Journal articles: 'Aerial photography in forestry'

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Khavar, Yulia, Yurii Hubar, Vira Sai, Oleksandra Hulko, and Liliya Vynarchyk. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 96,2022, no. 96 (December 2022): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.96.032.

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The aims of our paper are to study the territory organization of the forest fund lands of the Skhidnytsya village council (Lviv region), performing their forest management with the development of a system of activities aimed at ensuring scientifically based multifunctional forestry management, protection and rational sustainable use. The possibility of performing cadastral works for the territorial organization of forestry lands using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is important for science and practice. The paper considers the main direction of sustainable development of forest areas with a recreational function, aimed at strengthening ecological, social and economic functions and protection of these forests, their rational use. Based on the division of forests into categories, their functional significance, the regime of forestry and forest use for the next revision period, the following economic units were formed: health and recreational forests with a special regime of use in the mountains. The distribution of the total area of health and recreational forests by functional zones, types of landscape, classes of aesthetic assessment, pedestrian accessibility, recreational assessment, resistance to recreational loads, stages of recreational digression, additional assessment is presented. The results obtained prove the practical significance of the use of UAVs for performing work on the organization of the territory (certain category of land), and the resulting cartographic materials fully comply with the instructive accuracy. The developed provisions of this study correspond to the basic principles of sustainable forest management, provide for a combination of economic, environmental and social aspects of forestry activities.

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Blinn, Charles R., Al Lyons, and Edward R. Buckner. "Color Aerial Photography for Assessing the Need for Fertilizers in Loblolly Pine Plantations." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.4.270.

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Abstract Color aerial photography was used to assess crown color classes in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. Three distinct Munsell color classes were delineated on the resulting photographs. Foliar N levels and, to a lesser degree, foliar K levels were directly related to color. Significant relationships between color and site index and color and basal area were shown. Application of color aerial photography, combined with Munsell color coding, could expedite land classification and also make possible more efficient use of fertilizers. South J. Appl. For. 12(4):270-273.

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Gillis, Mark D., and Donald G. Leckie. "Forest inventory update in Canada." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72138-2.

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Modern forest management presents ever increasing demands for accurate and up-to-date forest inventory information. The process of inventory update is critical. Inventory update in Canada is examined including update for harvest, burns, insect and disease, silviculture, roads and other changes. The magnitude and requirements of the update task are documented. The procedures used are described and summarized by province in table form. Usage, advantages and disadvantages of current methods (e.g. conventional 9 × 9 aerial photography, supplemental aerial photography, satellite imagery, and aerial reconnaissance) are examined, new methods discussed and trends highlighted. Also outlined are issues related to the incorporation of silviculture and insect and disease information into inventories and the structure and responsibilities for update. Key words: forest inventory, inventory update, harvest, burns, insect and disease, blowdown, silviculture, aerial photography, satellite imagery, Global Positioning System, aerial reconnaissance, video

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Smith, James L., Shepard M. Zedaker, and Richard C. Heer. "Estimating Pine Density and Competition Condition in Young Pine Plantations Using 35mm Aerial Photography." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.3.107.

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Abstract A prediction system was developed that estimated pine density and hardwood competition levels in young plantations using simple measurements made on 35mm aerial photographs. The precision of the prediction system was found to be moderate to good. The use of these photo-based modelsin a decision-making situation was examined. Ground-based decisions regarding replanting, spraying for competition control, or no treatment were compared to similar decisions reached strictly from the aerial photographic measurements. Approximately 80% of all decisions agreed, and 90% of theno-treatment decisions agreed. While aerial photographs do not totally eliminate the need for field work, it is clear that photographic information can often produce reliable decisions with reduced field efforts. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):107-112.

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Miller, R. G. "FORESTRY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS." Photogrammetric Record 4, no. 22 (August 26, 2006): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1963.tb00357.x.

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Kamioka, Hisaaki, and Nobuyuki Abe. "Estimating Stand Structure Using Digitalized Aerial Photography." Journal of Forest Research 4, no. 2 (May 1999): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02762229.

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Fensham, R. J., and R. J. Fairfax. "Assessing woody vegetation cover change in north-west Australian savanna using aerial photography." International Journal of Wildland Fire 12, no. 4 (2003): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03022.

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Models to calibrate tree and shrub cover assessed from aerial photography with field measurements were developed for a range of vegetation types in north-western Australia. The models verify previous studies indicating that woody cover can be successfully determined from aerial photography. The calibration models were applied to estimates of woody vegetation cover determined for 279 randomly located sample areas in the Ord–Victoria Rivers region using aerial photography from 1948 to 1950 and 1988 to 1997. Overstorey cover increased from a regional average of 11.5% to 13.5% and understorey cover increased from 1.3% to 2.0%. Downs, Limestone Hills and Alluvia land-types showed the most substantial increases in overstorey cover while overstorey cover in the Limestone plains land-type decreased. Relatively open structured vegetation is most susceptible to thickening. Rainfall records reveal an extreme multi-year rainfall deficit in the study area in the 1930s and relatively wet times in the 1970s and 1980s. Interpretation of a limited set of aerial photographs taken between 1964 and 1972 suggests that most of the increases in cover have occurred since this time. The study highlights the possibility that the average trend of vegetation thickening represents recovery during the relatively wet times after the 1970s. There was no relationship between structural change and a grazing intensity surrogate (distance of sample points to stock watering-points). However, the causes of structural change are undoubtedly multi-factored and the relative contributions of climate, fire and grazing vary for different landscapes and tree species.

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Fairfax, R. J., and R. J. Fensham. "Corrigendum to: Assessing woody vegetation cover change in north-west Australian savanna using aerial photography." International Journal of Wildland Fire 13, no. 1 (2004): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03022_co.

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Models to calibrate tree and shrub cover assessed from aerial photography with field measurements were developed for a range of vegetation types in north-western Australia. The models verify previous studies indicating that woody cover can be successfully determined from aerial photography. The calibration models were applied to estimates of woody vegetation cover determined for 279 randomly located sample areas in the Ord–Victoria Rivers region using aerial photography from 1948 to 1950 and 1988 to 1997. Overstorey cover increased from a regional average of 11.5% to 13.5% and understorey cover increased from 1.3% to 2.0%. Downs, Limestone Hills and Alluvia land-types showed the most substantial increases in overstorey cover while overstorey cover in the Limestone plains land-type decreased. Relatively open structured vegetation is most susceptible to thickening. Rainfall records reveal an extreme multi-year rainfall deficit in the study area in the 1930s and relatively wet times in the 1970s and 1980s. Interpretation of a limited set of aerial photographs taken between 1964 and 1972 suggests that most of the increases in cover have occurred since this time. The study highlights the possibility that the average trend of vegetation thickening represents recovery during the relatively wet times after the 1970s. There was no relationship between structural change and a grazing intensity surrogate (distance of sample points to stock watering-points). However, the causes of structural change are undoubtedly multi-factored and the relative contributions of climate, fire and grazing vary for different landscapes and tree species.

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Spencer, Ray D. "Small format aerial photography: methods and achievements in Australian forestry." Australian Forestry 61, no. 4 (January 1998): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1998.10674751.

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Spencer, R. D. "FILM TRIALS OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR FORESTRY IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA." Photogrammetric Record 9, no. 51 (August 26, 2006): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1978.tb00431.x.

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Zagalikis, G., A. D. Cameron, and D. R. Miller. "The application of digital photogrammetry and image analysis techniques to derive tree and stand characteristics." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-030.

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Ground-based forest inventory surveys can provide highly accurate measurements of tree and stand characteristics, but these are expensive to carry out. Aerial photography has been used for several decades as a tool in forest management and inventory. However, conventional methods of interpretation are both time-consuming and costly, with results varying among interpreters. With continuing development of personal computer technology, aerial photographs have become more accessible for digital analysis. This paper presents the potential operational use of digitized aerial photographs for the estimation of tree and stand characteristics of two forest plantations of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) in Scotland. The digitized aerial photographs were processed using softcopy photogrammetry, and image analysis techniques were used for individual tree crown delineation. For the first site the estimations of stand top height, basal area, volume, biomass, and density (23.7%) were similar to the ground-measured stand characteristics (±10%), whereas for the second site the estimations were less accurate mainly because of the nonoptimal illumination conditions during the acquisition of the aerial photographs.

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Hall, R. J., and A. H. Aldred. "Forest regeneration appraisal with large-scale aerial photographs." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68142-1.

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The operational feasibility of using large-scale aerial photographs to quantify coniferous forest stocking and regeneration density, was assessed over 6 cutovers with a 1,700 ha total area. The project involved two stages: one to pre-stratify cutover stocking levels using 1:10,000 general-coverage, colour photos; and the second to sample intensively, stocking and density using 1:500 large-scale photos. The accuracy, cost and practical problems in using large-scale sampling photos for regeneration assessment were determined. Accuracy assessment included detectability of young trees, species interpretation, and reliability of stocking and density measurements. Stocking estimates were on average, only five percent lower than field survey results but could be calibrated using regression techniques. Large differences between field survey and photo estimates of density in stems/ha suggested such counts should not be made from large-scale photos. Density count differences were attributable to seedlings occurring in dense patches or clumps where field counts were also difficult. If survey objectives and methods are carefully planned, large-scale photos can be a suitable tool for assessing and monitoring the stocking and survival rates of coniferous forest regeneration. Key words: Forest regeneration appraisal, silviculture, inventory, sampling, large-scale photography.

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Alemdag, I. S. "Estimating ovendry mass of trembling aspen and white birch using measurements from aerial photographs." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-030.

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A pilot study tested the estimation of stem, crown, and whole-tree biomass of single trees from measurements of total tree height and crown area taken from large-scale aerial photographs. The results indicated the feasibility of this method, provided that time of photography is optimal. More extensive testing is required to confirm these encouraging preliminary results.

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Kokamägi, Kaupo, Rauno Künnapuu, and Natalja Liba. "Järvselja metsade tormikahjustuste seire mehitamata õhusõidukitega." Forestry Studies 76, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2022-0007.

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Abstract This paper provides an overview of a small research project. The object of the research was a 16 km2 forested area located in the territory of Järvselja Study and Experimental Forest, Estonia, which was damaged by storms in June 2021. The aim of the study was to investigate whether it is possible and reasonable to estimate the area of storm damage using orthophotos created from photographs collected from unmanned aircraft. The surveying was carried out on July 13–15, 2021. The data was collected via unmanned aerial vehicles with RGB-cameras on board. A multi-rotor drone DJI Phantom 3 Professional and a fixed-wing unmanned aircraft eBee X were used. In total, the eBee drone was flown 11 times to obtain 11,989 photos and the DJI drone 18 times to obtain 2,471 photos. During the project, it became clear that if there are open fields available, it is more efficient to use a fixed-wing type drone for this kind of research. However, in more difficult conditions where there are no clearances suitable for take-off and landing, a multi-rotor drone, such as the DJI, can be used instead. It can be concluded from the results of the work that although it is possible to use an unmanned aircraft for aerial photography of large forested areas, it takes a considerable amount of time for both photography and post-processing. It took 96 man-hours to collect the data and four working weeks to process the data.

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Mustonen, Jukka, Petteri Packalén, and Annika Kangas. "Automatic segmentation of forest stands using a canopy height model and aerial photography." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 6 (December 2008): 534–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580802552446.

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Massada, Avi Bar, Yohay Carmel, Gilad Even Tzur, José M. Grünzweig, and Dan Yakir. "Assessment of temporal changes in aboveground forest tree biomass using aerial photographs and allometric equations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-152.

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Studies of forest biomass dynamics typically use long-term forest inventory data, available in only a few places around the world. We present a method that uses photogrammetric measurements from aerial photographs as an alternative to time-series field measurements. We used photogrammetric methods to measure tree height and crown diameter, using four aerial photographs of Yatir Forest, a semi-arid forest in southern Israel, taken between 1978 and 2003. Height and crown-diameter measurements were transformed to biomass using an allometric equation generated from 28 harvested Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) trees. Mean tree biomass increased from 6.37 kg in 1978 to 97.01 kg in 2003. Mean plot biomass in 2003 was 2.48 kg/m2 and aboveground primary productivity over the study period ranged between 0.14 and 0.21 kg/m2 per year. There was systematic overestimation of tree height and systematic underestimation of crown diameter, which was corrected for at all time points between 1978 and 2003. The estimated biomass was significantly related to field-measured biomass, with an R2 value of 0.78. This method may serve as an alternative to field sampling for studies of forest biomass dynamics, assuming that there is sufficient spatial and temporal coverage of the investigated area using high-quality aerial photography, and that the tree tops are distinguishable in the photographs.

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Prisley, Stephen P., Jeffery A. Turner, Mark J. Brown, Erik Schilling, and Samuel G. Lambert. "Uncertainty of Forested Wetland Maps Derived from Aerial Photography." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 86, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.86.10.609.

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Forested wetlands (FWs) are economically and environmentally important, so monitoring of change is done using remote sensing by several U.S. federal programs. To better understand classification and delineation uncertainties in FW maps, we assessed agreement between National Wetlands Inventory maps based on aerial photography and field determinations at over 16 000 Forest Inventory and Analysis plots. Analyses included evaluation of temporal differences and spatial uncertainty in plot locations and wetland boundaries. User's accuracy for the wetlands map was 90% for FW and 68% for nonforested wetlands. High levels of false negatives were observed, with less than 40% of field-identified wetland plots mapped as such. Epsilon band analysis indicated that if delineation of FW boundaries in the southeastern U.S. met the data quality standards (5 meters), then the area within uncertainty bounds accounts for 15% to 30% of estimated FW area.

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Biggs, P. H., and R. D. Spencer. "New approaches to extensive forest inventory in Western Australia using large-scale aerial photography." Australian Forestry 53, no. 3 (January 1990): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1990.10676076.

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Pitt, Douglas G., Robert G. Wagner, Ronald J. Hall, Douglas J. King, Donald G. Leckie, and Ulf Runesson. "Use of remote sensing for forest vegetation management: A problem analysis." Forestry Chronicle 73, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 459–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73459-4.

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Forest managers require accurate and timely data that describe vegetation conditions on cutover areas to assess vegetation development and prescribe actions necessary to achieve forest regeneration objectives. Needs for such data are increasing with current emphasis on ecosystem management, escalating silvicultural treatment costs, evolving computer-based decision support tools, and demands for greater accountability. Deficiencies associated with field survey methods of data acquisition (e.g. high costs, subjectivity, and low spatial and temporal coverage) frequently limit decision-making effectiveness. The potential for remotely sensed data to supplement field-collected forest vegetation management data was evaluated in a problem analysis consisting of a comprehensive literature review and consultation with remote sensing and vegetation management experts at a national workshop. Among curently available sensors, aerial photographs appear to offer the most suitable combination of characteristics, including high spatial resolution, stereo coverage, a range of image scales, a variety of film, lens, and camera options, capability for geometric correction, versatility, and moderate cost. A flexible strategy that employs a sequence of 1:10,000-, 1:5,000-, and 1:500-scale aerial photographs is proposed to: 1) accurately map cutover areas, 2) facilitate location-specific prescriptions for silvicultural treatments, sampling, buffer zones, wildlife areas, etc., and 3) monitor and document conditions and activities at specific points during the regeneration period. Surveys that require very detailed information on smaller plants (<0.5-m tall) and/or individual or rare plant species are not likely to be supported by current remote sensing technologies. Recommended areas for research include : 1) digital frame cameras, or other cost-effective digital imagers, as replacements for conventional cameras, 2) computer-based classification and interpretation algorithms for digital image data, 3) relationships between image measures and physical measures, such as leaf-area index and biomass, 4) imaging standards, 5) airborne video, laser altimeters, and radar as complementary sensors, and 6) remote sensing applications in partial cutting systems. Key words: forest vegetation management, regeneration, remote sensing, aerial photography

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McTague, John Paul. "Estimation of Stand Density with Probability Proportional to Size from Aerial Photography." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 3, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/3.3.89.

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Parker, William H., Annette van Niejenhuis, and Laird Van Damme. "Base-line selection of black spruce by large-scale aerial photography." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-056.

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Following selection of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) for growing space efficiency using a base line of basal area increment vs. crown length × crown radius, the corresponding crown data were determined by large-scale (1:1250) aerial photography for 174 ground-measured trees to determine whether aerial photography would provide a more accurate and cost-effective alternative for plus-tree selection. Values obtained for ground- and photo-measured tree heights and crown lengths corresponded closely, but values of crown radii measured from the ground by a right-angle prism did not correspond in the same manner to values derived from crown horizontal projection areas on the photos. Nonetheless, the different base lines of basal area increments vs. various ground- and photo-measured crown parameters generally identified the same trees as having the greatest growing space efficiency. The inclusion of crown length together with crown radius did not improve the goodness of fit for regressions of basal area increments vs. crown parameters. Apparently, the two horizontal dimensions are adequate to describe growing space for black spruce, perhaps because its crown form is relatively constant. Our results indicate that large-scale aerial photography is well suited to plus-tree selections of black spruce if ground mesurements are not also required to establish base lines; the extra cost of the photos is offset by the greater speed in measuring tree heights or crown horizontal projection areas. Thus, while the technique is sufficiently accurate, it is not cost effective for establishing growing space efficiency base lines where the basal area increment is determined directly from increment cores.

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Iqbal, I. A., J. Osborn, C. Stone, A. Lucieer, M. Dell, and C. McCoull. "Evaluating the robustness of point clouds from small format aerial photography over a Pinus radiata plantation." Australian Forestry 81, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2018.1482799.

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Suárez, Juan C., Carlos Ontiveros, Steve Smith, and Stewart Snape. "Use of airborne LiDAR and aerial photography in the estimation of individual tree heights in forestry." Computers & Geosciences 31, no. 2 (March 2005): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2004.09.015.

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Bisseggerand, M., and U. Heiniger. "Aerial photographs reveal chestnut-blight foci." Forest Pathology 24, no. 6-7 (November 1994): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1994.tb00834.x.

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Zimmerman, Gregory, F. Wayne Bell, John Woodcock, Aaron Palmer, and Jorma Paloniemi. "Response of Breeding Songbirds to Vegetation Management in Conifer Plantations Established in Boreal Mixedwoods." Forestry Chronicle 87, no. 02 (April 2011): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-009.

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We examined the response of breeding songbird communities 11 years after four vegetation management treatments were applied. Post-treatment vegetation was characterized by manually interpreting large-scale aerial photography and estimating proportional cover of eight vegetation classes. Songbird abundance was assessed by territory mapping. Using GIS layers, number of registrations and average vegetation proportions were compared among treatments. Ordination of the relative abundance of the 11 most frequent bird species suggested differences between Vision® and untreated areas. These results show that effects of vegetation management on songbirds may be more persistent than previous studies suggest and that monitoring should continue.

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Gering, Lawrence R., and Dennis M. May. "The Relationship of Diameter at Breast Height and Crown Diameter for Four Species Groups in Hardin County, Tennessee." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 19, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/19.4.177.

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Abstract A set of simple linear regression models for predicting diameter at breast height (dbh) from crown diameter and a set of similar models for predicting crown diameter from dbh were developed for four species groups in Hardin County, TN. Data were obtained from 557 trees measured during the 1989 USDA Southern Forest Experiment Station survey of the forests of Tennessee, with supplemental aerial photographic observations. Estimates of individual tree crown diameter were obtained from ground measurements and from measurements made on 9 X 9 in. color aerial photographs (with nominal scale of 1:4,800) taken during the fall color season. In practice, users of aerial photographs can estimate dbh by measuring crown diameter, converting it to feet using the photo scale, and applying the appropriate equation. Similarly, crown diameter can be estimated from a ground measurement of dbh. This procedure may be useful in reducing the time required for field measurements. It may also be used to calculate crown diameters for datasets that include dbh but no direct measurement of crown attributes. South. J. Appl. For. 19(4):177-181.

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Morgan, Jessica L., and Sarah E. Gergel. "Automated analysis of aerial photographs and potential for historic forest mapping." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 8 (August 2013): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0492.

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Historic information regarding forest status is essential to management and conservation. Manual interpretation of aerial photography has long been the standard for forest inventory; however, manual interpretation can be subjective, inconsistent, and labor-intensive. This research compares automated techniques with manual interpretation results. First, we used an automated process (called segmentation) to delineate homogeneous stands of forests (or objects), analogous to the goal of manually delineating of polygons. Second, we used classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to classify polygons into the forest and terrain schemes used in British Columbia. Most characteristics of objects created via segmentation were similar to manually delineated polygons, as >70% of attributes were statistically similar across local, polygon, and landscape-level comparisons. Using manual interpretations for comparative reference, automated classifications produced overall accuracies ranging from 62% to 86% with per-class accuracies ranging from 0% to 96%. Automated methods yielded classifications meeting provincial overlap accuracy targets and helped identify classifications most suited to automation. Automated procedures have potential for aiding swift utilization of extensive historical photography archives with several caveats for future consideration. While automated techniques may never replicate all aspects of forest inventory classification, automated techniques may be valuable in assisting different phases of the process.

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Biggs, P. H. "Aerial tree volume functions for eucalypts in Western Australia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 1823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-251.

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Large-scale, fixed-base aerial photography is being used together with ground sampling in a major inventory of eucalypt forest in Western Australia. This paper describes the aerial tree volume functions derived for that inventory, covering species in the jarrah (Eucalyptusmarginata) forest. The equations, derived from ground measurements, predict gross bole volume from estimates of total height and vary with the site quality of the forest. They are used to predict volume from photomeasurements of total height that have been corrected for measurement error. The functions appear suitable for this forest type, although the volumes of veteran trees with severely damaged crowns are underestimated.

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Arkin, Jeremy, Nicholas C. Coops, Txomin Hermosilla, Lori D. Daniels, and Andrew Plowright. "Integrated fire severity–land cover mapping using very-high-spatial-resolution aerial imagery and point clouds." International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 11 (2019): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19008.

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Fire severity mapping is conventionally accomplished through the interpretation of aerial photography or the analysis of moderate- to coarse-spatial-resolution pre- and post-fire satellite imagery. Although these methods are well established, there is a demand from both forest managers and fire scientists for higher-spatial-resolution fire severity maps. This study examines the utility of high-spatial-resolution post-fire imagery and digital aerial photogrammetric point clouds acquired from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to produce integrated fire severity–land cover maps. To accomplish this, a suite of spectral, structural and textural variables was extracted from the UAV-acquired data. Correlation-based feature selection was used to select subsets of variables to be included in random forest classifiers. These classifiers were then used to produce disturbance-based land cover maps at 5- and 1-m spatial resolutions. By analysing maps produced using different variables, the highest-performing spectral, structural and textural variables were identified. The maps were produced with high overall accuracies (5m, 89.5±1.4%; 1m, 85.4±1.5%), with the 1-m classification produced at slightly lower accuracies. This reduction was attributed to the inclusion of four additional classes, which increased the thematic detail enough to outweigh the differences in accuracy.

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Koch, Barbara. "Stand und Perspektiven der Nutzung neuer Fernerkundungstechnologien im Waldbereich | Status and perspectives of the application of new remote sensing technologies in forestry." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 162, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2011.0156.

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Remote sensing has been used in forestry for a long time. Aerial photography has mainly been used to support national and operational inventories and medium resolution satellite data for large area inventories. Today through the availability of new technologies there are greatly extended possibilities for remote sensing in the forestry sector. The major change is the better availability of 3-D information, which allows a much better modelling of forests and forest attributes. The paper presents an overview of the newest remote sensing technologies, such as the systems carried by satellite which can be used to record changes or degradation in the area covered by forest for the global forestry resources assessment of the UN World Food and Agriculture Organisation or are examined in connection with the United Nations REDD program. Besides these, other small scale applications are presented based on optical or laser systems carried by aircraft. The article finishes with an outlook on expected developments in the near future. It is expected that the future of forestry remote sensing will be characterized above all by the combination of information obtained from diverse sources, such as data based on terrestrial and on remotely sensed sources.

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Vásconez, Norma Lara, and Hernán Chamorro Sevilla. "Uso De Los Sensores Remotos En Mediciones Forestales." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 15 (May 31, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n15p58.

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To understand the use of remote sensors in forestry measurements, some of the most relevant definitions have been taken from a wide variety that currently exist, therefore, we will say that these generally play a predominant role in the Dasometry and that all The forest resource requires qualitative and quantitative information regarding the state of the forest and its evolution over time, with sampling that follows one of the existing methods. Historically, modern discipline arises with the invention of flight and the first photographs are obtained from a balloon in the years 1858 and 1859, in 1909 and on board the airplane the first photographic observation is acquired. The first aerial camera was developed in 1915 by J.T.C. Moore, starting the interesting way forward in the techniques of aerial photography using modified combat aircraft giving way to what was called systematic aerial photography in the late 50s. The development on a global scale of the first artificial satellites, allowed remote sensing in the middle of the 20th century on board the first satellite placed in orbit is that of the TYROS series in 1960 by NASA, becoming the pioneer in missions of meteorological observation, which also led to the appearance of satellite image processing, using mathematical procedures such as the Fourier transform. During the 70s missions were promoted with the objective of exploring the solar system and the moon; giving rise to the first spatial photographs taken by Alan B. Shepard rudimentary, Subsequently, Apollo-9 was used for the first multi-spectral experiment in which 4 Hasselblad cameras with different filters were installed. On July 23, 1972, the Landsat project appeared with the launch of the first satellite of the ERTS series (Earth Resources Technology Satellite). Google Earth in the 21st century, introduces online web services making remote sensing accessible to all audiences, with many techniques and processes that allow an image of the earth's surface to be obtained remotely captured by remote sensors located on satellites or airplanes that gather the spectral and spatial relations of objects. Interferometric radar synthetic aperture They are used to producing accurate digital models of large areas of land. LiDAR(An acronym for the English Light Detection and Ranging) is a monochrome active sensor, its mode of operation consists of measuring the distance between the sensor and the target. It is less expensive compared to manual inventory is multi-purpose, allows a complete survey of the study area, is more efficient than photogrammetry. The multi-spectral acquisition is based on the collection and analysis of areas or objects that emit or reflect radiation at a higher level than nearby objects. The quality of the information collected remotely, once the correction of errors through georeferencing with the help of specialized programs, will depend on their resolutions: spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal.

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Gering, Lawrence R., and Dennis M. May. "Point-Sampling of Tree Crowns Using Aerial Photographs for Forest Inventory." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/21.1.28.

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Abstract Aerial-photo angle-gauges were designed and constructed for developing a procedure for using variable-radius plot sampling for forest inventory of natural stands in Hardin and Wayne Counties, Tennessee. Data were obtained during the 1989 USDA Southern Forest Experiment Station survey of the forests of Tennessee, with supplemental aerial photographic measurements. Photo-based cruises of the two counties were made on 9 x 9 in. color aerial photographs (with a nominal scale of 1:4,800) taken during the fall color season. Photo cruises were compared to traditional ground-based cruises, and great differences were observed in number of trees, basal area, and merchantable volume. Evaluation of empirical diameter distributions revealed that the photo-based inventory failed to tally many of the smaller diameter trees. The development of the angle-gauge is theoretically sound, but results from its use are questionable due to differences with corresponding ground-based inventories. South. J. Appl. For. 21(1):28-36.

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Maltamo, M., J. Malinen, P. Packalén, A. Suvanto, and J. Kangas. "Nonparametric estimation of stem volume using airborne laser scanning, aerial photography, and stand-register data." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-246.

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In forest management planning and forestry decision-making there is a continuous need for higher quality information on forest resources. The aim of this study was to improve the quality of forest resource information acquired by airborne laser scanning by combining it with aerial images and current stand-register data. A k-MSN (most similar neighbor) application was constructed for the prediction of the plot and stand volumes of standing trees. The application constructed used various data sources, including laser scanner data, aerial digital photographs, class variables describing a stand, and updated old stand volumes. The ability of these data sources to predict stem volume was tested together and separately. In the airborne laser scanner data based k-MSN application, characteristics of canopy quantiles were used as independent variables. The results show that with respect to individual plot and stand volume estimation approaches, the laser-based technique is a superior one. The results were improved further when other information sources were used together with the laser scanner data. Using a combination of laser scanner data, aerial images, and class variables (on the grounds of the current forest database) improved the root mean square error (RMSE) of the estimated plot volume by 15% (from 16% to 13%) as compared to using laser scanner data on their own. When the results were averaged at the stand level, the accuracy improved considerably, but the use of other information sources together with airborne laser scanner data did not further improve the results as it did at the plot level. The RMSE of stand volume was about 6% in all data combinations where airborne laser scanning information was used. One conclusion is that making use of additional available data sources together with laser material improves the reliability of plot volume estimates. As these additional data typically mean no extra material costs (since they are available in any case), making combined use of these data and laser scanner data improves the cost efficiency of a forest inventory.

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Jauhiainen, Sinikka, Markus Holopainen, and Annukka Rasinmäki. "Monitoring peatland vegetation by means of digitized aerial photographs." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 2 (April 2007): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580701217620.

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Shelstad, Dixon, Lloyd Queen, David French, and Daniel Fitzpatrick. "Describing the Spread of Oak Wilt Using a Geographic Information System." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 17, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1991.047.

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The oak wilt fungus (C. fagacearum) spreads both through root grafts to adjacent trees and via insects over longer distances. Effective control of the disease requires a better understanding of the spatial and temporal components of both types of spread. Towards that end, color infrared aerial photography covering a ten-year interval of time was interpreted and then analyzed using a GIS for purposes of describing spread rates and areas affected. The GIS allowed rapid and thorough assessment of both overland and local disease spread. New infection centers were found to occur at greater distances than previously reported, and these new centers accounted in total for the most significant component of increase in total area affected by the fungus.

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Everitt, J. H., D. E. Escobar, D. N. Appel, W. G. Riggs, and M. R. Davis. "Using Airborne Digital Imagery for Detecting Oak Wilt Disease." Plant Disease 83, no. 6 (June 1999): 502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.6.502.

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Color-infrared (CIR) digital imagery was evaluated as a remote sensing tool for detecting oak wilt disease in live oak (Quercus fusiformis). Aerial CIR digital imagery and CIR photography were obtained concurrently of a live oak forested area in south-central Texas affected by oak wilt. Dead, diseased, and healthy live oak trees could generally be delineated as well in the digital imagery as in the CIR photography. Light reflectance measurements obtained in the field showed that dead, diseased, and healthy trees had different visible and near-infrared reflectance values.

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Dell, M., C. Stone, J. Osborn, M. Glen, C. McCoull, A. Rimbawanto, B. Tjahyono, and C. Mohammed. "Detection of necrotic foliage in a young Eucalyptus pellita plantation using unmanned aerial vehicle RGB photography – a demonstration of concept." Australian Forestry 82, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2019.1621588.

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Ucar, Zennure, Pete Bettinger, Krista Merry, Jacek Siry, J. M. Bowker, and Ramazan Akbulut. "A comparison of two sampling approaches for assessing the urban forest canopy cover from aerial photography." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 16 (2016): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.03.001.

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Laquerre, Simon, Brian D. Harvey, and Alain Leduc. "Spatial analysis of response of trembling aspen patches to clearcutting in black spruce-dominated stands." Forestry Chronicle 87, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc87077-1.

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While expansion of intolerant hardwoods, including trembling aspen, has been recognized as a problem by boreal forestmanagers in eastern Canada, the problem has mostly been associated with the boreal mixedwood and, with a few exceptions,the spatial aspects of the phenomenon have not been well documented in the scientific literature. The objective ofthis study is to evaluate how the density and size of aspen patches influence the change in density, size and persistence ofpatches following clearcutting of black spruce forests in the claybelt region of northwestern Quebec. To do this, we finelyinterpreted: 1) aerial photos taken between 1970 and 1979 of 12 mature black spruce-dominated stands containing varyingsizes and densities of aspen patches prior to being clearcut harvested and 2) aerial photos taken between 1992 and1995 of the 12 resulting clearcuts, 11 to 18 years after harvesting. Sketch maps of pre- and post-harvest aspen presencewere rasterized and changes in aspen patch size and cover were determined. As well, the probabilities of aspen colonizationwith increasing distance from pre-harvest patches were calculated for each site. Black spruce forests of the claybeltcontaining no aspen prior to harvesting are relatively resistant to aspen invasion. However, when forests do contain aspenpatches with cover values ≤25%, almost 60% of these patches increase to a higher density class. Aspen patches less than 2ha in area had about a 50% probability of disappearing following clearcutting whereas larger patches had about a 96%chance of persisting as a result of clearcutting. In the black spruce forest of the claybelt, thick organic layers appear to havea negative effect on aspen recruitment. Distances of regenerating aspen from pre-harvest patches suggest that recruitmentfrom seed is more important than previously thought. Key words: encroachment, trembling aspen, clearcutting, black spruce, claybelt, aerial photography

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St-Onge, Benoît, Julien Jumelet, Mario Cobello, and Cédric Véga. "Measuring individual tree height using a combination of stereophotogrammetry and lidar." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 2122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-093.

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Photogrammetric methods using parallaxes can be employed to measure tree heights on aerial photographs. Because it is often impossible to measure ground elevation near trees growing in dense forests, such height measurements remain prone to error. Our objective was to solve this problem by combining a stereomodel and a digital terrain model (DTM) produced by an airborne-scanning system that uses light detection and ranging (lidar). A stereopair of scanned aerial photographs was first registered to a lidar DTM. The elevation of the apex of 202 Thuja occidentalis (L.) individuals was measured by an observer on a digital photogrammetric workstation. The tree base elevations were read from the lidar DTM and subtracted from the corresponding apex elevations to calculate individual tree heights. These were then compared with the heights measured in the field. The average photo-lidar bias was 0.59 m, and the average deviation of 1.01 m decreased to 0.88 m when the bias was removed. It was demonstrated that the photographic clearness of the tree apices influences the height error, while the density of the lidar echoes under the forest canopy does not. Using this method, retrospective studies of changes in tree height become feasible by using archived aerial photographs and recent lidar DTMs.

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Hua, Ye Rong, and Ma Jian Wei. "An aerial photograph auto-interpretation system for forest resource inventory." Journal of Northeast Forestry University 1, no. 1 (November 1990): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02874688.

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Rodrigues-Eklund, Gabriela, Matthew C. Hansen, Alexandra Tyukavina, Stephen V. Stehman, Klaus Hubacek, and Giovanni Baiocchi. "Sample-Based Estimation of Tree Cover Change in Haiti Using Aerial Photography: Substantial Increase in Tree Cover between 2002 and 2010." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091243.

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Recent studies have used high resolution imagery to estimate tree cover and changes in natural forest cover in Haiti. However, there is still no rigorous quantification of tree cover change accounting for planted or managed trees, which are very important in Haiti’s farming systems. We estimated net tree cover change, gross loss, and gross gain in Haiti between 2002 and 2010 from a stratified random sample of 400 pixels with a systematic sub-sample of 25 points. Using 30 cm and 1 m resolution images, we classified land cover at each point, with any point touching a woody plant higher than 5 m classified as tree crown. We found a net increase in tree crown cover equivalent to 5.0 ± 2.3% (95% confidence interval) of Haiti’s land area. Gross gains and losses amounted to 9.0 ± 2.1% and 4.0 ± 1.3% of the territory, respectively. These results challenge, for the first time with empirical evidence, the predominant narrative that portrays Haiti as experiencing ongoing forest or tree cover loss. The net gain in tree cover quantified here represents a 35% increase from 2002 to 2010. Further research is needed to determine the drivers of this substantial net gain in tree cover at the national scale.

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BERGEN, KATHLEEN, ZHENZHEN ZHANG, GERALD TYRRELL, KAREN VON KLUGE, and JACOB RUMSCHLAG. "Mapping Forest and Surrounding Landscape Changes 1949-2015 at the University of Michigan's Historic Forestry Education Properties." Michigan Academician 45, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 241–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7245/0026-2005-45.2.241.

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ABSTRACT Three forested properties owned by the University of Michigan and near to Ann Arbor were the sites of some of the earliest forestry field education in the USA. No longer managed solely for this purpose after the mid-1960s, and at the same time nested within a rapidly developing area of Michigan, current planning for the properties focuses on melding their historic legacy with renewed ecologically and sustainably sound uses. We developed new maps and knowledge of forest and land change within and surrounding the properties between 1949 and 2015. We acquired aerial photography at 5-10 year intervals, created land-cover/land-use and change data, and identified key trajectories of change. Results within Saginaw Forest (established 1904) showed a consistent amount of forest area, but transitions in some observed overstory composition from coniferous to mixed forest between 1949 and 2015. Within the present-day extent of Stinchfield Woods and the Newcomb Tract (established 1925-1955), forest area increased from 68% to 98% and 51% to 93% respectively between 1949 and 2015, as forest plantations and other regrowth replaced former cleared lands. In 0.5 km-wide buffer areas surrounding the properties, agriculture decreased, and urban uses increased dramatically between 1949 and 2015 for all three sites. Forested land cover has also increased on the surrounding landscapes, again replacing agriculture and grassland. The properties today still display the legacies of their historic forestry education and research, and are living laboratories of natural succession in planted forests. The properties now also represent some of the most protected local lands while the landscapes surrounding them continue to change.

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Minnich, RA, and CJ Bahre. "Wildland Fire and Chaparral Succession Along the California Baja-California Boundary." International Journal of Wildland Fire 5, no. 1 (1995): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9950013.

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The United States-Mexico international boundary from ElPaso, Texas to the Pacific Coast shows clear differences in plant communities that were homogeneous prior to being split by a continuous fence at the turn of the century. This study evaluates how disparate fire regimes in California (fire suppression) and northern Baja California (little or no fire control) have influenced succession in the chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) chaparral communities spanning the international boundary between the border towns of Jacume and Tecate. Fire history was reconstructed using U.S. Forest Service fire maps and repeat aerial photography. Once plotted onto topographic maps and dated, the burns were divided into age-classes and sampled using 50 m point-quarter transects to develop successional chronosequences. Although fires are more frequent and smaller on the Mexican side of the border, our repeat photographs of the boundary monument markers together with field samples show that chaparral succession is similar across the international boundary in species composition, stem densities, and average mass shrub height. Chamise chaparral appears to be stable under disparate fire regimes because sprouting habits and latent seed pools permit efficient stand establishment under either short or long fire intervals. Chaparral recovery during the period examined here is unrelated to fire size because recolonization of burns by long-range seed dispersal is not a trait of the majority of the local shrub species and the shrubs either resprout. or germinate from soil seed reservoirs.

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Waters, William E., and Robert W. Graebner. "Sampling Aerial Photographs for Estimation of Pest-Caused Tree Mortality." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 1, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/1.3.84.

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Abstract Six methods of estimating pest-caused tree mortality were evaluated by computer-based sampling of the aerial photo and numerical database of a 9,320 ha area of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in the central Sierra Nevada, California. Two sampling universes were defined, one comprising 9 X 9 in photo units, the other 70 mm photo units. Of the sampling designs simulated, 2-stage designs involving subsampling of photo strips with either equal or variable probability provided estimates with the lowest standard deviations, and hence would require smaller sample sizes (and less photo-interpretation time) for a specified precision. The findings of this study have application to operational surveys of pest damage for which complete aerial photo coverage is available, or to the design of surveys for which only sample aerial photo coverage is feasible. West J. Appl. For. 1:84-89, July 1986.

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Bilodeau, Jean-Marie, and Kim Lowell. "The Accuracy of Differential Monorestitution Relative to Conventional Data Transfer Methods for Aerial Photographs." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 14, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/14.4.183.

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Abstract Forest maps are still today being constructed predominantly by transferring information from aerial photographs to maps using relatively imprecise manual tools such as a Sketchmaster. (Another name for this or a similar apparatus is a Zoom Transfer Scope.) Such devices correct for as much photographic distortion as possible using relatively crude manual methods. New geomatics¹ technologies like differential monorestitution (DM) coupled with modern computing power provide an efficient alternative for this data transfer which has the potential to improve the quality of the final forest maps. But the question remains: what is the magnitude of the locational improvement possible with DM and how is it affected by different topography? A study was undertaken to answer this question. Comparisons between DM and conventional data transfer/mapping methods were conducted for forest maps on which three different types of topography were present. The results from each method were also compared to GPS points recorded along a road. Results suggest that DM provides a considerable improvement in accuracy over conventional methods for transferring information from aerial photographs to orthographic maps in forestry. Moreover, DM requires a comparable amount of operator time as conventional methods to obtain this improvement. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):183-188.

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Greene, Roger H. "Airborne Video Digital Data for Resource Analysis and Management in the Northeast." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/5.2.117.

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Abstract Airborne video data in digital form provides an inexpensive alternative to aerial photography to provide up-to-date information on the size, kinds, and distribution of forest types. Its capability to be incorporated into a geographic information system can augment the value of information produced during analysis. In Maine, Landmark Applied Technologies has developed and is using a system which includes acquiring the video imagery, extracting scenes in digital form, analyzing these data, and incorporating them into an Intergraph GIS to provide a mechanism for rapid updating of spatial data bases. North. J. Appl. For. 5:117-120, June 1988.

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Tiner, Ralph W. "Use of high-altitude aerial photography for inventorying forested wetlands in the United States." Forest Ecology and Management 33-34 (June 1990): 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90221-v.

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Holopainen, Markus, and Guangxing Wang. "Accuracy of digitized aerial photographs for assessing forest habitats at plot level." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 13, no. 1-4 (January 1998): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827589809383011.

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Feng, Zbu, and Fan Wenyi. "The developing method of AI software for application of aerial photograph (AIAAP)." Journal of Northeast Forestry University 6, no. 4 (December 1995): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02842949.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Aerial photography in forestry'

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