1–30 m for local and detailed aerial photography surveys, respectively. Local surveys covered relatively large objects – debris flow alluvial fans and drainage basins. Detailed aerial photography aimed to investigate the granulometric compositions of debris flow deposits and to construct transverse profiles of erosion structures. Processed aerial photos provided a basis for a schematic map showing the distribution of accumu‐ lated debris flow deposits. The granulometric compositions of coarse fractions in the debris flow deposits were de‐ termined. Based on the survey results, 3D models of the fragments of the erosion structures and their cross‐sections were constructed.
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Alyabyev, A. A., K. A. Litvintcev, and A. A. Kobzev. "Photogrammetry in real estate cadaster." Geodesy and Cartography 974, no. 8 (September 20, 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2021-974-8-27-35.
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The geodesic method of the characteristic points’ coordinates measuring is the main method for urban cadastral works (including complex ones). Implementing digital aerial photography cameras, unmanned aerial vehicles and improving hardware and software systems for image processing enable achieving the necessary accuracy (10 cm in plan coordinates) when using the photogrammetric method. Stereo models and orthomosaics are the output products of the mentioned technology using for measurements. Due to the fact that at creating an orthomosaic, additional image conversion processes are required and they may cause the loss of accuracy and the presence of perspective distortions of high-altitude objects, orthomosaics cannot be used to determine the coordinates of characteristic points. It is proposed to use a stereo model, i.e. a three-dimensional high-precision image of the terrain, as a product for measuring characteristic points in cadastral works. The experiments’ results and the experience of production work proved that the accuracy of geodesic and stereophotogrammetric methods in the real estate cadaster are equal. At the same time, the mentioned method has some advantages
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Hrůza, Petr, Tomáš Mikita, and Přemysl Janata. "Monitoring of Forest Hauling Roads Wearing Course Damage using Unmanned Aerial Systems." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 5 (2016): 1537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664051537.
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Currently, a large part of the forest roads that were built using the bituminous surface technology in the second half of the last century have been worn out. This means that forest owners and forest managers urgently need to determine the amount and extent of this damage and establish a suitable repair plan, which demands both time and staff. The aim of the study is to verify whether it is possible, and with what precision, to detect the damage of the wearing course by means of unmanned aerial systems, which would facilitate and accelerate this process and possibly make it cheaper. A 3D model of a forest road was created using photos of the current state of a damaged part of a forest road. The aerial photographs were taken by an unmanned aircraft. To verify the accuracy of the model, cross sections of the road surface were surveyed tachymetrically and compared with the cross sections created in the 3D model in ArcMap, from photogrammetric pointcloud using aerial photographs from the unmanned aircraft. The RMSE of the values of the control points in the 3D model cross sections compared to the values of the points in the tachymetric measurement of the cross sections reached to within 0.0198 m. The results of the tested road section showed that the unmanned aerial systems can be used to detect the forest road surface damage with the difference in accuracy being up to 2 cm compared with the accuracy of the current tachymetric methods. Based on the results we can conclude that the used method is appropriate for detailed monitoring of the condition of the asphalt wearing course of forest roads and allows for a precise and objective localization and quantification of damage.
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Child, Sarah F., Leigh A. Stearns, Luc Girod, and Henry H. Brecher. "Structure-From-Motion Photogrammetry of Antarctic Historical Aerial Photographs in Conjunction with Ground Control Derived from Satellite Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13010021.
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A longer temporal scale of Antarctic observations is vital to better understanding glacier dynamics and improving ice sheet model projections. One underutilized data source that expands the temporal scale is aerial photography, specifically imagery collected prior to 1990. However, processing Antarctic historical aerial imagery using modern photogrammetry software is difficult, as it requires precise information about the data collection process and extensive in situ ground control is required. Often, the necessary orientation metadata for older aerial imagery is lost and in situ data collection in regions like Antarctica is extremely difficult to obtain, limiting the use of traditional photogrammetric methods. Here, we test an alternative methodology to generate elevations from historical Antarctic aerial imagery. Instead of relying on pre-existing ground control, we use structure-from-motion photogrammetry techniques to process the imagery with manually derived ground control from high-resolution satellite imagery. This case study is based on vertical aerial image sets collected over Byrd Glacier, East Antarctica in December 1978 and January 1979. Our results are the oldest, highest resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) ever generated for an Antarctic glacier. We use these DEMs to estimate glacier dynamics and show that surface elevation of Byrd Glacier has been constant for the past ∼40 years.
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W. Schindler, Alexander. "Reflections on Photogrammetry." Membrana Journal of Photography, Vol. 3, no. 1 (2018): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m4.034.art.
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This article presents an overview of the history, principles, and current developments in the media technological field of photogrammetry. By chronicling the isomorphic shift taking place in image capturing, we seek to show that photogrammetry has led the way forward in seeing technical images not only as two dimensional projections, but as three-dimensional model-based images. In the mid-nineteenth century, photogrammetry was first used for the documentation of architectural objects and it later became a standard technique in aerial photography. Although its fields of application have become more extensive, photogrammetry’s basic principle hasn’t fundamentally changed: it is still defined as the three- dimensional geometric reconstruction of two-dimensional photographs through the measuring of reference points. With digital technological standards and advances in camera technology, photogrammetric imaging nowadays is intensively used for object recognition in machine vision and robotics. Beside this, photogrammetry is also opening new possibilities for documentation in the fields of investigative arts, this being explored with a discussion on the “Ground Truth” project from Forensic Architecture. Keywords: investigative art, machine vision, object recognition, photogrammetry, photography
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Hapke, Cheryl, and Bruce Richmond. "Monitoring Beach Morphology Changes Using Small-Format Aerial Photography and Digital Softcopy Photogrammetry." Environmental Geosciences 7, no. 1 (March 2000): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-0984.2000.71001.x.
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Spencer, Ray D. "Small format aerial photography: methods and achievements in Australian forestry." Australian Forestry 61, no. 4 (January 1998): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1998.10674751.
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Spencer, R. D. "FILM TRIALS OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR FORESTRY IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA." Photogrammetric Record 9, no. 51 (August 26, 2006): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1978.tb00431.x.
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Rahlf, Johannes, Johannes Breidenbach, Svein Solberg, Erik Næsset, and Rasmus Astrup. "Digital aerial photogrammetry can efficiently support large-area forest inventories in Norway." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 90, no. 5 (June 15, 2017): 710–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpx027.
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Lumban-Gaol, Y. A., A. Murtiyoso, and B. H. Nugroho. "INVESTIGATIONS ON THE BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT RESULTS FROM SFM-BASED SOFTWARE FOR MAPPING PURPOSES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-623-2018.
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Since its first inception, aerial photography has been used for topographic mapping. Large-scale aerial photography contributed to the creation of many of the topographic maps around the world. In Indonesia, a 2013 government directive on spatial management has re-stressed the need for topographic maps, with aerial photogrammetry providing the main method of acquisition. However, the large need to generate such maps is often limited by budgetary reasons. Today, SfM (Structure-from-Motion) offers quicker and less expensive solutions to this problem. However, considering the required precision for topographic missions, these solutions need to be assessed to see if they provide enough level of accuracy. In this paper, a popular SfM-based software Agisoft PhotoScan is used to perform bundle adjustment on a set of large-scale aerial images. The aim of the paper is to compare its bundle adjustment results with those generated by more classical photogrammetric software, namely Trimble Inpho and ERDAS IMAGINE. Furthermore, in order to provide more bundle adjustment statistics to be compared, the Damped Bundle Adjustment Toolbox (DBAT) was also used to reprocess the PhotoScan project. Results show that PhotoScan results are less stable than those generated by the two photogrammetric software programmes. This translates to lower accuracy, which may impact the final photogrammetric product.
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Thyer*, N. H., J. A. R. Blais, and M. A. Chapman. "Integration of an inertial system with high-altitude photogrammetry over rugged terrain." CISM journal 43, no. 1 (April 1989): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1989-0001.
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In aerial photogrammetry, information on camera position and orientation from auxiliary systems can be used to supplement or replace ground control information when the latter is inadequate. High-altiude aerial photography has experimentally been combined with inertial measurement of camera position and orientation over the Rocky Mountains west of Calgary. The inertial system output was compared with corresponding values from various photogrammetric adjustments for analysis purposes. In this experiment, it was found that the absolute position coordinates and orientation angles, as given by the inertial system without updates, were unsatisfactory. However, the changes in these quantities between consecutive stations agreed with the photogrammetry to a degree at least as close as the reliability of the photogrammetry itself, and even better agreement was obtained for rotation-invariant func-tions of these changes of position and orientation. Agreement was also improved by ignoring those perspective centers whose position coordinates gave the greatest residuals in the photogrammetric adjustment, indicating that inclusion of auxiliary information should improve the quality of the contribution of those images to the adjustment.
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Tzvetkov, Jordan. "Spatial modeling of archaeological landscapes with UAV and digital photogrammetry." Aerospace Research in Bulgaria 32 (2020): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/arb.v32.e04.
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The aim of this article is to present the results of spatial (2D and 3D) modeling of selected archaeological landscapes (Kaliakra, Chirakman, Provadia-Solnitsata, Debelt-Deultum, Halka Bunar) which was part of the project “Archaeological map of Bulgaria” during 2017 – 2018. To create these spatial models we used aerial (UAV) photography and digital photogrammetry. The main goal of this research was to prove the potential of UAV deployment of creating low-cost spatial models for archaeological tasks.
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Bertalan, László, Zoltán Túri, and Gergely Szabó. "UAS photogrammetry and object-based image analysis (GEOBIA): erosion monitoring at the Kazár badland, Hungary." Landscape & Environment 10, no. 3-4 (September 12, 2016): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/10/3-4/10.
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A remarkable badland valley is situated near Kazár, NE-Hungary, where rhyolite tuff outcrops as greyishwhite cliffs and white barren patches. The landform is shaped by gully and rill erosion processes. Weperformed a preliminary state UAS survey and created a digital surface model and ortophotograph. Theflight was operated with manual control in order to perform a more optimal coverage of the aerial images.The overhanging forests induced overexposed photographs due to the higher contrast with the baretuff surface. The multiresolution segmentation method allowed us to classify the ortophotograph andseparate the tuff surface and the vegetation. The applied methods and final datasets in combination withthe subsequent surveys will be used for detecting the recent erosional processes of the Kazár badland
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Blinn, Charles R., Al Lyons, and Edward R. Buckner. "Color Aerial Photography for Assessing the Need for Fertilizers in Loblolly Pine Plantations." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.4.270.
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Abstract Color aerial photography was used to assess crown color classes in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. Three distinct Munsell color classes were delineated on the resulting photographs. Foliar N levels and, to a lesser degree, foliar K levels were directly related to color. Significant relationships between color and site index and color and basal area were shown. Application of color aerial photography, combined with Munsell color coding, could expedite land classification and also make possible more efficient use of fertilizers. South J. Appl. For. 12(4):270-273.
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Hildebrandt, Gerd. "The Beginnings of Aerial Photogrammetry and Interpretation in German Forestry after 1945." Photogrammetrie - Fernerkundung - Geoinformation 2010, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1432-8364/2010/0051.
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