Dissertations / Theses: 'Aerial photography in hydrology'

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Wolf, Eric B. "Low-cost large scale aerial photography and the Upland South Folk Cemetery a thesis presented to the Department of Geology and Geography in candidacy for the degree of Master of Science /." Diss., Maryville, Mo. : Northwest Missouri State University, 2006. http://www.nwmissouri.edu/library/theses/WolfEricB/index.htm.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Northwest Missouri State University, 2006.
The full text of the thesis is included in the pdf file. Title from title screen of full text.pdf file (viewed on January 25, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

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Richards, Daniel L. "Open source UAV platform development for aerial photography." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1587919.

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Aerial photography is an important layer in Geographic Information Systems (GISs), and generally provides the base layer from which many other digital map layers are derived. Capturing these photos from a traditional full-sized airplane is a complex and expensive process. The recent development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and associated technology are providing an alternative to the traditional aerial mapping process. UAVs produced by popular commercial vendors are effective at capturing photos, but are highly expensive to acquire, and equally expensive to maintain.

This research project demonstrates the development and successful implementation of a relatively inexpensive ($2000) unmanned aerial vehicle capable of acquiring high-resolution digital aerial photography. The UAV was developed using open source technology and commercially available components. The methods outlined encompass the platform selection, component inventory, design, construction, configuration, implementation, and testing of the UAV, as well as an analysis of the photography produced by the process. This approach can be used by others to implement similar UAV projects.

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Simpson, Andrew David. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE FOR LOW-COST REMOTE SENSING AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." UKnowledge, 2003. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/191.

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The paper describes major features of an unmanned aerial vehicle, designed undersafety and performance requirements for missions of aerial photography and remotesensing in precision agriculture. Unmanned aerial vehicles have vast potential asobservation and data gathering platforms for a wide variety of applications. The goalof the project was to develop a small, low cost, electrically powered, unmanned aerialvehicle designed in conjunction with a payload of imaging equipment to obtainremote sensing images of agricultural fields. The results indicate that this conceptwas feasible in obtaining high quality aerial images.

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Gurtner, Alex. "Investigation of fisheye lenses for small UAV aerial photography." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/19323/.

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Aerial photography obtained by UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) is an emerging market for civil applications. Small UAVs are believed to close gaps in niche markets, such as acquiring airborne image data for remote sensing purposes. Small UAVs will be able to fly at low altitudes, in dangerous environments and over long periods of time. However, the small lightweight constructions of these UAVs lead to new problems, such as higher agility leading to more susceptibility to turbulence and limitations in space and payload for sensor systems. This research investigates the use of low-cost fisheye lenses to overcome such problems which theoretically makes the airborne imaging less sensitive to turbulence. The fisheye lens has the benet of a large observation area (large field of view) and doesn't add additional weight to the aircraft, like traditional mechanical stabilizing systems. This research presents the implementation of a fisheye lens for aerial photography and mapping purposes, including theoretical background of fisheye lenses. Based on the unique feature of the distortion being a function of the viewing angle, methods used to derive the fisheye lens distortion are presented. The lens distortion is used to rectify the fisheye images before these images can be used in aerial photography. A detailed investigation into the inner orientation of the camera and inertial sensor is given, as well as the registration of airborne collected images. It was found that the attitude estimation is critical towards accurate mapping using low quality sensors. A loosely coupled EKF filter applied to the GPS and inertial sensor data estimated the attitude to an accuracy of 3-5° (1-sigma) using low-cost sensors typically found in small UAVs. However, the use of image stitching techniques may improve the outcome. On the other hand, lens distortion caused by the fisheye lens can be addressed by rectification techniques and removed to a sub-pixel level. Results of the process present image sequences gathered from a piloted aircraft demonstrating the achieved performance and potential applications towards UAVs. Further, an unforeseen issue with a vibrating part in the lens lead to the need for vibration compensation. The vibration could be estimated to ±1 pixel in 75% of the cases by applying an extended Hough transform to the fisheye images.

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Buckley, Craig. "Photomosaicing and automatic topography generation from stereo aerial photography." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/790.

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Gifford, Eric Allan 1965. "Hough transform extraction of cartographic fiducial marks from aerial photography." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277903.

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Cartographic compilation requires precision mensuration. The calibration of mensuration processes is based on specific fiducials. External fiducials, around the exterior frame of the image, must be precisely measured to establish the overall physical geometry. Internal fiducials are provided within the image by placement of cloth panels on the ground at locations whose position is precisely known. Both types of fiducials must be known within the pixel space of a digitized image in order for the feature extraction process to be accurate with respect to delineated features. Precise mensuration of these fiducials requires that a cartographer view the image on a display and use pointing devices, such as a mouse, to pick the exact point. For accurate fiducial location, the required manual operations can be an added time-consuming task in the feature extraction process. Interactive tools which eliminate the precise pointing action for the operator are described in this thesis. The operator is required only to "box-in" the fiducial, using a simple drawing tool, select the fiducial function, and the software of the tool returns the precise location of the fiducial.

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Gombos, Andrew David. "DETECTION OF ROOF BOUNDARIES USING LIDAR DATA AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/75.

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The recent growth in inexpensive laser scanning sensors has created entire fields of research aimed at processing this data. One application is determining the polygonal boundaries of roofs, as seen from an overhead view. The resulting building outlines have many commercial as well as military applications. My work in this area has created a segmentation algorithm where the descriptive features are computationally and theoretically simpler than previous methods. A support vector machine is used to segment data points using these features, and their use is not common for roof detection to date. Despite the simplicity of the feature calculations, the accuracy of our algorithm is similar to previous work. I also describe a basic polygonal extraction method, which is acceptable for basic roofs.

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Fu, Youtong. "Use Of Small Format Aerial Photography in NPS Pollution Control Applications." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26346.

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An automated procedure was developed to identify and extract confined poultry facilities from color 35-mm slide imagery collected by the United States Department of Agriculture/Farm Service Agency (USDA/FSA). The imagery is used by the USDA/FSA to monitor compliance with various farm support programs and to determine crop production acreage within a given county. The imagery is generally available for all counties within the state on an annual basis. The imagery, however, is not flown to rigid specifications as flight height, direction, and overlap can vary significantly. The USDA/FSA attempts to collect imagery with reasonably clear skies, as visual interpretations could be drastically impacted by cloudiness. The goal of this study was to develop procedures to effectively utilize this imagery base to identify and extract poultry facilities using automated techniques based on image processing and GIS. The procedure involved pre-screening the slides to determine coverage, geopositioning to USGS quadrangle base, color scanning to convert slide image to a digital format and archiving each data file with a naming convention that would allow rapid retrieval in later analysis. Image processing techniques were developed for identifying poultry facilities based on spectral characteristics. GIS tools were used to select poultry facilities from an array of features with similar spectral characteristics. A training data set was selected from which the spectral characteristics of poultry facilities were analyzed and compared with background conditions. Poultry facilities were found to have distinguishable characteristics. Descriptive statistics were used to define the range of spectral characteristics encompassing poultry facilities. Thresholding analyses were then utilized to eliminate all image features with spectral characteristics outside of this range. Additional analyses were made to remove noise in the spectral image due to the sun angle, line of sight of camera, variation in roof reflectance due to rust and/or aging, shading by trees, etc. A primary objective in these analyses was to enhance the spectral characteristics for the poultry facility while, at the same time, retaining physical characteristics, i.e. the spectral characteristic is represented by a single blue color with a high brightness value. The techniques developed to achieve a single blue color involved the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on the red color band followed by RGB to Hue and RGB to Saturation analyses on the red and green color bands, respectively, from the resulting image. The features remaining from this series of analyses were converted into polygons (shape file) using ArcView GIS, which was then used to calculate the area and perimeter of each polygon. The parameters utilized to describe the shape of a poultry house included width, length, compactness, length-width ratio, and polygon centroid analysis. Poultry facilities were found to have an average width of approximately 12.6m with a low standard deviation indicating that the widths of all houses were very similar. The length of poultry facilities ranged from 63m to 261m with and average length of 149m. The compactness parameter, which also is related to length and width, ranged from 30 to 130 with a mean value of approximately 57. The shape parameters were used by ArcView GIS to identify polygons that represent poultry facilities. The order of selection was found to be compactness followed by length-width ratio and polygon centroid analysis. A data set that included thirty 35-mm slide images randomly selected from the Rockingham County data set, which contained over 2000 slides, was used to evaluate the automated procedure. The slides contained 182 poultry houses previously identified through manual procedures. Seven facilities were missed and 175 were correctly identified. Ninety-seven percent (97%) of existing poultry facilities were correctly identified which compares favorably with the 97 % accuracy resulted by manual procedures. . The manual procedure described by Mostaghimi, et. al.(1999) only gave the center coordinates for each poultry facility. The automated procedure not only gives the center coordinate for each poultry building but also gives estimates for geometric parameters area, length and width along with an estimate of the capacity of building (i.e. number of birds), and waste load generated by birds including nutrient and bacteria content. The nutrient and bacteria load generated by each poultry facility is important information for conducting TMDL studies currently being developed for impaired Virginia streams. The information is expected to be very helpful to consultants and state agencies conducting the studies. Agricultural support agencies such as USDA/NRCS and USDA/FSA, Extension Service, consultants, etc. will find the information very helpful in the development of implementation plans designed to meet TMDL target water quality goals. The data also should be useful to Water Authorities for selection of appropriate treatment of water supplies and to county and local government jurisdictions for developing policies to minimize the degradation of water supplies.
Ph. D.

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Wigmore, Oliver Henry Wigmore. "Assessing Spatiotemporal Variability in Glacial Watershed Hydrology: Integrating Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Field Hydrology, Cordillera Blanca, Peru." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1471854919.

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Taylor, Jeremy. "Iron Age and Roman landscapes in the East Midlands : a case study in integrated survey." Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1566/.

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Millinor, William A. "Digital Vegetation Delineation on Scanned Orthorectified Aerial Photography of Petersburg National Battlefield." NCSU, 2000. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20001123-131211.

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I developed a new methodology to produce an orthorectified mosaic and a vegetation database of Petersburg National Battlefield using mostly digital methods. Both the mosaic and the database meet National Map Accuracy Standards and proved considerably faster than traditional aerial photograph interpretation methods. I classified vegetation polygons to the formation level using the Nature Conservancy?s National Vegetation Classification System. Urban areas were classified using Mitchell?s Classification Scheme for Urban Forest Mapping with Small-Scale Aerial Photographs. This method reduced the production time by 2/3, compared to traditional methods. It also reduced the chance of user error because re-tracing of the linework is not required.

My method started with scanning 75 aerial color IR photos, provided by Petersburg National Battlefield, at 600 dpi. Erdas Imagine was used to rectify the images using United States Geological Service (USGS) Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and black and white USGS Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangles (DOQQ) as reference. The images were then mosaiced to create a seamless color infrared orthorectified basemap of the park. The vegetation polygons were drawn onscreen using ArcMap from Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) with the color, orthorectified mosaic as a background image. Stereo pairs of the aerial photos were referenced as needed for clarification of the vegetation. I used a minimum mapping unit (mmu) of 0.2 hectares, which exceeds guidelines defined by the United States Geological Survey ? National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Program. This methodology is easily learned quickly and has already been applied to several other studies.

The production of an orthorectified mosaic, created during the process, from the aerial photographs greatly increases the value of the photographs at little additional cost to the user. The orthorectified basemap can then be used as a backdrop for existing data layers or it can be used to create new GIS data layers. I used a minimum mapping unit (mmu) of 0.2 hectare, which exceeds guidelines defined by the United States Geological Survey-National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Program

Traditionally, vegetation polygons are delineated on acetate for each photograph. The linework on the acetates is then transferred to a basemap using a zoom transfer scope or other transfer instrument. The linework is traced again to digitize it for use in a GIS program. This process is time consuming, and the linework is drawn three times. The redundant tracing increases the chance of user error. My new methodology requires that polygons be delineated only once. I wanted to avoid using the zoom transfer scope and to avoid the redundant linework.

A total of 228 polygons were delineated over 20 separate vegetation and land cover classes with an overall thematic accuracy of 87.42% and a Kappa of .8545. Positional accuracy was very good with a RMSE of 1.62 meters in the x direction and 2.81 meters in the y direction. The Kappa and RMSE values compare favorably with accuracies obtained using traditional vegetation mapping methods.

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Deriu, Davide. "The photogenic city : aerial photography and urban visions in Europe, 1914-1945." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446792/.

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The thesis investigates the relationship between photography and urban visions in Europe in the period 1914-1945. It focuses in particular on the impact of the aerial gaze upon the ways in which the modern city was perceived and represented. The theoretical background for this inquiry is provided by contemporary debates on photography and visual culture, which are brought to bear on the study of urban representations. The main body of the argument is divided into three parts: 'Aerial Inspections', 'Aerial Imaginations', and 'Aerial Illustrations'. The first part discusses the urban imagery produced within the field of air reconnaissance photography, with particular regard to World War II. The second part charts the rise of an aerial imagination in avant-garde photography, which reconfigured the city as the site and subject of a modern way of seeing. The third part looks at how 'applied' aerial photography was instrumental to illustrate urban visions across various discursive fields, namely tourism, journalism, and urbanism; this section concludes with a case study on the aerial imagery of interwar London, based on the production of a leading air survey company. Besides pinpointing the modes of representation specific to each of these practices, the thesis also describes the traffic of images and the flow of meanings that occurred across their boundaries. It is finally argued that a new urban visuality was the result of the procedures introduced by aerial photography: the photogenic city emerged as a contested field of representation marked out by an underlying tension between spectacle and surveillance.

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Grotefendt, Richard. "Accurate and cost-effective natural resource data from super large scale aerial photography /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5454.

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Meadows, P. L. "The applications of aerial photography, photogrammetry and photo-interpretation in the planning process." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33400.

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To date aerial photography and associated photogrammetric and photo-interpretation techniques have played but a limited role in the planning process. In this study their dual role (i) as a base medium and (ii) as a source of data is investigated bearing in mind the requirements of planning data and certain inherent defects of conventional maps in the planning process. Having considered certain pertinent technical aspects of aerial photography and associated techniques, especially modern developments such as orthophotos, use of multi-emulsion photography, automated data extraction and automated data processing techniques, the application of these techniques is discussed in greater detail in respect of the dual role mentioned earlier. Aerial photographs are shown to be of considerable value to the planner as an analytic tool and a powerful source of data when dealing with such topics as feasibility studies, land use, resource surveys, urban and regional research and analysis, urban history, urban and rural administration, site evaluation, transportation and other. branches of engineering, urban sociology and economics, as well as urban aesthetics. Aerial photographic data adequately meets the data requirements of the planning process and furthermore lends itself to modern automatic data processing methods. The modern improved forms of photography, i.e. photomaps, orthophotos, etc. have definite advantages over conventional maps insofar as a base medium in planning is concerned, and the wider use of aerial photographs and products is anticipated when planners become more aware of their universal application and versatility.

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Niu, Xutong. "Highway extraction from high resolution aerial photography using a geometric active contour model." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1101833084.

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Valinger, John. "Automatic rooftop segment extraction using point clouds generated from aerial high resolution photography." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-119123.

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Automatically extracting rooftop information from aerial photographs using point cloud generations tools and point cloud plane segmentation algorithms is a interesting and challenging topic. Previous studies on rooftop extraction have used airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) derived point clouds or point clouds generated from photographs taken specifically for point cloud generation. We have used photographs taken from the Swedish National Land Survey database to generate point clouds using stereo-matching for rooftop segmentation. Aerial imagery from this data is both cheap and has nationwide coverage. Point cloud generation tools are evaluated based on coverage, point cloud size, geographical precision and point density. We propose a novel combination of property map clipping and rooftop plane segmentation algorithms derived from aerial photography via point cloud generation after comparing promising segmentation algorithms. We conclude that the point clouds generated from the aerial imagery are not sufficient for the implemented method for completely extracting all rooftop segments on a building in an urban environment.

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Brimicombe, A. J. "Uncertainty and fitness-for-use in handling aerial photographic interpretive data in geographical information systems." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14394820.

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Korpela, Ilkka. "Individual tree measurements by means of digital aerial photogrammetry." Helsinki : Finnish Forest Research Institute, Finnish Society of Forest Science, 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/55872310.html.

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Knapp, Paul Aaron. "THE USE OF LARGE-SCALE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR DETECTING CHANGES OF AN ARID RANGELAND IN SOUTHWESTERN ARIZONA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292059.

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Interpretation of large-scale color infrared and color aerial photography can be a labor and cost-effective means for inventorying and monitoring rangelands while maintaining accuracy. Ground measurements of vegetation cover at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument were taken in 1975 and 1984. Large-scale (1:1200) color and color infrared aerial photo estimates were compared to these ground measurements through regression and correlation to check photo accuracy. Relationships between photo estimates and ground measurements of total vegetation and shrub cover were strong when using either film type. Color infrared photo estimates corresponded better with ground measurements for both tree cover and cactus cover than color photo estimates. Large-scale aerial photography is also useful for determining some of the causes of vegetation change. Evidence gathered from both sets of photos suggested that vegetation change at OPCNM was largely the result of domestic livestock removal and short-term climatic fluctuations.

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Edwards, Esther. "An investigation into the use of aerial digital photography for monitoring coastal sand dunes." Thesis, Bath Spa University, 2001. http://researchspace.bathspa.ac.uk/1442/.

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The coastal zone is a highly dynamic entity both spatially and temporally and when shoreline changes (and in particular retreat) occur on a hmnan time-scale, measurement of the rate of change becomes a pressing issue. This dynamism presents an excellent scenario for monitoring change using remote sensing techniques, and in the case of coastal sand dunes, where the requirement is to measure small scale changes such as erosion or accretion in the region of 10 or 20 m, aerial photography is the preferred source of remotely sensed data. The rapid developments in digital camera technology and real time satellite differential Global Positioning Systems have yielded new opportunities for mapping and monitoring environmental change when used with image processing and mapping software and state-of-the-art digital photogrammetric workstations. Despite the progress in digital technologies, however, there is still considerable lack of awareness on the part of potential users, and it is in response to this that the processing chain for data collection through to orthophoto production described here has been developed. This study explores the major issues that affect quality, mission logistics and cost and will demonstrate the methodology and application of digital techniques for producing georectified imagery and contoured orthophoto maps of coastal environments. This will be achieved through a series of case studies of dynamic dune environments in south-west England and France. Digital imagery was captured using a colour infrared Aerial Digital Photographic System and ground control was collected using differential Global Positioning Systems. This study seeks to assess the application of this imagery to coastal dune monitoring, putting these new techniques within the grasp of coastal dune managers, enabling them to make use of digital imagery captured to different specifications depending on the accuracy requirement of the end product. The results indicate that this type of imagery and the techniques used can provide the dune manager with information which would otherwise be too costly or time consuming to acquire. 2D rectification of the imagery provided maps of dune retreat and accretion with errors in the region of± 1.5m, and rectification to a higher order using 3D photogrammetric correction provided 1 :5000 contoured orthophotographs with mean xy errors in the region of 2. 5 m and mean elevation errors in the region of 1.5m.

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Bleier, Mary F. "Use of prior distributions from aerial photographs in forest inventory." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41543.

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Bayesian estimates of gross cubic- foot volume per acre were computed for four stand types (plantation pine, natural pine. hardwood. and mixed wood stands) using aerial photo volume tables as the prior information source. Aerial photographs provided a reliable source of information even though most photographs were nearly five years old. For a given level of precision within a particular stand, Bayesian methods reduced the required field sample size up to 50% using all or half of the prior information available. Those priors which utilized a regression or a regression/topographic correction in the estimation of photo heights required less field information for the given precision level than those priors which used uncorrected or topographic corrected photo heights. In order to obtain meaningful gains in sample size reduction corrections to the estimated photo heights should be made. Although the uncorrected prior produced generally less biased estimates. the reduction in sample size was not as large as that observed using other prior types. Greater gains were attributed to the better accuracy of the prior distribution. Although Bayesian methods are biased, it appeared that these methods tempered severely biased prior distributions. In the hardwood stand for example, the average bias present in the photo volume data amounted to -140%. After combining the prior with the field sample, the greatest average bias was -50%. Bayesian methods performed better than the traditional estimation methods in terms of precision. In a one to one comparison. the Bayes standard error was consistently less than its non-Bayes counterpart. The one exception to this trend was the regression prior from the hardwood stand. The poor performance of the prior was due to the weak height regression correction equation. Modal priors utilized were not subject to the extreme input values for prior distribution development as their conservative empirical prior counterparts were. Less overall variation was observed 1n the estimated values. Under the conditions for mode selection set forth in this project, modal priors provided another good source of prior information.
Master of Science

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Park, Keith Marron. "The global-to-local search method: A systematic search procedure that uses the context of the textured layout to locate and detect low-contrast targets in aerial images." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/700.

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Smith, Scott R. "Aerial perspective and geography : an historical look at the use of aircraft to gain a sense of place /." Abstract Full Text (HTML) Full Text (PDF), 2009. http://eprints.ccsu.edu/archive/00000575/02/2016FT.htm.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2009.
Thesis advisor: Cynthis Pope. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geography." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-81). Also available via the World Wide Web.

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Baxter, Kieran Andrew. "Topography and flight : the creative application of aerial photography and digital visualisation for landscape heritage." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2017. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/e22373db-adee-4bb1-9fbe-43691816ce85.

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Aerial photography and digital visualisation technologies are commonly used to reveal and interpret archaeological sites and landscapes. These methods afford a clarity and overview that has considerable advantages in heritage visualisation. Despite this, both technologies offer a view that is distanced from the grounded experiences that are integral to heritage sites and landscapes. This tension, between visualisation technologies and lived experience, is significant because the experiences of visiting these places are a valuable common platform - shared by specialists and general audiences alike - for communicating archaeological narratives. Beyond this, such tensions have been central to debates within landscape archaeology about how embodied perspectives on the one hand, and the conventions of visual representation on the other, might affect archaeological interpretations. This thesis investigates the hypothesis that creative practice can serve to bridge the gap between visualisation technologies and lived experience, ultimately providing more powerful and meaningful visualisations of landscape heritage. This is possible because aerial and digital visualisations can and do go beyond topographical representation and respond to the aesthetic and emotive dimensions of landscape. Aerial photographs and digital models resist the visual modes of modernity despite their technological premise. The meanings that they transmit draw not only from the visual language of aerial photography and digital media but also from the viewer's prior experience of landscape and flight. It is within this context that this study attempts to better understand the relationship between visualisation technologies, creative practice, and the lived experience of landscape. To do this the author adopts the role of research-practitioner in order to explore and demonstrate the arguments through the creative application of aerial photography and digital visualisation technologies. This practice combines methods from archaeological survey, and approaches from visual effects filmmaking, with an aesthetic inspired by artist-photographers like Marilyn Bridges, Emmet Gowin and Patricia Macdonald. These creative practitioners have adopted the aerial view to portray landscapes with intimacy, agency and dynamism. The practice aims to work from an immersed or insider's view, drawing influence from Tim Ingold's notion of the "dwelling perspective". A main case study is undertaken at the Iron Age hillfort site of the Caterthuns in Angus, Scotland, with supporting case studies at the prehistoric site of Links of Notlland in Orkney and additional hillfort sites in Strathearn. Through this hands-on experience the aim is to better understand how novel approaches to practice can improve landscape heritage visualisation in an interdisciplinary context.

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Fyfield, Paul Hagen. "Transportation and Land Use Patterns: Monitoring Urban Change Using Aerial Photography, Portland, Oregon 1925-1945." PDXScholar, 2003. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2242.

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American urban neighborhoods are a patchwork; the spatial arrangement of types is a reflection of the dominant transportation technology at the time of their development. The earliest suburban areas were made accessible by fixed route systems such as the electric streetcar, followed by the widespread adoption of the automobile; each transportation epoch resulted in characteristic patterns of land use. This study uses aerial photographic coverage of Portland, Oregon from the years 1925, 1936, and 1945, a time of decline for the once popular trolley lines and dramatic increase in automobile usage, to monitor change within the residential areas of Portland's east side over a twenty year period. Classic economic models of the time acknowledged transportation as a force shaping the city; modem ideas in urban planning such as Traditional Neighborhood Design and Transit Oriented Development look to pre-automobile urban form as a means to reduce automobile use and its negative implications. This study uses variables of housing density and street connectivity derived from the aerial photography; the measured values of these variables are then considered for their spatial and temporal distribution using statistical comparisons. The results are compared to ideas within the urban models and current thinking about urban morphology. While generally consistent with the expected patterns, deviations and differences between the two variables are considered for their implications. Models offer a simplified version of the growth of American cities, considering only a few of the many aspects of a dynamic environment. By isolating on these variables of density and connectivity, a greater understanding of their role in arriving at the modem residential urban environment may be reached, and this understanding can add to the discourse in current planning debates.

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Kunz, Matthias. "Elevation changes of mountain glaciers in the Antarctic Peninsula using ASTER-controlled archival aerial photography." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2392.

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Over the last 50 years a significant increase in the atmospheric and upper ocean temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) region has been observed. As a result major ice-shelves have retreated during the 20th century. In connection, glaciers have accelerated and an increased dynamic ice mass loss is observed, especially over the last decade. Despite these major changes, an exact quantification of ice mass changes of the AP, with its roughly 1000 glaciers, is not available. Almost no long-term (multi-decadal) glacier mass balance records for the AP exist and in-situ measurements are rare. On the other hand, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and British Antarctic Survey (BAS) archives hold a large number of historic aerial stereo-photographs of the AP, dating back to the early 1940s. These images contain a valuable source of information and have been used to demonstrate widespread retreat of glaciers in this region. Less effort has been made so far to use this stereo-photography for the extraction of elevation data to compare it with recent elevation information to determine glacier volume change from which mass changes may be estimated. This dissertation seeks to close this research gap and to extend the number of mass balance records for the AP, by investigating, measuring, and analysing historical glacier elevation change in the AP using digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from USGS and BAS airborne (1948-2005) and ASTER spaceborne (2001-2010) stereo imagery. To ensure reliable and accurate measurements of surface elevation change, extracted DEMs need to be registered in a precise manner. The lack of ground control information in the AP is a major obstacle for this and can result in inaccurate absolute orientations of DEMs. If uncorrected, possible offsets between DEMs introduce significant error and i can lead to an over- or underestimation of glacier change. Thus, in order to precisely co-register corresponding historic and modern DEMs an iterative robust least squares surface matching algorithm was applied. The underlying surface matching approach was previously developed for small-scale coastal erosion studies at Newcastle University. Within the context of this work it has been successfully modified and improved to enable large scale glacier change assessment in areas of steep topography which is typical for the AP. For a total of 12 glaciers in the AP, located along the western coast between 64° and 71° S, DEMs from the historic archive stereo-imagery were successfully extracted and combined with DEMs derived from modern aerial and ASTER satellite imagery. The improved surface matching approach allowed precise co-registration of these DEMs and enabled the accurate measurement of glacier surface mass balance at the lower portion of the glaciers. Widespread frontal glacier surface lowering, of up to 50 m, has been observed on 12 glaciers with a mean lowering rate of 0.28 ± 0.03 m/yr over a period of 37 years (1970-2007). Higher rates, of up to 0.6 m/yr, were observed in the north-western Peninsula. Two glaciers which have multi-epoch coverage show a significantly larger-than-average lowering since about 1990. These results are in close correspondence with an increase in positive degree days over the last four decades and suggest that much of this lowering can be attributed to atmospheric forcing. However, the observed spatial and temporal variations in the lowering rates suggests that the pattern of surface change is not a simple one and that a regional upscaling is not straight forward. The glaciers represent only 1.2 % of all estimated glaciers in the AP and only the glacier fronts (~20 % of each glacier) were studied. Observations also show an elevation increase at some higher altitude locations within a few km of the glacier fronts, raising the potential that the lowering may have been at least partially compensated for by increased high-altitude accumulation.

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Yameogo, Dieudonné. "Hydrogéologie des formations fissurées de la partie sud du plateau Mossi entre le Nazino et le Nakambe (région de Kombissiri-Manga), Burkina-Faso." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756428.

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Situé entre le Nazlno et le Nakambé, le Sud du plateau Mossi connait un climat de type soudanéen marqué par une pluviométrie en baisse et une évapotransplratlon élevée. C'est un plateau de faible altitude légèrement Incliné vers le Sud, sur lequel se dessine un réseau hydrographique variable en densité qui draine toute la région vers les deux principales rivières. Le substratum est constitué essentiellement des formations éburnéennes et blrrlmlennes (migmatites, granitoïdes, amphibolites, schistes et micaschistes). Sur ce bâti cristallin se met en place un réseau de fracturation complexe que révèle l'étude des photographies aériennes. Ces fractures jouent un rôle Important dans l'infiltration et le stockage des eaux. La détermination des zones aquifères en vue d'Implanter les ouvrages de captage revient à localiser les fractures le long desquelles se mettent en place des nappes discontinues. La prospection géophysique est la méthode par excellence adaptée à la recherche d'eau en pays cristallin. la productivité hydraulique des ouvrages est dépendante non de leur profondeur mals des conditions hydrogéologlques. L'étude plézométrlque a mis en évidence des zones d'alimentation et des zones de drainage à travers les altérites et les fissures du bad-rock. L'hydrochlmle montre la présence de trois types d'eaux faiblement minéralisées. Le chimisme de l'eau est en relation étroite avec la nature das formations géologiques à travers lesquelles elles circulent et le mode de circulation.

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Metzler, Jacob W. "Use of Multi-temporal IKONOS and LANDSAT ETM+ Satellite Imagery to Determine Forest Stand Conditions in Northern Maine." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/MetzlerJW2004.pdf.

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Dicks, Steven E. "Satellite-derived surface temperatures and their relationships to land cover, land use, soils and physiography of North-Central Florida." Gainesville, FL, 1986. http://www.archive.org/details/satellitederived00dick.

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Wilhite, Jerry W. "Use of infrared aerial photographs to identify and assess habitat needed by native fish in rivers." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1445041571&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Wolters, Dustin Joseph. "Assessment of Corn Plant Population at Emergence from Processed Color Aerial Imagery." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437666741.

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Hui, Lin Ning. "THE USE OF LARGE SCALE COLOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY TO MONITOR CATTLE GRAZING IN MESQUITE GRASSLANDS, SOUTHERN ARIZONA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275514.

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Potter, Thomas Noel 1959. "The use of multispectral aerial video to determine land cover for hydrological simulations in small urban watersheds." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291381.

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Airborne multispectral video was evaluated as a tool for obtaining urban land cover information for hydrological simulations. Land cover data was obtained for a small urban watershed in Tucson, Arizona using four methods: multispectral aerial video (2 meter and 4 meter pixel resolution), National High Altitude Photography (NHAP), multispectral satellite imagery from Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT), and by conventional survey. A semi-automated land cover classification produced four classes: vegetation, buildings, pavement, and bare soil. The land cover data from each classification was used as input to a runoff simulation model. Runoff values generate by each simulation were compared to observed runoff. A chi-square goodness-of-fit test indicated that SPOT produced landcover data most similar to the conventional classification. In the curve number model, the SPOT data produced simulated runoff values most similar to observed runoff.

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Rosenberg, Abigail Stella. "An Evaluation of a UAV Guidance System with Consumer Grade GPS Receivers." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194506.

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Remote sensing has been demonstrated an important tool in agricultural and natural resource management and research applications, however there are limitations that exist with traditional platforms (i.e., hand held sensors, linear moves, vehicle mounted, airplanes, remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellites). Rapid technological advances in electronics, computers, software applications, and the aerospace industry have dramatically reduced the cost and increased the availability of remote sensing technologies.Remote sensing imagery vary in spectral, spatial, and temporal resolutions and are available from numerous providers. Appendix A presented results of a test project that acquired high-resolution aerial photography with a RPV to map the boundary of a 0.42 km2 fire area. The project mapped the boundaries of the fire area from a mosaic of the aerial images collected and compared this with ground-based measurements. The project achieved a 92.4% correlation between the aerial assessment and the ground truth data.Appendix B used multi-objective analysis to quantitatively assess the tradeoffs between different sensor platform attributes to identify the best overall technology. Experts were surveyed to identify the best overall technology at three different pixel sizes.Appendix C evaluated the positional accuracy of a relatively low cost UAV designed for high resolution remote sensing of small areas in order to determine the positional accuracy of sensor readings. The study evaluated the accuracy and uncertainty of a UAV flight route with respect to the programmed waypoints and of the UAV's GPS position, respectively. In addition, the potential displacement of sensor data was evaluated based on (1) GPS measurements on board the aircraft and (2) the autopilot's circuit board with 3-axis gyros and accelerometers (i.e., roll, pitch, and yaw). The accuracies were estimated based on a 95% confidence interval or similar methods. The accuracy achieved in the second and third manuscripts demonstrates that reasonably priced, high resolution remote sensing via RPVs and UAVs is practical for agriculture and natural resource professionals.

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Holt, Ryan Samuel. "Three enabling technologies for vision-based, forest-fire perimeter surveillance using multiple unmanned aerial systems /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1894.pdf.

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Moore, Sue E. "Cetacean habitats in the Alaskan Arctic /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9823707.

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Williams, Allan Robert. "British photographic intelligence during the Second World War : a study of Operation Crossbow." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22046.

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In 2013 the candidate published Operation Crossbow: The Untold Story of Photographic Intelligence and the Search for Hitler’s V Weapons. Through a detailed examination of the relevant primary sources – including aerial photography recently released to the National Collection of Aerial Photography in Edinburgh - this book investigates the role of British photographic interpretation in the hunt for German V-weapons during Operation Crossbow. In so doing, it provides a wealth of information on such matters as the wartime development of photographic interpretation, the techniques used by the interpreters, the personalities involved, the significance of photographic intelligence to the operation, and the wider politics of wartime intelligence. In particular, it contests some of the claims made by R. V. Jones in his memoir, Most Secret War (1978), about the role of photographic interpretation in the Crossbow investigation. It also demonstrates the wider importance of photographic intelligence in the British military history of the war and offers some explanation as to why this has become a ‘missing dimension’ of wartime intelligence studies. The critical review seeks to provide an academic superstructure for the book, which was intended for a general readership, and demonstrates that the research included therein is commensurate with that required for a PhD.

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Blinn, Christine Elizabeth. "Estimation of Important Scenic Beauty Covariates from Remotely Sensed Data." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33656.

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The overall objective of this study was to determine if remotely sensed data could be used to model scenic beauty. Terrestrial digital images from within forest stands located in Prince Edward Gallion State Forest near Farmville, Virginia were rated for their scenic beauty by a group of students to obtain scenic beauty estimates (SBEs). Since the inter-rater reliability was low for the SBEs, they were not used in the modeling efforts. Instead, stand parameters (collected on tenth acre plots) that have been used in scenic beauty prediction models, like mean diameter at breast height (dbh), were the dependent variables in regression analyses. A color-infrared aerial photograph from the National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) was scanned to achieve a pixel ground resolution of one meter. The digital aerial photograph was rectified and used as the remotely sensed data. Since the aerial photograph was taken in April, only conifer stands were used in the analyses. Summary statistics were obtained from a 23 by 23 window around plot locations in three images: the original image, a texture image created with the variance algorithm and a 7x7 window, and the first principal component image. The summary statistics were used as the independent variables in regression analyses. The mean texture digital number for the green band predicted the mean dbh of a plot with an R2 of 0.623. A maximum of 44.3 and 27.4 percent of the variability in trees per acre and basal area per acre, respectively, was explained by the models developed in this study. It seems unlikely that the remotely sensed forest stand variables would perform well as surrogates for field measurements used in scenic quality models.
Master of Science

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Pryor, Logan S. "Land-cover mapping in an agriculture zone using simulated Sentinel-2 data." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Geography, c2012, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3367.

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Remote sensing technologies are used to assist in the mapping and monitoring of land cover in space and time. The European Space Agency’s (ESA) upcoming Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) to be launched in 2013 has improved spatial and spectral properties compared to the current large-swath medium-resolution satellite sensors. Prior to the deployment of future sensors it is important to simulate and test the sensor data to evaluate the sensor's potential performance in producing the existing data products and develop new algorithms. This study simulated Sentinel-2 MSI data from airborne hyperspectral data over an agriculture area in northern Alberta, Canada. The standard Sentinel-2 MSI land-cover product was evaluated by comparing it to one created from the standard Landsat 5 TM and SPOT 5 HRV data products. Furthermore the standard Sentinel-2 MSI water column content band configuration and algorithm was evaluated for atmospheric correction purposes.
xi, 90 leaves : col. ill. ; 29 cm

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Bredenkamp, Adolf Friedrich Ludwig. "Development and control of a 3-axis stabilised platform." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/380.

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Awwad, Waleed Abdulaziz. "Land cover mapping a comparison between manual digitizing and automated classification of black and white historical aerial photography /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000634.

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Spencer, Darren W. "The Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) Industry and the Business Impacts of the Evolution of the Federal Regulatory Environment." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7576.

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Despite the explosion of popularity of UASs, and the recognition that such systems must find a way to safely operate alongside manned aviation, a literature review by this author as well as interviews with three commercial aerial photography companies in Tampa Bay, Florida, indicate that regulatory restrictions are still the greatest obstacle to law abiding commercial UAS operators. It can take six to eight months with a backlog of 12,000 waiver applications to get either a Part 333 or Part 107 exemption, which grants FAA permission for a commercial operator to fly a UAS inside controlled airspace (Gardner, 2018). A manned pilot can file a flight plan and hover a helicopter over the same area in just a few hours. The purpose of this research was to determine what industry experts perceive the future of UAS regulations hold, and how the industry will be impacted in both the short term of 5 years and less, and long-term of 5 years or more. UAS industry expert interviews were conducted in the “reflection of the meaning”, semi-structured style, with each interviewee given the latitude to discuss topics as they came to mind. A preset approved bank of questions helped to guide the interview, but in many cases as experts in the field, the interviewees naturally discussed the topics covered in the preset questions and the interview adapted to avoid unnecessary repetition. One interview was conducted in-person, but the rest were via phone calls due to geographical separation.

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Streckfuss, James A. "Eyes All Over the Sky: The Significance of Aerial Reconnaissance in the First World War." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1333736829.

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Koch, Frank Henry Jr. "A Comparison of Digital Vegetation Mapping and Image Orthorectification Methods Using Aerial Photography of Valley Forge National Historical Park." NCSU, 2001. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20010417-180334.

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In recent years, mapping software utilizing scanned?or ?softcopy??aerial photographs has become widely available. Using scanned photos of Valley Forge (PA) National Historical Park, I explored some of the latest tools for image processing and computer-based vegetation mapping. My primary objective was to compare different approaches for their efficiency and accuracy. In keeping with the USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program protocol, I classified the park?s vegetation according to The Nature Conservancy?s National Vegetation Classification System (NVCS).

Initially, I scanned forty-nine 1:6000 color-infrared air photos of the area at 600 dpi using an Epson desktop scanner. I orthorectified the images by two different methods. First, I did so on a single-image basis using ERDAS Imagine. In this approach, United States Geological Survey (USGS) Digital Ortho Quarter Quadrangles (DOQQ) and a 10-meter Digital Elevation Model (DEM) served as references for between seven and twelve ground control points per photo. After achieving a root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 1 meter for an image, I resampled it into an orthophoto. I then repeated the process using Imagine Orthobase. Via aerial triangulation, Orthobase generated an RMSE solution for the entire block of images, which I resampled into orthophotos using a batch process.

Positional accuracies were remarkably similar for image mosaics I created from the single-image as well as the Orthobase orthophotos. For both mosaics, planimetric x-coordinate accuracy met the U.S. National Map Accuracy Standard for Class 1 maps, while planimetric y-coordinate accuracy met the Class 2 standard. However, the Orthobase method is faster?reducing process time by 50%?and requires 20% (or less) of the ground control points necessary for the single-image method.

I delineated the park?s vegetation to the formation level of the NVCS. Using ESRI ArcMap, I digitized polygons of homogeneous areas observed from the orthophotos. This on-screen mapping approach was largely monoscopic, though I verified some areas using a scanning stereoscope and the original hard-copy photos. The minimum mapping unit (MMU) was 0.5 acres (ac), smaller than that recommended by the USGS-NPS protocol. Based on field data, thematic accuracy for this map met the National Map Accuracy Standard of 80%. Misestimation of the hydrologic period of certain polygons resulted in some classification errors, as did confusion between evergreen and deciduous vegetation.

In addition to orthophotos, Orthobase creates a stereo block viewable in ERDAS Stereo Analyst, a digital stereoscopic software package. Using Crystal Eyes? eyewear and a high-refresh-rate monitor, a user can observe imagery full screen, three-dimensionally. Features delineated on the images are stored in ESRI shapefile format. I created a preliminary vegetation map at the alliance level of the NVCS with this software. Thematic accuracy of this map will be known when assessment is completed this summer. Notably, the classification scheme has required revision to accommodate the anthropogenically altered landscape of Valley Forge.

Nevertheless, it is clear that Stereo Analyst offers advantages for vegetation and other types of mapping. Stereoscopic view and sharp zoom-in capabilities make photo interpretation straightforward. Because features are delineated directly into a GIS, Stereo Analyst cuts process time by 70% and avoids two steps that can introduce errors in conventional mapping methods (i.e., transfer to map base and digitizing). Perhaps most importantly, joint use of Orthobase and Stereo Analyst allows simultaneous orthophoto creation and GIS data collection; in contrast, the ArcMap approach requires finished orthophotos before features can be delineated. Ultimately, though, both monoscopic and stereoscopic methods have roles in vegetation mapping projects. The level of detail required for the project should determine which technique is most appropriate.

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Heer, Richard C. "Estimation of seedling density and evaluation of woody competition in young loblolly pine plantations using 35mm color aerial photography." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94464.

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The potential for using large scale, small format aerial photography to obtain seedling density and woody competition information was investigated. Factors affecting photo interpretation of seedlings were examined and equations to predict seedling density and woody competition levels were developed and evaluated. Two scales of imagery, 1:4000 and 1:6000 were considered to compare their relative merits for these purposes. Greater age of the seedlings and their inherent development generally served to improve photo interpretation. The amount of woody competition present in the plots tended to hinder seedling identification at the 1:4000 scale, while enhancing it when 1:6000 scale data was used. Seedling density estimation and evaluation of competition through Free-To-Grow classification predictions yielded results comparable to ground surveys. Estimation of total groundline basal area in all woody competition, and classification of the plots by the amount of hard-to-control competition they contained, were less successful. These results may have been due in part to the partial leaf fall that occurred prior to obtaining the imagery. Many of the results found in this study favored the larger scale (1:4000) imagery, and its use for the procedures described is recommended.
M.S.

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Wunderly, Martin A. "Defining Zostera marina (Eelgrass) Restoration Sites in Virginia's Coastal Bays with Aerial Images and Bathymetric Mapping." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1261160088.

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Ambardekar, Amol A. "Efficient vehicle tracking and classification for an automated traffic surveillance system." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1451111.

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Egbert, Joseph M. "Low-Altitude Road Following, Using Strap-Down Cameras on Miniature Aerial Vehicles." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2170.pdf.

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Forsyth, Aurelia Therese. "Identifying and mapping invasive alien plant individuals and stands from aerial photography and satellite images in the central Hawequa conservation area." University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5118.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
The Cape Floristic Region, situated at the southern tip of Africa, is one of the world’s most botanically diverse regions. The biodiversity of this region faces various types of threats, which can be divided into three main categories, namely increasing urbanisation, agriculture expansion, and the spread of invasive alien vegetation. It has been shown that botanically diverse areas are more prone to invasion by invasive alien plant (IAP) species. The Hawequa conservation area, in the south-western Cape, is particularly botanically diverse, such that it is very prone to aggressive invasion by IAP species. Therefore, conservation management of the Hawequa conservation area urgently need to map, prioritise and clear IAP species. Due to the topographical complexity of this mountainous area, it is not possible to map the distribution of IAP species throughout the protected area by conventional field methods. Remote sensing may be able to provide a suitable alternative for mapping. The aim of this research was to assess various image classification methods,using two types of high-resolution imagery (colour aerial photography and WorldView-2 satellite imagery), in order to map the distribution of IAP species, including small stands and individuals. Specifically, the study will focus on mapping Pinus and Acacia spp. in a study site of approximately 9 225ha in the Hawequa conservation rea. Supervised classification was performed using two different protocols, namely per-pixel and per-field. For the per-pixel classification Iterative Self-Organising Data Analyses Technique (ISODATA) was used, a method supported by ERDAS Imagine. The per-field (object-based) classification was done using fractal net evolution approach (FNEA), a method supported by eCognition. The per-pixel classification mapped the extent of Pinus and Acacia spp. in the study area as 1 205.8 ha (13%) and 80.1 ha (0.9%) respectively, and the perfield classification as 1 120.9 ha (12.1%) and 96.8 ha (1.1%) respectively. Accuracy assessments performed on the resulting thematic maps generated from these two classification methods had a kappa coefficient of 0.700 for the per-pixel classification and 0.408 for the per-field classification. Even though the overall extent of IAP species for each of these methods is similar, the reliability of the actual thematic maps is vastly different. These findings suggest that mapping IAP species (especially Pinus spp.) stands and individuals in highly diverse natural veld, the traditional per-pixel classification still proves to be the best method when using high-resolution images. In the case of Acacia spp., which often occurs along rivers, it is more difficult to distinguish them from the natural riverine vegetation. Using WorldView-2 satellite images for large areas can be very expensive (approximately R120 per km2 in 2011), but in comparison with the cost of mapping and the subsequent clearing, especially in inaccessible areas, it might be a worthwhile investment. Alternative image sources such as the high resolution digital colour infrared aerial photography must be considered as a good source for mapping IAP species in high altitude areas.

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Browning, Dawn M. "Woody Plant Dynamics in a Sonoran Desert Ecosystem across Scales: Remote Sensing and Field Perspectives." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195333.

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Historic land uses impose discernable legacy effects that may influence ecosystem function, a concern of particular importance in actively managed landscapes. In recent history (ca. 150 years) tree and shrub abundance has increased at the expense of native grasses in savannas and grasslands. The magnitude and patterns of change are spatially heterogeneous, highlighting the need for analytical approaches spanning multiple spatial scales, from individual plants to patches to landscapes. The overarching goal of this dissertation was to explore long-term dynamics associated with woody plant encroachment with aerial photography and field studies to examine cover, density, soils and land use history at the Santa Rita Experimental Range.The first study characterized patterns in woody cover change on contrasting soils over 60 years using aerial photography. Woody patch dynamics revealed encroachment and stabilization phases in woody plant proliferation. Soil properties reflected the rate at which uplands reached a dynamic equilibrium, but not the endpoint (ca. 35% cover). Fluctuations around dynamic equilibrium reflected net change in patch growth and acquiescence combined with colonization and mortality. Efforts to characterize changes in land cover will require patch-based assessments beyond coarse estimates of percent cover.The second study capitalized on historic field measurements of shrub canopies to validate estimates of shrub cover derived from the earliest aerial photography, quantified detection limitations of 1936 aerial photographs for mapping shrub cover, assessed species-specific contributions to percent cover, and translated detection limitations to proportions of velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina var Woot.) biomass missed with 1930s aerial photography.The third study was a field-based approach investigating how livestock grazing influenced mesquite cover, density, biomass, and stand structure over 74 years. The study supplemented traditional statistical analysis of grazing effects with methods quantifying spatial autocorrelation structure of mesquite density by grazing treatment. The outcome re-affirmed the supposition that mesquite cover may be dynamically stable at ca 30%, and revealed that livestock grazing slowed the shrub encroachment process from 1932 to 2006, counter to expectation. Results indicate that shrub growth trajectories persist long-term. Overall, this work affirms the importance of land use legacies and long-term perspectives in rangeland shrub dynamics.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Aerial photography in hydrology'

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