Relevant bibliographies by topics / Aerial photography in land use

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Aerial photography in land use'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Aerial photography in land use"

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Kasiyanchuk, Dmytro, and Liudmyla Shtohryn. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 98,2023, no. 98 (December 2023): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2023.98.050.

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The purpose of the research presented in this article is to analyse landslide hazards by assessing the impact of the natural component of factors on land use within the Kosiv district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. The increasing number of negative consequences of landslide processes in the study area, and especially in the Carpathian region of Ukraine, requires the creation of new approaches to land resource assessment and civil engineering to reduce the negative impact of landslides on the environment and human activities. Methods. Landslide processes were studied using geophysical methods, GPS and geostatistical methods of data analysis. Based on the created mapping layer of the land cadastre and the landslide hazard map for Kosiv district, a vector analysis was performed to assess the risk in each area according to its cadastral number. Results. The environmental and geological risk of the natural component of landslide hazard factors was calculated using geoinformatics and geostatistical analysis tools with the use of QGIS. An important result of the research is the creation of landslide risk maps of land plots based on data from the State Land Cadastre using the Kadastr.Live Toolbar plugin. Scientific novelty. For the first time an analysis of the natural component of landslide hazard risks for the territory of Kosiv district was carried out as a basis for the assessment of such risks for individual cadastral zones. The regulatory and monetary assessments were clarified based on individual territories, for conducting economic activities that require hydrogeological research or changing the intended use of land.. Practical significance. By applying the methodology of dividing landslide risk assessment factors into natural and anthropogenic components, it becomes possible to identify areas within the study area with the highest probability of landslide development and activation. This method helps to study the characteristics of natural factors and is useful in assessing the risk of landslides..
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Loureiro, Nuno de Santos. "Photography, Land-Cover and Land-Use Changes, and Tourism Urbanization: A Narrative Focused on Hotel do Garbe, Armação de Pêra, Algarve, Portugal." Land 12, no. 3 (March 13, 2023): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12030674.

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This article is focused on the use of photography to characterize land-cover and land-use changes in a 7.59 km2 study area centered on Hotel do Garbe, in the village of Armação de Pêra, Algarve, Portugal. Orthorectified vertical aerial, oblique aerial and ground-level photographs were the main data sources required to carry out the analysis. In a preliminary approach, a conventional research design was adopted. Based on the available orthorectified vertical aerial photographs, a sixty-year time series, with four homogeneously distributed steps (1958, 1978, 1997 and 2018), was constructed, and maps were produced to support the description of the changes that have taken place. To deepen the analysis, photographs from fourteen picture postcards were recognized as a useful source of information, and the authors of these photographs were considered “involuntary or accidental photo-geographers” whose work was relevant to feed a case study in which human geography and landscape biography sciences are the main narrative axes. The final result proved to be richer than the interpretation only based on the orthorectified vertical aerial photographs, and the importance of combining photographs taken from different points of view, with different aims and for different recipients is highlighted.
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DOROSH, Olha, Yevhen BUTENKO, Hryhorii KOLISNYK, Andriy DOROSH, and Iryna KUPRIIANCHYK. "THE USE OF UAVS: DEVELOPMENT, PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATION." AgroLife Scientific Journal 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17930/agl202127.

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The article explores some aspects of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), approaches to their classification and possible areas of application. The main advantages and disadvantages of using unmanned aerial vehicles of different types (quadcopter and aircraft type) in comparison with classical aerial photography and ground shooting are revealed. The features of UAV aerial photography at different stages of semi-automatic mode are considered. Aerial photography of a local object (land with vegetation and the building of the NULES of Ukraine building) was performed by a quadcopter with the subsequent acquisition of an orthophoto, a digital model, construction of a 3D image and a further topographic plan of scale 1:500. Surveying materials were proceeded with a specialized Pix4D program. We counted the time needed to perform separate stages of material processing. In this case, all stages of processing were performed in automatic mode, except for entering coordinates of anchor points. The main disadvantage of this program was the need to form a 3D model in manual mode without the possibility of phased saving. The article offers a classification of the main problems of using UAVs, namely: regulatory, technical and scientific. The comparative assessment of the use of technologies of tacheometric survey, terrestrial scanning, lidar and aerial photography with UAV and their use for land cover monitoring purposes was made.
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Blinn, Charles R., Al Lyons, and Edward R. Buckner. "Color Aerial Photography for Assessing the Need for Fertilizers in Loblolly Pine Plantations." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.4.270.

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Abstract Color aerial photography was used to assess crown color classes in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. Three distinct Munsell color classes were delineated on the resulting photographs. Foliar N levels and, to a lesser degree, foliar K levels were directly related to color. Significant relationships between color and site index and color and basal area were shown. Application of color aerial photography, combined with Munsell color coding, could expedite land classification and also make possible more efficient use of fertilizers. South J. Appl. For. 12(4):270-273.
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Khavar, Yulia, Yurii Hubar, Vira Sai, Oleksandra Hulko, and Liliya Vynarchyk. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 96,2022, no. 96 (December 2022): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.96.032.

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The aims of our paper are to study the territory organization of the forest fund lands of the Skhidnytsya village council (Lviv region), performing their forest management with the development of a system of activities aimed at ensuring scientifically based multifunctional forestry management, protection and rational sustainable use. The possibility of performing cadastral works for the territorial organization of forestry lands using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is important for science and practice. The paper considers the main direction of sustainable development of forest areas with a recreational function, aimed at strengthening ecological, social and economic functions and protection of these forests, their rational use. Based on the division of forests into categories, their functional significance, the regime of forestry and forest use for the next revision period, the following economic units were formed: health and recreational forests with a special regime of use in the mountains. The distribution of the total area of health and recreational forests by functional zones, types of landscape, classes of aesthetic assessment, pedestrian accessibility, recreational assessment, resistance to recreational loads, stages of recreational digression, additional assessment is presented. The results obtained prove the practical significance of the use of UAVs for performing work on the organization of the territory (certain category of land), and the resulting cartographic materials fully comply with the instructive accuracy. The developed provisions of this study correspond to the basic principles of sustainable forest management, provide for a combination of economic, environmental and social aspects of forestry activities.
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Piekielek, Nathan. "A semi-automated workflow for processing historic aerial photography." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-299-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Libraries, museums and archives were the original big geospatial information repositories that to this day house thousands to millions of resources containing research-quality geographic information. However, these print resources (and their digital surrogates), are not easily incorporated into the contemporary research process because they are not structured data that is required of web-mapping and geographic information system tools. Fortunately, contemporary big data tools and methods can help with the large-scale conversion of historic resources into structured datasets for mapping and spatial analysis.</p><p>Single frame historic aerial photographs captured originally on film (hereafter “photographs”), are some of the most ubiquitous and information-rich geographic information resources housed in libraries, museums and archives. Photographs authentically encoded information about past places and time-periods without the thematic focus and cartographic generalization of historic print maps. As such, they contain important information in nearly every category of base mapping (i.e. transportation networks, populated places etc.), that is useful to a broad spectrum of research projects and other applications. Photographs are also some of the most frustrating historic resources to use due to their very large map-scale (i.e. small geographic area), lack of reference information and often unknown metadata (i.e. index map, flight altitude, direction etc.).</p><p>The capture of aerial photographs in the contiguous United States (U.S.) became common in the 1920s and was formalized in government programs to systematically photograph the nation at regular time intervals beginning in the 1930s. Many of these photography programs continued until the 1990s meaning that there are approximately 70 years of “data” available for the U.S. that is currently underutilized due to inaccessibility and the challenges of converting photographs to structured data. Large collections of photographs include government (e.g. the U.S. Department of Agriculture Aerial Photography Field Office “The Vault” – over 10 million photographs), educational (e.g. the University of California Santa Barbara Library – approximately 2.5 million photographs), and an unknown number non-governmental organizations (e.g. numerous regional planning commissions and watershed conservation groups). Collectively these photography resources constitute an untapped big geospatial data resource.</p><p>U.S. government photography programs such as the National Agricultural Imagery Program continued and expanded in the digital age (i.e. post early 2000s), so that not only is there opportunity to extend spatial analyses back in time, but also to create seamless datasets that integrate with current and expected future government aerial photography campaigns. What is more, satellite imagery sensors have improved to the point that there is now overlap between satellite imagery and aerial photography in terms of many of their technical specifications (i.e. spatial resolution etc.). The remote capture of land surface imagery is expanding rapidly and with it are new opportunities to explore long-term land-change analyses that require historical datasets.</p><p>Manual methods to process photographs are well-known, but are too labour intensive to apply to entire photography collections. Academic research on methods to increase the discoverability of photographs and convert them to geospatial data at large-scale has to date been limited (although see the work of W. Karel et al.). This presentation details a semi-automated workflow to process historic aerial photographs from U.S. government sources and compares the workflow and results to existing methods and datasets. In a pilot test area of 94 photographs in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, the workflow was found to be nearly 100-times more efficient than commonly employed alternatives while achieving greater horizontal positional accuracy. Results compared favourably to contemporary digital aerial photography data products, suggesting that they are well-suited for integration with contemporary datasets. Finally, initial results of the workflow were incorporated into several existing online discovery and sharing platforms that will be highlighted in this presentation. Early online usage statistics as well as direct interaction with users demonstrates the broad interest and high-impact of photographs and their derived products (i.e. structured geospatial data).</p>
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Khlebnikova, T. A., S. A. Arbuzov, D. V. Lisitsky, and O. A. Opritova. "The use of UAS materials to identify facts of land legislation violation in the territory of Novosibirsk." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 28, no. 5 (2023): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2023-28-5-33-40.

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The Land Code of the Russian Federation provides for payment for any use of land. The exception is cases established by federal laws and laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The inventory works on land and land plots in the Novosibirsk city were not carried out during the period of its modern history. As part of the adopted inventory program for VAT and on the basis of the municipal contract SSUGiT in the period from 2018 to 2022 performed a set of works to clarify (determine) the location and characteristics of lands and land plots located within the boundaries of the city of Novosibirsk. The article discusses the individual stages of the completed set of works under the Program, which provide for experimental studies to assess the possibilities of determining the boundaries of land plots and identifying violations. The studies were carried out using aerial photography ma-terials obtained by using unmanned aerial vehicles. As a result of the research, it was concluded that orthophotomaps obtained from UAV aerial photography make it possible to identify violations with minimal complexity and cost by comparing the actual and “accounting” boundaries.
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Hong, Ilyoung, and Gyoungju Lee. "Detection of Land Use Change Using Transfer Learning and Aerial Photography." Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association 22, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.16879/jkca.2022.22.3.015.

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Denner, Michele, and Jacobus H. Raubenheimer. "Assessing a potential solution for spatially referencing of historical aerial photography in South Africa." Proceedings of the ICA 1 (May 16, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-26-2018.

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Historical aerial photography has become a valuable commodity in any country, as it provides a precise record of historical land management over time. In a developing country, such as South Africa, that has undergone enormous political and social change over the last years, such photography is invaluable as it provides a clear indication of past injustices and serves as an aid to addressing post-apartheid issues such as land reform and land redistribution. National mapping organisations throughout the world have vast repositories of such historical aerial photography. In order to effectively use these datasets in today’s digital environment requires that it be georeferenced to an accuracy that is suitable for the intended purpose. Using image-to-image georeferencing techniques, this research sought to determine the accuracies achievable for ortho-rectifying large volumes of historical aerial imagery, against the national standard for ortho-rectification in South Africa, using two different types of scanning equipment. The research conducted four tests using aerial photography from different time epochs over a period of sixty years, where the ortho-rectification matched each test to an already ortho-rectified mosaic of a developed area of mixed land use. The results of each test were assessed in terms of visual accuracy, spatial accuracy and conformance to the national standard for ortho-rectification in South Africa. The results showed a decrease in the overall accuracy of the image as the epoch range between the historical image and the reference image increased. Recommendations on the applications possible given the different epoch ranges and scanning equipment used are provided.
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Rada, Artem, Svetlana Kononova, Angela Yushkovskaya, and Aleksandr Kuznetsov. "Economic efficiency estimation of unmanned aircraft application for aerial photography." E3S Web of Conferences 291 (2021): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129104005.

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The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (hereinafter referred to as “UAV”) is one of the most popular ways of collecting objective spatial data on the land plots under survey. The main advantages of UAVs include the significantly lower cost of surveying, design and complex cadastral works compared to traditional methods of determining coordinates (e.g. performing a tacheometric survey and plane-table survey). The designed sector of block No. 9 in the Yurga urban district of Kemerovo region with cadastral No. 42:36:0102001 (land category: residential), comprising 22 apartment buildings, is taken as an example. The economic performance of land plots marking, carried out with cadastral accuracy, based on data obtained using UAVs and without the use thereof, is assessed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aerial photography in land use"

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Dicks, Steven E. "Satellite-derived surface temperatures and their relationships to land cover, land use, soils and physiography of North-Central Florida." Gainesville, FL, 1986. http://www.archive.org/details/satellitederived00dick.

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Fyfield, Paul Hagen. "Transportation and Land Use Patterns: Monitoring Urban Change Using Aerial Photography, Portland, Oregon 1925-1945." PDXScholar, 2003. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2242.

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American urban neighborhoods are a patchwork; the spatial arrangement of types is a reflection of the dominant transportation technology at the time of their development. The earliest suburban areas were made accessible by fixed route systems such as the electric streetcar, followed by the widespread adoption of the automobile; each transportation epoch resulted in characteristic patterns of land use. This study uses aerial photographic coverage of Portland, Oregon from the years 1925, 1936, and 1945, a time of decline for the once popular trolley lines and dramatic increase in automobile usage, to monitor change within the residential areas of Portland's east side over a twenty year period. Classic economic models of the time acknowledged transportation as a force shaping the city; modem ideas in urban planning such as Traditional Neighborhood Design and Transit Oriented Development look to pre-automobile urban form as a means to reduce automobile use and its negative implications. This study uses variables of housing density and street connectivity derived from the aerial photography; the measured values of these variables are then considered for their spatial and temporal distribution using statistical comparisons. The results are compared to ideas within the urban models and current thinking about urban morphology. While generally consistent with the expected patterns, deviations and differences between the two variables are considered for their implications. Models offer a simplified version of the growth of American cities, considering only a few of the many aspects of a dynamic environment. By isolating on these variables of density and connectivity, a greater understanding of their role in arriving at the modem residential urban environment may be reached, and this understanding can add to the discourse in current planning debates.
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Field, Neil J. "Land use monitoring in the Nigerian savanna using aerial photographs." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14276/.

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Aerial photography was used to determine the land use in a test area of the Nigerian savanna in 1950 and 1972. Changes in land use were determined and correlated with accessibility, appropriate low technology methods being used to make it easy to extend the investigation to other areas without incurring great expense. A test area of 750 sq km was chosen located in Kaduna State of Nigeria. The geography of the area is summarised together with the local knowledge which is essential for accurate photo interpretation. A land use classification was devised and tested for use with medium scale aerial photography of the savanna. The two sets of aerial photography at 1:25 000 scale were sampled using systematic dot grids. A dot density of 8 1/2 dots per sq km was calculated to give an acceptable estimate of land use. Problems of interpretation included gradation between categories, sample position uncertainty and personal bias. The results showed that in 22 years the amount of cultivated land in the test area had doubled while there had been a corresponding decrease in the amount of uncultivated land particularly woodland. The intensity of land use had generally increased. The distribution of land use changes was analysed and correlated with accessibility. Highly significant correlations were found for 1972 which had not existed in 1950. Changes in land use could also be correlated with accessibility. It was concluded that in the 22 year test period there had been intensification of land use, movement of human activity towards the main road, and a decrease in natural vegetation particularly close to the road. The classification of land use and the dot grid method of survey were shown to be applicable to a savanna test area.
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Browning, Dawn M. "Woody Plant Dynamics in a Sonoran Desert Ecosystem across Scales: Remote Sensing and Field Perspectives." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195333.

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Historic land uses impose discernable legacy effects that may influence ecosystem function, a concern of particular importance in actively managed landscapes. In recent history (ca. 150 years) tree and shrub abundance has increased at the expense of native grasses in savannas and grasslands. The magnitude and patterns of change are spatially heterogeneous, highlighting the need for analytical approaches spanning multiple spatial scales, from individual plants to patches to landscapes. The overarching goal of this dissertation was to explore long-term dynamics associated with woody plant encroachment with aerial photography and field studies to examine cover, density, soils and land use history at the Santa Rita Experimental Range.The first study characterized patterns in woody cover change on contrasting soils over 60 years using aerial photography. Woody patch dynamics revealed encroachment and stabilization phases in woody plant proliferation. Soil properties reflected the rate at which uplands reached a dynamic equilibrium, but not the endpoint (ca. 35% cover). Fluctuations around dynamic equilibrium reflected net change in patch growth and acquiescence combined with colonization and mortality. Efforts to characterize changes in land cover will require patch-based assessments beyond coarse estimates of percent cover.The second study capitalized on historic field measurements of shrub canopies to validate estimates of shrub cover derived from the earliest aerial photography, quantified detection limitations of 1936 aerial photographs for mapping shrub cover, assessed species-specific contributions to percent cover, and translated detection limitations to proportions of velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina var Woot.) biomass missed with 1930s aerial photography.The third study was a field-based approach investigating how livestock grazing influenced mesquite cover, density, biomass, and stand structure over 74 years. The study supplemented traditional statistical analysis of grazing effects with methods quantifying spatial autocorrelation structure of mesquite density by grazing treatment. The outcome re-affirmed the supposition that mesquite cover may be dynamically stable at ca 30%, and revealed that livestock grazing slowed the shrub encroachment process from 1932 to 2006, counter to expectation. Results indicate that shrub growth trajectories persist long-term. Overall, this work affirms the importance of land use legacies and long-term perspectives in rangeland shrub dynamics.
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McManamay, Rachel Harris. "Assessing the Impacts of Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Piceae Ratz.) and Anthropogenic Disturbance on the Stand Structure and Mortality of Fraser Fir (Abies Fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) in the Black Mountains, North Carolina." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42759.

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Over the past several decades, naturally occurring populations of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) in the Black Mountains of North Carolina have been heavily impacted by both direct and indirect anthropogenic disturbances, including logging and logging- associated fires, and high mortality rates due to the introduction of the exotic insect, balsam woolly adelgid (BWA) (Adelges piceae). The decline in Fraser fir is particularly concern because it serves as a foundation species within the spruce-fir forests of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Our objectives for this research were to 1) use current stand structure to infer whether Fraser fir trees are experiencing a cycle of regeneration-mortality that will lead to eventual decline of the population, 2) determine what role, if any, the site-specific geographic variables of slope, elevation, aspect, and land use history have on stand structure, mortality, and BWA infestation level, and 3) analyze repeat aerial photography to examine broad trends of spruce-fir forest cover change caused by anthropogenic disturbance and the BWA. In order to understand stand structure, mortality, and infestation levels, we conducted detailed field surveys of Fraser fir trees throughout the Black Mountains using 44, fixed-radius circular sampling plots. These plots were placed throughout a series of aspects, elevations, and disturbance types in order to understand geographic variability among these variables. An analysis of 4 repeat aerial photographs and corroborating ground photographs revealed broad spatio-temporal trends of spruce-fir regeneration and mortality from 1954 to 2006. Our results indicate that Fraser fir stands at higher elevations are currently in a state of recovery; whereas stands at lower elevations appear to be more susceptible to BWA-induced mortality. Changes in forest cover area from 1954 to 2006 were influenced greatly by direct and indirect anthropogenic disturbance. Our results call attention to the significant impact that direct and indirect anthropogenic disturbance has had on Fraser fir stand structure, but also provide evidence for the ability of an imperiled ecosystem to recover from high rates of insect caused mortality.
Master of Science
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Carleer, Alexandre. "Region-based classification potential for land-cover classification with very high spatial resolution satellite data." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210852.

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Abstract

Since 1999, Very High spatial Resolution satellite data (Ikonos-2, QuickBird and OrbView-3) represent the surface of the Earth with more detail. However, information extraction by multispectral pixel-based classification proves to have become more complex owing to the internal variability increase in the land-cover units and to the weakness of spectral resolution.

Therefore, one possibility is to consider the internal spectral variability of land-cover classes as a valuable source of spatial information that can be used as an additional clue in characterizing and identifying land cover. Moreover, the spatial resolution gap that existed between satellite images and aerial photographs has strongly decreased, and the features used in visual interpretation transposed to digital analysis (texture, morphology and context) can be used as additional information on top of spectral features for the land cover classification.

The difficulty of this approach is often to transpose the visual features to digital analysis.

To overcome this problem region-based classification could be used. Segmentation, before classification, produces regions that are more homogeneous in themselves than with nearby regions and represent discrete objects or areas in the image. Each region becomes then a unit analysis, which makes it possible to avoid much of the structural clutter and allows to measure and use a number of features on top of spectral features. These features can be the surface, the perimeter, the compactness, the degree and kind of texture. Segmentation is one of the only methods which ensures to measure the morphological features (surface, perimeter.) and the textural features on non-arbitrary neighbourhood. In the pixel-based methods, texture is calculated with mobile windows that smooth the boundaries between discrete land cover regions and create between-class texture. This between-class texture could cause an edge-effect in the classification.

In this context, our research focuses on the potential of land cover region-based classification of VHR satellite data through the study of the object extraction capacity of segmentation processes, and through the study of the relevance of region features for classifying the land-cover classes in different kinds of Belgian landscapes; always keeping in mind the parallel with the visual interpretation which remains the reference.

Firstly, the results of the assessment of four segmentation algorithms belonging to the two main segmentation categories (contour- and region-based segmentation methods) show that the contour detection methods are sensitive to local variability, which is precisely the problem that we want to overcome. Then, a pre-processing like a filter may be used, at the risk of losing a part of the information. The “region-growing” segmentation that uses the local variability in the segmentation process appears to be the best compromise for the segmentation of different kinds of landscape.

Secondly, the features calculated thanks to segmentation seem to be relevant to identify some land-cover classes in urban/sub-urban and rural areas. These relevant features are of the same type as the features selected visually, which shows that the region-based classification gets close to the visual interpretation.

The research shows the real usefulness of region-based classification in order to classify the land cover with VHR satellite data. Even in some cases where the features calculated thanks to the segmentation prove to be useless, the region-based classification has other advantages. Working with regions instead of pixels allows to avoid the salt-and-pepper effect and makes the GIS integration easier.

The research also highlights some problems that are independent from the region-based classification and are recursive in VHR satellite data, like shadows and the spatial resolution weakness for identifying some land-cover classes.

Résumé

Depuis 1999, les données satellitaires à très haute résolution spatiale (IKONOS-2, QuickBird and OrbView-3) représentent la surface de la terre avec plus de détail. Cependant, l’extraction d’information par une classification multispectrale par pixel devient plus complexe en raison de l’augmentation de la variabilité spectrale dans les unités d’occupation du sol et du manque de résolution spectrale de ces données. Cependant, une possibilité est de considérer cette variabilité spectrale comme une information spatiale utile pouvant être utilisée comme une information complémentaire dans la caractérisation de l’occupation du sol. De plus, de part la diminution de la différence de résolution spatiale qui existait entre les photographies aériennes et les images satellitaires, les caractéristiques (attributs) utilisées en interprétation visuelle transposées à l’analyse digitale (texture, morphologie and contexte) peuvent être utilisées comme information complémentaire en plus de l’information spectrale pour la classification de l’occupation du sol.

La difficulté de cette approche est la transposition des caractéristiques visuelles à l’analyse digitale. Pour résoudre ce problème la classification par région pourrait être utilisée. La segmentation, avant la classification, produit des régions qui sont plus homogène en elles-mêmes qu’avec les régions voisines et qui représentent des objets ou des aires dans l’image. Chaque région devient alors une unité d’analyse qui permet l’élimination de l’effet « poivre et sel » et permet de mesurer et d’utiliser de nombreuses caractéristiques en plus des caractéristiques spectrales. Ces caractéristiques peuvent être la surface, le périmètre, la compacité, la texture. La segmentation est une des seules méthodes qui permet le calcul des caractéristiques morphologiques (surface, périmètre, …) et des caractéristiques texturales sur un voisinage non-arbitraire. Avec les méthodes de classification par pixel, la texture est calculée avec des fenêtres mobiles qui lissent les limites entre les régions d’occupation du sol et créent une texture interclasse. Cette texture interclasse peut alors causer un effet de bord dans le résultat de la classification.

Dans ce contexte, la recherche s’est focalisée sur l’étude du potentiel de la classification par région de l’occupation du sol avec des images satellitaires à très haute résolution spatiale. Ce potentiel a été étudié par l’intermédiaire de l’étude des capacités d’extraction d’objet de la segmentation et par l’intermédiaire de l’étude de la pertinence des caractéristiques des régions pour la classification de l’occupation du sol dans différents paysages belges tant urbains que ruraux.
Doctorat en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Musa, Khalid Bin. "Identifying Land Use Changes and It's Socio-Economic Impacts : A Case Study of Chacoria Sundarban in Bangladesh." Thesis, Linköping : Linköping University. Department of Computer and Information Science, 2008. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:2076/FULLTEXT03.

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Börjeson, Lowe. "A History under Siege : Intensive Agriculture in the Mbulu Highlands, Tanzania, 19th Century to the Present." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-215.

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This doctoral thesis examines the history of the Iraqw’ar Da/aw area in the Mbulu Highlands of northern Tanzania. Since the late nineteenth century this area has been known for its intensive cultivation, and referred to as an “island” within a matrix of less intensive land use. The conventional explanation for its characteristics has been high population densities resulting from the prevention of expansion by hostility from surrounding pastoral groups, leading to a siegelike situation. Drawing on an intensive programme of interviews, detailed field mapping and studies of aerial photographs, early travellers’ accounts and landscape photographs, this study challenges that explanation. The study concludes that the process of agricultural intensification has largely been its own driving force, based on self-reinforcing processes of change, and not a consequence of land scarcity.
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Fu, Youtong. "Use Of Small Format Aerial Photography in NPS Pollution Control Applications." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26346.

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An automated procedure was developed to identify and extract confined poultry facilities from color 35-mm slide imagery collected by the United States Department of Agriculture/Farm Service Agency (USDA/FSA). The imagery is used by the USDA/FSA to monitor compliance with various farm support programs and to determine crop production acreage within a given county. The imagery is generally available for all counties within the state on an annual basis. The imagery, however, is not flown to rigid specifications as flight height, direction, and overlap can vary significantly. The USDA/FSA attempts to collect imagery with reasonably clear skies, as visual interpretations could be drastically impacted by cloudiness. The goal of this study was to develop procedures to effectively utilize this imagery base to identify and extract poultry facilities using automated techniques based on image processing and GIS. The procedure involved pre-screening the slides to determine coverage, geopositioning to USGS quadrangle base, color scanning to convert slide image to a digital format and archiving each data file with a naming convention that would allow rapid retrieval in later analysis. Image processing techniques were developed for identifying poultry facilities based on spectral characteristics. GIS tools were used to select poultry facilities from an array of features with similar spectral characteristics. A training data set was selected from which the spectral characteristics of poultry facilities were analyzed and compared with background conditions. Poultry facilities were found to have distinguishable characteristics. Descriptive statistics were used to define the range of spectral characteristics encompassing poultry facilities. Thresholding analyses were then utilized to eliminate all image features with spectral characteristics outside of this range. Additional analyses were made to remove noise in the spectral image due to the sun angle, line of sight of camera, variation in roof reflectance due to rust and/or aging, shading by trees, etc. A primary objective in these analyses was to enhance the spectral characteristics for the poultry facility while, at the same time, retaining physical characteristics, i.e. the spectral characteristic is represented by a single blue color with a high brightness value. The techniques developed to achieve a single blue color involved the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on the red color band followed by RGB to Hue and RGB to Saturation analyses on the red and green color bands, respectively, from the resulting image. The features remaining from this series of analyses were converted into polygons (shape file) using ArcView GIS, which was then used to calculate the area and perimeter of each polygon. The parameters utilized to describe the shape of a poultry house included width, length, compactness, length-width ratio, and polygon centroid analysis. Poultry facilities were found to have an average width of approximately 12.6m with a low standard deviation indicating that the widths of all houses were very similar. The length of poultry facilities ranged from 63m to 261m with and average length of 149m. The compactness parameter, which also is related to length and width, ranged from 30 to 130 with a mean value of approximately 57. The shape parameters were used by ArcView GIS to identify polygons that represent poultry facilities. The order of selection was found to be compactness followed by length-width ratio and polygon centroid analysis. A data set that included thirty 35-mm slide images randomly selected from the Rockingham County data set, which contained over 2000 slides, was used to evaluate the automated procedure. The slides contained 182 poultry houses previously identified through manual procedures. Seven facilities were missed and 175 were correctly identified. Ninety-seven percent (97%) of existing poultry facilities were correctly identified which compares favorably with the 97 % accuracy resulted by manual procedures. . The manual procedure described by Mostaghimi, et. al.(1999) only gave the center coordinates for each poultry facility. The automated procedure not only gives the center coordinate for each poultry building but also gives estimates for geometric parameters area, length and width along with an estimate of the capacity of building (i.e. number of birds), and waste load generated by birds including nutrient and bacteria content. The nutrient and bacteria load generated by each poultry facility is important information for conducting TMDL studies currently being developed for impaired Virginia streams. The information is expected to be very helpful to consultants and state agencies conducting the studies. Agricultural support agencies such as USDA/NRCS and USDA/FSA, Extension Service, consultants, etc. will find the information very helpful in the development of implementation plans designed to meet TMDL target water quality goals. The data also should be useful to Water Authorities for selection of appropriate treatment of water supplies and to county and local government jurisdictions for developing policies to minimize the degradation of water supplies.
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TEIXEIRA, MONTEIRO ANTONIO MANUEL. "ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT MEADOWS IN THE ITALIAN ALPS: LOSS, BIODIVERSITY AND REMOTE SENSING CHANGE DETECTION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/152908.

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The monitoring of ecological condition of grasslands ecosystems in the European Alps is a main issue for mountain regions, since the abandonment of traditional and sustainable management practices has exposed grassland habitat to significant impacts in a context of global environmental change. The present research project was focused in assessment of the state of permanent meadows in the lowlands of Valtellina Valley (80 km2), Italian Alps, during the timeframe 1980-2000. In specific, it quantified the land use/land cover changes and identified main drivers behind permanent meadows loss; characterized the relationship between biodiversity in the meadows and the spatial-environmental conditions in the landscape and by last evaluated the use of satellite remote sensing data for fast change detection in landscape. To achieve such aims, the research project was organized in three different approaches presented in the four chapters of this thesis. Concerning the quantification of the land use/land cover and identification of main drivers behind permanent meadows loss, the results show a strong decrease in meadows (-18.5%) in a context of agricultural land decrease and human settlements increase. This was the land cover type with highest loss and conversion rate during the study period. Meadows were converted to human settlements (urban, industrial and roads), other agriculture uses (cultivation, orchard, vineyard), bushland and uncultivated land. Meadows loss occurred mainly in soils with good land capability, low slope, exposed to south and in proximity of roads, urban settlements and bushland. Densities of urban, industrial and bushland and land capability were the only significant drivers for meadows loss, while distance to meadow edge, meadows density, distance to roads and soil degradation were the only significant drivers for meadows preservation. Concerning the characterization of the relationship between biodiversity in the meadows and the spatial-environmental conditions in the landscape, the results evidenced that species richness and Shannon indices were best explained by regressive models including changes occurred in spatial environmental heterogeneity from 1980 to 2000. Species richness was negatively related to strong decrease in meadows habitat area and recent urban area, while Shannon index was positively related to the increase in landscape diversity. In contrast, species evenness was better explained by regressive model including recent spatial environmental heterogeneity and positively related to increase ineastness in the study area, and negatively affected both by the area of woody and soil pH (KCl). Concerning the evaluation of the use of satellite remotely sensing data for land cover mapping and change detection in landscape, the results show that the hybrid approach for land cover classification based of Landsat imagery was highly accurate. Image differencing is the technique which best detect changes in landscape as well as in urban, meadow and bush land. The accuracy of change detection was moderate. This thesis concludes that the conflict by land in locations densely occupied by other land cover types with good land capability is the major threat to meadows and avoidance of fragmentation may be a good strategy for its preservation. The meadows habitat needs a well-designed landscape and farming planning, which should account the economic value of the ecosystem services provided by this habitat. In addition, to conserve plant diversity in meadows it is necessary to avoid loss of meadows habitat, maintain landscape diversity and execute a sustainable meadow management. Remotely sensed imagery can be a reliable source of information for alps, although particular attention should be made to the image pre-processing and classification, as well as, to minimize topography effects in spectral information.
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Books on the topic "Aerial photography in land use"

1

Ochanda, N. Land use in Kakamega District. Nairobi: Dept. of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, Ministry of Planning and National Development, Kenya, 1987.

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Gedney, Donald R. Changes in land use in western Oregon between 1971-74 and 1982. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1989.

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Lefor, M. W. On the construction and use of dichotomous keys for the interpretation of land cover and watershed features in aerial photographs. Storrs, CT: Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station , College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, 1985.

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Consultants, Sinotech Engineering. Preliminary aerial photograph interpretation report for WPP/SKP/ IV/C, D, J Singkawang. Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Sinotech Field Office, 1985.

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Field, Neil John. Land use monitoring in the Nigerian savanna using aerial photographs. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Civil Engineering and Construction, 1986.

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Jean-Luc, Fiches, and Favory François, eds. Les campagnes de la France méditerranéenne dans l'Antiquité et le Haut Moyen Age: Études microrégionales. Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 1994.

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Renes, Hans, Annemiek te Stroete, Hans Akkerman, and Paul Paris. Voorbij gevlogen: Veranderingen in het Nederlandse landschap. Utrecht: Matrijs, 2011.

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Tennessee Valley Authority. Water Quality Dept., ed. Upper Little Tennessee River aerial inventory of land uses and nonpoint pollution sources. Chattanooga, Tenn: Tennessee Valley Authority, Resource Development, River Basin Operations, Water Resources, 1992.

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J, Sagona Frank, and Tennessee Valley Authority. Water Management., eds. Aerial inventory of land uses and nonpoint pollution sources in the Nottely Reservoir watershed. Chattanooga, Tenn: Tennessee Valley Authority, Resource Group, Water Management, 1993.

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J, Sagona Frank, and Tennessee Valley Authority. Water Management., eds. Aerial inventory of land uses and nonpoint pollution sources in the Nottely Reservoir watershed. Chattanooga, Tenn: Tennessee Valley Authority, Resource Group, Water Management, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aerial photography in land use"

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Lindgren, David T. "Aerial cameras, filters, and films." In Land use planning and remote sensing, 11–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2035-9_2.

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Lindgren, David T. "The geometry of aerial photos." In Land use planning and remote sensing, 27–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2035-9_3.

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Lindgren, David T. "How to acquire aerial photos." In Land use planning and remote sensing, 57–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2035-9_5.

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Rizzo, Maria, and Patrizia Gasparini. "Land Use and Land Cover Photointerpretation." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 49–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98678-0_3.

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AbstractMost national forest inventories use remote sensing data, mainly aerial photos and orthophotos, for the preliminary classification of land use and cover in the inventory points, also for the purpose of estimating the forest area. The classification of land use and land cover during the first phase of the third Italian forest inventory INFC2015 was carried out by interpreting 4-band digital orthophotos (RGB colors and near infrared) in over 301,000 points located on a grid with quadrangular meshes of 1 km2. The classification system adopted includes three hierarchical levels, of which the first corresponds to the same level of the European CORINE Land Cover system and the subsequent ones aimed at highlighting the classes of inventory interest, for the subsequent stratification of the sample of points to be surveyed on the ground. A rigorous quality control procedure was implemented, during the photointerpretation and its conclusion, in order to assess the accuracy of the classifications and the extent of changes to and from forest land use and land cover.
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García-Álvarez, David, María Teresa Camacho Olmedo, Jean-François Mas, and Martin Paegelow. "Land Use Cover Mapping, Modelling and Validation. A Background." In Land Use Cover Datasets and Validation Tools, 21–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90998-7_2.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we offer a brief introduction to the main concepts associated with Land Use Cover (LUC) mapping, Land Use Cover Change (LUCC) modelling and the uncertainty and validation of LUC and LUCC data and model outputs. The chapter summarizes the theoretical fundamentals required to understand the rest of the book. First, we define Land Use and Land Cover concepts that have been extensively discussed and debated in the literature (Sect. 2). Second, we review the history of LUC mapping, from the first manually produced maps to the advent of aerial and satellite imagery and the production of new datasets with much greater detail and accuracy (Sect. 3). Third, we address the usefulness of LUC data and LUCC analysis for society (Sect. 4), contextualizing all these studies and efforts within the framework of Land Change Science (Sect. 5). Fourth, we offer a brief introduction to LUCC modelling, its purpose, uses and the different stages that make up a LUCC modelling exercise (Sect. 6). We also offer a brief introduction to the different types of LUCC models currently available. Finally, we present the concepts of uncertainty and validation and offer a brief introduction to the topic (Sect. 7). The chapter also includes a short list of recommendations for further reading for those who wish to explore the theory presented here in more depth.
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Friedli, B., S. Tobias, and M. Fritsch. "Aerial Photography and Ground Penetrating Radar as Additional Tools for The Quality Assessment of Restored Land?" In Field Screening Europe, 85–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1473-5_20.

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Paulín, Gabriel Legorreta, Rocío Marisol Alanís-Anaya, Lilia Arana-Salinas, Jean-François Parrot, and Rutilio Castro-Miguel. "Use of GIS to Assess Susceptibility per Landform Unit to Gravitational Processes and their Volume." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 2 Issue 1, 2023, 401–11. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39012-8_21.

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AbstractLandslide susceptibility per landform unit and its potential contribution of material was calculated for a 105 km2 watershed on the south flank of Pico de Orizaba volcano, Mexico. More than six hundred landslides were mapped and grouped into landform units. Fifteen landform units were derived from fieldwork, aerial photo interpretation, land use, and morphometric parameters. For each landform, landslide susceptibility was calculated from the area and frequency of landslides. Volume calculation used a surface area-volume power law from geometric values of shallow landslides. Support by Geographic Information Systems created a comprehensive method. Although most landslides were in volcanic landform units, those in sedimentary units contributed more sediment per square kilometer. The study shows that landform units can be used to explain the predisposition and variability of landslide sediment production for a large and complex geological watershed.
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Ramos, Eric Angel, Karin L. Hartman, Robin W. Baird, Jordan K. Lerma, Fabian Missael Rodríguez-González, and Dara N. Orbach. "Drone Perspectives on Cetacean Mating and Sex." In Sex in Cetaceans, 225–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35651-3_11.

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AbstractMating and sociosexual behaviors of cetaceans are challenging to study in nature because most species spend only brief periods of time at the surface and most copulation and courtship occurs underwater. Recent advancements in technology have enabled a new perspective on these behaviors. Drones, or unoccupied aerial systems, have revolutionized studies of marine mammals by providing unparalleled aerial perspectives on the behaviors of whales, porpoises, and dolphins, including their use for investigating questions concerning the sexual behaviors and mating habits of species in near-surface waters. Drones offer numerous benefits over traditional boat- and land-based observational methods for studying mating in free-swimming cetaceans, including the ability to continuously film in high resolution for fine-scale tracking of activity and mating behaviors at and near the water’s surface. This paper outlines various ways in which drone data can be used to understand mating in cetaceans, including novel drone-based video observations of six species of dolphins and whales. These examples illustrate specific sociosexual and mating behaviors and how drone-based data can be used to address questions about the diversity of sexual behaviors and mating strategies. The use of drones is improving opportunities to investigate the fitness advantages of mating tactics and their evolutionary drivers.
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"Land-Use Planning." In Aerial Photography and Image Interpretation, 353–69. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118110997.ch18.

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Dale, Peter, and John McLaughlin. "Land Information Management." In Land Administration. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233909.003.0012.

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A key component of land administration is the management of land and property related data. Such data may be held in manual or digital form although, increasingly, all land related records are being computerized for ease of storage and retrieval. Data are raw collections of facts that, from a land administration perspective, may be gathered and written down as numbers and text, for instance in a surveyor’s field book, or collected and stored digitally through the use of ‘data loggers’ and computers. They may also be held graphically as on maps or aerial photographs. Data become information when processed into a form meaningful to a decision-maker. The usefulness of this information will depend upon the quality of the data and especially on the extent to which they are up to date, accurate, complete, comprehensive, understandable, and accessible. Even then, good data do not necessarily produce good management decisions since other factors may be involved, such as the qualities of the data user; the converse is however true, namely that poor quality data will almost certainly result in bad decision-making. Land and property related data are increasingly managed within formal land information systems (LIS). As with all information systems, LIS use a combination of human and technical resources, together with a set of organizing procedures, to produce information in support of management activities (Dale and McLaughlin 1988). Increasingly, the technologies that drive the data processing are components of geographic information systems (GIS). There has been much debate about the nature of GIS, some seeing them as sets of hardware, software, and data while others have seen them as all-embracing institutional arrangements of which the technology is only part. In the following discussion, GIS will be treated as the former and restricted to the acquisition and assembly of spatial data; their processing, storage, and maintenance; and their retrieval, analysis, and dissemination. By analogy with the motor car, GIS are the engines that power the car and data are the fuel; operating a transportation system is, however, a more complex process.
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Conference papers on the topic "Aerial photography in land use"

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Tribe, Selina, and Mark Leir. "The Role of Aerial Photograph Interpretation in Natural Hazard and Risk Assessment." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0390.

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Aerial photograph interpretation is an accurate and economical method of assessing terrain conditions and natural hazards affecting pipelines and other linear facilities. Completed in advance of vehicle and helicopter-based reconnaissance, it provides a comprehensive site overview that cannot be obtained at ground level. Aerial photograph interpretation helps construct and confirm preliminary hazard and stream-crossing inventories, understand hazard mechanisms, and estimate hazard volume and activity. Time series photo interpretation uses several sets of aerial photographs taken of the same area in different years to track changes in terrain, stream patterns and land-use over time. In addition, aerial photographs are superior navigation tools in the field. These points are illustrated using examples from pipelines in British Columbia and Alberta. This work will be of interest to managers of pipelines throughout western Canada, and to those involved with pipeline route selection through mountainous regions.
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Busko, Małgorzata. "Updated Land Use in the Modernization of the Cadastre – Analysis of the Surveying and Legal Procedures and the Financial Consequences." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.175.

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Land uses are features of the cadastral database. When carrying out the modernization of the cadastre, their update is necessary, according to the Regulation on the register of land and buildings, applicable in Poland. The Regulation sets out the principles for assigning land use categories to given land. The manner of land use carries specific consequences for the owner, namely, it is the determinant of the tax rate which, together with the surface area of the land, results in a specified amount of annual tax liabilities. For this reason, defining the type and extent of land use in the real estate cadastre raises intense feelings. Here, the affairs of land owners, who wish to incur the lowest possible costs associated with the possessed property, and of the municipality – the beneficiary of the property tax, are in contradiction. The article presents the procedure for updating land uses during the modernization of the cadastre. According to the Regulation on the register of land and buildings, a digital description of the contour of land use may be drawn up, based on the results of field measurements, digitization of the analog map or the processed aerial photographs. In the project, which is the basis of this article, the sources of information on the land uses included the cadastral map in the analog form as well as surveying and cartographic materials from individual surveying tasks. However, the content of the current orthophotomap, prepared for the modernization of the cadastre, and the data from the field surveys were of the greatest importance.
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Pukite, Vivita, Vita Celmina, and Dainora Jankauskiene. "ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF QUARRY SURVEYING." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b2/v2/18.

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There are several surveying methods whose practical function is to determine the areas of land, distances, heights, the amount of earthwork, and to produce reduced images of the earth's surface. The research looks at how geodetic and remote sensing methods can be used, and the results they provide in quarry surveying. The most important in quarry surveying is to get an accurate land surface for calculation of the volume of mineral resources. After quarries surveying, it is possible to calculate the amount of remaining mineral resources. Within the framework of the research, were performed surveying in quarries with geodetic surveying and remote sensing methods. For geodetic surveying was used GNSS receiver and a robotic total station, but from remote sensing methods were used aerial photography and aerial laser scanning. The most important reason why it is important to get an accurate surface and make an accurate volume calculation in quarry surveying is the economic factor. The economic analysis was carried out using a comparison method based on volume, market price and natural resources tax. The research presents the advantages and disadvantages of each surveying method and explains the results obtained, based on economic calculations. The main conclusion is that the accuracy of the preparation of land surface relief models is based mainly on economic calculations because mineral resources are a commodity that is bought and sold for which tax is payable.
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Habutsu, Y., T. Miyake, K. Okawa, and K. Kashiyama. "Development of a land use classification model based on semantic segmentation using aerial photographs and its application to Tsunami simulation." In 16th World Congress on Computational Mechanics and 4th Pan American Congress on Computational Mechanics. CIMNE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/c.wccm.2024.107.

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Grigoriev, Gleb, Vladimir Gulin, Alexei Nikitin, Nikita Sivoy, Eugene Bondarev, Marat Islamuratov, Oksana Zakharova, Igor Karpov, Evgenii Liubimov, and Vladislav Votsalevskiy. "Integrated Droneborne Geophysics Application as a Tool for Exploration Optimization. Case Studies." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206250-ms.

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Abstract Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have a great potential for geological exploration optimization at all stages. This study considers UAV implementation at different exploration stage. Integrated approach using unmanned aerial systems shows great effectiveness based on the completed surveys. Low-depth electrical exploration using the shallow electrical exploration method is one of the possible UAVs technologies with great potential. In this study there are several cases describing main field data acquisition, models and cross-sections processing. Unmanned aerial systems are applicable at all stages of the oil and gas value chain and are already an integral part of oil&gas production process. Now there are more than 70 unmanned aerial systems application scenarios. The main advantages of drones are that the use of this operational data collection tool allows: – to reduce the duration of collecting geospatial data by 70%, and the cost by 3 times; – make the best decisions quickly; – to realize additional potential for increasing efficiency (application at all stages of the production chain) – increase the production processes safety level The most promising and actively developing areas of technology application are: Geophysical surveys at different stages of geological exploration. Drones have great potential for application in non-seismic exploration methods in the early stages of geological exploration. In addition, UAV surveys are suitable for planning geological exploration and working out the conceptual arrangement of the terrain. The presence of an accurate digital elevation model at the start of work of the project team makes it possible to remove a number of uncertainties and questions about conducting field work on seismic exploration, the placement of infrastructure and corridor communications. Objective control of the capital construction progress. Another important area of drones application is aerial photography at all stages of capital construction. With the help of UAVs, it is possible to control such parameters as the status and quality of construction and installation works, equipment of contractors, compliance with safety and environmental standards, and others. To do this, the unmanned vehicle flies around the object with a given regularity, filming it from different angles. After aerial photography, special software stitches the results into photogrammetric products (digital terrain model, orthophotomaps, 3D models) with an accuracy of 4–6 centimeters. On the constructed models, you can calculate the dynamics by one or another parameter. Operational fieldwork and intrastructure monitoring. At the same time, one of the key goals of technology application is the creation of a network of autonomous stations with drones at all assets for remote control of the company's production processes. The first step in this direction was the joint pilot testing of an automated take-off and landing station with an unmanned aerial vehicle of a multi-rotor type. The use of the station will reduce the time and cost of collecting data on capital construction and infrastructure. Project teams will be able to react faster to changes. An automated take-off and landing station allows the use of unmanned aerial vehicles without human intervention. The drone can independently take off, perform the necessary operations, land and recharge. Thus, flight operations and data collection can be performed remotely without the constant presence of a specialist on site.
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Van Dyck Murphy, Kelley. "The Accidental Beauty of the Productive Landscape." In 108th Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.108.56.

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The Midwestern agricultural landscape is a tapestry shaped by natural and artificial forces. From above, patterns of use mani¬fest through grids, infrastructural lines, and irrigation circles, superimposed with other natural or manmade features. These patterns can be seen as expressions of our cultural values: layered compositions of regulation, agricultural production, and environmental conditions. Aerial imagery captures the complex interaction of natural and human logics by taking these patterns, formed without compositional intention, and presents them as cultural artifacts. This paper seeks to probe these accidental compositions as objects of reflection through the investigation of the production of aerial imagery, the adoption of landscape patterns in both art and architecture, and the exploration of these superimpositional techniques. Of particular interest are art and architectural practices that explore the tense relationship between man and environment through a reinterpretation of the captured landscape. Works by artist Andrea Zittel, photographer David Thomas Smith, and visual effects artist Aydin Buyuktas are considered as case studies that provide a critical context for the author’s public art installation, 3_6_._9_°,_ _-_8_9_._6_°. This project reinterprets the forms and patterns of the Midwestern agricultural land¬scape as a field of play. This installation, comprised of portions of discarded carpet, is inhabitable as drawing, surface, and representation of the landscape of Southeast Missouri. Here, the aerial landscape is a composition of values, and, applied to a vertical surface presents those values in a new light.
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Paredes, Carlos, Rogelio De la Vega-Panizo, and Miguel Ángel Ropero. "APPLICATION OF IMPROVED ACCURACY SFM-MVS FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRIC RESTITUTION AND COMPARISON OF PRE- AND POST-ERUPTION ARCHIVAL AERIAL IMAGERY ON DECEPTION ISLAND (SOUTH SHETLAND, ANTARCTICA)." In 3rd Congress in Geomatics Engineering. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cigeo2021.2021.12755.

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Despite today's extensive remote sensing imagery with all kinds of sensors, the use of old aerial imagery is still importantin the study of slowly evolving land processes to reconstruct past landscape forms. Numerous organisations sharephotogrammetric data in public repositories, offering opportunities to exploit them to identify historical, natural andanthropogenic topographic changes, which is particularly interesting if they are difficult to access areas, possibly affectedsince historic times by climate change and other geodynamic processes. This work proposes and applies a workflow basedon the SfM-MVS photogrammetric technique to 22 and 33 historical aerial photographs of the English FIDASE (1956/57)and Argentinean Navy (1968) flights, scanned at 1016dpi and 96dpi, black and white, of Deception Island (South Shetland,Antarctica). The photogrammetric processing controls the threshold values of the reconstruction uncertainties andprojection accuracy. The 3D point clouds obtained are geroreferenced with 37 ground control points (GCP) geographicallypositioned in a QuickBird2 satellite image over island areas not affected by volcanism. The quality of the DTM is controlledby comparison with the 1960 topographic map 1:25000 of the island, which allows the volumes of material emitted in thevolcanic eruption of 1967 to be evaluated. The results obtained improve considerably and extend the set of resultscompared to those obtained by classical contour line digitizing. The applied method, the DTM and orthomosaic of 1956and 1968 presented will allow us to evaluate, together with the analysis applied to later historical flights, English 1979 andChilean 1986, the recent changes produced by the recent volcanism, the local external geodynamics, the possible climaticdeterioration and the scope of current human activity from 1956 to the present day.
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Cheng, S. Y. N., L. Liu, W. Hou, J. R. Hart, and Y. M. T. Yong. "Smart Construction Monitoring Using Photogrammetry and LiDAR-derived 4D Digital Model: A Case Study from the Tung Chung New Town Development of Hong Kong." In The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.11.

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The conventional practice of construction site monitoring in Hong Kong relies heavily on in-person site inspection, which is inherently subject to limitations in human resources, health, safety and time. Additionally, given that the advent and application of new digital technologies in the construction industry predominantly occurred after 2010 in Hong Kong, it is more challenging to review/ monitor the changes of a construction site with respect to its historical (pre-2010) status. To overcome these limitations, in this paper, we present the use of the 4D model monitoring method on a case study from the Tung Chung New Town (TCNT) and its extension development in Hong Kong. Nine 3D digital surface models covering a 57-year time period from 1963 to 2020 were built from the historical aerial photographs using the Structure from Motion technique and from the territory-wide airborne LiDAR data. These models were used for monitoring the process of land reclamation, site formation and the subsequent works during the TCNT development. In addition, a preliminary ground model was constructed from approximately 500 Nos. of drillholes to provide an engineering geological background for the study site. It is promising that our innovative 4D digital model and the associated sub-surface rockhead model can be integrated with the Building Information Modelling (BIM) system at a later stage to constituent a Smart Built Environment and to facilitate a smart construction site monitoring practice in near future.
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Olivares González, Adriana I., and Tania Córdova Martínez. "Coastal landscape management in mexican tourist regions: Punta de Mita case in Bahía de Banderas, Nayarit." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8157.

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This article analyzes the process of coastal landscape management in the Mexican tourist region from the transformation of the landscape of Punta de Mita. This peninsula is part of the interstate metropolitan zone of Puerto Vallarta - Bahía de Banderas, located between the State of Jalisco and State of Nayarit. It is one of three coastal metropolitan zones of Mexico. This research has a qualitative approach and adopts the concept of the landscape defined by the European Landscape Convention as “any part of the territory, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors” (Council of Europe, 2000). The units of analysis were the peninsular zone of Punta de Mita and the actors who participated in their transformation. The information was collected through semi-structured interviews with key informants selected using the snowball technique, qualitative observation, review of official documentary sources (plans, projects, reports) as well as historiographical and aerial photographs. The identification of the participation of each type of actor is highlighted in the transformation of the landscape: the State provides the land and enables for tourism investment; economic actors take ownership and monetize their aesthetic values; social actors are deprived of the use and enjoyment of the landscape. The symbols printed on the territory are mainly touristic and, in the second instance, natural whose conservation represents a point of agreement between the state and the residents.
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Нестеров, Д. А. "The British Experience of Using the Air Force in Counterinsurgency Operations of the Interwar Period in the Estimates of Experts of the RAND Corporation." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/semconf.2023.3.3.028.

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В статье рассматривается экспертная деятельность корпорации РЭНД по рецепции британского опыта использования ВВС в антиповстанческих операциях межвоенного периода. Показывается, что американские аналитики идеализировали подобный опыт с целью того, чтобы убедить политические элиты США в увеличении финансирования военно-воздушных сил. По мнению корпорации РЭНД, британским ВВС в межвоенный период удалось успешно проводить сбор разведывательных данных, аэрофотосъемку, быстро перемещаться с одной территории на другую, проводить бомбардировку противника, перевозить боеприпасы и продовольствие, уничтожать повстанческие поселения и посевы, запугивать население. Помимо этого, эксперты указывали на то, что расходы на проведение антиповстанческих операций с применением ВВС были ниже, чем при осуществлении сухопутных операций. При этом сократились и потери среди личного состава. Такой подход получил наименование доктрины «воздушного контроля». Главной ее целью было успешное проведение психологической операции по отношению к местным жителям, чтобы они находились под постоянным страхом потенциальных бомбардировок и не присоединялись к мятежникам. Однако эксперты РЭНД отнеслись к британскому опыту некритически. Практически не отмечался тот факт, что ВВС были эффективны лишь в условиях равнинной местности и против повстанческих элементов среди сельских жителей, у которых не имелись эффективные средства противовоздушной обороны. Делается вывод о том, что корпорация РЭНД осуществляла не независимую экспертизу, а информационную поддержку, сбор доказательной базы для аргументирования позиции своего заказчика. При этом эксперты были тесно связаны своей карьерой и образованием как с США, так и с Британией. The article examines the expert activity of the RAND Corporation on the reception of the British experience of using the Air Force in anti-insurgency operations of the interwar period. It is shown that American analysts idealized such an experience in order to convince the US political elites to increase funding for the air force. According to the RAND Corporation, the British Air Force in the interwar period managed to successfully collect intelligence data, aerial photography, quickly move from one territory to another, bombard the enemy, transport ammunition and food, destroy rebel settlements and crops, intimidate the population. In addition, experts pointed out that the costs of conducting anti-insurgency operations with the use of the Air Force were lower than when carrying out land operations. At the same time, the losses among the personnel also decreased. This approach has received the name of the doctrine of "aerial control". Its main goal was to successfully conduct a psychological operation against local residents so that they would be under constant fear of potential bombing and would not join the rebels. However, RAND experts reacted to the British experience not critically. There was practically no mention of the fact that the Air Force was effective only in conditions of flat terrain and against insurgent elements among rural residents who did not have effective means of air defense. It is concluded that the RAND Corporation did not perform an independent examination, but information support, collection of evidence to substantiate the position of its customer. At the same time, the experts were closely connected by their careers and education both with the United States and Britain.
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Reports on the topic "Aerial photography in land use"

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Fyfield, Paul. Transportation and Land Use Patterns: Monitoring Urban Change Using Aerial Photography, Portland, Oregon 1925-1945. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2239.

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Marcot, Bruce, M. Jorgenson, Thomas Douglas, and Patricia Nelsen. Photographic aerial transects of Fort Wainwright, Alaska. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45283.

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This report presents the results of low-altitude photographic transects conducted over the training areas of US Army Garrison Fort Wainwright, in the boreal biome of central Alaska, to document baseline land-cover conditions. Flights were conducted via a Cessna™ 180 on two flight paths over portions of the Tanana Flats, Yukon, and Donnelly Training Areas and covered 486 mi (782 km) while documenting GPS waypoints. Nadir photographs were made with two GoPro™ cameras operating at 5 sec time-lapse intervals and with a handheld digital camera for oblique imagery. This yielded 6,063 GoPro photos and 706 oblique photos. Each image was intersected with a land-cover-classification map, collectively representing 38 of the 44 cover categories.
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Taverna, Kristin. Vegetation classification and mapping of land additions at Richmond National Battlefield Park, Virginia: Addendum to technical report NPS/NER/NRTR 2008/128. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294278.

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In 2008 and 2015, the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage produced vegetation maps for Richmond National Battlefield Park, following the protocols of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) – National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Program. The original 2008 report was part of a regional project to map and classify the vegetation in seven national parks in Virginia. The 2015 report was an addendum to the original report and mapped the vegetation in newly acquired parcels. Since 2015, the park has acquired an additional 820 acres of land within 12 individual parcels, including the 650 acre North Anna unit. This report is an addendum to the 2008 and 2015 reports and documents the mapping of vegetation and other land-use classes for the 12 new land parcels at Richmond National Battlefield Park, with an updated vegetation map for the entire park. The updated map and associated data provide information on the sensitivity and ecological integrity of habitats and can help prioritize areas for protection. The vegetation map of the new land parcels includes eighteen map classes, representing 14 associations from the United States National Vegetation Classification, one nonstandard, park-specific class, and three Anderson Level II land-use categories. The vegetation classification and map classes are consistent with the original 2008 report. Vegetation-map classes for the new land parcels were identified through field reconnaissance, data collection, and aerial photo interpretation. Aerial photography from 2017 served as the base map for mapping the 12 new parcels, and field sampling was conducted in the summer of 2020. Three new map classes for the Park were encountered and described during the study, all within the North Anna park unit. These map classes are Coastal Plain / Outer Piedmont Basic Mesic Forest, Northern Coastal Plain / Piedmont Oak – Beech / Heath Forest, and Southern Piedmont / Inner Coastal Plain Floodplain Terrace Forest. The examples of Coastal Plain / Outer Piedmont Basic Mesic Forest and Southern Piedmont / Inner Coastal Plain Floodplain Terrace Forest at North Anna meet the criteria of size, condition, and landscape context to be considered a Natural Heritage exemplary natural community occurrence and should be targeted for protection and management as needed. New local and global descriptions for the three map classes are included as part of this report. Refinements were made to the vegetation field key to include the new map classes. The updated field key is part of this report. An updated table listing the number of polygons and total hectares for each of the 28 vegetation- map classes over the entire park is also included in the report. A GIS coverage containing a vegetation map for the entire park with updated Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) compliant metadata was completed for this project. The attribute table field names are the same as the 2008 and 2015 products, with the exception of an additional field indicating the year each polygon was last edited.
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Springston, G. Oostanaula Creek watershed data report: Aerial inventory of land use and nonpoint sources of pollution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6942506.

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Fader, G. B. J., R. O. Miller, and B. J. Todd. Geological interpretation of Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331504.

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An important part of seabed mapping is understanding the shape of the seabed and the depth of water. Hydrographic charts are produced for this purpose by the Canadian Hydrographic Service. During the final survey stages of the Harbour a new technology called multibeam bathymetry became available for high resolution mapping. This system uses transducers (sound sources) mounted on a ship that produce many independent sound beams and can map a large swath of the seabed at one time covering 100% of the bottom. The images that are produced are computer shaded to look as if the water is drained and you are flying over the area. They are the underwater equivalent of aerial photographs of the adjacent land. Because the information is collected digitally, many different kinds of maps can be produced to show subtle aspects of sediment deposition, erosion, and seabed features. The information can also be displayed using various colour schemes to represent seabed shape and computer generated fly-throughs can be produced. The multibeam bathymetric images nicely complement the other geological data sets.
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Ley, Matt, Tom Baldvins, David Jones, Hanna Pilkington, and Kelly Anderson. Vegetation classification and mapping: Gulf Islands National Seashore. National Park Service, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299028.

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The Gulf Islands National Seashore (GUIS) vegetation inventory project classified and mapped vegetation on park-owned lands within the administrative boundary and estimated thematic map accuracy quantitatively. The project began in June 2016. National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program provided technical guidance. The overall process included initial planning and scoping, imagery procurement, field data collection, data analysis, imagery interpretation/classification, accuracy assessment (AA), and report writing and database development. Initial planning and scoping meetings took place during May, 2016 in Ocean Springs, Mississippi where representatives gathered from GUIS, the NPS Gulf Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network, and Colorado State University. Primary imagery used for interpretation was 4-band (RGB and CIR) orthoimages from 2014 and 2016 with resolutions of 15 centimeters (cm) (Florida only) and 30 cm. Supplemental imagery with varying coverage across the study area included National Aerial Imagery Program 50 cm imagery for Mississippi (2016) and Florida (2017), 15 and 30 cm true color Digital Earth Model imagery for Mississippi (2016 and 2017), and current and historical true-color Google Earth and Bing Map imagery. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration National Geodetic Survey 30 cm true color imagery from 2017 (post Hurricane Nate) supported remapping the Mississippi barrier islands after Hurricane Nate. The preliminary vegetation classification included 59 United States National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) associations. Existing vegetation and mapping data combined with vegetation plot data contributed to the final vegetation classification. Quantitative classification using hierarchical clustering and professional expertise was supported by vegetation data collected from 250 plots in 2016 and 29 plots in 2017 and 2018, as well as other observational data. The final vegetation classification includes 39 USNVC associations and 5 park special types; 18 forest and woodland, 7 shrubland, 17 herbaceous, and 2 sparse vegetation types were identified. The final GUIS map consists of 38 map classes. Land cover classes include four types: non-vegetated barren land / borrow pit, developed open space, developed low – high intensity, and water/ocean. Of the 34 vegetation map classes, 26 represent a single USNVC association/park special, six map classes contain two USNVC associations/park specials, and two map classes contain three USNVC associations/park specials. Forest and woodland associations had an abundance of sand pine (Pinus clausa), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), sand live oak (Quercus geminata), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), and saw palmetto (Serenoa repens). Shrubland associations supported dominant species such as eastern baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), and sand live oak (Quercus geminata). Herbaceous associations commonly included camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris), needlegrass rush (Juncus roemerianus), bitter seabeach grass (Panicum amarum var. amarum), gulf bluestem (Schizachyrium maritimum), saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens), and sea oats (Uniola paniculata). The final GUIS vegetation map consists of 1,268 polygons totaling 35,769.0 hectares (ha) or 88,387.2 acres (ac). Mean polygon size excluding water is 3.6 ha (8.9 ac). The most abundant land cover class is open water/ocean which accounts for approximately 31,437.7 ha (77,684.2 ac) or 87.9% of the total mapped area. Natural and ruderal vegetation consists of 4,176.8 ha (10,321.1 ac) or 11.6% of the total area. Within the natural and ruderal vegetation types, herbaceous types are the most extensive with 1945.1 ha (4,806.4 ac) or 46.5%, followed by forest and woodland types with 804.9 ha (1,989.0 ac) or 19.3%, sparse vegetation types with 726.9 ha (1,796.1 ac) or 17.4%, and shrubland types with 699.9 ha (1,729.5 ac) or 16.8%. Developed open space, which can include a matrix of roads, parking lots, park-like areas and campgrounds account for 153.8 ha (380.0 ac) or 0.43% of the total mapped area. Artificially non-vegetated barren land is rare and only accounts for 0.74 ha (1.82 ac) or 0.002% of the total area. We collected 701 AA samples to evaluate the thematic accuracy of the vegetation map. Final thematic accuracy, as a simple proportion of correct versus incorrect field calls, is 93.0%. Overall weighted map class accuracy is 93.6%, where the area of each map class was weighted in proportion to the percentage of total park area. This method provides more weight to larger map classes in the park. Each map class had an individual thematic accuracy goal of at least 80%. The hurricane impact area map class was the only class that fell below this target with an accuracy of 73.5%. The vegetation communities impacted by the hurricane are highly dynamic and regenerated quickly following the disturbance event, contributing to map class disagreement during the accuracy assessment phase. No other map classes fell below the 80% accuracy threshold. In addition to the vegetation polygon database and map, several products to support park resource management are provided including the vegetation classification, field key to the associations, local association descriptions, photographic database, project geodatabase, ArcGIS .mxd files for map posters, and aerial imagery acquired for the project. The project geodatabase links the spatial vegetation data layer to vegetation classification, plot photos, project boundary extent, AA points, and the PLOTS database. The geodatabase includes USNVC hierarchy tables allowing for spatial queries of data associated with a vegetation polygon or sample point. All geospatial products are projected using North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 16 N. The final report includes methods and results, contingency tables showing AA results, field forms, species list, and a guide to imagery interpretation. These products provide useful information to assist with management of park resources and inform future management decisions. Use of standard national vegetation classification and mapping protocols facilitates effective resource stewardship by ensuring the compatibility and widespread use throughout the NPS as well as other federal and state agencies. Products support a wide variety of resource assessments, park management and planning needs. Associated information provides a structure for framing and answering critical scientific questions about vegetation communities and their relationship to environmental processes across the landscape.
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Muldavin, Esteban, Yvonne Chauvin, Teri Neville, Hannah Varani, Jacqueline Smith, Paul Neville, and Tani Hubbard. A vegetation classi?cation and map: Guadalupe Mountains National Park. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302855.

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A vegetation classi?cation and map for Guadalupe Mountains National Park (NP) is presented as part of the National Park Service Inventory & Monitoring - Vegetation Inventory Program to classify, describe, and map vegetation communities in more than 280 national park units across the United States. Guadalupe Mountains NP lies in far west Texas and contains the highest point in the state, Guadalupe Peak (8,751 ft; 2,667 m). The mountain escarpments descend some 5,000 ft (1,500 m) to the desert basins below forming a complex geologic landscape that supports vegetation communities ranging from montane coniferous forests down to desert grasslands and scrub. Following the US National Vegetation Classi?cation (USNVC) standard, we identi?ed 129 plant associations hierarchically tiered under 29 groups and 17 macrogroups, making it one of the most ecologically diverse National Park Service units in the southwestern United States. An aspect that adds to this diversity is that the park supports communities that extend southward from the Rocky Mountains (?ve macrogroups) and Great Plains (one macrogroup) and northward from the Chihuahuan Desert (two macrogroups) and Sierra Madre Orientale of Mexico (three macrogroups). The remaining six macrogroups are found in the Great Basin (one macrogroup), and throughout the southwestern United States (remaining ?ve macrogroups). Embedded in this matrix are gypsum dunelands and riparian zones and wetlands that add further complexity. We describe in detail this vegetation classi?cation, which is based on 540 vegetation plots collected between 2006 and 2010. Full descriptions and diagnostic keys to the plant associations along with an overall plant species list are provided as appendices. Based on the vegetation classi?cation and associated plot data, the vegetation map was developed using a combined strategy of automated digital object-oriented image classi?cation and direct-analog image interpretation of four-band National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) aerial photography from 2004 and 2008 and Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery. The map is designed to facilitate ecologically-based natural resource management at a 1:24,000 scale with 0.5-ha minimum map unit size. The map legend is hierarchically structured: the upper Level 1 consists of 16 map units corresponding in most cases to the USNVC group level, and an additional map unit describing built-up land and agriculture; Level 2 is composed of 48 nested map units re?ecting various combinations of plant associations. A ?eld-based accuracy assessment using 341 vegetation plots revealed a Level 1 overall accuracy of 79% with 90% CI of 74?84% and 68% with 90% CI of 59?76% at Level 2. An annotated legend with summary descriptions of the units, distribution maps, aerial photo examples of map unit polygons, and representative photos are provided in Appendix D. Large wall-size poster maps at 1:35,000 scale were also produced following NPS cartographic standards. The report, plot data, and spatial layers are available at National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Program https://www.nps.gov/im/vegetation-inventory.htm). Outcomes from this project provide the most detailed vegetation classi?cation and highest resolution mapping for Guadalupe Mountains NP to date to support many uses including ?re, recreation, vegetation, and wildlife management, among others. The upper Level 1 map is particularly suited to landscape-scale, park-wide planning and linkages to its sister park, Carlsbad Caverns NP. The Level 2 mapping provides added detail for use at a more localized project scale. The overall accuracy of the maps was good, but because Guadalupe Mountains NP is primarily wilderness park, there were logistical challenges to map development and testing in remote areas that should be considered in planning management actions. In this context, some map units would bene?t from further development and accuracy assessment. In particular, a higher resolution mapping of McKittrick Creek riparian habitat at 1:6,000 scale or ?ner is recommended for this important habitat in the park. In addition, developing a structural canopy height model from LiDAR imagery would be useful to more accurately quantify woody canopy density and height to support ?re management and other habitat management issues. With respect to understanding vegetation dynamics in this time of rapid environmental change, the 540 vegetation plots themselves are su?ciently georeferenced and have the data resolution to be useful in detecting change at the decadal scales across much of the park. To this end, an additional recommendation would be to install more plots to ?ll the gaps among the main vegetation units of the park, both spatially and thematically. Overall, the Vegetation and Classi?cation Map for Guadalupe Mountains NP will support the park?s management e?orts and enhance regional understanding of vegetation and ecology of ecosystems of the southwestern United States.
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Ley, Matt, Tom Baldvins, Hannah Pilkington, David Jones, and Kelly Anderson. Vegetation classification and mapping project: Big Thicket National Preserve. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299254.

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The Big Thicket National Preserve (BITH) vegetation inventory project classified and mapped vegetation within the administrative boundary and estimated thematic map accuracy quantitatively. National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program provided technical guidance. The overall process included initial planning and scoping, imagery procurement, vegetation classification field data collection, data analysis, imagery interpretation/classification, accuracy assessment (AA), and report writing and database development. Initial planning and scoping meetings took place during May, 2016 in Kountze, Texas where representatives gathered from BITH, the NPS Gulf Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network, and Colorado State University. The project acquired new 2014 orthoimagery (30-cm, 4-band (RGB and CIR)) from the Hexagon Imagery Program. Supplemental imagery for the interpretation phase included Texas Natural Resources Information System (TNRIS) 2015 50 cm leaf-off 4-band imagery from the Texas Orthoimagery Program (TOP), Farm Service Agency (FSA) 100-cm (2016) and 60 cm (2018) National Aerial Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery, and current and historical true-color Google Earth and Bing Maps imagery. In addition to aerial and satellite imagery, 2017 Neches River Basin Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data was obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and TNRIS to analyze vegetation structure at BITH. The preliminary vegetation classification included 110 United States National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) associations. Existing vegetation and mapping data combined with vegetation plot data contributed to the final vegetation classification. Quantitative classification using hierarchical clustering and professional expertise was supported by vegetation data collected from 304 plots surveyed between 2016 and 2019 and 110 additional observation plots. The final vegetation classification includes 75 USNVC associations and 27 park special types including 80 forest and woodland, 7 shrubland, 12 herbaceous, and 3 sparse vegetation types. The final BITH map consists of 51 map classes. Land cover classes include five types: pasture / hay ground agricultural vegetation; non ? vegetated / barren land, borrow pit, cut bank; developed, open space; developed, low ? high intensity; and water. The 46 vegetation classes represent 102 associations or park specials. Of these, 75 represent natural vegetation associations within the USNVC, and 27 types represent unpublished park specials. Of the 46 vegetation map classes, 26 represent a single USNVC association/park special, 7 map classes contain two USNVC associations/park specials, 4 map classes contain three USNVC associations/park specials, and 9 map classes contain four or more USNVC associations/park specials. Forest and woodland types had an abundance of Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ilex opaca, Ilex vomitoria, Quercus nigra, and Vitis rotundifolia. Shrubland types were dominated by Pinus taeda, Ilex vomitoria, Triadica sebifera, Liquidambar styraciflua, and/or Callicarpa americana. Herbaceous types had an abundance of Zizaniopsis miliacea, Juncus effusus, Panicum virgatum, and/or Saccharum giganteum. The final BITH vegetation map consists of 7,271 polygons totaling 45,771.8 ha (113,104.6 ac). Mean polygon size is 6.3 ha (15.6 ac). Of the total area, 43,314.4 ha (107,032.2 ac) or 94.6% represent natural or ruderal vegetation. Developed areas such as roads, parking lots, and campgrounds comprise 421.9 ha (1,042.5 ac) or 0.9% of the total. Open water accounts for approximately 2,034.9 ha (5,028.3 ac) or 4.4% of the total mapped area. Within the natural or ruderal vegetation types, forest and woodland types were the most extensive at 43,022.19 ha (106,310.1 ac) or 94.0%, followed by herbaceous vegetation types at 129.7 ha (320.5 ac) or 0.3%, sparse vegetation types at 119.2 ha (294.5 ac) or 0.3%, and shrubland types at 43.4 ha (107.2 ac) or 0.1%. A total of 784 AA samples were collected to evaluate the map?s thematic accuracy. When each AA sample was evaluated for a variety of potential errors, a number of the disagreements were overturned. It was determined that 182 plot records disagreed due to either an erroneous field call or a change in the vegetation since the imagery date, and 79 disagreed due to a true map classification error. Those records identified as incorrect due to an erroneous field call or changes in vegetation were considered correct for the purpose of the AA. As a simple plot count proportion, the reconciled overall accuracy was 89.9% (705/784). The spatially-weighted overall accuracy was 92.1% with a Kappa statistic of 89.6%. This method provides more weight to larger map classes in the park. Five map classes had accuracies below 80%. After discussing preliminary results with the parl, we retained those map classes because the community was rare, the map classes provided desired detail for management or the accuracy was reasonably close to the 80% target. When the 90% AA confidence intervals were included, an additional eight classes had thematic accruacies that extend below 80%. In addition to the vegetation polygon database and map, several products to support park resource management include the vegetation classification, field key to the associations, local association descriptions, photographic database, project geodatabase, ArcGIS .mxd files for map posters, and aerial imagery acquired for the project. The project geodatabase links the spatial vegetation data layer to vegetation classification, plot photos, project boundary extent, AA points, and PLOTS database sampling data. The geodatabase includes USNVC hierarchy tables allowing for spatial queries of data associated with a vegetation polygon or sample point. All geospatial products are projected using North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 15 N. The final report includes methods and results, contingency tables showing AA results, field forms, species list, and a guide to imagery interpretation. These products provide useful information to assist with management of park resources and inform future management decisions. Use of standard national vegetation classification and mapping protocols facilitates effective resource stewardship by ensuring the compatibility and widespread use throughout NPS as well as other federal and state agencies. Products support a wide variety of resource assessments, park management and planning needs. Associated information provides a structure for framing and answering critical scientific questions about vegetation communities and their relationship to environmental processes across the landscape.
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Grand-Clément, Sarah. Uncrewed Aerial, Ground, and Maritime Systems: A Compendium. UNIDIR, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/caap/23/erc/05.

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This compendium is intended to provide policymakers, diplomats and other non-technical interested parties with an introductory overview and comparison of technological developments and their security implications relating to uncrewed aerial, ground, and maritime systems. In 2022, UNIDIR released primers for each of the three domains in which uncrewed systems operate (air, land and sea). While each primer gives an in-depth introduction into each type of uncrewed system, this compendium provides a comparative overview that highlights the common developments and security implications of these systems, as well as what distinguishes them. The focus of the compendium is on describing the main areas of technological innovation and development related to the key components that comprise uncrewed systems, outlining the anticipated areas of progress and potential concern, as well as areas of overlap between key enabling technology across the three types of systems. This compendium aims to provide policymakers, diplomats and other non-technical interested parties with an introductory overview and comparative overview of technological developments and their security implications relating to uncrewed systems in the air, land, and maritime domains. The compendium, as well as the primers, also serve as technical guides on issues relating to uncrewed systems for use within frameworks and processes where such systems are relevant and discussed, such as the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on the continuing operation and relevance of the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms (UNROCA) and its further development, the Conference of States Parties to the Arms Trade Treaty, and the GGE on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems.
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10

Desa, Hazry, Muhammad Azizi Azizan, Zainudin Hat, Muhammad Safwan Suhaimi, and Noor Zulaiha Ramli. ASSESSING THE ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV) SURVEY DATA FOR ROAD PROFILE TESTING: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH LAND SURVEY. Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58915/techrpt2023.005.

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This feasibility study report outlines the research findings and recommendations for implementing the use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) for route surveying. The study was conducted with the support of IP Fokus Sdn. Bhd. research grant to determine the feasibility of UAS as an alternative solution for the route surveying process. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of UAS in improving the efficiency and accuracy of route surveying tasks. To achieve this objective, we conducted a comprehensive literature review on the current practices and technologies used in route surveying. The report provides an overview of the research methodology, data analysis, and findings. The recommendations presented in this report are based on a thorough evaluation of the data collected and analysis conducted. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the potential benefits of using UAVs in route surveying and highlight some of the challenges and limitations that need to be addressed.
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