Academic literature on the topic 'Aerial photography in landscape design'
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Journal articles on the topic "Aerial photography in landscape design"
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Yang, Huijuan, Yongning Li, Zhidong Zhang, Zhongqi Xu, and Xuanrui Huang. "GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Assessment and Seasonal Impact on Plantation Forest Landscape Visual Sensitivity." Forests 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2019): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040297.
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Visual sensitivity assessments identify the location of the high-sensitivity areas in terms of visual change. Studying the visual sensitivity of plantation forest landscapes and their seasonal changes can help resolve increasingly frequent conflicts between tourism and forest management activities, in the context of the multi-functional management of plantation forests. In this study, we used the geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) methods combined with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to perform a visual sensitivity evaluation. Nine map-based criteria were selected, and the visual sensitivity of summer and autumn values were calculated, using data from sources including inventory data for forest management planning and design, digital elevation model (DEM), and aerial photographs. Vegetation uniformity (VU) and color diversity (CD) indices were constructed using three patch-level-based landscape indices, including area (AREA), fractal dimension index (FRAC), and proximity (PROX), to visualize the summer and autumn vegetation characteristics of a plantation forest landscape. We conducted a case study on the Saihanba Mechanical Forest Plantation, China’s largest forest plantation. The results were evaluated by experts, confirming the method to be reliable. This study provides an accurate, objective, and visualized evaluation method for the visual sensitivity of plantations for forest management units at the landscape scale. In analyzing the visual sensitivity of plantation forest landscapes, appropriate criteria, e.g., uniformity or diversity should be selected based on forest vegetation characteristics. When identifying high-sensitivity regions, it is necessary to simultaneously analyze areas with high visual sensitivity in different seasons and then superimpose the results.
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SELSAM, PETER, WOLFGANG SCHAEPER, KATJA BRINKMANN, and ANDREAS BUERKERT. "ACQUISITION AND AUTOMATED RECTIFICATION OF HIGH-RESOLUTION RGB AND NEAR-IR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS TO ESTIMATE PLANT BIOMASS AND SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY IN ARID AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS." Experimental Agriculture 53, no. 1 (April 12, 2016): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479716000089.
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SUMMARYIncreasing image resolution and shrinking camera size facilitates easy mounting of digital cameras on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to collect large amounts of high-resolution aerial photos for soil surface and vegetation monitoring. Major challenges remain geo-referencing of these images, reliable stitching (mosaicking), elimination of geometric image distortions and compensation of limited image quality and high cost of the equipment. In this study, we report upon the design and field-testing of a custom-made, cost-effective mini-UAV allowing the acquisition of RGB and near-IR images covering areas of 1–2 km2 in each flight and the development of a software tool to automatically combine the geo-referenced images into a seamless image mosaic. Object-orientated image classification was used to estimate plant biomass. The images allowed to determine the distribution and biomass of selected plant species and other landscape features such as field borders and settlement patterns as well as to construct a simple 3D model of the topography of the surveyed area. The setup facilitates the cost-effective acquisition, mosaicking and classification of hundreds of RGB and near-IR images with a spatial resolution of 5–10 cm.
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Hwang, Jin-Tsong, and Ting-Chen Chu. "3D BUILDING RECONSTRUCTION BY MULTIVIEW IMAGES AND THE INTEGRATED APPLICATION WITH AUGMENTED REALITY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (October 12, 2016): 1235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-1235-2016.
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This study presents an approach wherein photographs with a high degree of overlap are clicked using a digital camera and used to generate three-dimensional (3D) point clouds via feature point extraction and matching. To reconstruct a building model, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is used to click photographs from vertical shooting angles above the building. Multiview images are taken from the ground to eliminate the shielding effect on UAV images caused by trees. Point clouds from the UAV and multiview images are generated via Pix4Dmapper. By merging two sets of point clouds via tie points, the complete building model is reconstructed. The 3D models are reconstructed using AutoCAD 2016 to generate vectors from the point clouds; SketchUp Make 2016 is used to rebuild a complete building model with textures. To apply 3D building models in urban planning and design, a modern approach is to rebuild the digital models; however, replacing the landscape design and building distribution in real time is difficult as the frequency of building replacement increases. One potential solution to these problems is augmented reality (AR). Using Unity3D and Vuforia to design and implement the smartphone application service, a markerless AR of the building model can be built. This study is aimed at providing technical and design skills related to urban planning, urban designing, and building information retrieval using AR.
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Syphard, Alexandra D., Teresa J. Brennan, and Jon E. Keeley. "The role of defensible space for residential structure protection during wildfires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 8 (2014): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13158.
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With the potential for worsening fire conditions, discussion is escalating over how to best reduce effects on urban communities. A widely supported strategy is the creation of defensible space immediately surrounding homes and other structures. Although state and local governments publish specific guidelines and requirements, there is little empirical evidence to suggest how much vegetation modification is needed to provide significant benefits. We analysed the role of defensible space by mapping and measuring a suite of variables on modern pre-fire aerial photography for 1000 destroyed and 1000 surviving structures for all fires where homes burned from 2001 to 2010 in San Diego County, CA, USA. Structures were more likely to survive a fire with defensible space immediately adjacent to them. The most effective treatment distance varied between 5 and 20 m (16–58 ft) from the structure, but distances larger than 30 m (100 ft) did not provide additional protection, even for structures located on steep slopes. The most effective actions were reducing woody cover up to 40% immediately adjacent to structures and ensuring that vegetation does not overhang or touch the structure. Multiple-regression models showed landscape-scale factors, including low housing density and distances to major roads, were more important in explaining structure destruction. The best long-term solution will involve a suite of prevention measures that include defensible space as well as building design approach, community education and proactive land use planning that limits exposure to fire.
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Barrell, Jeffrey, and Jon Grant. "High-resolution, low-altitude aerial photography in physical geography." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 39, no. 4 (May 5, 2015): 440–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133315578943.
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Intertidal landscapes are highly complex and dynamic habitats that exhibit variability over a range of spatial and temporal scales. The spatial arrangement of structure-forming biogenic features such as seagrasses and bivalves influences ecosystem function and the provision of important ecosystem services, though quantification and monitoring of intertidal landscape structure has been hindered by challenges collecting spatial data in the coastal zone. In this study, an intertidal landscape mosaic of eelgrass ( Zostera marina) and blue mussels ( Mytilus edulis) was observed using low-altitude aerial photography from a balloon-mounted digital camera platform. Imagery representing seagrass-bivalve landscape structure was classified and analysed using multiple metrics of landscape composition and configuration at the patch scale and the landscape scale. Patch-scale imagery was compared to a previously collected dataset in order to track temporal changes in seagrass patch metrics over a 26-month period. Seagrass and bivalve patches exhibited distinct spatial patterning at different spatial scales. At the patch scale, the change in seagrass metrics was consistent with patch border expansion at the expense of patch density and integrity. These methods demonstrate a novel approach for collecting high-resolution spatial data that could also be valuable to physical geographers dealing with similar fine-scale landscapes. The application of spatial metrics at multiple spatial scales quantified elements of the configuration and composition of a seagrass-bivalve habitat mosaic and allowed for the tracking of patch metrics through time to depict landscape change. Continued development of landscape metrics within intertidal habitats will increase understanding of the ecological function of these areas with benefits to management and monitoring of ecosystem health.
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Feng, Wei Zhong. "Implementation of Aerial Panoramic Photography for Environmental Studies Through VR Experiences." Journal of Environmental Science Studies 4, no. 1 (September 27, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/jess.v4i1.926.
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Technology allows us to experience situations from a different perspective. This project investigated many parts and techniques for better VR experiences. Aerial photography: Aerial photography provides a broad view of the changes in a landscape. However, aerial photography cannot offer a microscopic perspective of the changes with novel panoramas and landscape photos. A parallax compensation algorithm for stitching videos enables the user to reduce the time required to fix stitching issues in post-production. The experiment results indicated that the optimum camera height was 500 m, slightly higher than the clouds. An appropriate number of spatial samples were selected during photography to obtain high-quality images. The researchers avoided restricted flight areas and designed the image acquisition method according to the selected flight path, which were then combined in the post-processing step. Those 360-degree-aerial-images trigger young people's environmental awareness, which enhances the creator's sense of environmental protection.
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Vávrů, Petr, and Helge Viken. "Mapping of Greenland landscape using aerial photography and orthophotography (Technical Note)." Czech Polar Reports 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2013-2-21.
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Aerial photography is an important tool for mapping on local scale. In the paper, description of aerial photos taken over several urban and natural landscape sites in West Greenland is given as well as their processing. Using a high-resolution software, aerial photos were processed and digital terrain models (DTMs) of the sites produced. Technique of contour lines was used to check the created DTM for particular site. Finally, orthophotos of all sites were produced. In this Technical Note, several sites located on Western coast of Greenland are presented and the use of maps generated from orthophotos is discussed.
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Crutchley, Simon. "The Landscape of Salisbury Plain, as Revealed by Aerial Photography." Landscapes 2, no. 2 (October 2001): 46–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lan.2001.2.2.46.
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Niknamian, Sorush. "Design of Digital Aerial Photography System for UAV based on Wireless Sensor Network." Journal of Applied Science, Engineering, Technology, and Education 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.asci2196.
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The traditional UAV aerial photography system has the disadvantages of unclear imaging, low system efficiency and poor flight control effect. Thus, a digital aerial photography system based on wireless sensor network is proposed. Firstly, the principle of aerial photography system is analyzed, and the wireless sensor network is set up. A large number of wireless sensor nodes are deployed in the interval, and functions such as wireless communication and calculation are completed by nodes; the SN-RN data acquisition layer, the RN-UAV relay transmission layer and the UAV-DC mobile aggregation layer are designed to form a wireless sensor network architecture, and the UAV digital aerial photography technology is combined to form the wireless sensor network. Experiments show that the medium error, maximum error and medium error limit of the digital aerial photography of the UAV are low, the total working time of the system is short, and the accuracy of the flight execution of the UAV is maintained between 93%-95%, and always stable. Therefore, the overall imaging effect of this method is better, the system work efficiency is higher, the system control effect is better, and it is more practical and advantageous.
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LITVINOV, Denis V. "MODERN METHODS TO AERO PHOTOFILMING IN THE ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING ANALYSIS OF THE URBAN AREA." Urban construction and architecture 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2015.01.6.
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In article the modern aerial photography from unmanned aerial vehicles as one of methods of the analysis of city building and the territory in design and exploration work is considered. A number of advantages of aerial photography before land photographing is allocated. The retrospective analysis of aerial photography, allowing to track its development from amateur to the professional is carried out. Its application in town planning, reconstruction and new construction is defined. Two main types of aerial photography, used in construction planned and, - perspective are allocated.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aerial photography in landscape design"
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Baxter, Kieran Andrew. "Topography and flight : the creative application of aerial photography and digital visualisation for landscape heritage." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2017. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/e22373db-adee-4bb1-9fbe-43691816ce85.
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Aerial photography and digital visualisation technologies are commonly used to reveal and interpret archaeological sites and landscapes. These methods afford a clarity and overview that has considerable advantages in heritage visualisation. Despite this, both technologies offer a view that is distanced from the grounded experiences that are integral to heritage sites and landscapes. This tension, between visualisation technologies and lived experience, is significant because the experiences of visiting these places are a valuable common platform - shared by specialists and general audiences alike - for communicating archaeological narratives. Beyond this, such tensions have been central to debates within landscape archaeology about how embodied perspectives on the one hand, and the conventions of visual representation on the other, might affect archaeological interpretations. This thesis investigates the hypothesis that creative practice can serve to bridge the gap between visualisation technologies and lived experience, ultimately providing more powerful and meaningful visualisations of landscape heritage. This is possible because aerial and digital visualisations can and do go beyond topographical representation and respond to the aesthetic and emotive dimensions of landscape. Aerial photographs and digital models resist the visual modes of modernity despite their technological premise. The meanings that they transmit draw not only from the visual language of aerial photography and digital media but also from the viewer's prior experience of landscape and flight. It is within this context that this study attempts to better understand the relationship between visualisation technologies, creative practice, and the lived experience of landscape. To do this the author adopts the role of research-practitioner in order to explore and demonstrate the arguments through the creative application of aerial photography and digital visualisation technologies. This practice combines methods from archaeological survey, and approaches from visual effects filmmaking, with an aesthetic inspired by artist-photographers like Marilyn Bridges, Emmet Gowin and Patricia Macdonald. These creative practitioners have adopted the aerial view to portray landscapes with intimacy, agency and dynamism. The practice aims to work from an immersed or insider's view, drawing influence from Tim Ingold's notion of the "dwelling perspective". A main case study is undertaken at the Iron Age hillfort site of the Caterthuns in Angus, Scotland, with supporting case studies at the prehistoric site of Links of Notlland in Orkney and additional hillfort sites in Strathearn. Through this hands-on experience the aim is to better understand how novel approaches to practice can improve landscape heritage visualisation in an interdisciplinary context.
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Harrild, Christopher S. "Exploring the Potential of Resident Employed Photography as a Context Sensitive Technique in Roadway Design." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2065.
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The purpose of the study was to explore the potential of resident employed photography as a context sensitive assessment tool in roadway design by identifying the key elements of resident employed photography and context sensitivity and then exploring the potential of the elements of resident employed photography that may contribute to context sensitivity in roadway design. State and federal transportation agencies have identified principles and potential outcomes with the intent to guide processes that are sensitive to the context of a project’s surroundings. The improved design of public roadways to meet the needs of those who live and travel along them is the goal of these agencies. Resident employed photography is the use of a photograph to obtain information from a participant. The study explored resident employed photography as a context sensitive technique in the discovery of the attributes that reflect and define participant attachment to an environment. The technique therefore relied upon the existing community in the establishment of elements of value to be used to shape and guide the roadway design of the realignment of Utah State Route 30 through a neighborhood in Logan, Utah. Cameras and photograph logs were distributed to households in the residential area and participants were invited to provide contextual information about their neighborhood with regard to the proposed realignment. This information was gathered and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. The data derived from the participant’s photos, written comments, and interviews shaped and added to the research questions and resultant theory. In the study, areas of concern and mitigation ideas as identified by the participants found that a complete streets approach focused on maintaining or improving the feel of the neighborhood may be the best possible alternative in the realignment of SR-30. However, the success of this alternative is largely dependent upon a design professional’s consideration of the contextual relevance of the data provided through resident employed photography.
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Gustina, Charles F. "Escape Artist." VCU Scholars Compass, 2005. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1494.
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This thesis reviews the background, influences, and evolution of the body of work entitled Folia, which forms the basis for the candidate's thesis exhibition. It traces the development of the candidate's artistic inclinations from drawing to photography. Directorial and Pictorialist photography are discussed as forebears in the Influences chapter. Evolution of the Body of Work details how the current work grew from both the candidate's background and influences. A Brief Anthology of Quotations references Susan Sontag's influential work, On Photography, with quotations that have either influenced the candidate's work or reflect his perceptions of art and life. The balance of the thesis describes the candidate's working process in creating the work, and the installation at VCU's Anderson Gallery.
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Sauer, Amanda. "Invisible Green." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1387.
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How is nature conceived today, a generation into the environmental movement? Many contemporary artists grapple with how to reconcile our inheritance of both a precarious natural world and the culture that created it. My work investigates the subtle intricacies of our relationship with nature. I use photography to develop a way of seeing that points to the often-unnoticed nature in front of us. In particular, my work recognizes and re-imagines nature's deep connections in the context of our ecologically changed world.
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Wakefield, Juliet. "Transition on Waiheke changing ways we view and inhabit the landscape : this exegesis is submitted to the Auckland University of Technology for the degree of Masters in Art and Design, submitted for assessment on 11 July 2005 /." Full Exegesis. Abstract, 2005.
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McLeod, Carmen Alis. "In an Expression of the Inexpressible: Even this title is stolen, but I chose it." VCU Scholars Compass, 2008. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/916.
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This thesis provides a tour through an imaginary building that contains the work I have completed in the last two years at Virginia Commonwealth University. The body of the text provides a discussion of specific paintings as well as more general themes related to painting and art. The discussion includes thoughts on futility, desire, schism, the leap, collage, photography, materiality, painting, image, and landscape. The second part of the text is an abstract statement about the paintings included in the thesis show, Splinter Paintings.
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Pelcat, Yann S. "Soil landscape characterization of crop stubble covered fields using Ikonos high resolution panchromatic images." Thesis, Winnipeg : University of Manitoba, 2006. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/MWU/TC-MWU-224.pdf.
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Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Manitoba, 2006.A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Department of Soil Science. Includes bibliographical references.
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Appleby, Nellie Helen Frances. "Toward a New Kinship Constellation." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1085.
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This thesis attempts to elaborate on my artwork during my graduate studies, while contextualizing it within the framework of the art world and the works of other artists. A main project during this time was to minimize the singular interpretation and framing of a fine art photographic print, while expanding its possibilities of meaning through the addition of important ephemera and objects such as plants, drawings, moving imagery, conversation and the unknown.
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Barbin, Henrique Sundfeld. "Estudo das transformações na conformação dos maciços arbóreos/arbustivos do Parque da Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' - Universidade de São Paulo, através de fotografias aéreas verticais e levantamentos florísticos de épocas distintas." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-13052004-160953/.
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No presente estudo, utilizaram-se de fotografias aéreas verticais e levantamentos florísticos de épocas distintas, para acompanhar as transformações ocorridas nos maciços vegetais do Parque da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), em Piracicaba. O Parque, de 15.000 m2, construído no Estilo Inglês de Paisagismo, foi implantado ao redor de 1907 e teve crescimento descontrolado e demasiado das áreas de seus maciços arbóreo/arbustivos, comprovado pela análise de fotografias aéreas verticais a partir do ano de 1945, que mostram o aumento em área dos referidos maciços propostos no projeto original. Nos projetos paisagísticos, considera-se a média de vinte anos, para que a cobertura florística atinja os limites representados geograficamente, desde que na implantação, a escolha de espécies, plantios, condições edafo-climáticas, tratos culturais etc, também sejam contempladas no planejamento. Usando-se o software IDRISI, fotografias aéreas verticais dos anos 1945, 1962, 1969, 1973, 1993 e 1995 e o projeto original do Parque, calculou-se a área de cada um dos 24 maciços vegetais presentes no Parque, nos diferentes anos e estas foram confrontadas. Os resultados mostram um grande crescimento dos maciços, uma vez que o somatório das áreas dos mesmos, projetados em 1907, perfazem um total de 28.641m2 de cobertura arbórea, prevista para 1927, vinte anos após a sua concepção, medidas estas que deveriam ser mantidas. Em 1945, o somatório de suas áreas já perfaziam 40.576 m2, portanto 11.935 m2 além do projetado inicialmente (1907) e em 1995 (última fotografia obtida), a área de cobertura arbórea era de 77.221 m2, portanto mais da metade (51,5%) da área total do Parque (150.000 m2) e ainda, 170% a mais de cobertura arbórea do que o projetado inicialmente. No período de 1945 a 1995, o incremento arbóreo foi de 36.655 m2, praticamente dobrando a área total de cobertura. Levando-se em consideração os anos de 1945 e 1995 (maior amplitude, em anos, deste estudo), os maciços cresceram, em área, praticamente na mesma proporção, sendo estas ajustadas a uma reta. Uma das características importantes do Estilo Inglês de Paisagismo, são as linhas de visada que ressaltam pontos de interesse, como edificações, árvores exóticas e outros. No projeto original do Parque da ESALQ, foram planejadas dez linhas de visada. Em 1995, seis dessas linhas estavam obstruídas pelo crescimento não planejado dos maciços e também pela construção de um prédio em área do Parque. Destas, quatro podem ser desobstruídas, através de práticas simples de manejo e as outras duas, ficam impossibilitadas de desobstrução devido à presença do referido prédio. Quanto ao estudo dos levantamentos florísticos de parte dos maciços arbóreo/arbustivos (do maciço de número 1 ao de número 22), realizados no Parque nos anos de 1965 e 1991, os mesmos foram digitados no software Access. Pelo levantamento florístico realizado em 1965, constata-se que o Parque era formado por 444 indivíduos arbóreo/arbustivos, sendo este valor aumentado para 2.904, segundo o levantamento florístico realizado em 1991. Com relação às espécies arbóreas e arbustivas encontradas, em 1965, no Parque existiam 241 espécies, número este, diminuído em 1991, para 215 espécies. Nota-se ainda, grande domínio em número de indivíduos, de algumas espécies sobre outras e a formação de reboleiras de algumas espécies. Ainda sobre os levantamentos florísticos, através de confrontos realizados, utilizando-se do software Access e os respectivos levantamentos, nota-se, a extinção de 154 espécies arbóreo/arbustivas e incremento de outras 124, estando apenas 90 espécies, presentes nos dois levantamentos (1965 e 1991). Todos estes fatos apresentados, indicam a necessidade de um manejo adequado urgente dos maciços vegetais do Parque da ESALQ, para evitar maior descaracterização do mesmo.In the present study, vertical aerial pictures and floristic surveys from different times were used to assess the transformations on plant masses of the Park of Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz " (ESALQ), Universidade of São Paulo (USP), in Piracicaba - SP - Brazil. The Park, comprised of 15.000 m2, was built in the English Landscape Style, near 1907 and has had ever since too much uncontrolled growth of arboreal/shrubby masses, as determined by the analysis of vertical aerial pictures in 1945. In the large seales landscape projects it is expected twenty years for the plant mass to reach its peak, considering that the choice of species, planting, edafo-climatic conditions, cultural treatments etc are also regarded in the planning. The area of the 24 masses existents on the Park was calculated on different years and compared, using software IDRISI, vertical aerial pictures of 1945, 1962, 1969, 1973, 1993 and 1995 as well as the original project of the Park. The results show excess of growth of the plant mass. In 1907 the total area of the added 28.641 m2. As foreseen for 1927, twenty years after its conception, such measurements should remain the same. In 1945, these areas added 40.576 m2 (11.935 m2 above the original project); and in 1995 (last obtained picture), the area of arboreal covering was of 77.221 m2, more than half (51,5%) of the total area of the Park (150.000 m2) and 170% larger than the area of the initial project. From 1945 to 1995, the arboreal increment was of 36.655 m2, practically doubling the total area of arboreal covering. On 1945 and 1995, the masses grew, in area, pratically in the same proportion, and were adjusted to a straight line. One of the important characteristics of the English Landscape Style, rely on points that can be see through lawn the area, forming "lines of view"- leading to uninterrupted view of the opposite side across the lower strata (lawn). The value points of interest, such as constructions, exotic trees and others. In the original project of the ESALQ`s Park, ten lines of view were planned. In 1995, six of those lines were obstructed by the untamed growth of the masses and also for the construction of a building in area of the Park. Four of them can be cleared through simple management practices. Unfortunately the others, are no longer of liable for desobstruction due to the presence of the referred building. The study of the floristic surveys of the arboreal/shrubby masses (masses number 1 to 22), carried out in the Park in the years of 1965 and 1991, were typed in the software Access. The floristic survey of 1965 shows that the Park was formed by 444 arboreal/shrubby individuals, which increased to 2.904 in the floristic survey on 1991. In the 1965, survey were found 241 arboreal/shrubby decreasing 215 species in 1991, with an increased dominance of some species on others (in numbers) as well as aggregate groups. The extinction of 154 arboreal/shrubs species and the increment of 124 was observed. Only 90 species were common to both surveys (1965 and 1991). The presented facts, indicate the need of an urgent management of the masses of the ESALQs Park, to avoid farther uncharacterization.
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Cooper, Joseph L. "Supporting Flight Control for UAV-Assisted Wilderness Search and Rescue Through Human Centered Interface Design." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2140.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Aerial photography in landscape design"
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Flights of imagination: Aviation, landscape, design. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2014.
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Garnett, William. William Garnett: Aerial photographs. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 1994.
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ASTON, MICK. Interpreting the landscape from the air. Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2002.
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Least, Heat Moon William, ed. This land is your land: Across America by air. New York, N.Y: Aperture, 1997.
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William Garnett, aerial photographs. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
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Woldendorp, Richard. Design by nature. North Fremantle, W.A: Fremantle Arts Centre Press in association with Sandpiper Press, 2001.
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Marfa flights: Aerial views of Big Bend Country. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2014.
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Corner, James. Taking measures across the American landscape. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Aerial photography in landscape design"
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Morgan, Jessica L., Sarah E. Gergel, Collin Ankerson, Stephanie A. Tomscha, and Ira J. Sutherland. "Historical Aerial Photography for Landscape Analysis." In Learning Landscape Ecology, 21–40. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6374-4_2.
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Laikin, Milton. "Lenses for Aerial Photography." In Lens Design, 333–41. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780849382796-30.
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"Remote sensing: Aerial photography and satellite imagery." In Seeing the Unseen. Geophysics and Landscape Archaeology, 299–304. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203889558-22.
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"Landscape 78." In Photography Foundations for Art and Design, 98–111. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780080551340-13.
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Hauser, Kitty. "Revenants in the Landscape: The Discoveries of Aerial Photography." In Shadow Sites. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199206322.003.0009.
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In 1937 John Piper’s article ‘Prehistory from the Air’ was published in the final volume of the modernist art journal Axis. In it, Piper compares the landscapes of southern England, seen from above, with the modernist works of Miró and Picasso (Fig. 4.1). His interest in the aerial view is not, however, confined to its Formalist-aesthetic aspect; Piper also points out how flying and aerial photography have accelerated archaeological theory and practice. Aerial photographs, he writes, ‘have elucidated known sites of earthworks and have shown the sites of many that were previously unknown’. They are also, he continues, ‘among the most beautiful photographs ever taken’. The aerial view, it seems, could be both investigative and aesthetic. The use of aerial photography by archaeologists, known as ‘aerial archaeology’, began in earnest in Britain in the decade in which Piper was writing, although its possibilities were beginning to be suspected in the 1920s, after the use of aerial photography for reconnaissance purposes in the First World War. In the interwar period it was British archaeologists who pioneered the new methods of aerial archaeology. In his book on aerial archaeology, Leo Deuel notes that until the 1950s ‘no other European country had made any comparable effort to tap the almost limitless store of information consecutive cultures had imprinted on its soil’. As many commentators pointed out, the British landscape offered plenty of such ‘information’: the series of invasions, settlements, clearances, and developments that constitute British history have made the landscape a veritable palimpsest, the layers of which can potentially be revealed in an aerial view. Archaeologists became expert in deciphering aerial views of this palimpsest, as we shall see. But such views of Britain exercised an appeal beyond archaeological circles. Aerial photography showed Britain as it had never before been seen; it revealed aspects of the landscape hitherto unknown, or at least never before visualized in such concrete form. The aerial view ‘made strange’ long-familiar features: hills seemed to disappear, towns and cities might appear tiny, rivers and roads ran through the two-dimensional scene like veins.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Use of Soil Surveys for Landscape Architecture." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0003.
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Modern soil survey reports, published since about 1959, have a wealth of information that could be useful for landscape architects. Characteristics of each specific soil are detailed in the text of the soil survey. Distinct kinds of soils for a specific site can be identified from the soil designation on the aerial photographs at the back of the report. Considerable specific information is provided in tables, including data on temperature, precipitation, freeze dates in spring and fall, woodland management and productivity, recreational development capabilities, wildlife habitat potentials, building site development possibilities, sanitary disposal potentials, engineering properties, value of materials for construction, water management limitations, physical and chemical properties of specific soils, and soil and water features. Modern soil survey reports consist of text, tables, soil maps, and often a glossary. These reports are available free to the public and are usually found in county extension services offices, soil conservation district offices, or state agricultural colleges. The text of a soil survey report describes the general nature of the county as to location in the state, climate, physiography, relief and drainage, geology, farming, natural resources, industries, history of settlement, and how the survey was conducted. Soil associations and individual soils are described in detail. Formation of soils is usually discussed in relation to the factors of soil formation. A glossary of terms is often provided for the nonscientific person. The whole county or counties in the report is shown on a soil association map, which is designed to be used to compare the suitability of large areas for general land use. The county is divided into large areas, each of which contains an association of several soils grouped by similar management. Usually from 5 to 15 soil associations are shown with a legend describing each of the specific associations. This type of information could be used for zoning purposes, county management, or other governmental activities. Aerial photos are provided on sheets showing the location of each individual soil in the county. Comprising about half of the soil survey report, this is one of the most useful sections.
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Donas-Botto, André, and Jaqueline Pereira. "Morfologia Urbana: Um exercício em torno do Castelo de Ourém." In Arqueologia em Portugal 2020 - Estado da Questão - Textos, 1665–75. Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses e CITCEM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/978-989-8970-25-1/arqa124.
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The study of aerial photography through photointerpretation and photointerpretation of urban morphology is not new in Archaeology, although it is increasingly used to draw conclusions within this field. In addition to identifying possible archaeological sites, aerial photography is also a resource for reading urban morphologies. In fact, it is very useful for the perception of the evolution of the layout of an urban network. When observing a landscape - urban or not - we must always pay attention to its dynamism. Thus, through the detection of Isotopic, Isoaxial and Isocline transmissions, we propose to develop a proposal for the morphological evolution of the Medieval Nucleus of Ourém over time and cross this analysis with what is already known within archaeological reality.
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Friedman, Erin, Cory Look, and Matthew Brown. "Using UAVs to Manage Archaeological Heritage." In An Archaeology and History of a Caribbean Sugar Plantation on Antigua, 247–64. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401285.003.0016.
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This chapter explores the use of UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) for the use of archaeological investigations and heritage management at the historic sugar plantation of Betty’s Hope, Antigua. While the acquisition of low flying aerial imagery, such as kite photography, has been common practice within archaeological research, recent software innovations coupling photogrammetry and UAV technologies are providing new tools for exploration. Two different approaches for UAV acquisition are explored in this chapter: the first for use within archaeological excavations and the second for use at studying the landscape. Both have particular implications for heritage management, as the use of structure from motion (SfM) methodology coupled with aerial imagery can be used to produce an accurate 3D surface model of the site that is akin to site scanners and LiDAR technology. The important differences and limitations to these technologies are discussed.
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Doherty, Gareth. "Green Scenery." In Paradoxes of Green. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520285019.003.0002.
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This chapter describes the complex interplay between the research methods—the aerial view and the walk—that informed so much of this analysis. It also discusses some of the challenges encountered in the field research, as the complexities of the cultural conditions in Bahrain had added to the complexities of gathering information. As the literature on the urbanism of landscape was so thin for Bahrain, it became clear that the broad range of data needed for this research project could be obtained only from a long-term period of ethnographic fieldwork. The result was a multilayered ethnography based on seemingly disparate interviews and casual encounters, walking, photography, formal analysis of built projects, and some archival research.
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Sushchenko, Olha. "Automated System of Stabilization and Position Control of Aviation Equipment." In Automated Systems in the Aviation and Aerospace Industries, 297–330. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7709-6.ch011.
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In this chapter, the author presents the problems of design of the robust automated system for stabilization and control of platforms with aircraft observation equipment. The mathematical model of the triaxial stabilized platform is developed. The procedure of synthesis of robust stabilization system based on robust structural synthesis is represented. The above-mentioned procedure uses loop-shaping approach and method of the mixed sensitivity. The matrix weighting transfer functions are obtained. The optimization programs in MatLab are developed. The developed procedures are approved based on the results of simulation by means of the appropriate Simulink model. The obtained results can be useful for unmanned aerial vehicles and aircraft of special aviation, which are used for monitoring technical objects and aerial photography. The technical contributions are procedures of the robust controller design represented as the flowchart. The proposed approach is validated by application of the theoretical suppositions to the concrete example and appropriate simulation results.
Conference papers on the topic "Aerial photography in landscape design"
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Tartara, Patrizia. "Aerial monitoring and environmental protection: aerial photography as an instrument for checking landscape damage." In SPIE Europe Remote Sensing, edited by Ulrich Michel and Daniel L. Civco. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.830576.
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Qiu, Baomei, Penghua Li, Peipei Chen, and Yinguo Li. "Control and design of small aerial photography stabilized platform." In 2014 26th Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2014.6852277.
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Li, Xin, and Lian Yang. "Design and Implementation of UAV Intelligent Aerial Photography System." In 2012 4th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ihmsc.2012.144.
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Mirijovsky, Jakub. "UTILIZATION OF A SMALL-FORMAT AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FROM DRONE PIXY CONCEPT IN THE EVALUATION OF THE LANDSCAPE CHANGES." In SGEM2011 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and EXPO. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2011/s08.105.
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Cara, Stefano. "UAS AERIAL DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR LANDSCAPE MODELING AND REHABILITATION DESIGN OF SAN FRANCESCO ABANDONED MINE (SARDINIA-ITALY)." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on INFORMATICS, GEOINFORMATICS AND REMOTE SENSING. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b23/s10.044.
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Sakamoto, Haruo, Yoshiya Takemura, and Yukari Yanamoto. "Design and Manufacturing of Radio-Controlled Motor Glider for Information System." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34369.
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This research and development aims the development of the disaster information system by the network for the disaster information collected at the time of disasters such as earthquakes, storm, or flood. This system uses a small unmanned aircraft for the aerial photography. The system sends the aerial photography information to the ground. The damage state can be understood by the monitoring television, when the system is established. The radio-controlled motor glider is used as a small unmanned aircraft. The gliding performance can be effectively obtained with small energy, and the flight time expected is to be long. Two small wireless cameras and GPS receivers are loaded as an information collection system. The glider was designed and produced by the materials such as balsa wood and plywood board. The wing length is 2 m long, and the weight of the aircraft body is 813g. The weight of the aircraft body contains about 140 g of the information collection system. A flight experimentation was conducted. The location is the campus of the Kochi University of Technology, where the permission of the flight experiment was obtained there. The information collection system successful worked within half the range of the university campus as a result of the flight experimentation. This research and development concluded that the information collection system in the range of the university campus was possible.
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Berssenbrügge, Jan, Jörg Stöcklein, Andre Koza, and Iris Gräßler. "Procedural Generation of Vegetation for a Virtual Test Track." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34891.
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Advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS) are increasingly being tested during simulated test drives in a test and training environment based on a driving simulator, in order to reduce the number of extensive real test drives. The need for numerous virtual test drives in the driving simulator requires to model detailed and realistically appearing 3D models of real test tracks. A manual reproduction of real tracks is a cumbersome and time-intensive task. In previous work, we have introduced a method to create virtual test tracks with minimized manual effort using data from various sources, such as navigation systems, digital elevation models, aerial images, digital landscape models etc. [1]. However, these virtual test tracks still do not appear very realistic to the test driver, since no detailed vegetation was generated by that method. In this paper, we propose an approach to enrich a virtual terrain with authentic vegetation. The aim is to increase the perceived realism of the landscape, in order to provide the same input for the sensors of an ADAS under test in the driving simulator as on the real track. The requirement is to automate the vegetation generation as far as possible and to support real-time rendering of the generated very complex 3D model, which is crucial for a usable sensor feed. The basis for the generation of vegetation in this work is data from digital landscape models. These data define where areas like woodlands and agricultural zones are located in geographic coordinates. These areas are refined by a color detection, which is applied to the corresponding aerial images, in order to identify various tree and plant species. Based on the application of a procedural rule system the actual plants are then placed in the refined areas. The rule system imitates the natural growth behavior of plants and is based on terrain characteristics like gradient, direction of a slope, or competition for resources. By combining terrain data, color detection on aerial images, and procedural rules, a planting method is developed to generate natural looking vegetation. The implementation prototype of our approach, based on the Unity3D game engine, which supports an easy creation of complex sceneries, showed that it is possible to create vegetation for a virtual test track with minimal manual effort. By placing vegetation at realistic locations, considering natural spread of plants, the perceived realism of the scene was improved. A performance analysis showed that even with the generated vegetation, interactive frame rates are achievable.
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Iovene, Maddalena, Graciela Fernandéz De Córdova, Ombretta Romice, and Sergio Porta. "Towards Informal Planning: Mapping the Evolution of Spontaneous Settlements in Time." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5441.
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Maddalena Iovene¹, Graciela Fernandéz De Córdova2, Ombretta Romice¹, Sergio Porta¹ ¹Urban Design Studies Unit (UDSU). Department of Architecture. University of Strathclyde. 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, G11XJ, UK. 2Centro de Investigación de la Arquitectura y la Ciudad (CIAC), Departamento de Arquitectura, PUCP. Av. Universitaria 1801, 32 San Miguel, Lima, Peru. E-mail: maddalena.iovene@strath.ac.uk, gdcfernandez@pucp.edu.pe, ombretta.r.romice@strath.ac.uk, sergioporta@strath.ac.uk Keywords (3-5): Informal Settlement, Peru, Lima, Model of Change, Urban Morphology Conference topics and scale: Reading and Regenerating the Informal City Cities are the largest complex adaptive system in human culture and have always been changing in time according to largely unplanned patterns of development. Though urban morphology has typically addressed studies of form in cities, with emphasis on historical cases, diachronic comparative studies are still relatively rare, especially those based on quantitative analysis. As a result, we are still far from laying the ground for a comprehensive understanding of the urban form’s model of change. However, developing such understanding is extremely relevant as the cross-scale interlink between the spatial and social-economic dynamics in cities are increasingly recognized to play a major role in the complex functioning of urban systems and quality of life. We study the urban form of San Pedro de Ate, an informal settlement in Lima, Peru, along its entire cycle of development over the last seventy years. Our study, conducted through a four-months on-site field research, is based on the idea that informal settlements would change according to patterns similar to those of pre-modern cities, though at a much faster pace of growth, yet giving the opportunity to observe the evolution of an urban organism in a limited time span. To do so we first digitalize aerial photographs of five different time periods (from 1944 to 2013), to then conduct a typo-morphological analysis at five scales: a) unit, b) building, c) plot, d) block, and e) settlement (comprehensive of public spaces and street network). We identify and classify patterns of change in the settlement’s urban structure using recognised literature on pre-modern cities, thus supporting our original hypothesis. We then suggest a unitary model of analysis that we name Temporal Settlement Matrix (TSM). Reference List Caniggia, G., & Maffei, G. L. (2008). Lettura dell’edilizia di base (Vol. 215). Alinea Editrice. Conzen, M. R. G. (1958). The growth and character of Whitby. A Survey of Whitby and the Surrounding Area, 49–89. Hernández, F., Kellett, P. W., & Allen, L. K. (2010). Rethinking the informal city: critical perspectives from Latin America (Vol. 11). Berghahn Books. Kropf, K. (2009). Aspects of urban form. Urban Morphology, 13(2), 105–120. Muratori, S. (1960). Studi per una operante storia urbana di Venezia. Palladio, 1959, 1–113. 22. Porta, S., Romice, O., Maxwell, J. A., Russell, P., & Baird, D. (2014). Alterations in scale: patterns of change in main street networks across time and space. Urban Studies, 51(16), 3383–3400. Watson, V. (2009). “The planned city sweeps the poor away…”: Urban planning and 21st century urbanisation. Progress in Planning, 72(3), 151–193. Whitehand, J. W. R. (2001). Changing suburban landscapes at the microscale. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 92(2), 164–184.
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Guerrero, Hugo, and Cameron Shankland. "Integrating Airborne Datasets Into the Design and Construction Planning Phases." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64338.
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Today, obtaining field information in traditional pipeline design workflows rely on the use of conventional aerial photography, mapping and field visits. As a Designer, Engineer or Project Manager, a field visit can answer many questions and perhaps be the key to achieving a sound, successful design and installation. While conventional aerial orthophotography and mapping is invaluable during the design, it lacks a dimension that allows you to visualize the right-of-way the way you would if you were there. The use of Airborne Video and Oblique Imagery is not intended to replace conventional aerial orthophotography or mapping, but augment its use by providing a rich visualization that, in conjunction with the planimetric data sets, can aid the project team immensely during the design and permitting phase of a project. Currently, there are Airborne Data services available serving the pipeline industry that contain custom tools that either integrate into GIS platforms or operate as stand-alone proprietary software. These tools aid designers, engineers and constructors navigate through the video without having to sit and watch the whole video. In addition, video can be geocoded to specific pipeline or right-of-way features, such as a valve sites or stream crossings. Some tools even allow you to take rough measurements from visible features like fences or roads. Having such a dataset enables project team members to revisit any location along the right-of-way as many times as required to get information to finalize a design, permit application or to estimate the cost of construction. As Project Managers, we regularly face having new team members join the project at all stages of the project. Having a video to hand to new team members reduces the time they will take to get on board and familiarize themselves with the right-of-way. It also reduces the amount of field trips required just for this purpose. Another great use of Airborne Datasets is to use it during a pre-bid conference and provide it to the contractors bidding on the job. On large pipeline projects, it is unfeasible and impractical to have the project management team tour the entire right-of-way during a job walk, and there is likely areas along the right-of-way that are not very accessible thus requiring a flyover to review it with others.
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Beckstead, Gary R. E., and Drum S. Cavers. "Stream Dynamics at Pipeline River Crossings." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1943.
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Pipeline crossings of streams, whether large or small, must consider the ability of the stream channel to scour its bed and erode its banks. Case studies are presented to illustrate the kinds of dynamic environments which must be considered in designing pipeline stream crossings. These characteristics may be determined through the use of comparative historical aerial photography and site photographs and surveys. The case studies presented as examples in this paper include gullies, bedrock-lined channels, entrenched meandering streams, multi-channel wandering streams, degrading channels, alluvial fans, and major channels affected by regulation and man-made structures. Natural hazards such as debris jams and beaver dams are also discussed. For each case study, the characteristics of the channels are described, the design approach discussed and site-specific constraints presented which affected the final design.
Reports on the topic "Aerial photography in landscape design"
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Suir, Glenn M., Christina L. Saltus, James B. Johnston, and John A. Barras. Development of Methodology to Classify Historical Panchromatic Aerial Photography. Analysis of Landscape Features on Point Au Fer Island, Louisiana - from 1956 to 2009: A Case Study. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada554145.
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Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.
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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.