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1
Richard, Hodgkins, and Julian A. Dowdeswell. "Tectonic processes in Svalbard tide-water glacier surges: evidence from structural glaciology." Journal of Glaciology 40, no. 136 (1994): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000012430.
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AbstractThe tectonic effects of a glacier surge differ from those of steady state because flow is driven by longitudinal stresses rather than shear stresses. The orientations of recently formed crevasses, indicating the directions of the principal stresses, have been used to investigate tectonic processes in glacier surges recorded by repeat aerial photography. Long-term, large-magnitude shifts in stress regime are demonstrated, as are short-term propagation features. Two types of tide-water glacier advance are identified, depending on the position of the surge front relative to a low effective-pressure zone at the glacier terminus.
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Richard, Hodgkins, and Julian A. Dowdeswell. "Tectonic processes in Svalbard tide-water glacier surges: evidence from structural glaciology." Journal of Glaciology 40, no. 136 (1994): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000012430.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe tectonic effects of a glacier surge differ from those of steady state because flow is driven by longitudinal stresses rather than shear stresses. The orientations of recently formed crevasses, indicating the directions of the principal stresses, have been used to investigate tectonic processes in glacier surges recorded by repeat aerial photography. Long-term, large-magnitude shifts in stress regime are demonstrated, as are short-term propagation features. Two types of tide-water glacier advance are identified, depending on the position of the surge front relative to a low effective-pressure zone at the glacier terminus.
3
Florinsky, Igor. "Unmanned aerial survey in the summer season of the 67th Russian antarctic expedition." InterCarto. InterGIS 28, no. 1 (2022): 284–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-1-28-284-304.
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The use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in glaciology and cryology, as well as studying and monitoring of polar regions is one of the most rapidly developing areas of the unmanned aerial industry. An aerial photogeodetic team of the 67th Russian Antarctic Expedition (RAE) solved two main interrelated tasks: 1) field tests of the newest Russian UAS Geoscan 701 in Antarctic conditions and 2) carrying out unmanned aerial surveys of two Antarctic territories, characterized by fundamentally different natural conditions, in order to obtain their high-precision orthomosaics and digital elevation models (DEMs) of an ultra-high resolution. On 15 January 2022, we carried out an unmanned aerial survey of two adjacent Antarctic maritime oases Molodezhny and Vecherny and surrounding areas of the glacier (Enderby Land, East Antarctica). From 26 January to 16 February 2022, we performed an unmanned aerial survey of the Fildes Peninsula (the southwestern, free of ice cover portion of the King George Island, South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica). The survey was complicated by severe meteorological conditions (low clouds, fog, strong winds, and precipitation). Field tests of UAS Geoscan 701 have shown that the system can be successfully used for unmanned aerial survey in polar regions. After in-office photogrammetric processing of the obtained materials, orthomosaics and DEMs of the indicated territories will be obtained with a resolution of 10 and 25 cm, respectively. These will be used for creation of modern large-scale topographic maps, photographic maps, three-dimensional and geomorphometric modeling of these territories, as well as operational and scientific activities of the RAE.
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Gao, Jay, and Yansui Liu. "Applications of remote sensing, GIS and GPS in glaciology: a review." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 25, no. 4 (December 2001): 520–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913330102500404.
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Remote sensing has served as an efficient method of gathering data about glaciers since its emergence. The recent advent of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) has created an effective means by which the acquired data are analysed for the effective monitoring and mapping of temporal dynamics of glaciers. A large number of researchers have taken advantage of remote sensing, GIS and GPS in their studies of glaciers. These applications are comprehensively reviewed in this paper. This review shows that glacial features identifiable from aerial photographs and satellite imagery include spatial extent, transient snowline, equilibrium line elevation, accumulation and ablation zones, and differentiation of ice/snow. Digital image processing (e.g., image enhancement, spectral ratioing and automatic classification) improves the ease and accuracy of mapping these parameters. The traditional visible light/infrared remote sensing of two-dimensional glacier distribution has been extended to three-dimensional volume estimation and dynamic monitoring using radar imagery and GPS. Longitudinal variations in glacial extent have been detected from multi-temporal images in GIS. However, the detected variations have neither been explored nor modelled from environmental and topographic variables. GPS has been utilized independent of remote sensing and GIS to determine glacier ice velocity and to obtain information about glacier surfaces. Therefore, the potential afforded by the integration of nonconventional remote sensing (e.g., SAR interferometry) with GIS and GPS still remains to be realized in glaciology. The emergence of new satellite images will make remote sensing of glaciology more predictive, more global and towards longer terms.
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Lawson, Wendy. "Structural evolution of Variegated Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., since 1948." Journal of Glaciology 42, no. 141 (1996): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000004123.
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AbstractАn excellent photographic database, comprising 12 sets of vertical aerial photographs taken between 1948 and 1993, has enabled the structural glaciology of surge-type Variegated Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., tо be analyzed for a period that spans two surge cycles and includes the effects of three surges. The glacier-wide patterns of crevasse development at the end of each of these surges, which occurred in 1947–48, 1964–65 and 1982–83, were remarkably similar, despite differences in surge intensities and extents. At the end of each surge a three-fold longitudinal zonation of crevasse orientation characterised that part of the glacier that had been affected by surge activity. This zonation comprises: (i) transverse crevasses in a narrow upper zone, (ii) superimposed longitudinal and transverse crevasses in an extensive middle zone, and (iii) longitudinal crevasses in a narrow lower zone. The main difference between patterns produced by successive surges was small variations in the extent оf the three zones. During quiescence, the most intense crevasse development occurs in the upper glacier in the latter part of quiescence, and is a function of increasingly steep down-glacier velocity gradients developing in the buildup to the impending surge. Some crevassing also develops in the central part of the glacier in mid-quiescence that is not related to the surge nature of the glacier, but to normal flow processes over bedrock. There is no structural evidence to indicate that any of the tributaries of Variegated Glacier surge. This observation suggests that the bulb-like loops in the medial moraines at Variegated Glacier form during quiescence as a result of the steady flow of the tributaries into the stagnant trunk glacier, rather than as a result of tributary surges.
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Lawson, Wendy. "Structural evolution of Variegated Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., since 1948." Journal of Glaciology 42, no. 141 (1996): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000004123.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractАn excellent photographic database, comprising 12 sets of vertical aerial photographs taken between 1948 and 1993, has enabled the structural glaciology of surge-type Variegated Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., tо be analyzed for a period that spans two surge cycles and includes the effects of three surges. The glacier-wide patterns of crevasse development at the end of each of these surges, which occurred in 1947–48, 1964–65 and 1982–83, were remarkably similar, despite differences in surge intensities and extents. At the end of each surge a three-fold longitudinal zonation of crevasse orientation characterised that part of the glacier that had been affected by surge activity. This zonation comprises: (i) transverse crevasses in a narrow upper zone, (ii) superimposed longitudinal and transverse crevasses in an extensive middle zone, and (iii) longitudinal crevasses in a narrow lower zone. The main difference between patterns produced by successive surges was small variations in the extent оf the three zones. During quiescence, the most intense crevasse development occurs in the upper glacier in the latter part of quiescence, and is a function of increasingly steep down-glacier velocity gradients developing in the buildup to the impending surge. Some crevassing also develops in the central part of the glacier in mid-quiescence that is not related to the surge nature of the glacier, but to normal flow processes over bedrock. There is no structural evidence to indicate that any of the tributaries of Variegated Glacier surge. This observation suggests that the bulb-like loops in the medial moraines at Variegated Glacier form during quiescence as a result of the steady flow of the tributaries into the stagnant trunk glacier, rather than as a result of tributary surges.
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Knizhnikov, Yu F., V. I. Kravtsova, and I. A. Labutina. "Cartographic Remote-Sensing Monitoring of Glaciological Systems (Example, Mount El‛ Brus, U.S.S.R.) (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 9 (1987): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500000872.
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Remote-sensing methods in monitoring the glacierization of Mount EI‛ brus are used to produce base and dynamic maps, and to obtain quantitative information (dynamic indices) about the rate, intensity, and variations of the process. The monitoring system is divided, according to scope and territory covered, into small-scale for total glacierization and the periglacial zone, medium-scale for separate glaciers, and large-scale (detailed) for part of the glaciers or sectors of the adjoining slopes. The approximate relationship of even scales is 1 : 4.Small-scale monitoring remote-sensing systems are important for making maps showing the complex characteristics of the glaciological system. A series of maps was produced including geographical, those of high-altitude zones, slope and exposure angles, geological, glaciomorphological, climatic (temperature, precipitation, and winds), distribution of direct solar radiation, hydrological (source of streams), seats of avalanches, and landslides. All these data serve as a cartographical basis in monitoring the glacierization of Mount EI‛ brus. They are compiled from remotely sensed and Earth-based data.Current monitoring on a small scale includes observations of the conditions which determine the existence of the glacial system - this includes data on winter snowfall and the period of snow cover. These observations were obtained from meteorological and resource satellites, and from scanner data of medium and high resolution. Also important are observations of changes in the outline of glaciers, times of snowfall and character of the distribution of snow, and its redistribution due to avalanches and snowstorms. High-resolution space photographs, small-scale aerial photographs, and aerovisual observations provide the data for these observations. It has been determined that the area of the glaciers of Mount El‛ brus has been reduced by 1 % in the last 25 years, i.e. the rate of its deglacierization dropped sharply as compared to preceding decades.The role of quantitative information gains importance in the medium-scale level of monitoring. Topographical maps of separate glaciers compiled from aerial photographs or data from ground stereo-photogrammetric surveys constitute the base maps at this level. The main method used in monitoring were large-scale surveys from aircraft, perspective surveys from helicopters, and phototheodolite surveys. Multi-date surveys of the glaciers provide data about the changes in their outlines and height, the character of their relief, their moraines, the amount of snow accumulation and ablation in separate years, the surface rates of ice flow and their fluctuations. The techniques by which quantitative information is obtained about changes in the glaciers are derived from processing the data of multi-date surveys. The organization and techniques of phototheodolite surveys have been improved. A theory evolved for determining the surface-ice movement by stereo-photogrammetric means and the technique for it has also improved; algorithms and programs for machine processing of the data of multi-date surveys (ground and from aircraft) have been producedAt this level of monitoring, it has been found that the retreat rate of most glaciers has slowed down and several glaciers are now in equilibrium. Several glaciers became active at the beginning of the 1970s and 1980s; this was accompanied by an increase in their height and forward movement. For example, activation of Kyukyurtlyu Glacier has been recorded (higher surface and increasing flow rate) which has caused the glacier to move forward 100 m. Surveys at an interval of 2 years recorded the beginning of the process of retreat of this glacier.Detailed monitoring is used to detect the mechanism of the dynamic processes and to study it on local representative sectors. On a glacier it may take the form of annual surveys of its tongue, which makes it possible to observe the processes of formation of moraines and glacio-fluvial relief. Studies may also be made of the mechanism of the movement of avalanches and landslides, deducing their quantitative characteristics and appraising the results of avalanches and landslides. Multi-date surveys of sectors of the slopes provide information about processes in the periglacial zone. At this level, regularly repeated ground stereo-photogrammetric surveys are the main means of observation.Glaciological remote-sensing monitoring provides a wealth of data for theoretical development in the field of glaciology. It makes it possible to forecast and produce warnings about hazardous processes and phenomena.
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Knizhnikov, Yu F., V. I. Kravtsova, and I. A. Labutina. "Cartographic Remote-Sensing Monitoring of Glaciological Systems (Example, Mount El‛ Brus, U.S.S.R.) (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 9 (1987): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500000872.
Full textAbstract:
Remote-sensing methods in monitoring the glacierization of Mount EI‛ brus are used to produce base and dynamic maps, and to obtain quantitative information (dynamic indices) about the rate, intensity, and variations of the process. The monitoring system is divided, according to scope and territory covered, into small-scale for total glacierization and the periglacial zone, medium-scale for separate glaciers, and large-scale (detailed) for part of the glaciers or sectors of the adjoining slopes. The approximate relationship of even scales is 1 : 4. Small-scale monitoring remote-sensing systems are important for making maps showing the complex characteristics of the glaciological system. A series of maps was produced including geographical, those of high-altitude zones, slope and exposure angles, geological, glaciomorphological, climatic (temperature, precipitation, and winds), distribution of direct solar radiation, hydrological (source of streams), seats of avalanches, and landslides. All these data serve as a cartographical basis in monitoring the glacierization of Mount EI‛ brus. They are compiled from remotely sensed and Earth-based data. Current monitoring on a small scale includes observations of the conditions which determine the existence of the glacial system - this includes data on winter snowfall and the period of snow cover. These observations were obtained from meteorological and resource satellites, and from scanner data of medium and high resolution. Also important are observations of changes in the outline of glaciers, times of snowfall and character of the distribution of snow, and its redistribution due to avalanches and snowstorms. High-resolution space photographs, small-scale aerial photographs, and aerovisual observations provide the data for these observations. It has been determined that the area of the glaciers of Mount El‛ brus has been reduced by 1 % in the last 25 years, i.e. the rate of its deglacierization dropped sharply as compared to preceding decades. The role of quantitative information gains importance in the medium-scale level of monitoring. Topographical maps of separate glaciers compiled from aerial photographs or data from ground stereo-photogrammetric surveys constitute the base maps at this level. The main method used in monitoring were large-scale surveys from aircraft, perspective surveys from helicopters, and phototheodolite surveys. Multi-date surveys of the glaciers provide data about the changes in their outlines and height, the character of their relief, their moraines, the amount of snow accumulation and ablation in separate years, the surface rates of ice flow and their fluctuations. The techniques by which quantitative information is obtained about changes in the glaciers are derived from processing the data of multi-date surveys. The organization and techniques of phototheodolite surveys have been improved. A theory evolved for determining the surface-ice movement by stereo-photogrammetric means and the technique for it has also improved; algorithms and programs for machine processing of the data of multi-date surveys (ground and from aircraft) have been produced At this level of monitoring, it has been found that the retreat rate of most glaciers has slowed down and several glaciers are now in equilibrium. Several glaciers became active at the beginning of the 1970s and 1980s; this was accompanied by an increase in their height and forward movement. For example, activation of Kyukyurtlyu Glacier has been recorded (higher surface and increasing flow rate) which has caused the glacier to move forward 100 m. Surveys at an interval of 2 years recorded the beginning of the process of retreat of this glacier. Detailed monitoring is used to detect the mechanism of the dynamic processes and to study it on local representative sectors. On a glacier it may take the form of annual surveys of its tongue, which makes it possible to observe the processes of formation of moraines and glacio-fluvial relief. Studies may also be made of the mechanism of the movement of avalanches and landslides, deducing their quantitative characteristics and appraising the results of avalanches and landslides. Multi-date surveys of sectors of the slopes provide information about processes in the periglacial zone. At this level, regularly repeated ground stereo-photogrammetric surveys are the main means of observation. Glaciological remote-sensing monitoring provides a wealth of data for theoretical development in the field of glaciology. It makes it possible to forecast and produce warnings about hazardous processes and phenomena.
9
Eyton, J. Ronald. "Student Aerial Photography." Geocarto International 20, no. 4 (December 2005): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106040508542366.
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Ulliman, Joseph J. "Obtaining Aerial Photography." Journal of Forestry 85, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/85.12.41.
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Lange, M. A., and D. R. MacAyeal. "Gedankenexperimente: Assessing Field-Program Effectiveness by Numerical Simulations (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 11 (1988): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500006595.
Full textAbstract:
Glaciological field programs may be regarded as imperfect sampling schemes designed to provide fundamental physical information on the dynamics and climatic sensitivity of the Antarctic ice sheet. Uncertainty arises as a result of technical and human factors such as: (i) logistic and financial constraints, (ii) measurement errors, (iii) low spatial resolution (see (i)), and (iv) (possibly!) misconceptions on the part of glaciologists who plan and execute field work. Regardless of such uncertainty, we depend on field data as the fundamental intellectual driving force of glaciology. Introspective evaluation of our field methods and program designs is thus reasonable, and perhaps necessary, to insure that our field programs are indeed satisfying their intended purpose.In our study, we conduct a variety of Gedankenexperimente (imaginary field programs), which sample an arbitrary, idealized ice shelf, subject to fluctuations and climatic changes on a variety of time and space scales. The “actual ” behavior of this ice shelf is produced by a time-dependent numerical simulation of ice-shelf evolution under specified forcings, using a model based on that of Lange and MacAyeal (1986). Each Gedankenexperiment consists of a spatially incomplete sampling of the model grid data at a particular moment in the evolution of the ice shelf (just as a real field program presently would sample the current state of an Antarctic ice shelf). The spatial sampling patterns are based on particular techniques commonly used in field programs (Kohnen 1985, Bindschadler and others 1987, Doake and others 1987, Shabtaie and Bentley 1987). Such sampling is designed to simulate field techniques such as airborne radio echo-sounding, surface geodetic measurements, aerial photography, and satellite altimetry (Fig. 1). We also add “random noise” to the sampled data, to simulate instrumental and navigational uncertainties.Having sampled the idealized ice shelf by using an imaginary field program, we “process” the supposed field data in order to test how well it reveals certain aspects of ice-shelf flow and evolution. This test is conducted by comparing the field-program results with the “known” behavior (by definition) of the numerical simulation. A variety of field-program design schemes are compared on the basis of their ability to predict: (i) the long-term growth or decay of the ice shelf, (ii) the “current” state of mass balance, (iii) the “current” partitioning of ice-stream input, and (iv) the balance of forces acting on the grounding line, and the tendency of the balance to change with time.A major aim of our study will be to point out how seriously the understanding of current ice-shelf dynamics and the ability to measure initial effects of global climatic changes (due to CO2 warming) are hampered by: (i) inability to map accurately all the regions of ice-shelf grounding, and (ii) inability to distinguish the effects of short-term variability from long-term, large-scale trends. To simulate the effects of ice-shelf grounding and ice-stream -temporal fluctuations, we specify in our idealized simulations that: (i) several ice rumples occasionally appear or disappear, and (ii) ice-stream fluxes, which feed the imaginary ice shelf, fluctuate (arbitrarily) with periods of 300 years.Since we assess the Gedankenexperimente in terms of their ability to detect long-term climatic trends, we run the ideal ice-shelf simulation forward in time until a statistically steady state is achieved (that is, all thickness and velocity patterns are stationary when averaged over the time-scale of fluctuation). At this point, we conduct the imaginary field programs in our study. Our main intention is to determine which Gedankenexperiment can best “see through” the short-term transient “noise” of the ideal ice-shelf evolution to detect the long-term condition of steady state.
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Lange, M. A., and D. R. MacAyeal. "Gedankenexperimente: Assessing Field-Program Effectiveness by Numerical Simulations (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 11 (1988): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500006595.
Full textAbstract:
Glaciological field programs may be regarded as imperfect sampling schemes designed to provide fundamental physical information on the dynamics and climatic sensitivity of the Antarctic ice sheet. Uncertainty arises as a result of technical and human factors such as: (i) logistic and financial constraints, (ii) measurement errors, (iii) low spatial resolution (see (i)), and (iv) (possibly!) misconceptions on the part of glaciologists who plan and execute field work. Regardless of such uncertainty, we depend on field data as the fundamental intellectual driving force of glaciology. Introspective evaluation of our field methods and program designs is thus reasonable, and perhaps necessary, to insure that our field programs are indeed satisfying their intended purpose. In our study, we conduct a variety of Gedankenexperimente (imaginary field programs), which sample an arbitrary, idealized ice shelf, subject to fluctuations and climatic changes on a variety of time and space scales. The “actual ” behavior of this ice shelf is produced by a time-dependent numerical simulation of ice-shelf evolution under specified forcings, using a model based on that of Lange and MacAyeal (1986). Each Gedankenexperiment consists of a spatially incomplete sampling of the model grid data at a particular moment in the evolution of the ice shelf (just as a real field program presently would sample the current state of an Antarctic ice shelf). The spatial sampling patterns are based on particular techniques commonly used in field programs (Kohnen 1985, Bindschadler and others 1987, Doake and others 1987, Shabtaie and Bentley 1987). Such sampling is designed to simulate field techniques such as airborne radio echo-sounding, surface geodetic measurements, aerial photography, and satellite altimetry (Fig. 1). We also add “random noise” to the sampled data, to simulate instrumental and navigational uncertainties. Having sampled the idealized ice shelf by using an imaginary field program, we “process” the supposed field data in order to test how well it reveals certain aspects of ice-shelf flow and evolution. This test is conducted by comparing the field-program results with the “known” behavior (by definition) of the numerical simulation. A variety of field-program design schemes are compared on the basis of their ability to predict: (i) the long-term growth or decay of the ice shelf, (ii) the “current” state of mass balance, (iii) the “current” partitioning of ice-stream input, and (iv) the balance of forces acting on the grounding line, and the tendency of the balance to change with time. A major aim of our study will be to point out how seriously the understanding of current ice-shelf dynamics and the ability to measure initial effects of global climatic changes (due to CO2 warming) are hampered by: (i) inability to map accurately all the regions of ice-shelf grounding, and (ii) inability to distinguish the effects of short-term variability from long-term, large-scale trends. To simulate the effects of ice-shelf grounding and ice-stream -temporal fluctuations, we specify in our idealized simulations that: (i) several ice rumples occasionally appear or disappear, and (ii) ice-stream fluxes, which feed the imaginary ice shelf, fluctuate (arbitrarily) with periods of 300 years. Since we assess the Gedankenexperimente in terms of their ability to detect long-term climatic trends, we run the ideal ice-shelf simulation forward in time until a statistically steady state is achieved (that is, all thickness and velocity patterns are stationary when averaged over the time-scale of fluctuation). At this point, we conduct the imaginary field programs in our study. Our main intention is to determine which Gedankenexperiment can best “see through” the short-term transient “noise” of the ideal ice-shelf evolution to detect the long-term condition of steady state.
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Tobak, Zalán, József Szatmári, and Boudewijn Van Leeuwen. "Small Format Aerial Photography." Journal of Environmental Geography 1, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2008): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jengeo-2008-43861.
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Since February 2008, an advanced system has been developed to acquire digital images in the visible to near infrared wavelengths. Using this system, it is possible to acquire data for a large variety of applications. The core of the system consists of a Duncantech MS3100 CIR (Color-InfraRed) multi-spectral camera. The main advantages of the system are its affordability and flexibility; within an hour the system can be deployed against very competitive costs. In several steps, using ArcGIS, Python and Avenue scripts, the raw data is semi-automatically processed into geo-referenced mosaics. This paper presents the parts of the system, the image processing workflow and several potential applications of the images.
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Ruzgienė, Birutė. "REQUIREMENTS FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." Geodesy and cartography 30, no. 3 (August 3, 2012): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921541.2004.9636646.
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The photogrammetric mapping process at the first stage requires planning of aerial photography. Aerial photographs quality depends on the successfull photographic mission specified by requirements that meet not only Lithuanian needs, but also the requirements of the European Union. For such a purpose the detailed specifications for aerial photographic mission for mapping urban territories at a large scale are investigated. The aerial photography parameters and requirements for flight planning, photographic strips, overlaps, aerial camera and film are outlined. The scale of photography, flying height and method for photogrammetric mapping is foreseen as well as tolerances of photographs tilt and swings round (yaw) are presented. Digital camera based on CCD sensors and on-board GPS is greatly appreciated in present-day technologies undertaking aerial mission.
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Mauelshagen, L. "LOW ALTITUDE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." Photogrammetric Record 12, no. 68 (August 26, 2006): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1986.tb00561.x.
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Rieke-Zapp, Dirk. "Small-Format Aerial Photography." Photogrammetric Record 26, no. 134 (June 2011): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2011.00637_2.x.
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Kirby, R. P. "Small format aerial photography." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 51, no. 6 (December 1996): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-2716(96)00032-9.
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Reutebuch, Stephen E. "Small Format Aerial Photography." Forest Science 43, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/43.2.307.
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LITVINOV, Denis V. "MODERN METHODS TO AERO PHOTOFILMING IN THE ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING ANALYSIS OF THE URBAN AREA." Urban construction and architecture 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2015.01.6.
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In article the modern aerial photography from unmanned aerial vehicles as one of methods of the analysis of city building and the territory in design and exploration work is considered. A number of advantages of aerial photography before land photographing is allocated. The retrospective analysis of aerial photography, allowing to track its development from amateur to the professional is carried out. Its application in town planning, reconstruction and new construction is defined. Two main types of aerial photography, used in construction planned and, - perspective are allocated.
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Wang, Zehong, and Long Xiao. "Research on relative orientation method of oblique aerial photography based on basic matrix." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2093, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2093/1/012025.
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Abstract After the oblique aerial photography technology is used to collect the stereo image, it is necessary to use the relative orientation method to check the image parameters. After the rectification process is completed, the 3D software is used to draw the 3D model to meet the subsequent application requirements. The author of this paper analyzes the difficulty of the matching and aerial photography, including affine transformation cannot successful transformation, influence there covered phenomenon and characteristic finishing is difficult, the combination of fundamental matrix tilt aerial photography as a method of relative orientation, through the study of oblique aerial photography based matrix as precision control points, its aim is to continuously optimize tilt aerial photography as the content, improve the use value of collation results.
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Tsench, Yu S., and N. I. Zakharova. "Trends in development of agricultural aerial photography technology." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 17, no. 3 (September 19, 2023): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2023-17-3-16-26.
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Aerial photography is becoming an integral part of remote sensing in digital agriculture. The first aerial photographs were taken in the mid-19th century. (Research purpose) The paper aims to retrospectively analyze the evolution of aerial photography equipment for capturing agricultural lands, beginning with the creation of the first aerial photograph up to the present day. (Materials and methods) A historical-analytical approach was employed to examine the existing literature. Within this study, the development of agricultural aerial photography equipment was categorized into four distinct time periods: 1885-1908, 1909-1945, 1946-1979, and from 1980 to the present day. (Results and discussion) In the initial phase of experimental aerial photographic equipment development, significant advancements were achieved, encompassing the emergence of the first photograph, the creation of portable cameras and their adaptation for use with hot air balloons and kites, rockets, and birds. Technological growth in the first half of the 20th century contributed to elevating aerial photography to a versatile tool applied for a wide range of intelligence operations, including agricultural tasks. The evolution of space technologies in the second half of the 20th century resulted in the rapid development of both aerial photography equipment and their carriers. This progress facilitated the use of color aerial photography for the examination of the Earth's surface. The advancements of digital technologies at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century facilitated the use of high-resolution digital aerial cameras mounted on various carrier platforms, ranging from unmanned aircraft to artificial Earth satellites. (Conclusions) A retrospective analysis reveals that the development and creation of equipment for aerial photography of agricultural lands unfolded in a sporadic fashion. This progression was closely intertwined with global political, social, and economic situation, as well as the state of technological advancement in related areas. Over the coming decade, the sustained application of aerial photography in agriculture is poised to enhance the efficiency of unmanned aircraft, reduce the production costs associated with aerial photography, and facilitate the widespread adoption of digital remote sensing technology within the agricultural sector.
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YU Chun-feng, 于春风, 李辉 LI Hui, 贾平 JIA Ping, and 丁亚林 DING Ya-lin. "Lens shutter for aerial photography." Optics and Precision Engineering 26, no. 1 (2018): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20182601.0105.
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Burak, Kostyantyn. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 95,2022, no. 95 (June 28, 2022): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.95.039.
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The purpose of this work is to prove the necessity and possibility of returning to the orthometric system of heights in Ukraine and to substantiate the ways of solving this problem. The method of achieving the goal is provided by theoretical studies of existing methods of astronomical and geodetic leveling, modern methods of forecasting neotectonic processes, GNSS accuracy and geometric leveling. The main results are: the requirements for the accuracy of gravimetric support of high-precision geometric leveling, both DGM of Ukraine and high-altitude network of geodynamic and man-made landfills. The theoretical possibility of determining orthometric heights for almost 90% of the territory of Ukraine with an accuracy of even 0.2 mm per 1 km of double stroke has been established. Scientific novelty and practical significance: it has been proved that even at the maximum values of GPP anomalies it is possible to consider orthometric and normal heights as segments of normal to the reference ellipsoid, as well as geometrical heights; if at astronomical and geodetic leveling to define a deviation of a temple with accuracy mθ_sr = 0,2 "(accuracy of modern zenith systems even 0,08"), it will bring an error in definition of a difference of orthometric heights of 0,2 mm on 1 km of the course if to determine this value from the available gravimetric maps of the deviation of the temple, this error will be 0.5-1 mm per 1 km of travel, which also corresponds to the leveling of even the first class; ; non-parallelism of equipotential surfaces should be taken into account when the difference between the force of gravity on the equipotential surface of the initial point of travel and at the point of intersection of this surface with the normal at the end point of travel exceeds 2 mGal; the force of gravity at the leveling station and on the force line of the field at the end of the course, at a height corresponding to the height of the corresponding leveling station, must be known at the sum of excesses during 10 m per 1 km with an accuracy of only 20 mGal. m per 1 km - 2 mGala, therefore, the modern model EIGEN-CG03C (accuracy is estimated within 8 Mgal) in most of the plains of Ukraine can provide gravimetric data for the creation of state leveling networks and high-precision leveling during engineering and geodetic works and works on geodynamic and man-made landfills.
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Burshtynska, Khrystyna, Andrzej Mazur, Maksym Halochkin, Yevhenii Shylo, and Iryna Zayats. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 95,2022, no. 95 (June 28, 2022): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.95.053.
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The aim of the work is to investigate the accuracy of the DEM of nearshore areas using UAV material. One of the important issues in hydrological flood modelling is the high accuracy of the DEM. In the case of a complex relief type, which is associated with meandering riverbeds, it is proposed to use UAV surveys to create a DEM. Hydrological modelling involves the following main steps: creation of high precision DEMs, determination of Manning coefficients to account for the influence of the underlying surface and determination of water level changes based on the water level graph derived from observations at hydrometeorological stations. This research presents the construction of a high-precision DEM, based on a UAV survey. For high-precision modeling, the fundamental issue is the consideration of vegetation in the nearshore areas and the choice of the optimal time period for the survey. The aim of the study is to develop a methodology for the construction of a high-precision DEM from UAV data, investigate the possibilities of eliminating the influence of vegetation on point marks using software methods, determine planned channel shifts and compare the accuracy of DEM construction for surveys conducted in June 2017 and in November 2021. The section at the transition from the mountainous to marshy-hilly part of the Dniester River near the town of Stary Sambir, with complex morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the channel and banks at the site of the complex meandering of the river in a rugged ravine area was the study object of this work. Results. It was found that for 4 years between two surveys, the planned displacements of some points are up to 25-31 meters. A priori estimation of coordinates determination by points from the GNSS-receiver was carried out, the accuracy of point coordinates determination is 2-3 cm. The a priori estimate of the accuracy of determining the coordinates of points from the input survey data is: for plan coordinates - 4-6 cm for two survey periods, the error in determining the marks of points for different values of the baseline - 21-31 cm. It has been established, that the program methods of accounting of influence of high vegetation do not give the possibility of its full accounting, the average square error, in places of such vegetation makes 0,64 m. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out UAV survey in the leafless period of the year, early spring or late autumn. Scientific novelty consists in the study of the possibility of constructing a high-precision DEM for different types of vegetation from materials obtained from UAVs. The results can be used for hydrological modeling of river channels with complex hydromorphological characteristics.
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Sossa, Rostyslav, and Mariana Yurkiv. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 95,2022, no. 95 (June 28, 2022): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.95.094.
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Ancient maps and plans are important sources of information for multifaceted knowledge of the past. In many studies, the accuracy parameters of spatial data are in demand. The purpose of our work is to study the geometric accuracy of the Lviv plan 1894 by Józef Khovanec. The methodology for studying the accuracy assessment is based on the transformation and geometric analysis of sets of identical points in the ancient plan and the modern reference one. For such a transformation, the Helmert transformation with four parameters and multiquadratic interpolation methods are used. The obtained results make it possible to graphically visualize the inaccuracies of the old plan in the form of displacement vectors, scale and rotation isolines, which clearly territorially diversify the distortions of the cartographic image. Using the method of least squares, a value was obtained that characterizes the positional accuracy of the ancient plan. All calculations and illustrations were made in the MapAnalyst software package, which specializes in the cartometric analysis of old maps. The results of cartometric analysis are influenced by a number of different factors, the decisive ones for the study were the following: the quality of the original; selection of a set of identical items; interpolation technique. When choosing identical points, the main attention is paid to their uniform distribution over the entire area of the plan at a constant position in time. The results obtained represent only one of the possible mathematical models built on the basis of the input data. However, we consider the achieved results to be valid. The processed technique significantly speeds up and simplifies the study of the accuracy of old plans and can be used for similar studies of other cartographic works, and the obtained numerical results and graphic visualizations can be used to compare old plans with each other.
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Malitskyi, Andrii. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 95,2022, no. 95 (June 28, 2022): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.95.129.
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The aim of this work is to develop an algorithm for mathematical three-dimensional modeling of a typical roof of a Ukrainian church based on ground-based laser scanning and to find ways to optimize the model depending on the input data set. Method. The accuracy of the simulation depends on the laser scan data. The number of points obtained and their accuracy will affect the final result - 3D model of the roof. Given the typical design of the church roof in the shape of a cone, you can apply the standard mathematical algorithm for modeling part of the buildings of a typical church. Result The proposed algorithm was developed in the MathCad software environment. 3D scanning materials of the Ukrainian typical church were used to develop the mathematical algorithm. The algorithm analyzes the location of the scanning points of the church roof and performs its averaging. As a result of the algorithm, erroneous measurements were rejected and a model of the part of the roof was obtained, which forms the optimal geometry of the structure. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The proposed mathematical algorithm allows to automate some modeling processes of a typical Ukrainian church for design decisions. This method of modeling can be used for similar structures of other buildings.
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Zablotskyi, Fedir, Bohdan Kladochnyi, and Ivanna Kutna. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 95,2022, no. 95 (June 28, 2022): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.95.005.
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The aim of the work is to analyze the change of hydrostatic and wet component values of zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD), determined for all seasons of the year. For today, ZTD components are determined mainly as follows: hydrostatic component – by using one of existing analytical models, mostly Saastamoinen model, and wet component – from GNSS measurements using simulated value of hydrostatic component. Also, in this study we evaluated the accuracy of the obtained values of hydrostatic and wet ZTD components for similar components, determined by radio sounding. For this purpose, we selected a pair of relatively close to each other station – aerological station and GNSS reference one. To implement the research methodology described above, we choose the Praha-Libus aerological station and the GOPE GNSS reference station. For processing and analysis, we selected the data from radio soundings of neutral atmosphere from the first station and the total values of ZTD (hydrostatic plus wet components) from the second one. Such data were selected monthly from the 1st to the 10th day of 2012 at 12 o’clock Universal Time. According to the radio sounding data, we determined the hydrostatic and the wet components of ZTD (set as reference) and the same number of total values of ZTD, derived for the same hour from GNSS measurements at the GOPE reference station. Based on these data, we determined the values of wet component of ZTD and compared them with the corresponding data, obtained from radio soundings. We found that the error of the hydrostatic component has a clear seasonal change ranging from only positive values in the range of 2 – 7 mm in January with a change cross zero in April (October), reaching only negative values in the range of 3 – 5 mm in July. As for the error of the wet component of ZTD, it should be noted that it takes only negative values during the year without clear seasonal course. Note that maximum absolute value of this error is in July, which exceeds 30 mm, due to the maximum content of water vapor in the troposphere at this time. However, only negative values of the wet component error indicate a systematic shift of its values. This paper provides recommendations for further research to improve the accuracy of determination of both hydrostatic and wet components of ZTD, as well as the reasons for seasonal changes in the accuracy of determination, especially the hydrostatic component.
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Galayda, Andrii, Borys Chetverikov, and Ihor Kolb. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 95,2022, no. 95 (June 28, 2022): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.95.065.
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The aim of the work is to propose a method of creating a geographic information online resource for the management of Lisovohrynivetska UTC. To implement the tasks, a technological scheme was proposed, which consisted of 9 stages of work. The first stage involved the collection and analysis of disparate data in both vector and raster formats on the territory of the Lisovohrenivetska united territorial community. In the second stage, with the help of Global Mapper software, all vector data files in *.dxf and *.dmf formats, which were previously available, were converted to *.shp format for further processing in ArcGIS software. As a result of the conversion, graphic and attributive data were obtained in the required format and according to the layers they contain, the geodatabase with symbols according to the classifier was edited to create 1: 2000 scale plans. The next step was to unify the database of convertible files, as vector data was created with different construction of attribute tables. In addition, there is a need to enter vector data into the edited geospatial database. To do this, a ArcPy script was written that rearranges attribute tables and enters data into a geodatabase. Adjusted and populated the attribute database of vector objects for those columns where there was no information. The penultimate step was to develop the structure of the geoportal on the basis of ArcGIS-online to download the geodatabase to Lisovohrynivetska UTC on the server, to enable their external use with a unique login and password. The last step, after creating the structure of the geoportal, was to upload vector and raster geodata prepared by ArcGIS to the geoportal. As a result of the realization of the set purpose the technique of creating the geoinformation online resource for the management of the united territorial community is offered and described. During the implementation of the method the data of 24 disparate vector layers for the Lisogrynivtska community of Khmelnytsky region were processed and converted. Raster cartographic materials for UTC were collected and processed. The geodatabase according to the classifier for scale 1: 2000 is created. The structure of the geoportal based on the ArcGIS-online kernel with a connected map-base based on the online resource GoogleMaps, where all processed materials are downloaded, has been developed. The scientific novelty is to develop the concept of accumulation of heterogeneous vector and raster geospatial data in one geodatabase, by converting them into a specific format. Additional modules have been written in ArcPy to unify the database structure. Implemented geoinformation system is located on the geoportal and is designed for management decisions of community leaders. In addition, the created GIS can be used for land management and surveying work on community sites.
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Kalynych, Ivan, Mariya Nychvyd, Ivan Prodanets, Nataliya Kablak, and Yaroslav Vash. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 95,2022, no. 95 (June 28, 2022): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.95.077.
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The aim of this work. This article is devoted to the study of geodynamic processes in the Tysza River basin within the Transcarpathian region with an analysis of geodetic observations obtained over the past decade. Method. Karst monitoring began with the identification of the most dangerous areas of the earth's surface that are subject to vertical displacements. After the detection of the most dangerous areas the local geodetic monitoring was carried out at facilities within the urban settlement to prevent possible accidents: Solotvyno, Dilove and Bila Tserkva. A collection of archival aerial photography was also used to develop a methodology for identifying changes in landscapes and landforms under the influence of geodynamic processes. Results. UAVs were used to remove karsts. On the basis of digital aerial photography data were created: orthophotos and digital terrain models. Digital aerial photography was carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents. To determine the dynamics of landslides and karst the digital aerial photography must be repeated several times at certain intervals. Aerial photography work was carried out in two stages in 2020 and 2021 Contour points were selected for identification marks. They are recognized on aerial photography and the terrain with an accuracy of at least 0.1 mm on the scale of the created plan. Mathematical processing of geodetic GPS measurements was performed using Trimble Geomatics Office software. After photogrammetric processing, the quality control of the obtained results was performed and digital surface models using DEM and TIN methods. Orthophotomaps on a scale of 1:1000 were made from raster images of aerial photographs, taking into account the created digital terrain model. There is a need for monitoring work to update information on the state of modern karst formations and areas with exogenous processes in Solotvyno and Bila Tserkva, Tyachiv district and the village Dilove, Rakhiv district, Transcarpathian region. The technology of topographic and geodetic works with the use of UAVs and GPS measurements in mountainous areas has been developed and tested. The results of aerial photography were used to visualize the study objects and to convey information regarding the deformation processes to local governments. For processes of natural or man-made nature (displacement, landslides, karst) requires the development of individual approaches to the use of UAVs. With the mass use of UAV images, a data bank is formed, which cannot be obtained by other methods. The study made it possible to create the method of complex determination of movements in exogenous and technogenic areas in mountainous areas with the use of the latest technologies. It allows quick establishing a plan-altitude basis of the required accuracy in the reference coordinate system in solving a number of applied geodesy problems using satellite technologies and UAVs for observations by objects.
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Sossa, Bohdan. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 95,2022, no. 95 (June 28, 2022): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.95.031.
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Calibration of terrestrial laser scanners allows increasing the accuracy of the obtained data in order to comply with regulatory requirements for engineering geodesy works. Two types of test objects (TCO) are used for calibration: point-based and plane-based. The aim of this work is to evaluate, summarize and classify the criteria for selecting the type and subtype of test objects for terrestrial laser scanners calibration. The arrangement of the calibration polygon is performed by taking into account the minimization of possible errors, the ability to capture the maximum field of view and range of distances, and so on. Therefore, the selection criteria are considered, systematized, and recommendations for choosing the type of TCO for practical use are developed being based on its analysis. The main criteria influencing the metric quality of calibration data are determined. The criterion of the presence of planar elements or the possibility of installing point elements is set as secondary, which is considered after evaluating all other criteria and determining the necessary conditions. The main criteria are independence from the geometric quality of surfaces; independence on the laser beam angle of incidence; arrangement of overlapping scans; the ability to calibrate both the angular and rangefinder scanner unit; the ability to link to an external coordinate system. All these criteria are considered and their impact on the calibration results are analyzed. For a more accurate assessment of the criteria, it is recommended to use Student's t-test to determine the components of systematic error that most affect the calibration data. A promising area of research has been identified - the exact spherical planar TCO centroid’s coordinates determination, which will allow one to take full advantage of both point-based and planar-based calibration objects. The scientific novelty of the study is to systematize the criteria for selecting test objects for calibration of terrestrial laser scanners and preliminary assessment of their impact on the calibration results. The obtained results allow taking into account the initial data and the existing conditions when evaluating the criteria for selecting the type of TCO for calibration in order to optimize the calibration process and further obtained data metric quality improvement.
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Lazorenko, Nadiia. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 95,2022, no. 95 (June 28, 2022): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.95.113.
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The purpose of this work is to study the integration of sets of core reference and thematic geospatial data based on the JOIN operation of relational algebra and its interaction with geocoding of geospatial features, which is implemented in modern geographic information systems (GIS) and database management systems (hereinafter – DBMS) for the development of the national spatial data infrastructure (hereinafter – NSDI). Method. The research is based on the analysis of the possibilities of applying the theory of geospatial databases and knowledge bases, international and national harmonized standards in the field of Geographic Information/ Geomatics to solve the problem of integration of geospatial data using the operation JOIN relational algebra in object-relational database management systems (OR DBMS). Results. The paper examines the models of the Join operation of relational algebra, which underlie the geocoding of features and the creation of electronic gazetteers, and proves its effectiveness: the Join operation integrates of core reference and thematic geospatial datasets. There is a need to define the required geographic identifiers, which must be present among the attributes of the core reference and thematic geospatial datasets to perform the join. The variety of uses of the Join operation covers all possible cases that arise in their practical application. Thus, the use of the Join operation involves identifying these required geographic identifiers at the geospatial database design stage. In particular, it is expedient to determine mandatory geographical identifiers (codes) of features according to the official national systems of features classification (codification) in the relevant sectoral thematic registers, which are responsible for certain holders of thematic data in accordance with Annex 2 of the Decree of Cabinet of Ministers “The order for the functioning of the national spatial data infrastructure” of May 26, 2021, № 532. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The integration of core reference data and thematic geospatial datasets based on JOIN operation models of relational algebra and their interaction with geocoding of geospatial features is researched, which is implemented in modern GIS and DBMS for the development of national spatial data infrastructure. The research was performed on a set of core reference spatial data, namely: information on administrative-territorial units of the Cherkasy region, including their borders; the data from the statistical bulletin of the socio-economic situation of the Cherkasy region for January 2021 of the Main Department of Statistics in Cherkasy region of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine were selected as thematic data. It has been shown that relational algebra join (JOIN) operations can be used to integrate other thematic geospatial data with core reference data using geographic identifiers that contain these datasets.
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Tretyak, Kornyliy. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 95,2022, no. 95 (June 28, 2022): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.95.013.
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The article presents the aspects of historical development of monitoring of Tereble-Ritska hydroelectric power station (HPP), which led to the need of establishing an automated system of geodetic monitoring (ASGM) of deformations of the water pipeline and other structures. Since 2018, the system has been automated and the instrumental part continues to be expanded. Thus, as of 2022, the instrumental part of ASGM includes 3 main components, namely: linear-angular measurements with the determination of meteorological parameters, satellite GNSS measurements, and piezometric measurements. This article presents the results of ASGM work in order to monitor deformations. There are also some advantages of using ASGM in comparison with classical measurements, which first of all allow determining of coordinates in real-time and increase the accuracy of spatial deformation detection to 2 mm (horizontal) and 3 mm (height) on an area of 2 km2. It is also possible to inform the maintenance services of the monitored object when the received deformation exceeds the established limits. According to the results of the time series of linear-angular measurements, it can be stated that the pipeline undergoes seasonal displacements which are manifested in the horizontal displacement of supports towards the HPP building from winter to summer, and vice versa from summer to winter. To date, the amount of special data for the aggregate analysis of linear-angular measurements with the determination of meteorological parameters, GNSS measurements and piezometric measurements is insufficient. As data accumulates, it will be important to establish relationships between these parameters.
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Hrytskiv, Nazar, Lyubov Babiy, and Iryna Horyainova. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 95,2022, no. 95 (June 28, 2022): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.95.135.
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The problem of applying thematic mapping of production facilities in order to obtain spatial data about the harmful effects on the environment is relevant. One of the factors that minimizes this impact is the observance of sanitary protection zones. Areas designated for sanitary protection zones must correspond to current data, which can be modeled by modern GIS technology using remote sensing data of the Earth, which will allow you to quickly and accurately obtain spatial characteristics of objects and analyze thematic information. Therefore, the aim of the work is to obtain and to analyze spatial thematic data on sanitary protection zones of industrial enterprises. Methods. For the spatial analysis of sanitary protection zones the method of modeling of spatial data using cartographic and remote sensing data and the analysis of the constructed model are applied. Results. A cartographic model was created and compliance with sanitary protection zones by industrial enterprises of Slavuta and Khmelnytsky nuclear power plant was analyzed. Scientific novelty and practical relevance. It consists in the complex application of cartographic and remote sensing data for modeling and analysis of the location of sanitary protection zones of enterprises in the city of Slavuta. The obtained thematic geospatial data can serve to eliminate the shortcomings of planning and development of both enterprises and the surrounding infrastructure. The analysis of the results showed an unsatisfactory state of compliance to requirements of sanitary protection zones by industrial enterprises in Slavuta. The tested workflow can be used for modeling and analysis of sanitary protection zones of enterprises that have a harmful effect on the environment, which will increase the level of control in the field of sanitary legislation using GIS technologies.
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Kin, Danylo, and Yurii Karpinskyi. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 95,2022, no. 95 (June 28, 2022): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.95.103.
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The aim of this work – research of topological inconsistencies during adjustment and junction of adjacent map sheets of digital topographic maps of scale 1:50000 with the use of rigorous analytical geodetic methods on the reference ellipsoid in the geoinformation environment. The research analyzes the phenomenon of topological inconsistencies of frames of adjacent digital topographic maps of 1:50000 scale within the zones of Gauss-Krueger projections and the feasibility of transition to rigorous analytical geodetic methods in the geoinformation environment during the creation of the topographic database “The Main state topographic map” by determining the differences between the vertices of the frames of digital topographic maps at a scale of 1: 50000 at the boundaries of the projection zones. This phenomenon was discovered during work at the state enterprise “Research Institute of Geodesy and Cartography”. The dependences are shown and analyzed, which show the changes in the distances between the vertices of the frames of adjacent map sheets of scale 1: 50000 in longitude and latitude. These values range from 1 mm to 8 mm, which leads to topological inconsistencies in the form of gaps and overlaps of adjacent map sheets. These gaps and overlaps complicate the process of adjustment of map sheets and make it impossible to automate the process of the junction of features into the topographic database. The scientific novelty of the research is to justify the use of rigorous analytical geodetic methods and tools instead of analog cartometric and standard methods of instrumental GIS; the use of a reference ellipsoid, not just cartographic projections, a spheroid or a sphere. The practical significance of research is the use of rigorous analytical geodetic methods that significantly minimize the values of gaps and overlaps, as the establishment of tolerances for these values does not automate the process of correct adjustment and junction of map sheets. The performed research can be used to create the topographic database “The Basic topographic map scale 1: 10000”, during the creation and updating of geospatial data in the geoinformation environment and the implementation of geodetic methods to determine the cartometric characteristics of features using GIS. Given the results of research, we can conclude that the present stage of application of geographic information systems in topographic and geodetic activities requires increasing the level of data topology and accuracy of all cartometric methods, which leads to the transition to extremely rigorous analytical geodetic methods directly on the reference ellipsoid.
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Vivat, Anatolii, Sergii Petrov, and Valeria Volkova. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 95,2022, no. 95 (June 28, 2022): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.95.022.
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Today in Ukraine there are dozens of turbogenerators (TG) in operation, a significant part of which have been in operation for over 35 ÷ 50 years, which exceeds their service life in accordance with regulatory documents. The actual technical condition of the TG is determined by many geometrical parameters, among which the crucial ones are those that characterize it as a mechanical system (axis of the aggregate and the axis of the stator). Today, the control of the position of the axes must be performed with an accuracy of 0.5 mm, and is carried out in three ways (using a string, using an optical autoreflex system (PPS-11), using a test shaft). The purpose of these studies is to develop a method for monitoring the geometric parameters of the TG stator when replacing it with geodetic methods using high-precision electronic total stations and its testing on site. Based on previous research, we propose to solve the following problems by the spatial method of electronic total station using a high-precision total station Leica TCRP1201R300. We performed a priori estimation of accuracy and a number of experiments (research to determine refocusing error, determination of distance measurement error at short lengths using a spherical reflector, study of the effect of non-perpendicularity of the measuring laser to the reflector) to develop methods for improving measurement accuracy using electronic total station. This technique has been tested on site during the repair (replacement) of the generator stator. As a result of the work carried out, the spatial position of the axes of the aggregate and the stator was determined with an accuracy of 0.3 mm, which were fixed in the conditional coordinate system by four marks. The method provides for the selection of optimal conditions for electronic tacheometer measurements, which compensate for errors in the initial data, instrumental, external conditions, sighting, centering and fixing. Also, the method provides for the control of each stage of work on a standard deviation of up to 0.2 mm. The number of measurement methods is determined by achieving the accuracy of each stage of 0.2 mm.
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Aber, James S., Susan W. Aber, Juraj Janočko, Ryszard Zabielski, and Maria Górska-Zabielska. "High-altitude kite aerial photography." Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 111, no. 1 & 2 (April 2008): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1660/0022-8443(2008)111[49:hkap]2.0.co;2.
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Zablotskyi, Fedir, Bohdan Palianytsia, Bohdan Kladochnyi, and Olena Nevmerzhytska. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 94, 2021, no. 94 (December 28, 2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.94.013.
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The aim of this work is to evaluate the accuracy of determining the wet component of zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) from GNSS-measurements and the accuracy of determining the hydrostatic component according to the Saastamoinen model in comparison with the radio sounding data as well. Zenith tropospheric delay is determined mainly by two methods - traditional, using radio sounding or using atmospheric models, such as the Saastamoinen model, and the method of GNSS measurements. Determination of the hydrostatic component of the zenith tropospheric delay was performed by radio sounding data obtained at the aerological station Praha-Libus in 2011-2013 and in 2018. Data were processed for the middle decades of January and July of each year at 0h o’clock of the Universal Time. The wet component was calculated from GNSS observations. By a significant number of radio soundings at the Praha-Libus aerological station, hydrostatic and wet components of zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) and the same number of ZTD values derived for the corresponding time intervals from GNSS measurements at the GOPE reference station were determined. The values of the wet component of ZTD were determined and compared with the corresponding data obtained from radio soundings. We found that the error of the hydrostatic component in winter does not exceed 10 mm in absolute value, and in summer it is approximately 1.5 times smaller. This is due to differences in the stratification of the troposphere and lower stratosphere in winter and summer. As for the wet component of ZTD, its errors do not exceed: in winter 15 mm, in summer – 35 mm. The resulting differences in summer have a negative sign, indicating a systematic shift, and in winter – both negative and positive. Today, there are many studies aimed at improving the accuracy of determining zenith tropospheric delay by both Ukrainian and foreign authors, but the problem of the accuracy of the hydrostatic component remains open. The study provides recommendations for further research to improve the accuracy of zenith tropospheric delay.
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Dvulit, Petro, Stepan Savchuk, and Iryna Sosonka. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 94, 2021, no. 94 (December 28, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.94.005.
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The aim of the research is to diagnose the metrological characteristics of high-precision GNSS-observations by methods of non-classical error theory of measurements (NETM) based on Ukrainian reference stations. Methodology. We selected 72 GNSS reference stations, downloaded daily observation files from the LPI analysis center server, and created time series in the topocentric coordinate system. The duration of the time series is almost two years (March 24, 2019 - January 2, 2021). Using a specialized software package, the time series have been cleaned of offsets and breaks, seasonal effects, and the trend component has been removed. Verification of empirical distributions of errors was provided by the procedure of NETM on the recommendations offered by G. Jeffries and on the principles of hypothesis tests the theory according to Pearson's criterion. The main result of the research. It is established that the obtained time series of coordinates of reference GNSS stations do not confirm the hypothesis of their conformity to the normal Gaussian distribution law. NETM diagnostics of the accuracy of high-precision GNSS measurements, which is based on the use of confidence intervals for assessing the asymmetry and kurtosis of a significant sample, followed by the Pearson test, confirms the presence of weak, not removed from GNSS-processing, sources of systematic errors. Scientific novelty. The authors use the possibility of NETM to improve the processing of high-precision GNSS measurements and the need to take into account the sources of systematic errors. Failure to take into account certain factors creates the effect of shifting the time coordinate series, which, in turn, leads to subjective estimates of station velocity, i.e. their geodynamic interpretation. Practical significance. Research of the reasons for deviations of errors distribution from the established norms provides metrological literacy of carrying out high-precision GNSS measurements of large samples.
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Fys, Mykhailo, Volodymyr Litynskyi, Anatolii Vivat, and Svyatoslav Litynskyi. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 94, 2021, no. 94 (December 28, 2021): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.94.020.
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The aim. The study of formulas determination of the point coordinates by the inverse linear-angular intersection method. Previously, we investigated the possibility of using electronic total stations to control the geometric parameters of industrial buildings. The applied application of electronic total stations for high-precision measurements has been investigated as well. [Vivat, 2018]. The formula for optimal use of the device with certain accuracy characteristics relative to the measured basis is analytically proved and derived [Litynskyi, 2014]. Measurements on the basis of the II category are performed and theoretical calculations are confirmed. The possibility of achieving high accuracy in determining the segment by the method of linear-angular measurements is shown [Litynsky, 2015]. The influence of the angle value on the accuracy of determining the coordinates by the sine theorem is investigated and the possibility of optimizing the determination of coordinates by the method of inverse linear-angular serif by the formulas of cosines and sines is investigated [Litynskyi, 2019]. Method. Establishing a mathematical interconnection between measured values (distances and angles) with the required (flat coordinates of a point), differentiation and finding the minima of functions. Results.There were five formulas selected, of which six combinations had been created to calculate the increments of coordinates and to estimate their accuracy. Numerical experiments show that neither method has a significant advantage, which is supported by the results presented in the graphs and tables. It is worth noting one feature of the second method - in which it is possible to determine the increments of coordinates with an accuracy that exceeds the accuracy of measuring the sides. The possibility of optimizing the coordinate increments determination due to the choice of calculation formulas is considered. The possibility of increasing the accuracy of determination of the coordinates increments using different calculation formulas is researched. Consequently, it is suggested to optimize the choice of calculation formulas depending on the position of the desired point. The results of these studies can be used to create electronic total station or laser tracker application software in order to improve the accuracy of coordinate determination.
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Kazachenko, Ludmila, Vladyslav Kazachenko, and Tetyana Zhidkova. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 94, 2021, no. 94 (December 28, 2021): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.94.029.
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The development of exogenous processes on the Earth's surface is a large-scale problem. Due to the development of exogenous processes there are changes in the composition and structure of the earth's crust and its surface. The destruction of streets, houses and public buildings, roads and railways leads to enormous losses. To predict the development of soil degradation, erosion processes on agricultural lands, which lose annual production areas, leads to the formation of a ravine-beam system and reduces the productive amount of land owned by citizens – is a solution. The use of GIS technologies, remote sensing of the Earth and modern programming can partially solve the problem, as it is a rapid identification of areas that have undergone the process of soil degradation and possible prediction of the development of negative phenomena. The use of geodetic software, GIS, information layers of the Public cadastral map can help in the fastest finding of territories, development of the forecast of the further destructive action, development of the corresponding protective methods and their introduction. The areas with manifestations of exogenous processes - soil degradation in agricultural enterprises, where every year the area of highly fertile chernozems is lost, which leads to large losses and landslides in the forest-steppe and steppe settlements of Kharkiv region have been subject of our study. We investigated destructive processes by geodetic measurements in the territories of their manifestations, observations were carried out for 8 years. The development of exogenous processes on the Earth's surface was revealed, which was manifested in landslides in the settlements of the forest-steppe zone and degradation of agricultural lands in the steppe and forest-steppe part of Kharkiv region. The cause of the destruction of the earth's surface were factors independent of human activity. We built 3-D models of development of exogenous processes manifested in soil erosion and growth of the ravine-beam system and determined the degree of erosion after surveying and processing the results of geodetic measurements in the software Digitals. For 8 years, we made changes to the software, surveying the area and building a monitoring line. Also in the settlements on the territory of the two zones, we observed the development of landslides on the streets of the village. Milova and s. Nova Vasylivka, where there is an intensive development of exogenous processes. The use of GIS technologies and remote sensing of the Earth to monitor the development of exogenous processes simplifies the solution.
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Babushka, Andriy, Lyubov Babiy, Borys Chetverikov, and Andriy Sevruk. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 94, 2021, no. 94 (December 28, 2021): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.94.035.
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Earth remote sensing and using the satellite images play an important role when monitoring the effects of forest fires and assessing damage. Applying different methods of multispectral space images processing, we can determine the risk of fire distribution, define hot spots and determine thermal parameters, mapping the damaged areas and assess the consequences of fire. The purpose of the work is the severity assessment connected with the post-fire period on the example of the forests in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone. The tasks of the study are to define the area of burned zones using space images of different time which were obtained from the Sentinel-2 satellite applying the method of a normalized burn ratio (NBR) and method of supervised classification. Space images taken from the Sentinel-2 satellite before and after the fire were the input data for the study. Copernicus Open Access Hub service is a source of images and its spatial resolution is 10 m for visible and near infrared bands of images, and 20 m for medium infrared bands of images. We used method of Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and automatically calculated the area damaged with fire. Using this index we were able to identify areas of zones after active combustion. This index uses near and middle infrared bands for the calculations. In addition, a supervised classification was performed on the study area, and signature files were created for each class. According to the results of the classification, the areas of the territories damaged by the fire were also calculated. The scientific novelty relies upon the application of a method of using the normalized combustion coefficient (NBR) and supervised classification for space images obtained before and after the fire in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. The practical significance lies in the fact that the studied methods of GIS technologies can be used to identify territories and calculate the areas of vegetation damaged by fires. These results can be used by local organizations, local governments and the Ministry of Emergency Situations to monitor the condition and to plan reforestation. The normalized burned ratio (NBR) gives possibility efficiently and operatively to define and calculate the area which were damaged by fires, that gives possibility operatively assess the consequences of such fires and estimate the damage. The normalized burned ratio allows to calculate the area of burned forest almost 2 times more accurately than the supervised classification. The calculation process itself also takes less time and does not require additional procedures (set of signatures). Supervised classification in this case gives worse accuracy, the process itself is longer, but allows to determine the area of several different classes.
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Ievsiukov, Taras, Borys Chetverikov, Іvan Kovalchuk, Іvan Openko, Оleksandr Shevchenko, Yanina Stepchuk, and Оleksandr Makarov. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 94,2021, no. 94 (2021): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.94.044.
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Elaboration of the method of creating a web-GIS of Polish burials at the Baikove Cemetery in Kyiv. Achieving this goal involves the following tasks: to develop the structure of the geographic information system, its framework and to fill the file database. For realization of the set tasks the technological scheme consisting of 12 stages of work is offered. The first stage involved the collection of cartographic and descriptive data on the territory of the object of study, as well as the search for possible registers of Polish burials within the object under study. In the second stage, field surveys were performed to determine the coordinates of each grave of the Polish burials at the Baikove Cemetery using a GIS tablet with an RTK antenna LT700H (accuracy up to 0.30 m). The total number of coordinated points was 565, which were concentrated in 7 sections of the cemetery. The third stage included the coordination of reference points and the binding of this support in the GIS MapInfo environment of the fragment of the topographic plan of Kyiv on a scale of 1: 2000 to the territory of the Baikove Cemetery. There were a total of 11 landmarks. The maximum binding error is 0.2 m. In the fourth stage, all point objects were displayed according to their coordinates on the basis of the map and the corresponding symbols were selected. The next step was to develop and populate a relational database for point objects. The database contained the following columns: grave number, name and surname of the buried person, grave coordinates and hyperlinks to burial information in the file database. Next, all map layers were exported to html format, and the point object layer was exported to kml format using a universal translator, which allowed to view burial data in GoogleEarth. At the eighth stage of the technological scheme the structure of layouts of each html-page of the created online GIS was developed. All map data had hyperlinks to the selected AOI objects. In the case of the Baikove Cemetery scheme, plots with Polish burials were marked. Clicking on them opened a topographic plan with marked point objects of burials. In turn, when you click on them, information about the burial appeared from the file database. At the tenth stage, 5 sheets of topographic plans with burials were generated. One sheet of scale 1: 2000 and four sheets of scale 1: 500, for better "spreading" and initialization of burials. The eleventh stage is devoted to the creation and filling of a file database on Polish burials. This database contained the following structure: photo of the burial, coordinates, surname and name, years of life, additional photographs (if available), sex of the buried person, interpreted inscription on the tombstone, as well as, if possible, detailed information and belonging of the buried person to a certain profession, its outstanding achievements and accomplishments. At the last stage, the hyperlinks of the transition between the pages were configured and the system was tested. The scientific novelty lies in the development of the concept of joint use of various applications of geoinformation and non-geoinformation purposes. The technological scheme of creation of WEB-GIS of Polish burials of the Baikove Cemetery in Kyiv is offered. Implemented geographic information system is designed for inventory of burials, analysis of the condition of tombstones and their spatial location in the cemetery. In addition, the created GIS can be used for tourism purposes and in the study of historical figures of Polish origin.
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Trevoho, Ihor, Fedir Zablotskyi, Andrzej Piskorek, Bohdan Dzhuman, and Andriy Vovk. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 93,2021, no. 93 (June 23, 2021): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.93.013.
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Purpose. The purpose of this work is obtaining connections between the Baltic and European height systems based on the I class leveling between the Ukrainian and Polish control points of the base vertical networks and construction of the quasigeoid surface on the border area. Method. Full integration of the hight system of Ukraine into the European vertical reference system (EVRS) consists of two stages: modernization of the height network of Ukraine through its integration into the United European leveling network UELN; construction and use as a regional vertical date the model of high-precision quasigeoid, which will be consistent with the European geoid EGG2015. The analysis of methods of high-precision leveling in Ukraine and Poland, and also the analysis of methods of construction of quasigeoid models in these countries is performed. Results. For integrating the Ukrainian hight system into the UELN/EVRS2000 system, the Ukrainian side performed I class geometric leveling along two lines: Lviv - Shehyni - Przemysl and Kovel - Yagodyn - Chelm with total length of 196 km. The root mean square systematic error on both lines of leveling was s<0.01 mm/km. In turn, the mean square random error along the line Lviv - Shehyni - Przemysl is h=0.29 mm/km, and along the line Kovel - Yagodyn - Chelm is h=0.27 mm/km. For double control on the cross-border part, the Polish side performed high-precision leveling with a length of 33 km. The differences between the Ukrainian and Polish leveling in all sections are within the tolerance. The analysis of influence of geodynamic phenomena on control of high-precision leveling is carried out. GNSS-leveling was performed on all fundamental and ground benchmarks, as well as horizontal marks. These measurements were used to build a quasigeoid model for the border area of Ukraine. The MSE of the obtained quasigeoid model is about 2 cm, which corresponds to the accuracy of the input information. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The connection of the Ukrainian and European height systems will ensure Ukraine’s integration into the European economic system, participation in international research of global ecological and geodynamic processes, study of the Earth’s shape and gravitational field and mapping of Ukraine using navigational and remote-sensing satellite technologies. Calculation of a high-precision model of a quasigeoid on the Ukraine area in relation to the European height system, agreed with the European geoid EGG2015, will allow to obtain gravity-dependent heights using modern satellite technologies.
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Lopatin, Yaroslav, and Wilhelm Heger. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 93,2021, no. 93 (June 23, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.93.005.
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The aim of the work is to develop an automated measuring system in a mechanical gyrocompass with the help of specially developed hardware and software in order to facilitate the operation of the device and minimize observer errors. The developed complex provides automation only for the time method, as for the method of the turning point it is necessary to constantly contact the motion screw of the total station. The project is based on an integrated system, the hardware part of which contains a single-board computer, camera, and lens. The main software is a developed motion recognition algorithm with the help of image processing. This algorithm was created using the Python programming language and the open-source computer vision library OpenCV. With the help of the hardware, a video image of the gyroscope's reference scale is obtained, and with the help of the software, the moving light indicator and its position relative to the scale are identified in this image. The result of the study is a functioning automatic measurement system, which determines the value of the azimuth of the direction with the same accuracy as manual measurements. The system is controlled remotely via a computer and wi-fi network. To test the system, a series of automatic and manual measurements were performed simultaneously at the same point for the same direction. Based on the results obtained, it can be stated that the accuracy of the system is within the limits specified by the manufacturer of the device for manual measurements. The application of computer vision technology, namely the tracking of a moving object in the image for gyroscopic measurements can give a significant impetus to the development of automation systems for a wide range of measuring instruments, which in turn can improve the accuracy of measurement results. The developed system can be used together with the Gyromax AK-2M gyrocompass of GeoMessTechnik for carrying out automated measurements, training of new operators. With the help of the developed model, it is possible to avoid gross errors of the observer, to facilitate the measurement process which will not demand the constant presence of the operator near the device. In some dangerous conditions, this is a significant advantage.
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Burak, Kostyantyn O., and Kostiantyn Yarosh. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 93,2021, no. 93 (June 23, 2021): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.93.085.
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The purpose of this work is to show the prospects and the need to continue work in Ukraine on the creation of anti-aircraft systems and astronomical geodetic leveling (a combination of astronomical and high-precision geometric leveling), using GNSS and instruments that provide accurate measurements of deviations of the temple 0.1 geodynamic landfills and man-made, which create for the construction of a height foundation for the construction and operation of extremely important facilities. The method of achieving the goal is provided by theoretical studies of existing methods of astronomical and geodetic leveling, modern methods of forecasting neotectonic processes, GNSS accuracy and geometric leveling. The main results - the possibility of using astronomical and geodetic leveling in the forecast of catastrophic deformations of the earth's surface, including earthquakes, control of the results of geometric and GNSS leveling.Scientific novelty: recommendations for the use of astronomical and geodetic leveling of specially created profiles on geodynamic landfills for forecasting neotectonic processes, GNSS control and geometric leveling using the geoidal component, the idea of synchronous observations using zenith systems in astronomical and geodetic leveling.
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Doskich, Sofiia. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 93,2021, no. 93 (June 23, 2021): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.93.035.
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The emergence of satellite observations was marked by their widespread use to determine the velocities and direction of horizontal motions of lithosphere plates (modern kinematics of lithosphere plates), which allowed to research the deformation processes at the global and regional levels. Today, permanent GNSS stations cover a large part of the land area. Since many of these stations have accumulated a large amount of daily observation over 20 years, it is possible to trace the deformation processes of certain areas. There is the problem of correct identification of observations of the true parameters of the deformation process. This issue requires the joint work of geophysicists and geodesists. But high-precision time series and values of GNSS station velocities are important and perspective data for the interpretation of geodynamic processes, which are much easier to obtain than geophysical or geological data, do not require special costs and should take into account their active development, the number of such stations is growing rapidly. Today, according to unofficial data, more than 300 reference stations operate in Ukraine. The aim of this work is to detect deformations of the Earth's crust in the Carpathian folded system using GNSS technology. The input data for the research were the observations over eight years (2013-2020) at reference stations in Ukraine (ZAKPOS network). From these observations, the combined solution (coordinates time series and velocities) was calculated using the scientific software GAMIT / GLOBK. According to the obtained data, the horizontal displacements vectors of GNSS stations were also constructed, and the deformations of the Earth's crust were calculated by the method of triangles, the vertices of which are GNSS stations, using the GPS Triangle Strain Calculator software. The calculated values of deformations showed a different geodynamic value, depending on the location of the triangles. In particular, the active zones of stretching (Rakhiv-Verkhovyna and Syanok-Ustryky-Dolishni) and compression (Rakhiv-Khust-Mukachevo) were identified. The research results make it possible to establish the features of the spatial distribution of crustal movement in the Carpathian region and in the future in a joint interpretation with geophysical data to create a regional geodynamic model of the Carpathian folded system.
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Kyselov, Yurii, Mykhailo Shemiakin, Petro Borovyk, Serhii Kononenko, and Marharyta Melnyk. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 93,2021, no. 93 (June 23, 2021): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.93.042.
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Aim. The aim of the proposed research is to substantiate the scientific and practical significance of calculating centers of states and regions territories , to conduct a historical review of centrographic research in Ukraine and in the world in the context of evolution of their methodology, to establish geodetic coordinates of the set of points lying on the line of the land state border and coastlines along the seas, and to determine the center of dead weight of the territory of Ukraine as the center of gravity of the broken polygon formed by state territory contours (geodesic center of Ukraine). Methods. In calculating the geodesic center of Ukraine, the authors used a method (in their own interpretation) of determining the center of gravity of the territory, proposed by Jean-Georges Affholder and tested by him in establishing the center of Europe. Results. The history of centrographic research is more than 250 years old, but only in the last-half century they have acquired a proper scientific character, becoming a solid geodesic base. The main milestones in the formation of the centrographic dimension in context of determining the centers of a number of leading world countries and the evolution of research methods are presented. It is established that it is necessary to distinguish the geometric, geographical and geodesic centers of territories, which differ in method of definition and level of accuracy stipulated by calculations requirements. Each of the recognized centers of the territory of Ukraine has its own significance and justification. Scientific novelty. A historical review of definition of the territories centers in the world and in Ukraine has been made. A method of calculating the center of territory gravity of Ukraine as the center of a broken landfill formed by its contours, including the land state border and coastline, is proposed. The concept of "geodesic center" has been introduced to denote the center of territory gravity, which describes a polygonal, including irregular, figure. The location and exact coordinates of the geodesic center of Ukraine, located in the Novoukrayinsky district of Kirovohrad region, has been established. Practical significance . Specifying the location of territories centers is important in terms of optimizing location of manufacturing facilities and infrastructure, as well as potential tourism facilities. The methods used in calculating territories centers of Ukraine can be used not only in conducting similar studies for administrative regions, but also in newly created districts, united territorial communities, etc.
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Protsyk, Mykhailo, Borys Chetverikov, and Andrii Ivanevych. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 93,2021, no. 93 (June 23, 2021): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.93.072.
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Aim of the work. To develop a method of automated allocation of catchment basins and obtaining their hydrological and morphometric characteristics, which is based on digital terrain models. Methods and results of work. A necessary condition for the correct filling of the terrain is the presence of points of true flow at the edge of the settlement area (if the river flows into the lake, it should not enter the calculated area completely, otherwise incorrect results will be obtained). By performing the operation of filling the relief of the terrain, a new dem is created, which does not contain fictitious depressions and is used in the next step as input data to calculate the flow direction according to the algorithm d8. According to the proposed technological scheme it is necessary to process step by step the following six blocks: filling of closed depressions, calculation of runoff direction, calculation of total runoff, creation of point vector data set of closing points (mouth points), creation of watershed boundaries, raster-vector data conversion. Theoretical research tested the method of automated allocation of watersheds, namely the determination of hydrological and morphometric parameters of the terrain. The pools were ranked according to these parameters according to the existing classifications, a series of relevant thematic electronic maps was compiled. It should be noted that in Skole district of lviv region there are 590 catchment areas, and their area is 1407 km2. Watersheds are classified by outcrop, namely low-mountain basins in the region of 6, their area is 7 km2, medium-mountain 360, area 755 km2, high-mountain 224, area 645 km2. Pools are classified according to the average slope: the first category from 0-3 degrees, very gentle slopes - pools 27, area 7 km2; the second category from 9-12 degrees, sloping slopes-pools of 128, the area 303 km2; the third category from 12-15> degrees, steep slopes - pools of 225, the area 648 km2. The accuracy between the reference and the original relief model was evaluated. We can say that sle = 0.63 (m) slope, sle = 5.43 (m) height. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The technological scheme of automated separation of catchment basins according to digital relief models for Skoliv district of lviv region is proposed and the method of separation of catchment basins is worked out. According to the developed method, maps of watercourses of different orders and their catchment basins and classification of basins by area on the territory of Skole administrative district, which can be used by local organizations on water resources, are constructed.
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Maksymova, Yuliia, and Oleksii Boiko. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 93,2021, no. 93 (June 23, 2021): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.93.059.
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Purpose. The aim of the research is to develop fuzzy impact models of the natural and anthropogenic influence, which allows to integrate different physical factors, which makes it possible to bring them to a single environmental assessment system and comparison of different assessed areas. Methodology. The basis of the proposed modeling is a traditional approach on the development of such models, which includes conceptual, logical and physical modeling levels. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is used for conceptual modeling level, which is recommended as the main modeling tool in the set of international standards in geographic information / geomatics and software that supports the interactive mode of UML diagrams creation Visio. The geospatial database and SQL-functions are implemented and the extension of the standard SQL-99 language with a new data type geometry and built-in functions which provides storage, processing and analysis of geospatial data in database management systems is used. The proposed models are realized in the environment of object-relational DBMS PostgreSQl / Postgis and geographic information system QGIS. Results. A review of the experience of using fuzzy logic to assess the state of the environment is done. Technological models for computation of indicators of administrative unit provision by social infrastructure objects, influence of greenery, industrial territories and transport on the environment are offered and realized. An example of approbation of the proposed approach based on OpenStreetMaps open data for the Popasnianskyi distinct of Luhansk region territory is given. Scientific novelty. Theoretical generalizations are made and practical results are received of resolving applied problem of the development of the fuzzy impact assessment model of various factors influence on the environment with use of GIS. Such assessment can be used at the stage of community spatial development strategies preparation to determine the most acceptable development version, as well as to unify the means of strategies implementation monitoring, organically linking local, national and global tasks. Practical significance. The application of the proposed approach of GRID modeling and fuzzy impact assessment use in assessing the quality of the environment allows to integrate different indicators, compare them, by bringing them into a single evaluation system.
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Tretyak, Kornyliy, and Ivan Brusak. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 93,2021, no. 93 (June 23, 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.93.027.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose. The purpose of this work is obtaining connections between the Baltic and European height systems based on the I class leveling between the Ukrainian and Polish control points of the base vertical networks and construction of the quasigeoid surface on the border area. Method. Full integration of the hight system of Ukraine into the European vertical reference system (EVRS) consists of two stages: modernization of the height network of Ukraine through its integration into the United European leveling network UELN; construction and use as a regional vertical date the model of high-precision quasigeoid, which will be consistent with the European geoid EGG2015. The analysis of methods of high-precision leveling in Ukraine and Poland, and also the analysis of methods of construction of quasigeoid models in these countries is performed. Results. For integrating the Ukrainian hight system into the UELN/EVRS2000 system, the Ukrainian side performed I class geometric leveling along two lines: Lviv - Shehyni - Przemysl and Kovel - Yagodyn - Chelm with total length of 196 km. The root mean square systematic error on both lines of leveling was s<0.01 mm/km. In turn, the mean square random error along the line Lviv - Shehyni - Przemysl is h=0.29 mm/km, and along the line Kovel - Yagodyn - Chelm is h=0.27 mm/km. For double control on the cross-border part, the Polish side performed high-precision leveling with a length of 33 km. The differences between the Ukrainian and Polish leveling in all sections are within the tolerance. The analysis of influence of geodynamic phenomena on control of high-precision leveling is carried out. GNSS-leveling was performed on all fundamental and ground benchmarks, as well as horizontal marks. These measurements were used to build a quasigeoid model for the border area of Ukraine. The MSE of the obtained quasigeoid model is about 2 cm, which corresponds to the accuracy of the input information. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The connection of the Ukrainian and European height systems will ensure Ukraine’s integration into the European economic system, participation in international research of global ecological and geodynamic processes, study of the Earth’s shape and gravitational field and mapping of Ukraine using navigational and remote-sensing satellite technologies. Calculation of a high-precision model of a quasigeoid on the Ukraine area in relation to the European height system, agreed with the European geoid EGG2015, will allow to obtain gravity-dependent heights using modern satellite technologies.