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Journal articles on the topic 'Aerial photography in hydrology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Fankhauser, R. "Automatic determination of imperviousness in urban areas from digital orthophotos." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 9 (May 1, 1999): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0447.

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Determination of impervious areas in urban regions is the most labour-intensive part of data acquisition for rainfall-runoff modelling in urban hydrology. This paper presents an automatic determination method of imperviousness from aerial photographs. The colour, CIR (colour infrared) aerial photographs and orthophotos used have a ground resolution of 25 to 75 centimetres. A maximum likelihood classification algorithm was applied to assign each pixel to a surface category. Classification results were then then overlaid with the subcatchments to determine the imperviousness of each subcatchment. Classification and overlay were carried out with the raster-based GIS IDRISI. The method was tested on various catchment areas, and the results compared with data obtained from manually digitised surfaces. Accuracy of the estimated imperviousness for the entire catchment areas was within 10 %. The deviations for individual subcatchments were much higher. Equivalent results were obtained for colour and CIR photograplhs. A combination of both spectral ranges resulted only in a slight improvement. Consequently, this does not justify the additional costs of the second image. The developed method is an interesting alternative for use on large catchment areas where manual digitisation is very time-consuming and, thus, expensive.

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Ahring, T. S., and D. R. Steward. "Groundwater surface water interactions and the role of phreatophytes in identifying recharge zones." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 11 (November 9, 2012): 4133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4133-2012.

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Abstract. Groundwater and surface water interactions within riparian corridors impact the distribution of phreatophytes that tap into groundwater stores. The changes in canopy area of phreatophytes over time is related to changes in depth to groundwater, distance from a stream or river, and hydrologic soil group. Remote sensing was used to determine the location of trees with pre-development and post-development aerial photography over the Ogallala Aquifer in the central plains of the United States. It was found that once the depth to groundwater becomes greater than about 3 m, tree populations decrease as depth to water increases. This subsequently limited the extent of phreatophytes to within 700 m of the river. It was also found that phreatophytes have a higher likelihood of growing on hydrologic soil groups with higher saturated hydraulic conductivity. Phreatophytes exist along portions of the Arkansas River corridor where significant decreases in groundwater occurred as long as alluvium exists to create perched conditions where trees survive dry periods. Significant decreases (more that 50%) in canopy cover exists along river segments where groundwater declined by more than 10 m, indicating areas with good hydraulic connectivity between surface water and groundwater. Thus, interpretation of changes in phreatophyte distribution using historical and recent aerial photography is important in delineating zones of enhanced recharge where aquifers might be effectively recharged through diversion of surface water runoff.

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Baker, Matthew E., and Burton V. Barnes. "Landscape ecosystem diversity of river floodplains in northwestern Lower Michigan, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 1405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-107.

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We present a classification and comparison of river floodplains using an ecological, multifactor approach integrating physiography, hydrology, soil, and vegetation within a relatively homogenous macroclimate. Aerial photographs and field reconnaissance were used to locate 22 river valley transects along nine major rivers in the Manistee National Forest, northwestern Lower Michigan. Distinct ecosystems along each transect were sampled extensively. Twenty-three floodplain ecosystem types were identified and classified primarily on the basis of physiographic systems and fluvial landforms within a regional context. Physiographic systems are broad-scale, surficial landforms characterized by distinctive form, parent material, soil, hydrologic regimes, and vegetation. We examined landscape ecosystem differences between different physiographic systems, within a physiographic system, and on a single fluvial landform. Different physiographic systems have different kinds and patterns of floodplain ecosystems in successive valley segments along a river. Within a physiographic system, the physiographic position of different fluvial landforms and ecosystem types within a single fluvial landform leads to marked ecosystem diversity laterally away from the river. The results indicate that physiography is an important determinant of floodplain ecosystem diversity and that an ecological, multifactor approach is useful in distinguishing floodplain ecosystems at multiple scales within a regional context.

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Ahring, T. S., and D. R. Steward. "Groundwater surface water interactions through streambeds and the role of phreatophytes in identifying important recharge zones." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 6 (June 14, 2012): 7613–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-7613-2012.

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Abstract. Groundwater and surface water interactions within riparian corridors impact the distribution of phreatophytes that tap into groundwater stores. The changes in canopy area of phreatophytes over time is related to changes in depth to groundwater, distance from a stream or river, and hydrologic soil group. Remote sensing was used to determine the location of trees with predevelopment and post-development aerial photography over the Ogallala Aquifer in the central plains of the United States. It was found that once the depth to groundwater becomes greater than about 3 m, tree populations decrease as depth to water increases. This subsequently limited the extent of phreatophytes to within 700 m of the river. It was also found that phreatophytes have a higher likelihood of growing on hydrologic soil groups with higher saturated hydraulic conductivity. Phreatophytes exist along portions of the Arkansas River corridor where significant decreases in groundwater occurred as long as alluvium exists to create perched conditions where trees survive dry periods. Significant decreases (more that 50%) in canopy cover exists along river segments where groundwater declined by more than 10 m, indicating areas with good hydraulic connectivity between surface water and groundwater. Thus, interpretation of changes in phreatophyte distribution using historical and recent aerial photophaphy is important in delineating zones of enhanced recharge where aquifers might be effectively recharged through diversion of surface water runoff.

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Díaz de León-Guerrero, Samantha, Rodrigo Méndez-Alonzo, Stephen H. Bullock, and Enrique R. Vivoni. "Hydrological and topographic determinants of biomass and species richness in a Mediterranean-climate shrubland." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0252154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252154.

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Background In arid and semiarid shrublands, water availability directly influences ecosystem properties. However, few empirical tests have determined the association between particular soil and hydrology traits with biodiversity and ecosystem biomass at the local scale. Methods We tested if plant species richness (S) and aboveground biomass (AGB) were associated with soil and topographic properties on 36 plots (ca. 12.5 m2) in 17 hectares of chaparral in the Mediterranean-climate of Valle de Guadalupe, Baja California, México. We used close-to-the-ground aerial photography to quantify sky-view cover per species, including all growth forms. We derived an elevation model (5 cm) from other aerial imagery. We estimated six soil properties (soil water potential, organic matter content, water content, pH, total dissolved solids concentration, and texture) and four landscape metrics (slope, aspect, elevation, and topographic index) for the 36 plots. We quantified the biomass of stems, leaves, and reproductive structures, per species. Results 86% of AGB was in stems, while non-woody species represented 0.7% of AGB but comprised 38% of S (29 species). Aboveground biomass and species richness were unrelated across the landscape. S was correlated with aspect and elevation (R = 0.53, aspect P = 0.035, elevation P = 0.05), while AGB (0.006–9.17 Kg m-2) increased with soil water potential and clay content (R = 0.51, P = 0.02, and P = 0.04). Only three species (11% of total S) occupied 65% of the total plant cover, and the remaining 26 represented only 35%. Cover was negatively correlated with S (R = -0.38, P = 0.02). 75% of AGB was concentrated in 30% of the 36 plots, and 96% of AGB corresponded to only 20% of 29 species. Discussion At the scale of small plots in our studied Mediterranean-climate shrubland in Baja California, AGB was most affected by soil water storage. AGB and cover were dominated by a few species, and only cover was negatively related to S. S was comprised mostly by uncommon species and tended to increase as plant cover decreased.

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Hollaus, M., W. Wagner, and K. Kraus. "Airborne laser scanning and usefulness for hydrological models." Advances in Geosciences 5 (December 16, 2005): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-5-57-2005.

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Abstract. Digital terrain models form the basis for distributed hydrologic models as well as for two-dimensional hydraulic river flood models. The technique used for generating high accuracy digital terrain models has shifted from stereoscopic aerial-photography to airborne laser scanning during the last years. Since the disastrous floods 2002 in Austria, large airborne laser-scanning flight campaigns have been carried out for several river basins. Additionally to the topographic information, laser scanner data offer also the possibility to estimate object heights (vegetation, buildings). Detailed land cover maps can be derived in conjunction with the complementary information provided by high-resolution colour-infrared orthophotos. As already shown in several studies, the potential of airborne laser scanning to provide data for hydrologic/hydraulic applications is high. These studies were mostly constraint to small test sites. To overcome this spatial limitation, the current paper summarises the experiences to process airborne laser scanner data for large mountainous regions, thereby demonstrating the applicability of this technique in real-world hydrological applications.

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Vieira, Gonçalo, Carla Mora, Pedro Pina, Ricardo Ramalho, and Rui Fernandes. "UAV-based very high resolution point cloud, digital surface model and orthomosaic of the Chã das Caldeiras lava fields (Fogo, Cabo Verde)." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 3179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3179-2021.

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Abstract. Fogo in the Cabo Verde archipelago off western Africa is one of the most prominent and active ocean island volcanoes on Earth, posing an important hazard both to local populations and at a regional level. The last eruption took place between 23 November 2014 and 8 February 2015 in the Chã das Caldeiras area at an elevation close to 1800 ma.s.l. The eruptive episode gave origin to extensive lava flows that almost fully destroyed the settlements of Bangaeira, Portela and Ilhéu de Losna. During December 2016 a survey of the Chã das Caldeiras area was conducted using a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and real-time kinematic (RTK) global navigation satellite system (GNSS), with the objective of improving the terrain models and visible imagery derived from satellite platforms, from metric to decimetric resolution and accuracy. The main result is a very high resolution and quality 3D point cloud with a root mean square error of 0.08 m in X, 0.11 m in Y and 0.12 m in Z, which fully covers the most recent lava flows. The survey comprises an area of 23.9 km2 and used 2909 calibrated images with an average ground sampling distance of 7.2 cm. The dense point cloud, digital surface models and orthomosaics with 25 and 10 cm resolutions, a 50 cm spaced elevation contour shapefile, and a 3D texture mesh, as well as the full aerial survey dataset are provided. The delineation of the 2014/15 lava flows covers an area of 4.53 km2, which is smaller but more accurate than the previous estimates from 4.8 to 4.97 km2. The difference in the calculated area, when compared to previously reported values, is due to a more detailed mapping of the flow geometry and to the exclusion of the areas corresponding to kīpukas (outcrops surrounded by lava flows). Our study provides a very high resolution dataset of the areas affected by Fogo's latest eruption and is a case study supporting the advantageous use of UAV aerial photography surveys in disaster-prone areas. This dataset provides accurate baseline data for future eruptions, allowing for different applications in Earth system sciences, such as hydrology, ecology and spatial modelling, as well as to planning. The dataset is available for download at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4718520 (Vieira et al., 2021).

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Zogg, Gregory P., and Burton V. Barnes. "Ecological classification and analysis of wetland ecosystems, northern Lower Michigan, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1865–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-201.

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We describe an ecological, multifactor approach to wetland classification in which ecosystem types are identified on the basis of the simultaneous integration of physiography, climate, hydrology, soil, and vegetation. Aerial photographs and field reconnaissance were used to characterize the diversity of wetlands of the 4000-ha University of Michigan Biological Station, northern Lower Michigan. Twenty-eight wetland units, including nutrient-rich swamps, ombrotrophic bogs, and many intermediate types, were identified. Eight wetland ecosystems, composing 79% of the total wetland area, were sampled extensively and classified primarily on the basis of the major glacial landforms and physiographic features of the region. Canonical variates analysis was used to evaluate the distinctness of these physiographically determined units in relation to various biotic and abiotic variables. Wetland types were poorly discriminated by canonical variates analysis of overstory composition data; better separation among types was achieved using ground-flora vegetation, hydrology, or soil characteristics. To demonstrate the utility of the multifactor approach to applications in wetland ecology, vegetation–environment relationships were examined using canonical correspondence analysis. Patterns of ground-flora community composition across all ecosystems were related to substrate characteristics, primarily organic matter composition, in addition to water chemistry and light. The results suggest that a multifactor approach, within a landscape framework, is useful in distinguishing wetlands at local scales, particularly where differences in overstory vegetation among ecosystems tend to be masked by human-caused disturbance. However, the landform-mediated differences in various wetland characteristics that we observed argue for a consideration of landscape-level physiography in classification and management even at broader scales.

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Stefouli, M., and P. Tsombos. "IDENTIFICATION AND MONITORING OF FRESH WATER OUTFLOWS IN COASTAL AREAS: PILOT STUDY ON PSAHNA AREA / EVIA ISLAND - GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16894.

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Earth systems are interrelated in complex ways, which are inadequately understood. An improved understanding of these systems is necessary in order to develop effective policies for hydrologie management. Furthermore, the results should be communicated to decision-makers. The aim of the work has been to evaluate the applicability of the use of digital multi-temporal Landsat 5 / 7 images and aerial photography, for the mapping of local scale fresh water outflows, geological features and monitoring changes of the water outflows in coastal areas. "Psahna" map sheet (HAGS, 1977) in the Central part of Evia island in Greece has been used as pilot project area of study. Processing techniques have been applied for the: • Application of integrated image processing / GIS vector data techniques. • Image integration and creation of data fusion image products. • Automatic raster to vector conversion techniques, for the identification of the areal extent of changes in conditions of the water outflows through time and final map updating. The contribution of the remotely sensed data to the geologic / géomorphologie mapping and identification of changes of fresh water outflow through time is indicated with the processed satellite imagery for the pilot project area. Generally, the use of the remotely sensed images in map updating lies in the fact, that various hydrologie and geologic features can be mapped quickly for large areas while any temporal changes can be identified and evaluated. The satellite data seem to be a cost-effective solution for the map updating procedure. The cost to processing functions is well justifiable to a geologic / hydro-geologic-hydrologic map updating procedure. The system provides monitoring and feedback at appropriate spatial scales, using high resolution satellite remote sensing data and state of the art GIS techniques.

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Remmel, Tarmo K., Kenton W. Todd, and James Buttle. "A comparison of existing surficial hydrological data layers in a low-relief forested Ontario landscape with those derived from a LiDAR DEM." Forestry Chronicle 84, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 850–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc84850-6.

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The current provincial-extent digital elevation model (DEM) and corresponding hydrological maps for Ontario have been produced using traditional photogrammetry and aerial photograph interpretation. This process is labour-intensive and requires visual interpretation of stereo image pairs. The ground surface and small hydrological features may be inaccurately delineated in areas where vegetation is dense or the ground is otherwise shielded from aerial view. In an effort to improve and automate delineation of hydrological features, we examined the behaviour and final products of the D8 flowrouting algorithm in 2 software environments (TAS and TauDEM for ArcGIS) operating on a high spatial resolution DEM derived using canopy-penetrating light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology in a pilot study in the Romeo Malette Forest (41.25°N, 81.50°W). Filtered LiDAR data points (5-m spacing) were interpolated using IDW, TIN, and splines, each resulting in a 2.5-m spatial resolution DEM. Results demonstrate improved realism in the characterization of surficial hydrology by LIDAR derived products as compared to applying identical algorithms on existing coarser provincial data. Benefits include the ability to represent streams of lower Strahler order to define crisp watershed boundaries, and the more accurate identification of local depressions that form potentially wet sites. This approach identifies wet sites that should be avoided during forest operations (e.g., skidder traffic) and can provide additional information for trail layout, road planning, and water crossings. By increasing the number of uses of LiDAR, the capital investment in these data becomes increasingly palatable for forest companies interested in obtaining detailed plans of their forest holdings. Key words: LiDAR, DEM, OBM, spatial resolution, interpolation, Strahler stream order, flow routing, topographic wetness

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Fraser, R. H., I. Olthof, M. Maloley, R. Fernandes, C. Prevost, and J. van der Sluijs. "UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR MAPPING AND MONITORING OF NORTHERN PERMAFROST LANDSCAPES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1/W4 (August 27, 2015): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w4-361-2015.

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Northern environments are changing in response to recent climate warming, resource development, and natural disturbances. The Arctic climate has warmed by 2–3°C since the 1950’s, causing a range of cryospheric changes including declines in sea ice extent, snow cover duration, and glacier mass, and warming permafrost. The terrestrial Arctic has also undergone significant temperature-driven changes in the form of increased thermokarst, larger tundra fires, and enhanced shrub growth. Monitoring these changes to inform land managers and decision makers is challenging due to the vast spatial extents involved and difficult access. <br><br> Environmental monitoring in Canada’s North is often based on local-scale measurements derived from aerial reconnaissance and photography, and ecological, hydrologic, and geologic sampling and surveying. Satellite remote sensing can provide a complementary tool for more spatially comprehensive monitoring but at coarser spatial resolutions. Satellite remote sensing has been used to map Arctic landscape changes related to vegetation productivity, lake expansion and drainage, glacier retreat, thermokarst, and wildfire activity. However, a current limitation with existing satellite-based techniques is the measurement gap between field measurements and high resolution satellite imagery. Bridging this gap is important for scaling up field measurements to landscape levels, and validating and calibrating satellite-based analyses. This gap can be filled to a certain extent using helicopter or fixed-wing aerial surveys, but at a cost that is often prohibitive. <br><br> Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has only recently progressed to the point where it can provide an inexpensive and efficient means of capturing imagery at this middle scale of measurement with detail that is adequate to interpret Arctic vegetation (i.e. 1–5 cm) and coverage that can be directly related to satellite imagery (1–10 km<sup>2</sup>). Unlike satellite measurements, UAVs permit frequent surveys (e.g. for monitoring vegetation phenology, fires, and hydrology), are not constrained by repeat cycle or cloud cover, can be rapidly deployed following a significant event, and are better suited than manned aircraft for mapping small areas. UAVs are becoming more common for agriculture, law enforcement, and marketing, but their use in the Arctic is still rare and represents untapped technology for northern mapping, monitoring, and environmental research. <br><br> We are conducting surveys over a range of sensitive or changing northern landscapes using a variety of UAV multicopter platforms and small sensors. Survey targets include retrogressive thaw slumps, tundra shrub vegetation, recently burned vegetation, road infrastructure, and snow. Working with scientific partners involved in northern monitoring programs (NWT CIMP, CHARS, NASA ABOVE, NRCan-GSC) we are investigating the advantages, challenges, and best practices for acquiring high resolution imagery from multicopters to create detailed orthomosaics and co-registered 3D terrain models. Colour and multispectral orthomosaics are being integrated with field measurements and satellite imagery to conduct spatial scaling of environmental parameters. Highly detailed digital terrain models derived using structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry are being applied to measure thaw slump morphology and change, snow depth, tundra vegetation structure, and surface condition of road infrastructure. <br><br> These surveys and monitoring applications demonstrate that UAV-based photogrammetry is poised to make a rapid contribution to a wide range of northern monitoring and research applications.

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Redding, J. H. "Route selection for natural gas pipelines in Ireland." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 4, no. 1 (1987): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1987.004.01.56.

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AbstractBy the end of 1986, over 400 km of high pressure (70 bar) natural gas pipeline will have been constructed in the Irish Republic, much of it laid in sparsely populated rural areas where topography, hydrology, near surface geology and ground conditions can significantly influence construction feasibility and cost. Identifying, quantifying and (where possible) avoiding areas of potential difficulty or hazard are aspects of route selection to which engineering geology can make an important contribution. This contribution is discussed in relation to the Cork-Dublin pipeline completed in 1982, and the Limerick, Waterford and Mallow lines due for completion this year. In particular, the application and merits of stereo aerial photographic interpretation, superficial geological mapping and field study are outlined, together with the use of more traditional methods of site investigation. Attention is focussed on indigenous engineering geological problems associated with shallow rock, limestone karst, peat bog and poorly drained alluvial and morainic soils. Data acquisition and presentation are discussed within the overall context of civil engineering contract preparation and administration. The usefulness of this approach, particularly for predicting and minimising construction costs, forestalling claims and generally facilitating on-site supervision, is emphasised.

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Anders, Niels, João Valente, Rens Masselink, and Saskia Keesstra. "Comparing Filtering Techniques for Removing Vegetation from UAV-Based Photogrammetric Point Clouds." Drones 3, no. 3 (July 30, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones3030061.

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Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are 3D representations of the Earth’s surface and have numerous applications in geomorphology, hydrology and ecology. Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry using photographs obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been increasingly used for obtaining high resolution DEMs. These DEMs are interpolated from point clouds representing entire landscapes, including points of terrain, vegetation and infrastructure. Up to date, there has not been any study clearly comparing different algorithms for filtering of vegetation. The objective in this study was, therefore, to assess the performance of various vegetation filter algorithms for SfM-obtained point clouds. The comparison was done for a Mediterranean area in Murcia, Spain with heterogeneous vegetation cover. The filter methods that were compared were: color-based filtering using an excessive greenness vegetation index (VI), Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN) densification from LAStools, the standard method in Agisoft Photoscan (PS), iterative surface lowering (ISL), and a combination of iterative surface lowering and the VI method (ISL_VI). Results showed that for bare areas there was little to no difference between the filtering methods, which is to be expected because there is little to no vegetation present to filter. For areas with shrubs and trees, the ISL_VI and TIN method performed best. These results show that different filtering techniques have various degrees of success in different use cases. A default filter in commercial software such as Photoscan may not always be the best way to remove unwanted vegetation from a point cloud, but instead alternative methods such as a TIN densification algorithm should be used to obtain a vegetation-less Digital Terrain Model (DTM).

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Eyton, J. Ronald. "Student Aerial Photography." Geocarto International 20, no. 4 (December 2005): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106040508542366.

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Magolan, Jessica Lynn, and Joanne Nancie Halls. "A Multi-Decadal Investigation of Tidal Creek Wetland Changes, Water Level Rise, and Ghost Forests." Remote Sensing 12, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071141.

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Coastal wetlands play a vital role in protecting coastlines, which makes the loss of forested and emergent wetlands devastating for vulnerable coastal communities. Tidal creeks are relatively small hydrologic areas that feed into larger estuaries, are on the front lines of the interface between saltwater and freshwater ecosystems, and are potentially the first areas to experience changes in sea level. The goal of this study was to investigate wetland changes through time at two tidal creeks (Smith Creek and Town Creek) of the Cape Fear River estuary in southeastern North Carolina, USA, to determine if there is a spatial relationship between habitat change, physical geography characteristics, and the rate of wetland migration upstream. Historic aerial photography and recent satellite imagery were used to map land cover and compute change through time and were compared with derived physical geography metrics (sinuosity, creek width, floodplain width, floodplain elevation, and creek slope). The primary results were: (1) there was a net gain in emergent wetlands even accounting for the area of wetlands that became water, (2) wetlands have migrated upstream at an increasing rate through time, (3) land cover change was significantly different between the two creeks (P = 0.01) where 14% (67.5 ha) of Smith Creek and 18% (272.3 ha) of Town Creek transitioned from forest to emergent wetland, and (4) the transition from emergent wetland to water was significantly related to average change in creek width, floodplain elevation, and average water level. In conclusion, this research correlated habitat change with rising water level and identified similarities and differences between neighboring tidal creeks. Future research could apply the methodologies developed here to other coastal locations to further explore the relationships between tides, sea level, land cover change, and physical geography characteristics.

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Kirby, R. P. "Small format aerial photography." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 51, no. 6 (December 1996): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-2716(96)00032-9.

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Mauelshagen, L. "LOW ALTITUDE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." Photogrammetric Record 12, no. 68 (August 26, 2006): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1986.tb00561.x.

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Rieke-Zapp, Dirk. "Small-Format Aerial Photography." Photogrammetric Record 26, no. 134 (June 2011): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2011.00637_2.x.

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Ruzgienė, Birutė. "REQUIREMENTS FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." Geodesy and cartography 30, no. 3 (August 3, 2012): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921541.2004.9636646.

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The photogrammetric mapping process at the first stage requires planning of aerial photography. Aerial photographs quality depends on the successfull photographic mission specified by requirements that meet not only Lithuanian needs, but also the requirements of the European Union. For such a purpose the detailed specifications for aerial photographic mission for mapping urban territories at a large scale are investigated. The aerial photography parameters and requirements for flight planning, photographic strips, overlaps, aerial camera and film are outlined. The scale of photography, flying height and method for photogrammetric mapping is foreseen as well as tolerances of photographs tilt and swings round (yaw) are presented. Digital camera based on CCD sensors and on-board GPS is greatly appreciated in present-day technologies undertaking aerial mission.

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Aber, James S., Susan W. Aber, Juraj Janočko, Ryszard Zabielski, and Maria Górska-Zabielska. "High-altitude kite aerial photography." Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 111, no. 1 & 2 (April 2008): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1660/0022-8443(2008)111[49:hkap]2.0.co;2.

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Siejka, Z., and R. Mielimąka. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 81 (July 10, 2015): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.01.005.

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Paziаk, M. V., and F. D. Zablotskyi. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 81 (July 10, 2015): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.01.016.

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Тretyak, К. R., and K. B. Smolii. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 81 (July 10, 2015): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.01.025.

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Marchenko, A. N., and A. N. Lopushanskyy. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 81 (July 10, 2015): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.01.046.

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Lityns’kyy, V., A. Vivat, S. Periy, and S. Lityns’kyy. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 81 (July 10, 2015): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.01.059.

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Melnyk, V. M., V. L. Rasiun, and N. V. Lavrenchuk. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 81 (July 10, 2015): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.01.066.

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Riabchii,, V. A., and V. V. Riabchii. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 81 (July 10, 2015): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.01.074.

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Oleskiv, R., and V. Say. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 81 (July 10, 2015): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.01.082.

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Vovk, А. А., V. Glotov, А. Guninа, А. Мalitskyy, К. Тretyak, and А. Tserklevych. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 81 (July 10, 2015): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.01.090.

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Chetverikov, B. V., and M. T. Protsyk. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 81 (July 10, 2015): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.01.104.

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Ivanchuk, О. М. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 81 (July 10, 2015): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.01.112.

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Perovych, I. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 81 (July 10, 2015): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.01.121.

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Danylo, O. Y., R. A. Bun, and P. Tymków. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 81 (July 10, 2015): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.01.131.

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Yankiv-Vitkovska, L., S. Savchuk, and V. Pauchok. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 82 (December 26, 2015): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.02.005.

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Marchenko, A. N., and YU O. Lukyanchenko. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 82 (December 26, 2015): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.02.013.

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Periy, S. S. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 82 (December 26, 2015): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.02.019.

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Trevoho, I. S., I. M. TSyupak, and P. I. Volchko. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 82 (December 26, 2015): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.02.029.

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Lytvyn, O. H., N. I. Holubinka, and Yu I. Holubinka. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 82 (December 26, 2015): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.02.041.

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Riabchii, V. V. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 82 (December 26, 2015): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.02.048.

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Tereshchuk, O., I. Nystoriak, and R. Shulc. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 82 (December 26, 2015): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.02.059.

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Tadyeyev, O. A. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 82 (December 26, 2015): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.02.073.

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Glotov, V. M., and KH I. Marusazh. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 82 (December 26, 2015): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.02.095.

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Hubar, Yu. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 82 (December 26, 2015): 110–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.02.110.

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Perovych, І., L. Perovych, O. Ludchak, and T. Martunyk. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2015, no. 82 (December 26, 2015): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2015.02.136.

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Mielimąka, Ryszard, and Paweł Sikora. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2016, no. 83 (September 25, 2016): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2016.01.005.

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Palianytsia, B. B., V. R. Oliynyk, and V. V. Boyko. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2016, no. 83 (September 25, 2016): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2016.01.013.

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Savchuk, S., and F. Zablotskyi. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2016, no. 83 (September 25, 2016): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2016.01.021.

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Doskich, S. V. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2016, no. 83 (September 25, 2016): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2016.01.034.

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Abdallah, R. A., and B. V. CHetverikov. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2016, no. 83 (September 25, 2016): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2016.01.043.

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Hlotov, V. M., and А. V. Hunina. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2016, no. 83 (September 25, 2016): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2016.01.053.

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