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1
SHIRAO, Motomaro. "Aerial Photography for Geomorphology and Geology." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 106, no. 1 (1997): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.106.105.
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Boike, Julia, and Kenji Yoshikawa. "Mapping of periglacial geomorphology using kite/balloon aerial photography." Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 14, no. 1 (January 2003): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.437.
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Livingstone, David, Jonathan Raper, and Timothy McCarthy. "Integrating aerial videography and digital photography with terrain modelling: an application for coastal geomorphology." Geomorphology 29, no. 1-2 (August 1999): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-555x(99)00007-0.
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Khomarudin, M. Rokhis, Suwarsono, Dini Oktavia Ambarwati, and Gunawan Prabowo. "THE USE OF HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGES TO EVALUATE THE EVENT OF FLOODS AND TO ANALYSIS THE RISK REDUCTION CASE STUDY: KAMPUNG PULO, JAKARTA." International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) 11, no. 2 (April 12, 2017): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.ijreses.2014.v11.a2610.
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The flood hit Kampung Pulo region in almost every year. This disaster has caused the evacuation of some residents in weeks. Given the frequency of occurrence is quite high in the region it is necessary to do a study to support disaster risk reduction. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of flooding that occurred in Kampung Pulo in terms of topography, river conditions, characteristics of the building, and socioeconomic conditions. Methods of study include geomorphology analysis, identification of areas of stagnant, the estimated number of people exposed, the estimation of socio-economic conditions of the population, as well as determining the location of an evacuation. The data used is high-resolution remote sensing imagery is QuickBird and SPOT-6. It also used the results of aerial photography using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Aerial photography was conducted on January 18, 2013, which is when the serious flooding that inundated almost the entire region of Kampung Pulo. Information risk level of buildings and population resulting from this study were obtained by using GIS. The results obtained from this study can be used to develop recommendations and strategies for flood mitigation in Kampung Pulo, Jakarta. One of them is the determination of the location for vertical evacuation plan in the affected areas.
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García-Romero, Leví, Antonio I. Hernández-Cordero, Elisabeth Fernández-Cabrera, Carolina Peña-Alonso, Luis Hernández-Calvento, and Emma Pérez-Chacón. "Urban-touristic impacts on the aeolian sedimentary systems of the Canary Islands: conflict between development and conservation." Island Studies Journal 11, no. 1 (2016): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.336.
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Aeolian sedimentary systems in the Canary Islands differ from other European and African systems due to climate, vegetation and isolation. In turn, they experience high human pressure from touristic development. This paper analyzes the impact of urban-touristic development in four aeolian sedimentary systems in the Canaries: Maspalomas, Corralejo, Lambra and Jable Sur. Spatial and surface change variables related to vegetation and geomorphology are obtained by photo-interpretation of historical aerial photography and current orthophotos. Results indicate that systems affected by urban-touristic development have witnessed significant environmental change. In contrast, the systems not impacted by building and construction of infrastructure show minor changes.
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Triyono, T. "Tinjauan Geografis "Litoralisasi" di Kawasan Pesisir Selatan Yogyakarta." Forum Geografi 23, no. 1 (July 20, 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v23i1.4994.
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"Littoralization" can be geographically studied based on geomorphological approach and landuse system. The method of coastal geography provides useful data of geomorphology and landuse system. This research was conducted in the coastal area of south of Yogyakarta. To process spatial data was used Geographic Information System (GIS) methods (i.e. Aerial photography, satellite imagery, and field observation results). The results showed that the research area has a volcanic sandy coastal typology with flat to sloping topography. Further, this typology is divided into three units of typology, the active beach ridge and sand dunes, non-active beach ridge, and the foot hills. Development of the settlements tends toward the sea due to economic dependence on beach tourism.
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Skowronek, Ewa, Teresa Brzezińska-Wójcik, and Waldemar Kociuba. "How to Create a Geocultural Site’s Content–Huta Różaniecka Case Study (SE Poland)." Sustainability 16, no. 5 (March 6, 2024): 2193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16052193.
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This study concerns the design of a geocultural site in Huta Różaniecka. It is one of 166 sites prepared for the Kamienny Las na Roztoczu (Roztocze Stone Forest) Geopark project. The site is distinguished, on the one hand, by its interesting geology and geomorphology (exposures of Miocene sea shore with numerous fossils) and, on the other hand, by its quarries, stonemasonry traditions, and buildings (ruins of the Greek Catholic church). The aim of this paper is to present a model for building specialized documentation using a wide range of source materials, methods (field inventory, queries, interviews, high-precision Light Detection and Ranging-LiDAR measurements), tools (Leica ScanStation C10 laser scanner), and techniques (photography, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-UAV, Terrestrial Laser Scanning-TLS). The applied research procedure model led to the construction of specialized documentation relating to the spatial dimension, natural features, and cultural context of the site. Taking into account the collected data, it should be concluded that the projected geocultural site at Huta Różaniecka, irrespective of the creation of a geopark, has great potential to build a tourist product that is attractive to a wide range of visitors.
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Benxing, Zheng. "Glacial Geomorphological Map (1:200 000) of Mt. Tomur Region, Tianshan (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500001610.
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The Glacial Geomorphological Map (1:200 000) of Mt, Tomur Region, Tianshan, covers 78°33′ – 81°10′E and 41° 08′ – 42° 44′N, with high mountains, deep valleys and many snow peaks, the highest being Mt. Tomur (7435.3 a.s.l.). There are many glaciers in this region with a total area of 4553.69 km2. The melt water from glaciers irrigates the large oasis of Aksu, in the piedmont region in southern Xingjiang and waters the valley plain of Teks River in the Yili area. From piedmont plain to highest mountain summit, the vertical zonality of geomorphology is quite clear, rich in various geomorphological types, representing alpine geomorphology of the arid desert in Central Asia.The author joined the glacial/geomorphological expedition to the Mt. Tomur Region in 1963, 1973 and 1974, and, in the process of mapping, cooperated closely with mapping engineers. This involved extensive use of aerial photographs, satellite images, large-scale topographic maps, geological maps, geomorphological maps and other data, and comprehensive analyses, comparisons, and judgements of data.Special emphasis was placed on existing glaciers and the geomorphology of Quaternary glaciers, according to form, composition and relative chronological periods. The geomorphology was divided into five great systems, i.e. glacial, fluvio-glacial, fluvial, arid and artificial. Twenty-four geomorphic types were defined as the basic elements of the geomorphological map and shown in different colours and by various marks, while old and Neozoic faults were shown by black line marks. There are representative heights on all geomorphological zones. Colour brush-shading added much to the stereo effect.Below the main map, the longitudinal and cross sections of Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the Tialan valley, the stratigraphical columnar profile of West Zamtia and the fluvial/lacustrine deposit profile of the Loska basin were attached, showing the stratigraphical relation between the glacial and non-glacial deposit and the basis for the divisions of the glacial and inter-glacial periods.
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Benxing, Zheng. "Glacial Geomorphological Map (1:200 000) of Mt. Tomur Region, Tianshan (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500001610.
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The Glacial Geomorphological Map (1:200 000) of Mt, Tomur Region, Tianshan, covers 78°33′ – 81°10′E and 41° 08′ – 42° 44′N, with high mountains, deep valleys and many snow peaks, the highest being Mt. Tomur (7435.3 a.s.l.). There are many glaciers in this region with a total area of 4553.69 km2. The melt water from glaciers irrigates the large oasis of Aksu, in the piedmont region in southern Xingjiang and waters the valley plain of Teks River in the Yili area. From piedmont plain to highest mountain summit, the vertical zonality of geomorphology is quite clear, rich in various geomorphological types, representing alpine geomorphology of the arid desert in Central Asia. The author joined the glacial/geomorphological expedition to the Mt. Tomur Region in 1963, 1973 and 1974, and, in the process of mapping, cooperated closely with mapping engineers. This involved extensive use of aerial photographs, satellite images, large-scale topographic maps, geological maps, geomorphological maps and other data, and comprehensive analyses, comparisons, and judgements of data. Special emphasis was placed on existing glaciers and the geomorphology of Quaternary glaciers, according to form, composition and relative chronological periods. The geomorphology was divided into five great systems, i.e. glacial, fluvio-glacial, fluvial, arid and artificial. Twenty-four geomorphic types were defined as the basic elements of the geomorphological map and shown in different colours and by various marks, while old and Neozoic faults were shown by black line marks. There are representative heights on all geomorphological zones. Colour brush-shading added much to the stereo effect. Below the main map, the longitudinal and cross sections of Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the Tialan valley, the stratigraphical columnar profile of West Zamtia and the fluvial/lacustrine deposit profile of the Loska basin were attached, showing the stratigraphical relation between the glacial and non-glacial deposit and the basis for the divisions of the glacial and inter-glacial periods.
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Choi, Mikyoung, Yasuhiro Takemon, Wansik Yu, and Kwansue Jung. "Ecological evaluation of reach scale channel configuration based on habitat structures for river management." Journal of Hydroinformatics 20, no. 3 (March 29, 2018): 622–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2018.139.
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Abstract Ecological evaluation of riverbed geomorphology is essential for environmental assessment of river works as well as for establishment of target images in river management planning. In this paper, we analyzed inter-relationships between the reach-scale channel configuration (RSCC) and habitat structure on the riverbed based on the historical changes of riverbed geomorphology on the Kizu River in Japan. The analyses used nine sets of aerial photographs taken from 1948 to 2012, which resulted in a total of eight RSCC types classified as Single Sinuous, Semi-Wandering-Straight, S-W-Sinuous, Wandering-Straight, W-Sinuous, Bifurcated-Straight, B-Sinuous, and Braided Sinuous. Aquatic habitats were classified into four lotic habitats (Main Slow, Secondary Slow, Gently Bending Riffle, and Sharply Bending Riffle) and four lentic habitats (Bar-Head Wando, Bar-Tail Wando, Active Pond, and Terrace Pond), and their richness and diversity indices were analyzed in relation to RSCC types. The results showed that Braided Sinuous channels had the maximum number of habitats, and Wandering-Straight and Bifurcated-Sinuous channels showed higher habitat diversity than the others. These results indicated that the target image of the Kizu River management will be Braided-Sinuous channels in terms of habitat abundance, whereas they will be Wandering-Straight and Bifurcated-Sinuous channels from the aspect of habitat diversity.
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López-Martínez, J., T. Schmid, E. Serrano, S. Mink, A. Nieto, and S. Guillaso. "Geomorphology and landforms distribution in selected ice-free areas in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Northern Peninsula region." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 42, no. 2 (September 13, 2016): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.2965.
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Ice-free areas cover a small percentage of the land in the South Shetland Islands. However, they are significant as they contain ecosystems highly sensitive to environmental changes and are located within a region affected by global warming. These areas are dominated by periglacial, glacial, fluvial, and coastal processes and landforms, where permafrost is often present. Soil development is observed although vegetation cover is sparse and closely related to the geomorphology. The mapping and monitoring of ice-free areas is important as they are highly sensitive to climate change. The objective of this study was to characterize and map surface landforms in ice-free areas using traditional mapping methods as well as advanced remote sensing techniques. Geomorphological and topographical maps were initially obtained through field measurements and observations, and complemented with existing aerial photography at scales between 1:2000 and 1:25000. Thereafter, satellite-borne data became available and were included in the methodology to further determine the distribution of the landforms. In the Antarctic environment, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) provides the most reliable images as data can be obtained in any weather conditions as well as during the day and night. Fully polarimetric SAR RADARSAT-2 were used to determine seven different terrain classes representing surface landforms in ice-free areas around Maxwell Bay (King George Island). The SAR remote sensing techniques were successfully applied to identify different periglacial, fluvial, glacial, coastal, as well as lithological landforms. Field data from Fildes Peninsula were used to train a supervised classifier to map further areas around Maxwell Bay. In this case, the ice-free areas around Maxwell Bay clearly show the dominance of periglacial landforms and processes. Therefore, these techniques can be used to compare past and future results and to monitor areas affected by changing environmental factors and increasing human activities.
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Georgiou, Efthymios Spyridon. "The Urbanism and Geography in Green Regions of Europe." Journal of Geography and Cartography 6, no. 2 (January 29, 2024): 2926. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jgc.v6i2.2926.
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This article refers to Hallstatt in Austria and Ioannina in Greece. The goals analyze the two locations that have similarities in geometric shape, digital elevation model (DEM), and geomorphology. Firstly, Hallsatt’s advances were more technical than aesthetic. There is a general tendency towards extravagance and baroque and Greco-Oriental influences. Secondly, Ioannina is a mountainous city located around Lake Pamvotis. The geometry develops parallel to the lake. The city experiences many cultures. The ancient city had an urban planning that characterized the Ottoman Empire. In the old part, there is the castle, old stone streets, wooden houses, and the house of the Greek Muslim Ali Pasha. The author obtains numerous aerial photographs using Google Earth software. The photographs were received dynamically for all the perimeters of the regions. In short, the cartographer has between 15 and 20 photographs. The next step is to align the photographs in Zephyr photogrammetry software. Configuring resolutions, distance, camera locations, contrast, and brightness is essential. The final products are the 3D texture, 3D model, and orthophotos from Hallstatt and Ioannina. Digital products are suitable for measuring areas, circumferences, and heights. Furthermore, digital products represent a digital archiving practice: conservation and visualization are crucial factors today as they share, represent, promote, and document urban planning, historical memory, and the natural environment.
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Oguchi, Takashi. "Geomorphological mapping based on DEMs and GIS: A review." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-275-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Geomorphology is a scientific discipline dealing with the characteristics, origin, and evolution of landforms. It utilizes topographic data such as spot height information, contour lines on topographic maps, and DEMs (Digital Elevation Models). Topographic data were traditionally obtained by ground surveying, but introduction of aerial photogrammetry in the early 20th century enabled more efficient data acquisition based on remote sensing. In recent years, active remote sensing methods including airborne and terrestrial laser scanning and applications of satellite radar have also been employed, and aerial photogrammetry has become easier and popular thanks to drones and a new photogrammetric method, SfM (Structure from Motion). The resultant topographic data especially raster DEMs are combined with GIS (Geographic Information Systems) to obtain derivatives such as slope and aspect as well as to conduct efficient geomorphological mapping. Resultant maps can depict various topographic characteristics based on surface height and DEM derivatives, and applications of advanced algorithms and some heuristic reasoning permit semi-automated landform classification. This quantitative approach differs from traditional and more qualitative methods to produce landform classification maps using visual interpretation of analogue aerial photographs and topographic maps as well as field observations.</p><p>For scientific purposes, landforms need to be classified based on not only shape characteristics but also formation processes and ages. Among them, DEMs only represent shape characteristics, and understanding formation processes and ages usually require other data such as properties of surficial deposits observed in the field. However, numerous geomorphological studies indicate relationships between shapes and forming-processes of landforms, and even ages of landforms affect shapes such as a wider distribution of dissected elements within older landforms. Recent introduction of artificial intelligence in geomorphology including machine learning and deep learning may permit us to better understand the relationships of shapes with processes and ages. Establishing such relationships, however, is still highly challenging, and at this moment most geomorphologists think landform classification maps based on the traditional methods are more usable than those from the DEM-based methods. Nevertheless, researchers of some other fields such as civil engineering more appreciate the DEM-based methods because they can be conducted without deep geomorphological knowledge. Therefore, the methods should be developed for interdisciplinary understanding. This paper reviews and discusses such complex situations of geomorphological mapping today in relation to historical development of methodology.</p>
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Hendrickx, Hanne, Lars De Sloover, Cornelis Stal, Reynald Delaloye, Jan Nyssen, and Amaury Frankl. "Talus slope geomorphology investigated at multiple time scales from high‐resolution topographic surveys and historical aerial photographs (Sanetsch Pass, Switzerland)." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 45, no. 14 (September 13, 2020): 3653–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.4989.
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Thin, Nguen Nghia, Nguen Ba Thu, and Tran Van Thuy. "Classification of vegetation in Cucphuong National Park with the aim of large-scale mapping, Vietnam." Geobotanical mapping, no. 1994-1995 (1996): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/geobotmap/1994-1995.64.
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The tropical seasonal rainy evergreen broad-leaved forest vegetation of the Cucphoung National Park has been classified and the distribution of plant communities has been shown on the map using the relations of vegetation to geology, geomorphology and pedology. The method of vegetation mapping includes: 1) the identifying of vegetation types in the remote-sensed materials (aerial photographs and satellite images); 2) field work to compile the interpretation keys and to characterize all the communities of a study area; 3) compilation of the final vegetation map using the combined information. In the classification presented a number of different level vegetation units have been identified: formation classes (3), formation sub-classes (3), formation groups (3), formations (4), subformations (10) and communities (19). Communities have been taken as mapping units. So in the vegetation map of the National Park 19 vegetation categories has been shown altogether, among them 13 are natural primary communities, and 6 are the secondary, anthropogenic ones. The secondary succession goes through 3 main stages: grassland herbaceous xerophytic vegetation, xerophytic scrub, dense forest.
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Rahim, Afiq F. A., Abd Rasid Jaapar, and Zakaria Mohamad. "Landslide Mapping And Characterization For Agriculturally Intensive Mountainous Region Of Cameron Highlands, Malaysia." Bulletin Of The Geological Society Of Malaysia 72 (November 15, 2021): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bgsm72202114.
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Relatively cool tropical climate with high annual rainfall experienced in mountainous tropical region creates favorable agricultural areas where intensive agricultural practices often correlate with increasing landslide events. While it has long been associated with landslides, agricultural practice in such areas especially in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia continues to flourish with minimal regard to environmental sustainability and safety. Therefore, this study aims to confirm the relationship between human activities and landslide occurrences and identify human practices that directly or indirectly cause landslides. Aerial photograph was used to identify landslides and anthropogenic features while other remotely sensed data including Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) were used to establish the geomorphology of study area. A total of 207 landslides were identified in a 25 km2 area from remote sensing study and field mapping. They were superimposed over several potential contributing factors including geology, slope gradient and human activities. This study found that landslides are more likely to occur in areas greater than 15° of slope angle. The main factor, however, is the human factor where 164 landslides (79.22% of total identified landslides) were located in agricultural lands. Poorly planned and engineered agricultural farms were identified as the main causal factors for landslide occurrences at the study area, either directly or indirectly. These issues were observed through remote sensing study using aerial photograph which were then verified through site observations. New district development plan called for a stricter regulations in new tourism and agricultural developments. Improvements should also be implemented on existing agricultural activities where most of these landslides were located at this area. Therefore, in addition to controlling new developments, improving of existing agricultural practices in Cameron Highlands shall be a major focus in ensuring slope safety and their sustainability.
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Dolgopolov, Daniil V., Maxim Yu Baborykin, and Vyacheslav A. Melkiy. "MONITORING OF HAZARDOUS GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF PIPELINE TRANSPORT FACILITIES BY REMOTE SENSING DATA." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 4, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-4-1-25-32.
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The article analyzes the natural processes in the corridor of pipeline routes that can cause defects or accidents after the completion of construction or during the operation of the pipeline system. In the transition to a digital form of management of the processes of design, construction and operation of pipeline transport facilities, one of the most important tasks is to identify and control the dynamics of natural hazards processes (NHP). Because the system has significant impact on the flow of natural processes in corridor of the highway, they can become more active and cause accidents. The sources of negative impact on the main oil pipelines are exogenous and endogenous geological processes, as well as atmospheric processes, in the zone of influence of which the oil pipeline is located. It is advisable to use laser scanning to identify and monitor of hazards geological processes (HGP). Filling the NHP database is performed in stages: first, collection and synthesis of all available materials about geology, geomorphology, tectonics, engineering geology, hydrogeology, climate and vegetation of the researcher area is performed; then a digital terrain model (DEM) is created based on air laser scanning (VLS) and aerial photography (AP) by direct decoding features with the allocation of contours of territories subject to natural processes with the classification of their types; and, finally, lists, schemes, maps compiled by result of analysis qualitative and quantitative characteristics of geological processes that have received status of NHP or HGP for designed or operated structure. Decoding of dangerous geological processes according by VLS data performed in two stages: identification of the process and determination of its type by a set of decoding features, then comparison with the standard model from the catalog by location of identification primitives on the DEM and the reference model.
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Tarigan, T. A., M. A. R. Fauzi, U. J. Wisha, and Y. Martin. "Assessment of coastal vulnerability index (CVI) and its application along the Labuhan Maringgai coast, east Lampung Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1298, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1298/1/012025.
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Abstract The Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) is one of the simplest and commonly used methods to assess coastal vulnerability. In this way, it is a common tool contributing to the decision-making process in long-term coastal planning and management. This study aims to assess the level of coastal vulnerability according to coastal typology of Labuhan Maringgai Coast section. The variable formulation of CVI is divided into hydrodynamic factors (mean significant wave heights, mean tide range, and mean sea level rise) and morpho dynamics factors, i.e. geomorphology, coastal slope, and average width of emerged beach. The morpho dynamics data were obtained through observation, direct measurements in the field by systematic sampling, extraction from aerial photographs and digital surface model (DSM). The results of modelling and predictions by several agencies are derived to obtain the hydrodynamics data. The coast of Labuhan Maringgai was divided into 12 transects and the coastal vulnerability index were classified into three categories such as low, moderate, and high. The results of CVI method showed that the most vulnerable transect is located at Desa Bandar Negeri characterized by mud flats and damaged mangroves.
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Vaudour, Emmanuelle, Michel-Claude Girard, L. M. Bremond, and L. Lurton. "Spatial terroir characterization and grape composition in the Southern Côtes-du-Rhône vineyard (Nyons-Valreas Basin)." OENO One 32, no. 4 (December 31, 1998): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1998.32.4.1043.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">In order for the characterization of terroir in vineyard situations to benefit both viticultural and wine making practices, it is necessary to consider the spatial aspect of the vineyard environment. An exploratory approach at characterising terroir in the Nyons-Valreas Basin (figure 1) considers both the spatial analysis and frequency analysis of the harvest. Data gathered from stereoscopic aerial photographic examination, satellite image processing, land surveys, and the Digital Elevation Model are combined and structured within a Geographic Information System along with the existing soil and geological data (figure 2). The result is a comprehensive soils model applicable to a relatively large area (11,340 ha). The Nyons-Valreas Basin is a neogene and quaternary sedimentary basin, and the soils found there are described by 21 soil landscape units which integrate 15 variables (table I). The area examined is considered to be representative of the surrounding regional diversity. The variables used in characterising terroir include soil types, geomorphology, lithology, stratigraphy, vegetation, land form, and land use. The various viticultural terroirs are regarded as parts of agricultural land consistent with both soil landscapes and harvest/wine responses. Multivariate clustering of the soil landscape units indicates that there exists 7 distinct viticultural terroirs, essentially on the basis of geomorphology and soils (figures 3 and 4, table II). Four distinct terroirs were compared (figures 5 and 6) using data gathered from 14 sites over the course of 15 vintages (1982-1996). Grenache is the grape variety planted at each site, and the variables measured at harvest (pH, sugar content, titratable acidity, the weight of 200 berries, and the sugar/acidity ratio) appear to significantly discriminate the sites examined according to the terroir modeling performed (tables III, IV and V).</p>
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Arruda, Karlla Emmanuelle. "Mapeamento Geomorfológico da Folha Ouricuri - Pernambuco, Através da Utilização de Softwares de Geoprocessamento (Geomorphological Mapping in Ouricuri - Pernambuco, Using of GIS Software)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 5, no. 5 (January 2, 2013): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v5i5.232819.
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As geotecnologias representam um novo pacote de ferramentas que contribuem para a análise das feições geomorfológicas. Através de softwares que possibilitam uma representação tridimensional das imagens é possível realizar diagnósticos com dados morfométricos, como altimétria e declividade, que podem ser conjugados com outras técnicas, tais como a fotointerpretação de fotografias aéreas com o uso da estereoscopia e de anaglifos expande o potencial da análise geomorfológica. Assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar a importância da utilização das geotecnologias no estudo geomorfológico. Foram utilizadas imagens do radar SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), mapas temáticos e fotografias aéreas, além de dados pré-existentes da geologia local. A área geográfica em estudo corresponde a Folha Ouricuri SB.24-Y-D-IV, Estado de Pernambuco, onde se encontram rochas ígneas e metamórficas Pré-cambrianas e sedimentos Cenozóicos. O mapa geomorfológico foi confeccionado na escala de 1:250.000, representando os domínios morfoestruturais e morfoesculturais do terreno.Palavras-Chave: Geotecnologias, Geomorfologia, Fotointerpretação. Geomorphological Mapping in Ouricuri - Pernambuco, Using of GIS Software ABSTRACTThe geotechnologies represent a new package of tools that contribute to the analysis of the geomorphological features. Through a software that enables three-dimensional representation of images is possible to perform diagnostics with morphometric data such as elevation and slope, which can be combined with other techniques, such as photo-interpretation of aerial photographs using the anaglyph stereoscopy and expands the potential of geomorphological analysis. Thus, this paper aims to show the importance of the use of geotechnologies in geomorphological study. We used radar images SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), thematic maps and aerial photographs, and pre-existing data of the local geology. The geographic area under study corresponds to Sheet Ouricuri SB.24-YD-IV, State of Pernambuco, where there are igneous and metamorphic Pre-Cambrian and Cenozoic sediments. The geomorphological map was prepared at 1:250,000 scale, depicting the areas and morphostructural and morfoesculturais terrain.Keywords: Geotechnologies, Geomorphology, Photointerpretation.
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Goto, Hideaki, Kohsaku Arai, and Taichi Sato. "Topographic Anaglyphs from Detailed Digital Elevation Models Covering Inland and Seafloor for the Tectonic Geomorphology Studies in and around Yoron Island, Ryukyu Arc, Japan." Geosciences 8, no. 10 (September 29, 2018): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8100363.
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Anaglyphs produced using a digital elevation model (DEM) are effective to identify the characteristic tectono–geomorphic features. The objective of this study is to reinvestigate the tectonic geomorphology and to present novel tectonic maps of the late Quaternary in and around the Yoron island based on the interpretation of extensive topographical anaglyphs along the map areas that cover the inland and seafloor. Vintage aerial photographs are used to produce the 3-m mesh inland digital surface model (DSM); further, the 0.6-s to 2-s-mesh seafloor DEM is processed using the cloud point data generated through previous surveys. Thus, we identify anticlinal deformation on both the Pleistocene marine terrace and the seafloor to the north of the island. The deformation axis extends in a line and is parallel to the general trend of the island shelf. The Tsujimiya fault cuts the marine terraces, which extend to the Yoron basin’s seafloor. If we assume that the horizontal compressive stress axis is perpendicular to the island shelf, these properties can easily explain the distribution and style of the active faults and deformation. This study presents an effective methodology to understand the island arc tectonics, especially in case of small isolated islands.
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Kourliaftis, G., V. Kapsimalis, D. Vandarakis, and K. Pavlopoulos. "GEOMOPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX FOR OIL SPILLS OF ANAVYSSOS BAY, ATTICA." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 4 (July 28, 2017): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.14297.
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The study of the coastal and shallow marine geomorphology of the adjacent bays of Anavyssos and Aghios Nikolaos (southeastern Attica) was carried out by acoustic scanning of the seafloor with an echo sounder and sonar side scan; topographical sections perpendicular to the shoreline, collection and analysis of surface sediments; determination of long-term shoreline displacements by comparing old and modern aerial photographs and satellite imagery. The terrestrial part of the coastal area consists of many landforms, such as lagoons, cliffs, beachrocks, tombola etc. The beaches affected by intense human activity have gentle slopes, low elevations and a coarse-grained texture. The remote sensing analysis showed that, over the last six decades, there are some small shoreline changes of the order of ± 2 meters. The bays have relatively gentle gradients covered by sand in their shallower parts and patches of Posidonia Oceanica towards the open sea. Taken into account the texture of sediments and landforms that make up the terrestrial part of the coasts, four categories (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th) of Environmental Sensitivity Index for oil spill (ESI) have been identified and an ESI map is created serving as a quick reference for oil spill responders and coastal zone managers.
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Verrios, S., V. Zygouri, and S. Kokkalas. "MORPHOTECTONIC ANALYSIS IN THE ELIKI FAULT ZONE (GULF OF CORINTH, GREECE)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16578.
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Morphotectonic analysis using geomorphic indices has been developed as a basic reconnaissance tool in order to identify areas experiencing rapid tectonic deformation or estimate relative variations of tectonic activity in a specific area. We applied this analysis in Eliki fault zone, which is located in the western part of the Gulf of Corinth. Eliki fault zone was selected because it displays a spectacular geomorphic expression and hosts historic and recent seismicity. The intensity of active tectonics is interpreted through a detailed geomorphic study of the fault-generated mountain fronts and fluvial systems. Tectonic geomorphology analysis of the Eliki footwall area includes the application of the most commonly used geomorphic indices, such as the mountain front sinuosity index (Smf), the valley floor / width ratio index (Vf), the stream gradient index (SL) and the transverse topographic symmetry factor (T). These indices were estimated on topographic maps and aerial photographs of the study area in order to correlate active tectonics and erosional processes. Our results imply that the Eliki fault zone can be assigned to a tectonic class of the higher tectonic activity. However, spatial variations of tectonic activity along the segmented studied fronts point to a general trend of increasing activity towards the east, which is gradually decreasing towards the west.
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Brașoveanu, Casandra, Alin Mihu-Pintilie, and Radu-Alexandru Brunchi. "Inside Late Bronze Age Settlements in NE Romania: GIS-Based Surface Characterization of Ashmound Structures Using Airborne Laser Scanning and Aerial Photography Techniques." Remote Sensing 15, no. 17 (August 22, 2023): 4124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15174124.
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The identification and delineation, through aerial photography, of the archaeological structures that present temporal resolution, as well as their characterization based on high-resolution LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)-derived DEMs (Digital Elevation Models) are modern techniques widely used in the archaeological prospecting of various landscapes. In this study, we present an application of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) and aerial photography (AP) techniques, used in order to compute geomorphometric indices specific to the ashmound structures of Late Bronze Age (LBA) archaeological sites that are visible on the soil surface. The necessity of determining the ashmounds’ geoarchaeological description stems from the fact that despite the majority of archaeologists weighing in on the subject, there is still no accepted explanation regarding their initial functionality. Thus, we believe that the GIS-based high-resolution characterization of 200 ashmound features identified in 21 Noua Culture (NC) archaeological sites will contribute to a better understanding of the ashmounds’ functionality and evolution in the heterogeneous landscape of the study area (NE Romania). Therefore, various shape indices, such as the area (A), perimeter (P), length (L), form factor (RF), circularity ratio (RC), and elongation ratio (RE) were computed for microlevel characterizations of the visible ashmounds’ structures. Additionally, LiDAR-derived DEMs with a 0.5 m resolution were used to generate more surface characteristics such as the slope (S) and hypsometric indices (HI). The outcomes indicate that the ashmounds have relatively diverse shapes (an RF range from 0.37 to 0.77; a RC range from 0.79 to 0.99; a RE range from 0.68 to 0.99), and the micro-relief slightly varies from positive to negative landforms (HI range from 0.34 to 0.61) depending on the erosion intensity (S range from 1.17° to 19.69°) and anthropogenic impact (e.g., current land use and agriculture type). Furthermore, each morphometric parameter is an indicator for surface processes, aiding in the identification of the geomorphologic and surface-erosion aspects that affect the archaeological remains, contributing to the assessment of the conservation status of the ashmound structures within the current landscape configuration. In this regard, this article presents and discusses the remote sensing (RS) techniques used, as well as the morphometric data obtained, exploring the implications of our findings for a better characterization of the NC in Romania.
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Little, T. A., P. Morris, M. P. Hill, J. Kearse, R. J. Van Dissen, J. Manousakis, D. Zekkos, and A. Howell. "Coseismic deformation of the ground during large-slip strike-slip ruptures: Finite evolution of “mole tracks”." Geosphere 17, no. 4 (May 14, 2021): 1170–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02336.1.
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Abstract To evaluate ground deformation resulting from large (~10 m) coseismic strike-slip displacements, we focus on deformation of the Kekerengu fault during the November 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake in New Zealand. Combining post-earthquake field observations with analysis of high-resolution aerial photography and topographic models, we describe the structural geology and geomorphology of the rupture zone. During the earthquake, fissured pressure bulges (“mole tracks”) initiated at stepovers between synthetic Riedel (R) faults. As slip accumulated, near-surface “rafts” of cohesive clay-rich sediment, bounded by R faults and capped by grassy turf, rotated about a vertical axis and were internally shortened, thus amplifying the bulges. The bulges are flanked by low-angle contractional faults that emplace the shortened mass of detached sediment outward over less-deformed ground. As slip accrued, turf rafts fragmented into blocks bounded by short secondary fractures striking at a high angle to the main fault trace that we interpret to have originated as antithetic Riedel (R′) faults. Eventually these blocks were dispersed into strongly sheared earth and variably rotated. Along the fault, clockwise rotation of these turf rafts within the rupture zone averaged ~20°–30°, accommodating a finite shear strain of 1.0–1.5 and a distributed strike slip of ~3–4 m. On strike-slip parts of the fault, internal shortening of the rafts averaged 1–2 m parallel to the R faults and ~1 m perpendicular to the main fault trace. Driven by distortional rotation, this contraction of the rafts exceeds the magnitude of fault heave. Turf rafts on slightly transtensional segments of the fault were also bulged and shortened—relationships that can be explained by a kinematic model involving “deformable slats.” In a paleoseismic trench cut perpendicular the fault, one would observe fissures, low-angle thrusts, and steeply dipping strike-slip faults—some cross-cutting one another—yet all may have formed during a single earthquake featuring a large strike-slip displacement.
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Wang, Honglei, Ronghang Yang, Li Zhao, Feng Tian, and Shizhong Yu. "The Application Effect of Remote Sensing Technology in Hydrogeological Investigation under Big Data Environment." Journal of Sensors 2022 (December 7, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5162864.
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The hydrogeological investigation is a work carried out by comprehensive utilization of various exploration methods to identify hydrogeological conditions in the target area, and develop and utilize groundwater resources. There are great differences in hydrogeological conditions in different regions. Hence, it is necessary to take exploration technology according to local conditions to master hydrogeological information as much as possible. Among them, the remote sensing (RS) technology can reflect the ground surveying and mapping results with high efficiency and precision through the analysis of satellite or aerial photographs, which is a commonly used method in the current hydrogeological investigation. According to satellite RS data, this work evaluates the distribution of groundwater levels in the study area and explores the geological and hydrogeological conditions of the groundwater system in the affected area. Firstly, the human-computer interactive interpretation method is used to analyze the topography and geomorphology conditions. Secondly, the spectral characteristic curve analysis method is used to extract the spectral characteristics of regional stratum lithology, and analyze and determine the lithology composition and structure of the aquifer. Thirdly, the single-band and multiband models of soil moisture RS estimation of groundwater level are implemented. Finally, the measured data are employed to verify and analyze the estimated value of the model. The results are in line with the actual value, and good results have been achieved.
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SEINO, Satoquo, Masataka SHIOZAKI, Takaaki UDA, Takashi GOTO, Toshiyuki KUROKI, and Toshiyuki NAKAMURA. "INVESTIGATION OF THE HABITAT AND SPAWNING GROUND OF HORSESHOE CRAB BY COMBINATION OF READING OF MICRO-GEOMORPHOLOGY ON TIDAL FLAT FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND FIELD OBSERVATION." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 45 (2001): 1021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.45.1021.
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Gomez, Christopher, Yuichi Hayakawa, and Hiroyuki Obanawa. "A study of Japanese landscapes using structure from motion derived DSMs and DEMs based on historical aerial photographs: New opportunities for vegetation monitoring and diachronic geomorphology." Geomorphology 242 (August 2015): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.02.021.
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Fernández-Lavado, C., G. Furdada, and M. A. Marqués. "Geomorphological method in the elaboration of hazard maps for flash-floods in the municipality of Jucuarán (El Salvador)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7, no. 4 (July 18, 2007): 455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-455-2007.
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Abstract. This work deals with the elaboration of flood hazard maps. These maps reflect the areas prone to floods based on the effects of Hurricane Mitch in the Municipality of Jucuarán of El Salvador. Stream channels located in the coastal range in the SE of El Salvador flow into the Pacific Ocean and generate alluvial fans. Communities often inhabit these fans can be affected by floods. The geomorphology of these stream basins is associated with small areas, steep slopes, well developed regolite and extensive deforestation. These features play a key role in the generation of flash-floods. This zone lacks comprehensive rainfall data and gauging stations. The most detailed topographic maps are on a scale of 1:25 000. Given that the scale was not sufficiently detailed, we used aerial photographs enlarged to the scale of 1:8000. The effects of Hurricane Mitch mapped on these photographs were regarded as the reference event. Flood maps have a dual purpose (1) community emergency plans, (2) regional land use planning carried out by local authorities. The geomorphological method is based on mapping the geomorphological evidence (alluvial fans, preferential stream channels, erosion and sedimentation, man-made terraces). Following the interpretation of the photographs this information was validated on the field and complemented by eyewitness reports such as the height of water and flow typology. In addition, community workshops were organized to obtain information about the evolution and the impact of the phenomena. The superimposition of this information enables us to obtain a comprehensive geomorphological map. Another aim of the study was the calculation of the peak discharge using the Manning and the paleohydraulic methods and estimates based on geomorphologic criterion. The results were compared with those obtained using the rational method. Significant differences in the order of magnitude of the calculated discharges were noted. The rational method underestimated the results owing to short and discontinuous periods of rainfall data with the result that probabilistic equations cannot be applied. The Manning method yields a wide range of results because of its dependence on the roughness coefficient. The paleohydraulic method yielded higher values than the rational and Manning methods. However, it should be pointed out that it is possible that bigger boulders could have been moved had they existed. These discharge values are lower than those obtained by the geomorphological estimates, i.e. much closer to reality. The flood hazard maps were derived from the comprehensive geomorphological map. Three categories of hazard were established (very high, high and moderate) using flood energy, water height and velocity flow deduced from geomorphological and eyewitness reports.
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Betancourt-Suárez, Valentina, Estela García-Botella, and Alfredo Ramon-Morte. "Flood Mapping Proposal in Small Watersheds: A Case Study of the Rebollos and Miranda Ephemeral Streams (Cartagena, Spain)." Water 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010102.
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Anthropogenic landscape changes cause significant disturbances to fluvial system dynamics and such is the case of the watersheds studied near the Spanish Mediterranean coast (Cartagena). Economic growth resulted in the addition of external water resources from the Tajo River (1979) as part of the National Water Plan (1933). Irrigation water has caused the water table to rise since 1979. Furthermore, water resources have boosted urban touristic expansion, industrial estates, and road infrastructures. This study presents a diagnosis of the official flood hazard maps by applying remote sensing techniques that enable the identification of (i) areas flooded during recent events; and (ii) the possible effects of anthropogenic actions on fluvial processes affecting flooding (land use and land cover change—LULCC). The flooded areas were identified from a multispectral satellite image taken by a sensor on Sentinel-2. A multi-temporal analysis of aerial photographs (1929, 1956, 1981, 2009, and 2017) showing the fluvial and anthropic environment at a detailed scale (1:25,000) was used to define the fluvial geomorphology and the main anthropic alterations on the Rebollos ephemeral stream. Official inputs from geographical information repositories about land use were also gathered (LULC). The result was compared to the official flood hazard maps (SNCZI) and this revealed floodable areas that had not been previously mapped because official maps rely only on the hydraulic method. Finally, all the recent changes that will have increased the disastrous consequences of flooding have been detected, analyzed, and mapped for the study area.
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Basri, Hairul. "Development of Rainfall-runoff Modeling Using a Tank Model: Problems and Challenges in Province of Aceh, Indonesia." Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (April 29, 2013): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/aijst.2.1.572.
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Abtstract - Rainfall-runoff modeling using tank model founded by Sugawara has been widely used in Asia. Many researchers use the tank model to predict water availability and flooding in a watershed. This paper describes the concept of rainfall-runoff modeling using tank model, discuss the problems and challenges the use of tank model, especially in Province of Aceh, Indonesia and how to improve the outcome of simulation of tank model. Many factors affect the rainfall-runoff phenomena of a wide range of watershed include: soil type, land use types, rainfall, morphometry, geology and geomorphology, caused the tank model usefull only for concerning watershed. It is necessary to adjust some parameters of tank model for other watershed by recalibrating the observed and simulated discharges. Rainfall runoff modeling using the tank model for a watershed scale is more reasonable focused on each sub-watershed by considering soil types, land use types and rainfall of the concerning watershed. Land use data can be enhanced by using landsat imagery or aerial photographs to support the validation the existing of land use type. Long term of observed discharges and rainfall data should be increased by set up the AWLR (Automatic Water Level Recorder) and rainfall stations for each of sub-watersheds. The reasonable tank model can be resulted not only by calibrating the observed and simulated discharges, but also by considering the observed and simulated infiltration for each soil and land use types of the concerning watershed.
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Holmlund, Per, Helene Burman, and Torbjörn Rost. "Sediment-mass exchange between turbid meltwater streams and proglacial deposits of storglaciären, northern Sweden." Annals of Glaciology 22 (1996): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1996aog22-1-63-67.
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Detailed changes in surface elevation of a recently deglaciated area have been mapped using a high-resolution photogrammetric method, with a view to estimating the contribution of debris from the proglacial area to the meltwater streams draining Storglaciären, northern Sweden, over the period 1980-90. The net contribution of sediments originating from the deglaciated area immediately in front of the glacier was of the order of 50% of the suspended silt load transported by meltwater at the flume Rännan downstream from the glacier, but at the same time, a similar amount of sediment accumulated along the streams. Though there is a significant exchange of mass, the net change is close to zero. Moreover, the survey provides detailed information about morphological changes in the landscape. Different processes, such as melting of permafrost, fluvial erosion and sedimentation, have been active.Erosion and sedimentation rates were calculated from the difference between digital terrain models based on aerial photographs taken in 1980 and 1990. The result shows erosion in the central part of the proglacial area and accumulation of coarser sediments along the braided streams. In places, the ground is sinking, possibly due to melting of permafrost.Where the ice is thinner, in the marginal zone, the thermal regime of ice in the tongue of Storglaciären corresponds well with the proglacial geomorphology. At present, the glacier has a 30-40 m thick cold surface layer which at the thinner marginal zone corresponds to a 100-200 m wide frozen rim. The temperature distribution within the ice was mapped using high-resolution radar.
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Atkinson, Nigel, Daniel J. Utting, and Steven M. Pawley. "Landform signature of the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets across Alberta during the last glaciation." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, no. 12 (December 2014): 1067–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0112.
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Government geological survey maps and research publications have portrayed the distribution of glacial landforms associated with the advance and retreat of the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets across Alberta at a local, regional, and continental scale. To date, this information has not been systematically synthesized into a single compilation at a consistent scale. Although this original work provided valuable information to constrain reconstructions of former ice sheet extent, configuration, and flow geometry, its derivation primarily from the interpretation of aerial photographs and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 90 m digital elevation model (DEM) may result in methodological inconsistencies and spatial biases. These biases, together with challenges associated with geomorphic mapping in densely forested areas of western and northern Alberta limit the usefulness of previous mapping when applied to inversion-based ice sheet reconstructions, which have specific input data demands. Recently, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) DEMs have become increasingly available throughout Alberta. Hill-shaded imagery of these data provides unprecedented geomorphic detail beneath the forest cover and reveals that that the glacial geomorphology of northern and western Alberta is more complex than previously recognized. In this paper, we describe the methodology and geomorphic criteria used to produce a glacial landform map of Alberta using previously published data, supplemented by comprehensive new analysis of high-resolution (2–25 m) DEMs. These include 306 624 km2 of LiDAR imagery, with which it is now possible to verify and where necessary augment previous mapping, particularly across areas with a dense forest cover.
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Holmlund, Per, Helene Burman, and Torbjörn Rost. "Sediment-mass exchange between turbid meltwater streams and proglacial deposits of storglaciären, northern Sweden." Annals of Glaciology 22 (1996): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500015226.
Full textAbstract:
Detailed changes in surface elevation of a recently deglaciated area have been mapped using a high-resolution photogrammetric method, with a view to estimating the contribution of debris from the proglacial area to the meltwater streams draining Storglaciären, northern Sweden, over the period 1980-90. The net contribution of sediments originating from the deglaciated area immediately in front of the glacier was of the order of 50% of the suspended silt load transported by meltwater at the flume Rännan downstream from the glacier, but at the same time, a similar amount of sediment accumulated along the streams. Though there is a significant exchange of mass, the net change is close to zero. Moreover, the survey provides detailed information about morphological changes in the landscape. Different processes, such as melting of permafrost, fluvial erosion and sedimentation, have been active.Erosion and sedimentation rates were calculated from the difference between digital terrain models based on aerial photographs taken in 1980 and 1990. The result shows erosion in the central part of the proglacial area and accumulation of coarser sediments along the braided streams. In places, the ground is sinking, possibly due to melting of permafrost.Where the ice is thinner, in the marginal zone, the thermal regime of ice in the tongue of Storglaciären corresponds well with the proglacial geomorphology. At present, the glacier has a 30-40 m thick cold surface layer which at the thinner marginal zone corresponds to a 100-200 m wide frozen rim. The temperature distribution within the ice was mapped using high-resolution radar.
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Yavuz, Mehmet, and Mustafa Tufekcioglu. "Assessment of Flood-Induced Geomorphic Changes in Sidere Creek of the Mountainous Basin Using Small UAV-Based Imagery." Sustainability 15, no. 15 (July 31, 2023): 11793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151511793.
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Floods often cause changes in the hydro-geomorphology of riverbeds and banks. These changes need to be closely monitored to find a balance and exchange between lateral and vertical erosion and deposition, upstream local sediment supply, and a stream’s transport capacity. Low-frequency cross-sectional field surveys cannot map hard-to-reach locations. Innovative techniques, such as small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), must be employed to monitor these processes. This research compared historical data with a UAV survey and the Pix4DMapper structure-from-motion (SfM) program to assess the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical changes of Sidere Creek in the eastern Black Sea, Türkiye. Digitization was undertaken using 2011–2015–2017 Google Earth photographs, 1960s topographic maps, and 2023 orthomosaics. ArcGIS 10.6 was used to delineate the centerlines (thalweg), left/right banks, alluvial bars, active channel widths, and channel confinement layers. Channel Migration Toolbox and CloudCompare were utilized for analyzing lateral and vertical morphological changes, respectively. The active channel migrated 25.57 m during 1960–2011, 15.84 m during 2011–2015, 6.96 m during 2015–2017, and 5.79 m during 2017–2023. Left-bank channel confinement rose from 2.4% to 42% and right-bank channel confinement from 5.9% to 34.8% over 63 years. Neither stream meandering nor sinuosity index changed statistically. Active channel boundary widths varied from 149.79 m to 9.46 m, averaging 37.3 m. It can be concluded that UAV surveys can precisely measure and monitor the stream channel longitudinal, lateral, and vertical morphological changes at a lower cost and in less time than previous methods.
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Basri, Hairul. "Development of Rainfall-runoff Model Using Tank Model: Problems and Challenges in Province of Aceh, Indonesia." Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (April 2, 2013): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/aijst.2.1.574.
Full textAbstract:
Abtstract - Rainfall-runoff model using tank model founded by Sugawara has been widely used in Asia. Many researchers use the tank model to predict water availability and flooding in a watershed. This paper describes the concept of rainfall-runoff model using tank model, discuss the problems and challenges in using of the model, especially in Province of Aceh, Indonesia and how to improve the outcome of simulation of tank model. Many factors affect the rainfall-runoff phenomena of a wide range of watershed include: soil types, land use types, rainfall, morphometry, geology and geomorphology, caused the tank model usefull only for concerning watershed. It is necessary to adjust some parameters of tank model for other watershed by recalibrating the parameters of the model. Rainfall runoff model using the tank model for a watershed scale is more reasonable focused on each sub-watershed by considering soil types, land use types and rainfall of the concerning watershed. Land use data can be enhanced by using landsat imagery or aerial photographs to support the validation the existing of land use type. Long term of observed discharges and rainfall data should be increased by set up the AWLR (Automatic Water Level Recorder) and rainfall stations for each of sub-watersheds. The reasonable tank model can be resulted not only by calibrating the parameters, but also by considering the observed and simulated infiltration for each soil and land use types of the concerning watershed. Key words: rainfall-runoff model, tank model, infiltration, land use types, soil types, watershed
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Arnaud, Emmanuelle, Michael McGill, Andrew Trapp, and James E. Smith. "Subsurface heterogeneity in the geological and hydraulic properties of the hummocky Paris Moraine, Guelph, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 7 (July 2018): 768–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0161.
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The advance and retreat of ice lobe margins of the Laurentide Ice Sheet formed moraines that are a prevalent feature throughout southwestern Ontario. In contrast to the well-studied stratified moraine complexes, recessional and end moraines have largely been ignored in the context of hydrogeological studies. Recent urban growth has led to development pressures on these moraines and a need to better understand their hydrogeology. This study presents data sets from the Paris Moraine near Guelph, Ontario, to examine its geomorphology, internal composition, and the corresponding hydraulic properties of these ice-marginal features. The moraine’s geomorphic elements were mapped using high-resolution Global Positioning System transects, aerial photograph analysis, and ground truthing. Nine continuous sediment cores were recovered to determine the nature and distribution of subsurface sedimentary units and their relation to the regional stratigraphic framework. Cores were described in detail using standard sedimentological techniques, and significant sediment heterogeneity was observed in cross sections. Grain-size analyses of over 150 samples provide site-specific estimates of saturated hydraulic conductivity. In addition, saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured on 104 samples using the falling head permeameter method. This study found that different scales of sediment heterogeneity occur across the moraine and the associated till plain and outwash. In contrast, the hydraulic conductivity varies much less. It is expected that certain sedimentary units at specific depths will impact groundwater flow at the centimetre to hundreds of metres scale, which is significant in environmental site assessments or for understanding contaminant hydrogeological problems.
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Anders, Niels, João Valente, Rens Masselink, and Saskia Keesstra. "Comparing Filtering Techniques for Removing Vegetation from UAV-Based Photogrammetric Point Clouds." Drones 3, no. 3 (July 30, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones3030061.
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Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are 3D representations of the Earth’s surface and have numerous applications in geomorphology, hydrology and ecology. Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry using photographs obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been increasingly used for obtaining high resolution DEMs. These DEMs are interpolated from point clouds representing entire landscapes, including points of terrain, vegetation and infrastructure. Up to date, there has not been any study clearly comparing different algorithms for filtering of vegetation. The objective in this study was, therefore, to assess the performance of various vegetation filter algorithms for SfM-obtained point clouds. The comparison was done for a Mediterranean area in Murcia, Spain with heterogeneous vegetation cover. The filter methods that were compared were: color-based filtering using an excessive greenness vegetation index (VI), Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN) densification from LAStools, the standard method in Agisoft Photoscan (PS), iterative surface lowering (ISL), and a combination of iterative surface lowering and the VI method (ISL_VI). Results showed that for bare areas there was little to no difference between the filtering methods, which is to be expected because there is little to no vegetation present to filter. For areas with shrubs and trees, the ISL_VI and TIN method performed best. These results show that different filtering techniques have various degrees of success in different use cases. A default filter in commercial software such as Photoscan may not always be the best way to remove unwanted vegetation from a point cloud, but instead alternative methods such as a TIN densification algorithm should be used to obtain a vegetation-less Digital Terrain Model (DTM).
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Sowers, J. M., J. R. Unruh, W. R. Lettis, and T. D. Rubin. "Relationship of the kickapoo fault to the Johnson Valley and Homestead Valley faults, San Bernardino County, California." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84, no. 3 (June 1, 1994): 528–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0840030528.
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Abstract The 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers earthquake rupture propagated from the Johnson Valley fault to the Homestead Valley fault across Homestead Valley. Rupture was concentrated along the Kickapoo fault (a.k.a, Landers fault), a previously unrecognized north-south-striking, 5-km-long fault in Homestead Valley, and along small secondary fault traces east of the Kickapoo fault. To better understand the role of the Kickapoo fault in accommodating slip between the Johnson Valley fault and the Homestead Valley fault, we performed detailed aerial photograph interpretation and field mapping of alluvial deposits, geomorphology, and co-seismic surface rupture; evaluated existing water-well data; and conducted a gravity survey of the Homestead Valley area. These data show that the Kickapoo fault is a pre-1992 structure best interpreted as the northward continuation of the southern Johnson Valley fault. The Kickapoo fault merges northward with the northwest-striking Homestead Valley fault. Thus, we interpret that the Johnson Valley, Kickapoo, and Homestead Valley faults form an interlinked system. Large ruptures similar to the 1992 Landers rupture may have repeatedly propagated between the Johnson Valley and Homestead Valley faults along the Kickapoo fault. The Kickapoo-Johnson Valley fault intersection defines a 1-km-wide, left-restraining bend. Uplifted alluvial deposits and pressure ridges are common within the bend, indicating the bend is a long-lived contractional feature. Homestead Valley itself is underlain by relatively thin alluvial deposits over crystalline bedrock, showing that no significant subsidence has occurred during the late Quaternary. These observations are consistent with the accommodation of north-south right shear on the southern Johnson Valley and Kickapoo faults in Homestead Valley.
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Widura, Elsa, and Djati Mardiatno. "Assessment of the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) for disaster mitigation strategies in some coastal tourism areas in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta-Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 989, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/989/1/012014.
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Abstract South coastal area of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta-Indonesia has a high tourism development due to the unique physical conditions of coastal typology. However, during the last few years, extreme wave height associated with cyclones damaged many tourist facilities there. Coastal management for ecosystem sustainability requires disaster mitigation, which one considering the aspect of vulnerability. This study aims to assess the level of coastal vulnerability according to coastal typology of Baron-Pok Tunggal section and to determine the coastal management model based on the level of vulnerability. The Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) is used in vulnerability assessment. The variable formulation of CVI is divided into hydrodynamic factors (mean significant wave heights, mean tide range, and mean sea level rise) and morphodynamics factors, i.e. geomorphology, coastal slope, and average width of emerged beach. The morphodynamics data were obtained through observation, direct measurements in the field by systematic sampling, extraction from aerial photographs and digital surface model (DSM). The results of modeling and predictions by several agencies are derived to obtain the hydrodynamics data. The result of this study revealed that marine deposition coast typology have a high and moderate vulnerability (twelve and eleven coastal units, respectively). Meanwhile, a low vulnerability can be found in the cliff coast or wave erosion coast typology (24 units). The convex or concave beaches tend to be more vulnerable than beaches with the straight form. The beaches of Buluk, Drini, Kosakora, Sarangan and all beaches from Krakal to Indrayanti have a high vulnerability. Geomorphological variables, significant wave height, and sea level rise have the strongest influence on vulnerability. Coastal management in the marine deposition coast typology can be carried out either in a protective manner or by accommodative approach, such as by observing changes in natural conditions due to sea level rise.
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Lee, Sunmin, Won-Kyung Baek, Hyung-Sup Jung, and Saro Lee. "Susceptibility Mapping on Urban Landslides Using Deep Learning Approaches in Mt. Umyeon." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 8189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228189.
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In recent years, the incidence of localized heavy rainfall has increased as abnormal weather events occur more frequently. In densely populated urban areas, this type of heavy rain can cause extreme landslide damage, so that it is necessary to estimate and analyze the susceptibility of future landslides. In this regard, deep learning (DL) methodologies have been used to identify areas prone to landslides recently. Therefore, in this study, DL methodologies, including a deep neural network (DNN), kernel-based DNN, and convolutional neural network (CNN) were used to identify areas where landslides could occur. As a detailed step for this purpose, landslide occurrence was first determined as landslide inventory through aerial photographs with comparative analysis using field survey data; a training set was built for model training through oversampling based on the landslide inventory. A total of 17 landslide influencing variables that influence the frequency of landslides by topography and geomorphology, as well as soil and forest variables, were selected to establish a landslide inventory. Then models were built using DNN, kernel-based DNN, and CNN models, and the susceptibility of landslides in the study area was determined. Model performance was evaluated through the average precision (AP) score and root mean square error (RMSE) for each of the three models. Finally, DNN, kernel-based DNN, and CNN models showed performances of 99.45%, 99.44%, and 99.41%, and RMSE values of 0.1694, 0.1806, and 0.1747, respectively. As a result, all three models showed similar performance, indicating excellent predictive ability of the models developed in this study. The information of landslides occurring in urban areas, which cause a great damage even with a small number of occurrences, can provide a basis for reference to the government and local authorities for urban landslide management.
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Lunina, O. V., and A. A. Gladkov. "The Rupturing Phenomena in the Deltaic Deposits of Cape Rytyi on the Northwestern Shore of Lake Baikal." Russian Geology and Geophysics 63, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20204270.
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Abstract —We present materials of aerial photography of Cape Rytyi, a unique and most mysterious place on the northwestern shore of Lake Baikal. Photogrammetric survey was carried out using a DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2.0 UAV and provided an orthophoto and a digital terrain model of an 11.074 km2 area. When deciphering the images obtained in the Rita River deltaic sediments composing the cape, surface ruptures trending north and northeast at 30–150 m from the shore of Lake Baikal were discovered. The ruptures are a clearly localized zone 2.9 km in total length. The performed analysis showed that the structural features of the zone obey the general laws of the development of faults resulted from prevailing extension. It has been established that the formation of the ruptures was predetermined by tectonics and is a secondary effect of resonant oscillations from the M = 5.2 earthquake of 08.13.1962, the epicenter of which was located ~35 km southeast of Cape Rytyi, in the Morskoi fault zone. The seismic event initiated the formation of surface ruptures, which led to a gravitational subsidence of coarse deposits of the fan in the shore zone. It is concluded that the development of modern geomorphologic forms in the peripheral part of the Rita River fan on land is similar to the formation of an underwater topography in the region of the Selenga River delta. It occurs under the influence of seismogenic rupturing and following gravitational movements, which intensify in a water-saturated environment and are subsequently complicated by erosion processes.
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Gomez, Christopher, Yoshinori Shinohara, Haruka Tsunetaka, Norifumi Hotta, Balazs Bradak, and Yuichi Sakai. "Twenty-Five Years of Geomorphological Evolution in the Gokurakudani Gully (Unzen Volcano): Topography, Subsurface Geophysics and Sediment Analysis." Geosciences 11, no. 11 (November 6, 2021): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11110457.
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In the aftermath of pyroclastic density current-dominated eruptions, lahars are the main geomorphic agent, but at the decadal scale, different sets of processes take place in the volcanic sediment cascade. At Unzen volcano, in the Gokurakudani gully, we investigated the geomorphologic evolution and how the topographic change and the sediment change over time is controlling this transition. For this purpose, a combination of LiDAR data, aerial photography and photogrammetry, ground penetrating radar and sediment grain size analysis was done. The results show choking zones and zones of enlargement of the gully, partly controlled by pre-eruption topography, but also by the overlapping patterns of the pyroclastic flow deposits of 1990–1995. The ground penetrating radar revealed that on top of the typical lahar structure at the bottom of the gully, side wall collapses were trapping finer sandy sediments formed in a relatively low-energy deposition environment. This shows that secondary processes are taking place in the sediment transport process, on top of lahar activity, but also that these temporary dams may be a source of sudden sediment and water release, leading to lahars. Finally, the sediments from the gully walls are being preferentially oozed out of the pyroclastic flow deposit, meaning that over longer period of time, there may be a lack of fines, increasing permeability and reducing internal pore pressure needed for lahar triggering. It also poses the important question of how much of a past event one can understand from outcrops in coarse heterometric material, as the deposit structure can remain, even after losing part of its fine material.
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Eyton, J. Ronald. "Student Aerial Photography." Geocarto International 20, no. 4 (December 2005): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106040508542366.
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Ulliman, Joseph J. "Obtaining Aerial Photography." Journal of Forestry 85, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/85.12.41.
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Tobak, Zalán, József Szatmári, and Boudewijn Van Leeuwen. "Small Format Aerial Photography." Journal of Environmental Geography 1, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2008): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jengeo-2008-43861.
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Since February 2008, an advanced system has been developed to acquire digital images in the visible to near infrared wavelengths. Using this system, it is possible to acquire data for a large variety of applications. The core of the system consists of a Duncantech MS3100 CIR (Color-InfraRed) multi-spectral camera. The main advantages of the system are its affordability and flexibility; within an hour the system can be deployed against very competitive costs. In several steps, using ArcGIS, Python and Avenue scripts, the raw data is semi-automatically processed into geo-referenced mosaics. This paper presents the parts of the system, the image processing workflow and several potential applications of the images.
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Ruzgienė, Birutė. "REQUIREMENTS FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." Geodesy and cartography 30, no. 3 (August 3, 2012): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921541.2004.9636646.
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The photogrammetric mapping process at the first stage requires planning of aerial photography. Aerial photographs quality depends on the successfull photographic mission specified by requirements that meet not only Lithuanian needs, but also the requirements of the European Union. For such a purpose the detailed specifications for aerial photographic mission for mapping urban territories at a large scale are investigated. The aerial photography parameters and requirements for flight planning, photographic strips, overlaps, aerial camera and film are outlined. The scale of photography, flying height and method for photogrammetric mapping is foreseen as well as tolerances of photographs tilt and swings round (yaw) are presented. Digital camera based on CCD sensors and on-board GPS is greatly appreciated in present-day technologies undertaking aerial mission.
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Mauelshagen, L. "LOW ALTITUDE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." Photogrammetric Record 12, no. 68 (August 26, 2006): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1986.tb00561.x.
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Rieke-Zapp, Dirk. "Small-Format Aerial Photography." Photogrammetric Record 26, no. 134 (June 2011): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2011.00637_2.x.
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Kirby, R. P. "Small format aerial photography." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 51, no. 6 (December 1996): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-2716(96)00032-9.
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