Journal articles: 'Aerial photography in landscape design'

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Yang, Huijuan, Yongning Li, Zhidong Zhang, Zhongqi Xu, and Xuanrui Huang. "GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Assessment and Seasonal Impact on Plantation Forest Landscape Visual Sensitivity." Forests 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2019): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040297.

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Visual sensitivity assessments identify the location of the high-sensitivity areas in terms of visual change. Studying the visual sensitivity of plantation forest landscapes and their seasonal changes can help resolve increasingly frequent conflicts between tourism and forest management activities, in the context of the multi-functional management of plantation forests. In this study, we used the geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) methods combined with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to perform a visual sensitivity evaluation. Nine map-based criteria were selected, and the visual sensitivity of summer and autumn values were calculated, using data from sources including inventory data for forest management planning and design, digital elevation model (DEM), and aerial photographs. Vegetation uniformity (VU) and color diversity (CD) indices were constructed using three patch-level-based landscape indices, including area (AREA), fractal dimension index (FRAC), and proximity (PROX), to visualize the summer and autumn vegetation characteristics of a plantation forest landscape. We conducted a case study on the Saihanba Mechanical Forest Plantation, China’s largest forest plantation. The results were evaluated by experts, confirming the method to be reliable. This study provides an accurate, objective, and visualized evaluation method for the visual sensitivity of plantations for forest management units at the landscape scale. In analyzing the visual sensitivity of plantation forest landscapes, appropriate criteria, e.g., uniformity or diversity should be selected based on forest vegetation characteristics. When identifying high-sensitivity regions, it is necessary to simultaneously analyze areas with high visual sensitivity in different seasons and then superimpose the results.

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SELSAM, PETER, WOLFGANG SCHAEPER, KATJA BRINKMANN, and ANDREAS BUERKERT. "ACQUISITION AND AUTOMATED RECTIFICATION OF HIGH-RESOLUTION RGB AND NEAR-IR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS TO ESTIMATE PLANT BIOMASS AND SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY IN ARID AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS." Experimental Agriculture 53, no. 1 (April 12, 2016): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479716000089.

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SUMMARYIncreasing image resolution and shrinking camera size facilitates easy mounting of digital cameras on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to collect large amounts of high-resolution aerial photos for soil surface and vegetation monitoring. Major challenges remain geo-referencing of these images, reliable stitching (mosaicking), elimination of geometric image distortions and compensation of limited image quality and high cost of the equipment. In this study, we report upon the design and field-testing of a custom-made, cost-effective mini-UAV allowing the acquisition of RGB and near-IR images covering areas of 1–2 km2 in each flight and the development of a software tool to automatically combine the geo-referenced images into a seamless image mosaic. Object-orientated image classification was used to estimate plant biomass. The images allowed to determine the distribution and biomass of selected plant species and other landscape features such as field borders and settlement patterns as well as to construct a simple 3D model of the topography of the surveyed area. The setup facilitates the cost-effective acquisition, mosaicking and classification of hundreds of RGB and near-IR images with a spatial resolution of 5–10 cm.

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Hwang, Jin-Tsong, and Ting-Chen Chu. "3D BUILDING RECONSTRUCTION BY MULTIVIEW IMAGES AND THE INTEGRATED APPLICATION WITH AUGMENTED REALITY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (October 12, 2016): 1235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-1235-2016.

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This study presents an approach wherein photographs with a high degree of overlap are clicked using a digital camera and used to generate three-dimensional (3D) point clouds via feature point extraction and matching. To reconstruct a building model, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is used to click photographs from vertical shooting angles above the building. Multiview images are taken from the ground to eliminate the shielding effect on UAV images caused by trees. Point clouds from the UAV and multiview images are generated via Pix4Dmapper. By merging two sets of point clouds via tie points, the complete building model is reconstructed. The 3D models are reconstructed using AutoCAD 2016 to generate vectors from the point clouds; SketchUp Make 2016 is used to rebuild a complete building model with textures. To apply 3D building models in urban planning and design, a modern approach is to rebuild the digital models; however, replacing the landscape design and building distribution in real time is difficult as the frequency of building replacement increases. One potential solution to these problems is augmented reality (AR). Using Unity3D and Vuforia to design and implement the smartphone application service, a markerless AR of the building model can be built. This study is aimed at providing technical and design skills related to urban planning, urban designing, and building information retrieval using AR.

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Syphard, Alexandra D., Teresa J. Brennan, and Jon E. Keeley. "The role of defensible space for residential structure protection during wildfires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 8 (2014): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13158.

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With the potential for worsening fire conditions, discussion is escalating over how to best reduce effects on urban communities. A widely supported strategy is the creation of defensible space immediately surrounding homes and other structures. Although state and local governments publish specific guidelines and requirements, there is little empirical evidence to suggest how much vegetation modification is needed to provide significant benefits. We analysed the role of defensible space by mapping and measuring a suite of variables on modern pre-fire aerial photography for 1000 destroyed and 1000 surviving structures for all fires where homes burned from 2001 to 2010 in San Diego County, CA, USA. Structures were more likely to survive a fire with defensible space immediately adjacent to them. The most effective treatment distance varied between 5 and 20 m (16–58 ft) from the structure, but distances larger than 30 m (100 ft) did not provide additional protection, even for structures located on steep slopes. The most effective actions were reducing woody cover up to 40% immediately adjacent to structures and ensuring that vegetation does not overhang or touch the structure. Multiple-regression models showed landscape-scale factors, including low housing density and distances to major roads, were more important in explaining structure destruction. The best long-term solution will involve a suite of prevention measures that include defensible space as well as building design approach, community education and proactive land use planning that limits exposure to fire.

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Barrell, Jeffrey, and Jon Grant. "High-resolution, low-altitude aerial photography in physical geography." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 39, no. 4 (May 5, 2015): 440–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133315578943.

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Intertidal landscapes are highly complex and dynamic habitats that exhibit variability over a range of spatial and temporal scales. The spatial arrangement of structure-forming biogenic features such as seagrasses and bivalves influences ecosystem function and the provision of important ecosystem services, though quantification and monitoring of intertidal landscape structure has been hindered by challenges collecting spatial data in the coastal zone. In this study, an intertidal landscape mosaic of eelgrass ( Zostera marina) and blue mussels ( Mytilus edulis) was observed using low-altitude aerial photography from a balloon-mounted digital camera platform. Imagery representing seagrass-bivalve landscape structure was classified and analysed using multiple metrics of landscape composition and configuration at the patch scale and the landscape scale. Patch-scale imagery was compared to a previously collected dataset in order to track temporal changes in seagrass patch metrics over a 26-month period. Seagrass and bivalve patches exhibited distinct spatial patterning at different spatial scales. At the patch scale, the change in seagrass metrics was consistent with patch border expansion at the expense of patch density and integrity. These methods demonstrate a novel approach for collecting high-resolution spatial data that could also be valuable to physical geographers dealing with similar fine-scale landscapes. The application of spatial metrics at multiple spatial scales quantified elements of the configuration and composition of a seagrass-bivalve habitat mosaic and allowed for the tracking of patch metrics through time to depict landscape change. Continued development of landscape metrics within intertidal habitats will increase understanding of the ecological function of these areas with benefits to management and monitoring of ecosystem health.

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Feng, Wei Zhong. "Implementation of Aerial Panoramic Photography for Environmental Studies Through VR Experiences." Journal of Environmental Science Studies 4, no. 1 (September 27, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/jess.v4i1.926.

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Technology allows us to experience situations from a different perspective. This project investigated many parts and techniques for better VR experiences. Aerial photography: Aerial photography provides a broad view of the changes in a landscape. However, aerial photography cannot offer a microscopic perspective of the changes with novel panoramas and landscape photos. A parallax compensation algorithm for stitching videos enables the user to reduce the time required to fix stitching issues in post-production. The experiment results indicated that the optimum camera height was 500 m, slightly higher than the clouds. An appropriate number of spatial samples were selected during photography to obtain high-quality images. The researchers avoided restricted flight areas and designed the image acquisition method according to the selected flight path, which were then combined in the post-processing step. Those 360-degree-aerial-images trigger young people's environmental awareness, which enhances the creator's sense of environmental protection.

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Vávrů, Petr, and Helge Viken. "Mapping of Greenland landscape using aerial photography and orthophotography (Technical Note)." Czech Polar Reports 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2013-2-21.

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Aerial photography is an important tool for mapping on local scale. In the paper, description of aerial photos taken over several urban and natural landscape sites in West Greenland is given as well as their processing. Using a high-resolution software, aerial photos were processed and digital terrain models (DTMs) of the sites produced. Technique of contour lines was used to check the created DTM for particular site. Finally, orthophotos of all sites were produced. In this Technical Note, several sites located on Western coast of Greenland are presented and the use of maps generated from orthophotos is discussed.

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Crutchley, Simon. "The Landscape of Salisbury Plain, as Revealed by Aerial Photography." Landscapes 2, no. 2 (October 2001): 46–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lan.2001.2.2.46.

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Niknamian, Sorush. "Design of Digital Aerial Photography System for UAV based on Wireless Sensor Network." Journal of Applied Science, Engineering, Technology, and Education 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.asci2196.

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The traditional UAV aerial photography system has the disadvantages of unclear imaging, low system efficiency and poor flight control effect. Thus, a digital aerial photography system based on wireless sensor network is proposed. Firstly, the principle of aerial photography system is analyzed, and the wireless sensor network is set up. A large number of wireless sensor nodes are deployed in the interval, and functions such as wireless communication and calculation are completed by nodes; the SN-RN data acquisition layer, the RN-UAV relay transmission layer and the UAV-DC mobile aggregation layer are designed to form a wireless sensor network architecture, and the UAV digital aerial photography technology is combined to form the wireless sensor network. Experiments show that the medium error, maximum error and medium error limit of the digital aerial photography of the UAV are low, the total working time of the system is short, and the accuracy of the flight execution of the UAV is maintained between 93%-95%, and always stable. Therefore, the overall imaging effect of this method is better, the system work efficiency is higher, the system control effect is better, and it is more practical and advantageous.

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LITVINOV, Denis V. "MODERN METHODS TO AERO PHOTOFILMING IN THE ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING ANALYSIS OF THE URBAN AREA." Urban construction and architecture 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2015.01.6.

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In article the modern aerial photography from unmanned aerial vehicles as one of methods of the analysis of city building and the territory in design and exploration work is considered. A number of advantages of aerial photography before land photographing is allocated. The retrospective analysis of aerial photography, allowing to track its development from amateur to the professional is carried out. Its application in town planning, reconstruction and new construction is defined. Two main types of aerial photography, used in construction planned and, - perspective are allocated.

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Hardin, Perry J., and Mark W. Jackson. "An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Rangeland Photography." Rangeland Ecology & Management 58, no. 4 (July 2005): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2005)058[0439:auavfr]2.0.co;2.

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Yurchenko, Vladislav I. "DESIGN PECULIARITIES OF THE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FROM AN UNMANNED AIRCRAFT." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 26, no. 2 (2021): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2021-26-2-65-81.

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The existing publicly available programs for the design of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights assume an initial level of personnel training and do not provide for a detailed study of the aerial pho-tography project (APP) in terms of photogrammetric and visual (photographic) quality of photographic materials, requirements of regulatory documents for the accuracy of the final product. In order to achieve the topographic quality of the APP with UAV, it is necessary to take into account a number of its features. The paper considers the issues of determining the optimal duration of the aerial photog-raphy day and the effective image format when using interchangeable lenses. It also provides the rec-ommended procedure for calculating the parameters of the topographic APP, taking into account the data of the exposure triangle "shutter speed - aperture - photosensitivity (ISO)", requirements for the maximum quality and theoretical resolution of the "lens - digital image" system. The technique of de-termining the position of high-rise objects relative to the boundaries of the depth of field (DOF) at giv-en exposure parameters of the camera and the possibility of their correction is described. Based on the theoretical provisions, the author has developed a program that allows it possible to carry out the com-prehensive design of aerial photography works with UAVs, including consumer cameras to obtain re-sults of topographic quality. According to the results of the carried out research, it was concluded that an iterative approach to the design of APP parameters is necessary based on the data on shoot location, the customer's requirements for accuracy, the characteristics of the UAV, and the used photographic equipment.

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Klosterman, Stephen, Eli Melaas, Jonathan A. Wang, Arturo Martinez, Sidni Frederick, John O’Keefe, David A. Orwig, et al. "Fine-scale perspectives on landscape phenology from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photography." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 248 (January 2018): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.10.015.

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Trathan, Philip N. "Image analysis of color aerial photography to estimate penguin population size." Wildlife Society Bulletin 32, no. 2 (June 2004): 332–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[332:iaocap]2.0.co;2.

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Turner, Sam, and Jim Crow. "Unlocking historic landscapes in the Eastern Mediterranean: two pilot studies using Historic Landscape Characterisation." Antiquity 84, no. 323 (March 1, 2010): 216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00099889.

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Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) maps landscape with particular reference to its historic character and development. Executed using sources including satellite imagery and aerial photography and presented in a Geographic Information System (GIS), this offers a powerful insight into a landscape story. Here two leading advocates of the approach apply HLC for the first time to historic landscapes in the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Kennedy, David L. "Pioneers above Jordan: revealing a prehistoric landscape." Antiquity 86, no. 332 (June 2012): 474–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00062888.

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Aerial photography is so fundamental an instrument of modern archaeology that we often take it for granted. But its methods are surprisingly specific and its most important experimental theatre was probably the territory of the Levant—and especially the rocky terrain of Jordan. The author, a prominent aerial archaeologist of our own day, takes time off to review the achievements of the pioneers, serving officers who established routes over the desert to deliver mail between Egypt and Iraq. The fabulous ancient landscape they discovered could only be appreciated through the low-level window provided by these slow-moving rickety machines and their intrepid pilots. In these days of jet travel, the precious basalt landscape is in danger of slipping off the agenda again—both for researchers and conservers.

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Naylor, Bridgett J., Bryan A. Endress, and Catherine G. Parks. "Multiscale Detection of Sulfur Cinquefoil Using Aerial Photography." Rangeland Ecology & Management 58, no. 5 (September 2005): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2005)58[447:mdoscu]2.0.co;2.

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Stichelbaut, Birger, Wouter Gheyle, Veerle Van Eetvelde, Marc Van Meirvenne, Timothy Saey, Nicolas Note, Hanne Van den Berghe, and Jean Bourgeois. "The Ypres Salient 1914–1918: historical aerial photography and the landscape of war." Antiquity 91, no. 355 (January 20, 2017): 235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2016.260.

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Feng, Wei Zhong, Yu-Che Huang, and Fang-Lin Chao. "Design of Aerial Panoramic Photography: Contrast between Industrialized and Natural Zones." Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal 5, no. 4 (2020): 849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25046/aj050499.

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González-Orozco, Carlos E., Mark Mulligan, Valérie Trichon, and Andrew Jarvis. "Taxonomic identification of Amazonian tree crowns from aerial photography." Applied Vegetation Science 13, no. 4 (September 1, 2010): 510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109x.2010.01090.x.

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Curr, R. H. F., A. Koh, E. Edwards, A. T. Williams, and P. Davies. "Assessing anthropogenic impact on Mediterranean sand dunes from aerial digital photography." Journal of Coastal Conservation 6, no. 1 (December 2000): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02730463.

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Boger, R., R. Low, and P. Nelson. "IDENTIFYING HURRICANE IMPACTS ON BARBUDA USING CITIZEN SCIENCE GROUND OBSERVATIONS, DRONE PHOTOGRAPHY AND SATELLITE IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W11 (February 14, 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w11-23-2020.

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Abstract. Barbuda is a low-lying leeward island in the West Indies. In September 2017 Hurricane Irma battered the island with 185 mph winds. Damage to housing and infrastructure was so extensive that all 1800 residents of the island were immediately evacuated post hurricane to the neighboring island of Antigua. Our research is focused on documenting and analyzing the landscape scale changes that took place on the island as a result of the hurricane using a nested methodology. Ground level observations were recorded using a beta version of the Global Learning and Observation to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) Observer Land Cover tool. Aerial photographs provide medium scale landscape resolution. Satellite images were processed to provide NDVI values. We describe how nested data at several spatial scales enable detailed description of Hurricane Irma’s impact across the landscape of this 62 sq. mile island. Here we are connecting observations at different spatial scales, using citizen science observations, aerial drone photography and satellite imagery to document and analyze hurricane impacts on the island of Barbuda, eastern Caribbean.

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Petersen, Steven L., Tamzen K. Stringham, and Andrea S. Laliberte. "Classification of Willow Species Using Large-Scale Aerial Photography." Rangeland Ecology & Management 58, no. 6 (November 2005): 582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/04-129r1.1.

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Matthews, M. C., and C. R. I. Clayton. "The Use of Oblique Aerial Photography to Investigate the Extent and Sequence of Landslipping at Stag Hill, Guildford, Surrey." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 2, no. 1 (1986): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.1986.002.01.54.

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AbstractThe University of Surrey is situated on the northern slopes of Stag Hill, below Guildford Cathedral, which occupies the summit. During the investigation for the design of the University, it became apparent that the site was underlain by a large landslip, 500 m wide from east to west and extending 160 m from rear scarp to toe. Considerable effort was made to establish its geometry and extent (Skempton & Petley (1967), and Morgenstern & Tchalenko (1967)).In recent years it was realised that because the construction of the Cathedral extended over a long period of time, the likelihood of Stag Hill being covered by oblique aerial photography would be high. Some forty oblique aerial photographs, spanning the period 1949 to 1982, were collected and analysed together with vertical aerial photographs and topographic maps.Although the landslip is visible on vertical aerial photographs, individual elements are not easily identified. Using oblique photography, in particular that in which recognition of subdued topography has been enhanced by low sun angles, up to six phases of landslipping were identified.This paper uses this example to demonstrate the usefulness of aerial photography in site investigation and in particular the value of oblique photography, a topic which receives little attention in BS 5930:1981 considering how cost effective this tool can be.

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Fletcher, Reginald S., Warren Pulich, and Beau Hardegree. "A Semiautomated Approach for Monitoring Landscape Changes in Texas Seagrass Beds from Aerial Photography." Journal of Coastal Research 252 (March 2009): 500–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/07-0882.1.

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Anggraeni, Dewi, Dony Hidayat, Pramutadi, Mujtahid, and Arifin Rasyadi. "Design and Flight Test of a Medium Range UAV for Aerial Photography." International Journal of Unmanned Systems Engineering 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14323/ijuseng.2015.12.

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Kwa, Chunglin. "The Visual Grasp of the Fragmented Landscape." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 48, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 180–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2018.48.2.180.

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Between 1925 and 1980, landscape ecology underwent important changes through the gradual imposition of the view from above, through the uses of aerial photography. A new concept emerged, “the smallest unit of landscape,” also called ecotope and land unit, expressing a direct visual grasp of the landscape. This article compares the view from above as introduced and promoted by geographers Carl Troll and Isaak Zonneveld, with its (problematic) history vis-à-vis a school of ecology, i.e., plant sociology, led by Josias Braun-Blanquet and Reinhold Tüxen. This school’s internal struggles with balancing the physiognomic gaze (at the ground) and numerical methods are discussed. In comparison, the geographers based themselves on the mechanical objectivity of standardized aerial surveys, whereas the plant sociologists relied on their subjective expert judgment of plant recognition together with the structural objectivity of their numerical methods. An important communality of both schools was their inductive building of a landscape from its constituent landscape fragments. Landscape fragments were identified through abstraction and categorization, emanating from a taxonomical style of science.

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Lysandrou, Vasiliki, and Athos Agapiou. "The Role of Archival Aerial Photography in Shaping Our Understanding of the Funerary Landscape of Hellenistic and Roman Cyprus." Open Archaeology 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 417–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0117.

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AbstractThis study deals with the investigation of the Eastern necropolis of Nea Paphos in western Cyprus, employing archival and recent aerial photographs for the identification of surface/near-surface ancient architectural remains. The analysis of the primary archival aerial photograph employed for this study reveals the archaeological visibility of the site as it had been captured approximately 15 years before its rescue excavation in the 1980s. The outcomes from the enhancement and interpretation of the archival aerial photograph supplement known archaeological information of the area and elucidate the understanding of the spatial distribution of the tombs as well as the geographic extent of the necropolis.

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Havlová, M. "Identification of the Location of Vanished Objects of Baroque Land in Lysá Nad Labem." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 50, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sab-2019-0032.

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Abstract The case study focuses on localizing the vanished complex of Count Špork’s baroque landscape at Lysá nad Labem using aerial photography. The only source localizing the former historical objects is Vogt’s veduta from 1712. The objects were not captured in any historical cartographic materials, as they had disappeared before the first mapping of the territory. So no relevant information on the vanished objectsis at disposal. The results of the present study are rectification of the objects in the southwestern part of Vogt’s veduta and aerial images of the previously unspecified structures near the former hospital Karlov. The study provides more information on one of the largest vanished baroque complexes in Central Europe and opens up further for closer studies of this area including thebaroque landscape. At the same time, the effectiveness of aerial survey for the needs of landscape planning has been confirmed. Thanks to localizing the vanished monuments, they can be incorporated into the landscape planning system and approached as a cultural heritage, a value and a limit of the territory.

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Stichelbaut, Birger. "The application of First World War aerial photography to archaeology: the Belgian images." Antiquity 80, no. 307 (March 1, 2006): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00093339.

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The First World War left its mark on the ground surface of Europe as perhaps no other human catastrophe before or since. The author applies modern digital mapping technology to the aerial photographs taken by the intrepid early pilots, and creates a landscape of military works that would not have been known in detail to either historians or generals at the time. The GIS inventory has great potential for historians of the war and is a vital instrument for the management of this increasingly important heritage.

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Kemper, G., A. Weidauer, and T. Coppack. "MONITORING SEABIRDS AND MARINE MAMMALS BY GEOREFERENCED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-689-2016.

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The assessment of anthropogenic impacts on the marine environment is challenged by the accessibility, accuracy and validity of biogeographical information. Offshore wind farm projects require large-scale ecological surveys before, during and after construction, in order to assess potential effects on the distribution and abundance of protected species. The robustness of site-specific population estimates depends largely on the extent and design of spatial coverage and the accuracy of the applied census technique. Standard environmental assessment studies in Germany have so far included aerial visual surveys to evaluate potential impacts of offshore wind farms on seabirds and marine mammals. However, low flight altitudes, necessary for the visual classification of species, disturb sensitive bird species and also hold significant safety risks for the observers. Thus, aerial surveys based on high-resolution digital imagery, which can be carried out at higher (safer) flight altitudes (beyond the rotor-swept zone of the wind turbines) have become a mandatory requirement, technically solving the problem of distant-related observation bias. A purpose-assembled imagery system including medium-format cameras in conjunction with a dedicated geo-positioning platform delivers series of orthogonal digital images that meet the current technical requirements of authorities for surveying marine wildlife at a comparatively low cost. At a flight altitude of 425 m, a focal length of 110 mm, implemented forward motion compensation (FMC) and exposure times ranging between 1/1600 and 1/1000 s, the twin-camera system generates high quality 16 bit RGB images with a ground sampling distance (GSD) of 2 cm and an image footprint of 155 x 410 m. The image files are readily transferrable to a GIS environment for further editing, taking overlapping image areas and areas affected by glare into account. The imagery can be routinely screened by the human eye guided by purpose-programmed software to distinguish biological from non-biological signals. Each detected seabird or marine mammal signal is identified to species level or assigned to a species group and automatically saved into a geo-database for subsequent quality assurance, geo-statistical analyses and data export to third-party users. The relative size of a detected object can be accurately measured which provides key information for species-identification. During the development and testing of this system until 2015, more than 40 surveys have produced around 500.000 digital aerial images, of which some were taken in specially protected areas (SPA) of the Baltic Sea and thus include a wide range of relevant species. Here, we present the technical principles of this comparatively new survey approach and discuss the key methodological challenges related to optimizing survey design and workflow in view of the pending regulatory requirements for effective environmental impact assessments.

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Kemper, G., A. Weidauer, and T. Coppack. "MONITORING SEABIRDS AND MARINE MAMMALS BY GEOREFERENCED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-689-2016.

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The assessment of anthropogenic impacts on the marine environment is challenged by the accessibility, accuracy and validity of biogeographical information. Offshore wind farm projects require large-scale ecological surveys before, during and after construction, in order to assess potential effects on the distribution and abundance of protected species. The robustness of site-specific population estimates depends largely on the extent and design of spatial coverage and the accuracy of the applied census technique. Standard environmental assessment studies in Germany have so far included aerial visual surveys to evaluate potential impacts of offshore wind farms on seabirds and marine mammals. However, low flight altitudes, necessary for the visual classification of species, disturb sensitive bird species and also hold significant safety risks for the observers. Thus, aerial surveys based on high-resolution digital imagery, which can be carried out at higher (safer) flight altitudes (beyond the rotor-swept zone of the wind turbines) have become a mandatory requirement, technically solving the problem of distant-related observation bias. A purpose-assembled imagery system including medium-format cameras in conjunction with a dedicated geo-positioning platform delivers series of orthogonal digital images that meet the current technical requirements of authorities for surveying marine wildlife at a comparatively low cost. At a flight altitude of 425 m, a focal length of 110 mm, implemented forward motion compensation (FMC) and exposure times ranging between 1/1600 and 1/1000 s, the twin-camera system generates high quality 16 bit RGB images with a ground sampling distance (GSD) of 2 cm and an image footprint of 155 x 410 m. The image files are readily transferrable to a GIS environment for further editing, taking overlapping image areas and areas affected by glare into account. The imagery can be routinely screened by the human eye guided by purpose-programmed software to distinguish biological from non-biological signals. Each detected seabird or marine mammal signal is identified to species level or assigned to a species group and automatically saved into a geo-database for subsequent quality assurance, geo-statistical analyses and data export to third-party users. The relative size of a detected object can be accurately measured which provides key information for species-identification. During the development and testing of this system until 2015, more than 40 surveys have produced around 500.000 digital aerial images, of which some were taken in specially protected areas (SPA) of the Baltic Sea and thus include a wide range of relevant species. Here, we present the technical principles of this comparatively new survey approach and discuss the key methodological challenges related to optimizing survey design and workflow in view of the pending regulatory requirements for effective environmental impact assessments.

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Bomber, M., and R. Portelli. "MULTI-SCALE ANALYSIS OF JACK PINE SAPLINGS AFTER FIRE ACROSS BURN SEVERITIES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-671-2020.

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Abstract. Fire serves as a successional initiation in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forests of North America, as jack pine reproduce using seratonous cones that open only in intense heat. Jack pine seedling resilience after fire is characterized by high numbers of mortality. The estimation of sapling survivability and density is useful for understanding dynamics of carbon sequestration, forest structure and dynamic, and supporting management of the landscape. Most studies concerning the interaction of forest disturbances occurs at moderate spatial resolution. These moderate resolution data analyses do not adequately capture the fine scale spatial variation of the landscape after fire for understanding sapling survival. Thus, high-resolution data, such as aerial photography may provide more detailed information to support decision-making. A key to the types of spatial patterns that emerge in these early years is the pre-fire stand condition. In heavily managed areas, the mosaic of forest patches may include extensive variety in disturbance conditions. In this current research we address the problem of scale in relation to understanding the influence of pre-fire condition on post-fire early recovery patterns. To do this, we combine data output from the LandTrendr algorithm in Google Earth Engine with spectral data from aerial photography collected by airplane and Unmanned Aerial System to perform a random forest classification. The result is a finer scale resolution map of forest conditions of varying sapling density.

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Shanmugam, S., and M. Barnsley. "Quantifying landscape-ecological succession in a coastal dune system using sequential aerial photography and GIS." Journal of Coastal Conservation 8, no. 1 (2002): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1652/1400-0350(2002)008[0061:qlsiac]2.0.co;2.

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Shanmugam, S., and M. Barnsley. "Quantifying landscape-ecological succession in a coastal dune system using sequential aerial photography and GIS." Journal of Coastal Conservation 8, no. 1 (March 2002): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02806585.

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Schiefer, Erik, and Robert Gilbert. "Reconstructing morphometric change in a proglacial landscape using historical aerial photography and automated DEM generation." Geomorphology 88, no. 1-2 (July 2007): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.11.003.

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Rada, Artem, Svetlana Kononova, Angela Yushkovskaya, and Aleksandr Kuznetsov. "Economic efficiency estimation of unmanned aircraft application for aerial photography." E3S Web of Conferences 291 (2021): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129104005.

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The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (hereinafter referred to as “UAV”) is one of the most popular ways of collecting objective spatial data on the land plots under survey. The main advantages of UAVs include the significantly lower cost of surveying, design and complex cadastral works compared to traditional methods of determining coordinates (e.g. performing a tacheometric survey and plane-table survey). The designed sector of block No. 9 in the Yurga urban district of Kemerovo region with cadastral No. 42:36:0102001 (land category: residential), comprising 22 apartment buildings, is taken as an example. The economic performance of land plots marking, carried out with cadastral accuracy, based on data obtained using UAVs and without the use thereof, is assessed.

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Hodgson, Michael E., and Silvia E. Piovan. "Modelling and Mapping Elusive Locations of Historic Water-Powered Grist Mills." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-115-2019.

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Abstract. Grist mills are structures in which stone wheels are used to grind grain (e.g. corn, wheat) into a powder-like form for human consumption. Circular stone wheels provided the pressure to grind the grain and separate seed components. In most grist mills the energy for turning the heavy stones was derived from water power. The most visible part of some these mills was the externally mounted water wheel. However, other common configurations of the water ‘turbine’ internal to the structure were used (Figure 1). While grist mills existed in Europe at least as early as the 11th century such mills were not present in the United States until the last 1600s. No comprehensive census has been conducted for grist mills in the U.S. although an estimate of all water powered mills in eastern U.S. was 65,000 in 1840. Many of these water powered mills in the census estimate were for textile, sawmills, manufacturing, and other non-grain-grinding applications.Most often, the mill site included a small impoundment for creating a reliable source of water during low-flow stream conditions. These ponds were created in the late 1700s and especially in the 1800s as a reliable water source for turning grist or saw mills. By the middle of the 20th century the grist mills had all but vanished. Except for a few historic relics and conversion to touristic sites, the mill infrastructure has disappeared on the landscape while the mill ponds typically remain, serving other purposes, such as fishing or hunting lakes, or merely aesthetic environments.The local ecosystems around the mills sites have been artificially modified by the presence of these stream impoundments providing a new environment for fish, mammals, avian species, and of course, humans. While numerous positive ecosystem values may be observed from their continued presence, the risk of dam failure to both downstream systems and humans is substantial. In fact, such a catastrophic series of dam failures (51 in South Carolina) occurred in October of 2015 from a heavy rainfall event. In other instances the impoundments now store toxic sediment originating from sources farther upstream such as mining, military or industrial processes.Where are these historic mill sites and mill ponds? No inventory of mills or their ponds exist in South Carolina (and only for a few northeastern states). In this research we developed a systematic approach for identifying and mapping historic mill sites and ponds using a geohistorical framework and applied to South Carolina. The approach relied on 1) numerous geospatial sources, and 2) an analytical model of confidence mapping for predicting sites. The developed approach resulted in a new database of definitive and likely historic mill sites and mill pond locations throughout South Carolina. The sources of geospatial information was largely cartographic in nature including the following:<ul><li>USGS Historic Topographic Map Series</li><li>Robert Mills 1820 atlas covering South Carolina</li><li>Historic aerial photography</li><li>National Hydrography Data (NHD)</li><li>National Wetlands Inventory (NWI)</li><li>National Inventory of Dams</li><li>SC Department of Health and Environmental Control for Regulated Dams</li><li>Toponyms from the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)</li><li>U.S. Census TIGER street data</li></ul>The design for a predictive model (Figure 2) using diverse historic data with various scales and reliability is problematic. Most of the grist mills have disappeared from the landscape and do not exist in contemporary geospatial databases. Historic maps might include toponyms for the sites or ponds but their map projection, scale, and subsequent distortions in geometry are problematic. In addition, some of the sources for data are derived from a similar source and thus, are not statistically independent. The design of the analytical model for mapping confidence in mill site locations was calibrated and subsequently validated using several independent sources of information. Numerous field visits to known and suspected locations for mills sites were conducted throughout the physiographic regions of South Carolina.The model of likelihood included factors for the reliability of the source, the mapping scale and spatial accuracy of the source, correlation with other sources, and likelihood of correspondence with grist mills.

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Mora, Jordan W., John N. Mager III, and Douglas J. Spieles. "Habitat and Landscape Suitability as Indicators of Bird Abundance in Created and Restored Wetlands." ISRN Ecology 2011 (September 22, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/297684.

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We used aerial photography, field measurements, and bird surveys to evaluate 7 Ohio mitigation wetlands for their capacity to support avian guilds at both local and landscape scales. At the local scale, we assessed each wetland with habitat suitability indices (HSI) for eight wetland-dependent bird species as indicators for four guilds: wading, diving, dabbling, and emergent dependent. We characterized landscapes within 2.5 km of each wetland by measuring the buffer width, road density, connectedness, and anthropogenic land development. The changes in landscape variables over time were determined by comparison of aerial photos taken near the time of wetland construction and near the time of this study. Bird abundance data were poorly correlated with HSI scores but were well described with logistic models of buffer width, wetland area, and road density. Our results suggest that landscape variables are better predictors of bird abundance than HSI scores for these guilds in these wetlands.

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Rodriguez, W., and Ilka C. Feller. "Mangrove landscape characterization and change in Twin Cays, Belize using aerial photography and IKONOS satellite data." Atoll Research Bulletin 513 (2004): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.513.1.

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Lydersen, Jamie M., and Brandon M. Collins. "Change in Vegetation Patterns Over a Large Forested Landscape Based on Historical and Contemporary Aerial Photography." Ecosystems 21, no. 7 (February 5, 2018): 1348–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-018-0225-5.

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Alrajhi, Muhamad, Khurram Shahzad Janjua, Mohammad Afroz Khan, and Abdalla Alobeid. "UPDATING MAPS USING HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 14, 2016): 711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b4-711-2016.

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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most dynamic countries of the world. We have witnessed a very rapid urban development's which are altering Kingdom’s landscape on daily basis. In recent years a substantial increase in urban populations is observed which results in the formation of large cities. Considering this fast paced growth, it has become necessary to monitor these changes, in consideration with challenges faced by aerial photography projects. It has been observed that data obtained through aerial photography has a lifecycle of 5-years because of delay caused by extreme weather conditions and dust storms which acts as hindrances or barriers during aerial imagery acquisition, which has increased the costs of aerial survey projects. All of these circumstances require that we must consider some alternatives that can provide us easy and better ways of image acquisition in short span of time for achieving reliable accuracy and cost effectiveness. The approach of this study is to conduct an extensive comparison between different resolutions of data sets which include: Orthophoto of (10 cm) GSD, Stereo images of (50 cm) GSD and Stereo images of (1 m) GSD, for map updating. Different approaches have been applied for digitizing buildings, roads, tracks, airport, roof level changes, filling stations, buildings under construction, property boundaries, mosques buildings and parking places.

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Alrajhi, Muhamad, Khurram Shahzad Janjua, Mohammad Afroz Khan, and Abdalla Alobeid. "UPDATING MAPS USING HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 14, 2016): 711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b4-711-2016.

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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most dynamic countries of the world. We have witnessed a very rapid urban development's which are altering Kingdom’s landscape on daily basis. In recent years a substantial increase in urban populations is observed which results in the formation of large cities. Considering this fast paced growth, it has become necessary to monitor these changes, in consideration with challenges faced by aerial photography projects. It has been observed that data obtained through aerial photography has a lifecycle of 5-years because of delay caused by extreme weather conditions and dust storms which acts as hindrances or barriers during aerial imagery acquisition, which has increased the costs of aerial survey projects. All of these circumstances require that we must consider some alternatives that can provide us easy and better ways of image acquisition in short span of time for achieving reliable accuracy and cost effectiveness. The approach of this study is to conduct an extensive comparison between different resolutions of data sets which include: Orthophoto of (10 cm) GSD, Stereo images of (50 cm) GSD and Stereo images of (1 m) GSD, for map updating. Different approaches have been applied for digitizing buildings, roads, tracks, airport, roof level changes, filling stations, buildings under construction, property boundaries, mosques buildings and parking places.

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Morgan, Jessica L., and Sarah E. Gergel. "Automated analysis of aerial photographs and potential for historic forest mapping." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 8 (August 2013): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0492.

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Historic information regarding forest status is essential to management and conservation. Manual interpretation of aerial photography has long been the standard for forest inventory; however, manual interpretation can be subjective, inconsistent, and labor-intensive. This research compares automated techniques with manual interpretation results. First, we used an automated process (called segmentation) to delineate homogeneous stands of forests (or objects), analogous to the goal of manually delineating of polygons. Second, we used classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to classify polygons into the forest and terrain schemes used in British Columbia. Most characteristics of objects created via segmentation were similar to manually delineated polygons, as >70% of attributes were statistically similar across local, polygon, and landscape-level comparisons. Using manual interpretations for comparative reference, automated classifications produced overall accuracies ranging from 62% to 86% with per-class accuracies ranging from 0% to 96%. Automated methods yielded classifications meeting provincial overlap accuracy targets and helped identify classifications most suited to automation. Automated procedures have potential for aiding swift utilization of extensive historical photography archives with several caveats for future consideration. While automated techniques may never replicate all aspects of forest inventory classification, automated techniques may be valuable in assisting different phases of the process.

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Zhukov, D. S., S. K. Lyamin, and K. S. Kunavin. "EXPERIENCE IN USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND HISTORICAL MAPS IN HISTORICAL RESEARCH. LITERATURE, METHODS, CASES." Innovatics and Expert Examination, no. 3(28) (December 25, 2019): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35264/1996-2274-2019-3-44-63.

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The objective of the study is to look into the best practices of environmental history in terms of methodology (including some interdisciplinary methods) – ones that can be adopted and adjusted for historical research. A review of literature is presented in which historic maps and the data of aerial photography are used for historical and environmental reconstructions. Key approaches and methods of such research are examined; and some case studies carried out with the implication of these methods are outlined as examples. An analysis and comparison of historic maps, modern data of aerial photography, field surveys and non-cartographic historical evidence is a powerful tool for reconstructing the historical dynamics of the landscapes. Such an analysis is a major provider of the information necessary to understand the evolution of the environment and to reveal the driving force – including anthropogenic ones – of its development. In historical studies, the research lens is refocused from the landscape to the study of human activity interacting with the changing environment. The authors conclude that this sort of an approach is supposed to be heuristically effective.

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Peppa, M. V., J. P. Mills, K. D. Fieber, I. Haynes, S. Turner, A. Turner, M. Douglas, and P. G. Bryan. "ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURE DETECTION FROM ARCHIVE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY WITH A SFM-MVS AND IMAGE ENHANCEMENT PIPELINE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-869-2018.

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Understanding and protecting cultural heritage involves the detection and long-term documentation of archaeological remains alongside the spatio-temporal analysis of their landscape evolution. Archive aerial photography can illuminate traces of ancient features which typically appear with different brightness values from their surrounding environment, but are not always well defined. This research investigates the implementation of the Structure-from-Motion - Multi-View Stereo image matching approach with an image enhancement algorithm to derive three epochs of orthomosaics and digital surface models from visible and near infrared historic aerial photography. The enhancement algorithm uses decorrelation stretching to improve the contrast of the orthomosaics so as archaeological features are better detected. Results include 2D / 3D locations of detected archaeological traces stored into a geodatabase for further archaeological interpretation and correlation with benchmark observations. The study also discusses the merits and difficulties of the process involved. This research is based on a European-wide project, entitled “Cultural Heritage Through Time”, and the case study research was carried out as a component of the project in the UK.

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Hlotov, Volodymyr, Alla Hunina, Ihor Kolb, Vadim Kolesnichenko, and Ihor Trevoho. "THE STUDY OF THE “CETUS” UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE FOR TOPOGRAPHIC AERIAL SURVEYING." Geodesy and cartography 47, no. 2 (August 16, 2021): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2021.12120.

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The work aims to analyze and study the possibilities of using “Cetus” unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for performing topographic aerial surveys. The authors developed and tested aircraft-type UAV for topographic aerial photography. The studies were conducted on a specialized landfill, at which there is an appropriate number of situational points whose coordinates are determined with high accuracy. These points were used as both reference and control points. The obtained UAV aerial survey materials were subjected to a phototriangulation process to determine the orientation elements and to analyze, first and foremost, the angular orientation elements. The surveying was carried out on a mountainous territory, where the spatial coordinates of 37 situational points were determined by the method of ground-based GPS survey with an average accuracy of up to 0.05 m. These points were used as reference and control points. Aerial photography was performed in such a way that the scale of the images was as uniform as possible. The design solutions implemented in the Cetus UAV provide all the possibilities to perform aerial surveys of territories in strict compliance with the projected flight parameters. UAV equipment provides the necessary real-time correction of the position of the aerial camera. At the same time the optimum straightness of routes, stability of scales and mutual overlapping of pictures is reached. Regarding the accuracy of obtaining the spatial coordinates of the points of terrain objects, using “Cetus” UAV surveys, plans can even be made on a scale of even 1: 1000. As a result of the creation of the UAV “Cetus”, it became possible to perform the topographic aerial survey of the territories and to create large-scale orthophotos that fully meet the instructions. As a result of testing the “Cetus” UAV, it can be used in production processes when drawing up topographic plans for a large-scale series: 1: 1000 – 1: 5000, which will significantly save the cost of performing topographic work.

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Sushchenko, Olha, and Andriy Goncharenko. "Design of Robust Systems for Stabilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Equipment." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6054081.

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The paper deals with the structural synthesis of robust system for stabilization of observation equipment operated on unmanned aerial vehicles. The model of the triaxial stabilization system taking into consideration necessary kinematic transformations is developed. The matrix weighting transfer functions ensuring design of the system with the desired amplitude-frequency characteristics of the system are chosen. The features of the robust structural synthesis for the researched system are considered. The structure and parameters of the robust controller, based on robust structural synthesis including the methods of the mixed sensitivity and loop-shaping, are obtained. The results of the synthesized system simulation are represented. The obtained results allow implementing stabilization of observation equipment in difficult conditions of real operation. This improves the quality of photography, mapping, survey, and so forth and gives advantages of accuracy for images representations of the territory flown. The obtained results are significant for stabilization of equipment operated at a moving base.

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Banfai, Daniel S., and David M. J. S. Bowman. "Dynamics of a savanna-forest mosaic in the Australian monsoon tropics inferred from stand structures and historical aerial photography." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 3 (2005): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04141.

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Stratified ground-truthing was undertaken within an area of approximately 30 km2 of tropical savanna across an abrupt sandstone escarpment in the monsoon tropics of Australia. Comparison of aerial photographs from 1941 and 1994 had previously revealed a landscape-wide expansion of closed forest and contraction of grassland patches. Good congruence between field measurements and the vegetation classifications from the 1994 aerial photography supported the authenticity of the vegetation changes. The relative abundance of rainforest and non-rainforest tree species also concurred with mapped vegetation transitions. Changes in individual size classes of rainforest species, which are relatively fire sensitive, were consistent with the primacy of fire in controlling the distribution of the closed-forest formation. Fire scars previously mapped from satellite imagery were used to derive a fire activity index for contrasting vegetation transitions. Savannas that had converted to closed forest had lower fire activity than did stable savannas. Conversely, closed forests that converted to savanna had the highest fire activity index. The landscape-wide expansion of rainforest is associated with the cessation of Aboriginal fire management, possibly in conjunction with elevated CO2 and increasing annual rainfall.

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Sheeren, D., N. Bastin, A. Ouin, S. Ladet, G. Balent, and J. P. Lacombe. "Discriminating small wooded elements in rural landscape from aerial photography: a hybrid pixel/object-based analysis approach." International Journal of Remote Sensing 30, no. 19 (September 22, 2009): 4979–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160903022928.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Aerial photography in landscape design'

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