Journal articles: 'Aerial videography'

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Linden, David S. "Videography for Foresters." Journal of Forestry 98, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/98.6.25.

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Abstract Many types of video cameras and video systems are used by remote sensing specialists. Cameras can be black-and-white, color, or even color-infrared. Although not a substitute for aerial photography or satellite images, videography is a fast and inexpensive way to obtain images from the air for certain applications. Combined with geographic positioning system data, video images can be quickly and easily integrated with GIS.

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Seibert, Thomas F., John G. Sidle, and Julie A. Savidge. "Inexpensive aerial videography acquisition, analysis, and reproduction." Wetlands 16, no. 2 (June 1996): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03160698.

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Hickman, Michael V., James H. Everitt, David E. Escobar, and Arthur J. Richardson. "Aerial Photography and Videography for Detecting and Mapping Dicamba Injury Patterns." Weed Technology 5, no. 4 (December 1991): 700–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00033728.

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Field trials were conducted to compare on-site visual evaluations with color-infrared photography (CIR), and near-infrared (NIR) videography (video) and hand-held radiometry (HHR) for detecting and mapping dicamba injury in cotton. CIR, video, and HHR detected 48%, 42% and 36%, respectively, of the injured crop area as defined by visual evaluation (injury ratings >0 on a scale of 0 to 9). The remote techniques were unable to differentiate crop injury that did not involve the entire plant canopy. Reflectance measurements in the visible red (R) (630–690 nm) and NIR (760–900 nm) wavelengths were taken and used in herbicide dosage prediction equations. Predicted herbicide dosages were significantly, positively correlated (P≤0.01) with physical measures of herbicide present. These studies suggest that remote detection and mapping of moderate and severe herbicide injury is possible. Further, NIR videography, with near-real-time capability and low cost may be the system of choice for this type of application.

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KINZEL, PAUL J., JONATHAN M. NELSON, RANDOLPH S. PARKER, and LAWRENCE R. DAVIS. "Spring Census of Mid-Continent Sandhill Cranes Using Aerial Infrared Videography." Journal of Wildlife Management 70, no. 1 (January 2006): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541x(2006)70[70:scomsc]2.0.co;2.

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Jennings, Cecil A., Paul A. Vohs, and Michael R. Dewey. "Classification of a Wetland area along the upper Mississippi River with aerial videography." Wetlands 12, no. 3 (December 1992): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03160605.

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Olden, Julian D., Oliver Miler, and Alexander Bijaye. "Lake-wide mapping of littoral habitat using underwater videography." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 423 (2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2022018.

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Littoral zones − referring to benthic areas above the light compensation depth − provide numerous ecosystem functions, including mediating light, temperature, and nutrient dynamics, and supporting important foraging and refuge areas for macroinvertebrates, fishes and water birds. Habitat assessments of littoral zones remain fundamental to lake and fisheries management, however traditional field surveys are time-intensive and limited in their spatial extent, whereas desktop evaluations using remote sensing and aerial imagery are cost prohibitive and require considerable data processing expertise. In light of these challenges, this study demonstrated the ability to use simple, cost-effective underwater videography to conduct lake-wide spatially-continuous assessments of littoral habitat. For lakes across a gradient of shoreline and riparian development in northwestern United States, we map the areal coverage of macrophytes, coarse woody habitat, bottom substrates, and artificial structures in littoral zones. Underwater videography represents a relevant tool for environmental monitoring because it allows for the estimation of littoral habitats at fine spatial grains across broad spatial extents. Data can also be obtained rapidly and at relatively low cost, providing a permanent record of habitat conditions that can used to monitor trends over time.

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Livingstone, David, Jonathan Raper, and Timothy McCarthy. "Integrating aerial videography and digital photography with terrain modelling: an application for coastal geomorphology." Geomorphology 29, no. 1-2 (August 1999): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-555x(99)00007-0.

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Nageli, Tobias, Javier Alonso-Mora, Alexander Domahidi, Daniela Rus, and Otmar Hilliges. "Real-Time Motion Planning for Aerial Videography With Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance and Viewpoint Optimization." IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 2, no. 3 (July 2017): 1696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lra.2017.2665693.

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Yuan, Xiaoping, Doug King, and Jerry Vlcek. "Sugar maple decline assessment based on spectral and textural analysis of multispectral aerial videography." Remote Sensing of Environment 37, no. 1 (July 1991): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(91)90049-c.

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Fitch, Kyle, Christa Kelleher, Samuel Caldwell, and Ian Joyce. "Airborne thermal infrared videography of stream temperature anomalies from a small unoccupied aerial system." Hydrological Processes 32, no. 16 (July 12, 2018): 2616–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13218.

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Karas, Ondřej. "Emerging Uses Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Uavs) In Modern Society." Entretextos 8, no. 24 (December 9, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.59057/iberoleon.20075316.201624341.

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Unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly known as drones, are becoming increasingly popular in today’s society on both hobby and commercial levels. One million drones are built every year across the globe. In the United States alone, 5,168 businesses have already been granted permission to make use of UAVs, mainly in the agriculture and aerial videography/photography sectors. However, the principal use of drones today is still hobby and recreation. In this paper, I focus on the exciting applications of UAVs, which are emerging today or will be available in near future. These include: package delivery, emergency response and medical uses, meteorology, education, inspections, and even wildlife conservation. I cover drones of all sizes, starting from micro- and mini-UAVs and ending with optionally piloted aircraft. I explain the reluctance of our society to embrace this innovation, despite the many benefits it offers to mankind. Any new technological development is initially accompanied by misconceptions and fear from the general public. It is important that all users who employ UAVs do so responsibly.

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Wright, G. G., K. B. Matthews, J. C. Tapping, and R. Wright. "Combining Metric Aerial Photography and Near‐Infrared Videography to Define Within‐Field Soil Sampling Frameworks." Geocarto International 18, no. 4 (December 2003): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106040308542285.

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Gamble III, Richard E., Andrew Notarfrancesco, and P. J. Capelotti. "Aerial Archaeology at the Moland House: Balloon-Elevated Videography in Search of Colonial Period Structures." Northeast Historical Archaeology 41, no. 1 (2012): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22191/neha/vol41/iss1/10.

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Webster, Charles F., Reginald S. Fletcher, James H. Everitt, Michael R. Davis, David E. Escobar, and Randall L. Repic. "Assessing a Wastewater Discharge to the Subtropical Rio Grande Using Aerial Videography and In Situ Physicochemistry." Geocarto International 19, no. 4 (December 2004): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106040408542326.

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Surma, Christopher C., and Martin Barczyk. "Linear model predictive control for vision-based UAV pursuit." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 334–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2020-0016.

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This article develops and implements a vision-based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-to-UAV pursuit system using a commercial off-the-shelf Parrot AR.Drone 2.0 quadrotor. This technology is intended as a countermeasure to rogue drones carrying out activities such as flying in restricted airspace, performing unauthorized aerial videography, transporting contraband and other criminal activities, or being used as improvised weapons. The proposed approach offers benefits over other current solutions, such as wide-area radio-frequency jamming that interferes with regular communication devices or high-energy military laser systems that are expensive and time consuming to set up. A linear dynamics model of the AR.Drone 2.0 vehicle stabilized by its onboard feedback control system is derived, and its parameters are experimentally identified. A linear model predictive control is developed to track specified flight trajectories, then implemented and validated in hardware flight tests. Detection and ranging of the target UAV from the pursuer UAV’s onboard monocular camera are performed using the YOLO v2 convolutional neural network algorithm. The combined control and vision design is implemented in hardware and tested quantitatively in flight experiments.

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VO, Thi Minh Nhut, Chia-nan WANG, Fu-chiang YANG, Van Thanh Tien NGUYEN, and Mandeep SINGH. "Internet of Things (IoT): Wireless Communications for Unmanned Aircraft System." Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 23 (October 16, 2023): 388–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epstem.1371758.

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In times of technological advancements, the use of aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, has become increasingly prevalent across various commercial and industrial sectors. UAVs find applications in agriculture, filmmaking, law enforcement, package delivery, aerial photography, videography, etc. There are benefits associated with utilizing UAVs. One key advantage is their ability to cover areas quickly and efficiently while accessing locations that may be challenging or hazardous for humans. Wireless communication technologies play a role in ensuring the functioning of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). Without these technologies, the United States of America would face difficulties communicating with ground control stations or relaying information to operators. This would significantly impede the country’s mission execution and overall responsibilities. Wireless communication technologies (WCT) enable the United States to maintain awareness—essential for achieving successful and secure operations. Additionally, wireless technologies allow for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) control, which is crucial for missions carried out in hostile or dangerous environments. The increasing usage of drones has highlighted the need to improve networks in the United States focusing on their ability to work together effectively handle volumes of data and provide reliable broadband connectivity. This research delves into communication technologies, in this domain emphasizing their advantages, limitations, industry standards and potential areas for future investigation to address the challenges revealed by this study.

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Cui, Shuangwei, Zhongjun Peng, Hua Yang, Hao Liu, Yang Liu, and Jianing Wu. "Swifts Form V-Shaped Wings While Dipping in Water to Fine-Tune Balance." Biomimetics 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2024): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9080457.

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Swifts, a distinctive avian cohort, have garnered widespread attention owing to their exceptional flight agility. While their aerial prowess is well documented, the challenge swifts encounter while imbibing water introduces an intriguing complexity. The act of water uptake potentially disrupts their flight equilibrium, yet the mechanisms enabling these birds to maintain stability during this process remain enigmatic. In this study, we employed high-speed videography to observe swifts’ water-drinking behavior. Notably, we observed that the swift adopts a dynamic V-shaped wing configuration during water immersion with the ability to modulate the V-shaped angle, thereby potentially fine-tuning their balance. To delve deeper, we utilized a three-dimensional laser scanner to meticulously construct a virtual 3D model of swifts, followed by computational fluid dynamics simulations to quantitatively assess the mechanical conditions during foraging. Our model indicates that the adoption of V-shaped wings, with a variable wing angle ranging from 30 to 60 degrees, serves to minimize residual torque, effectively mitigating potential flight instability. These findings not only enhance our comprehension of swifts’ flight adaptability but also hold promise for inspiring innovative, highly maneuverable next-generation unmanned aerial vehicles. This research thus transcends avian biology, offering valuable insights for engineering and aeronautics.

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Warrick, Douglas R., Tyson L. Hedrick, Andrew A. Biewener, Kristen E. Crandell, and Bret W. Tobalske. "Foraging at the edge of the world: low-altitude, high-speed manoeuvering in barn swallows." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1704 (September 26, 2016): 20150391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0391.

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While prior studies of swallow manoeuvering have focused on slow-speed flight and obstacle avoidance in still air, swallows survive by foraging at high speeds in windy environments. Recent advances in field-portable, high-speed video systems, coupled with precise anemometry, permit measures of high-speed aerial performance of birds in a natural state. We undertook the present study to test: (i) the manner in which barn swallows ( Hirundo rustica ) may exploit wind dynamics and ground effect while foraging and (ii) the relative importance of flapping versus gliding for accomplishing high-speed manoeuvers. Using multi-camera videography synchronized with wind-velocity measurements, we tracked coursing manoeuvers in pursuit of prey. Wind speed averaged 1.3–2.0 m s −1 across the atmospheric boundary layer, exhibiting a shear gradient greater than expected, with instantaneous speeds of 0.02–6.1 m s −1 . While barn swallows tended to flap throughout turns, they exhibited reduced wingbeat frequency, relying on glides and partial bounds during maximal manoeuvers. Further, the birds capitalized on the near-earth wind speed gradient to gain kinetic and potential energy during both flapping and gliding turns; providing evidence that such behaviour is not limited to large, fixed-wing soaring seabirds and that exploitation of wind gradients by small aerial insectivores may be a significant aspect of their aeroecology. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight'.

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Raja, Vijayanandh, Ramesh Murugesan, Senthil Kumar Solaiappan, Beena Stanislaus Arputharaj, Parvathy Rajendran, Hussein A. Z. AL-bonsrulah, Deepak Thakur, Abdul Razak, Abdulrajak Buradi, and Abiot Ketema. "Design, Computational Aerodynamic, Aerostructural, and Control Stability Investigations of VTOL-Configured Hybrid Blended Wing Body-Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Intruder Inspections." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2023 (February 24, 2023): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9699908.

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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are gaining in popularity and sophistication in today’s modern world. UAVs are now available in a wide range of configurations. A UAV’s many applications include aerial photography and videography and target tracking. The upward-pointing propellers of some modern fixed-wing UAVs make it possible for them to take off and land vertically. Surveillance and intruder inspections are two areas where the blended wing body (BWB) configuration shines. This is because its weight is spread uniformly throughout the body, its radar signal is weaker than that of alternative configurations, and there is a relatively small amount of interference with its movement. With common design factors in mind, like vertical takeoff and landing, aerodynamic drag, and fundamental wing stability, the optimal BWB plan form for surveillance is designed. CATIA is used to finish the conceptual design of the BWB-based UAV. A fluid-structure interaction (FSI) study is carried out after the model has been examined in ANSYS Fluent. The UAV’s responsiveness is improved through simulation in the MATLAB environment after a proportional-integral-derivative-type altitude controller was developed. The results demonstrate that providing the UAV with an altitude instruction enhances its performance. Given the flexibility of the suggested BWB UAV’s design, we have decided to limit its maximum forward speed to 75 m/s and its maximum rate of vertical ascension to 50 m/s. Rapid BWB UAVs like the one seen here are quite helpful in dangerous situations.

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Webster, Charles F., Randall L. Repic, David Escobar, James Everitt, and M. R. Davis. "Assessing freshwater inflows to the hypersaline lower Laguna Madre Estuary of Texas using spectral radiometry, aerial videography, and in situ physicochemistry." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 5, no. 2 (June 2002): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14634980290031857.

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Rahman, Md Habibur, Mohammad Abrar Shakil Sejan, Md Abdul Aziz, Rana Tabassum, Jung-In Baik, and Hyoung-Kyu Song. "A Comprehensive Survey of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Detection and Classification Using Machine Learning Approach: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Directions." Remote Sensing 16, no. 5 (March 1, 2024): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16050879.

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Autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have several advantages in various fields, including disaster relief, aerial photography and videography, mapping and surveying, farming, as well as defense and public usage. However, there is a growing probability that UAVs could be misused to breach vital locations such as airports and power plants without authorization, endangering public safety. Because of this, it is critical to accurately and swiftly identify different types of UAVs to prevent their misuse and prevent security issues arising from unauthorized access. In recent years, machine learning (ML) algorithms have shown promise in automatically addressing the aforementioned concerns and providing accurate detection and classification of UAVs across a broad range. This technology is considered highly promising for UAV systems. In this survey, we describe the recent use of various UAV detection and classification technologies based on ML and deep learning (DL) algorithms. Four types of UAV detection and classification technologies based on ML are considered in this survey: radio frequency-based UAV detection, visual data (images/video)-based UAV detection, acoustic/sound-based UAV detection, and radar-based UAV detection. Additionally, this survey report explores hybrid sensor- and reinforcement learning-based UAV detection and classification using ML. Furthermore, we consider method challenges, solutions, and possible future research directions for ML-based UAV detection. Moreover, the dataset information of UAV detection and classification technologies is extensively explored. This investigation holds potential as a study for current UAV detection and classification research, particularly for ML- and DL-based UAV detection approaches.

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Tsekhmystro, Rostyslav, Oleksii Rubel, and Vladimir Lukin. "Study of the dependence of accuracy in vehicles search on the size of the object using UAV images." Aerospace Technic and Technology, no. 3 (June 20, 2024): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2024.3.08.

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Digital images are increasingly used to analyze different types of objects and their localization and classification. There are many areas for using this information; it is often employed for surveillance systems, automatic driving of vehicles, or exploration of new territories. At the same time, there are a fairly large number of neural networks that allow implementation of this functionality by training them using data sets of various types and classifications. Often, data sets created with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles are frequently used for research tasks. Such datasets allow the recognition of various types of objects without direct access to them, which allows safe exploration of different territories. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles is quite common nowadays, especially in the fields of photography and videography. Many photographers use unmanned aerial vehicles to take pictures of landscapes and use automatic tracking systems for movement. Automatic movement systems and object search systems are quite sensitive to the size of the object and the quality of the search algorithm. Because of the wide applicability of this task, as well as the small amount of initial data, the topic of our work is the study of the dependence of the accuracy of localization and classification of objects on their area in images obtained using unmanned aerial vehicles. The main subject of this study is the quality of neural networks that allow obtaining information about objects, as well as research by obtaining statistical data and a test set of data on the dependence of detection accuracy on the size of the object. The goal of this study was to obtain statistics on the accuracy of localization and classification depending on the size of the object and to determine the accuracy thresholds using the obtained statistics. The task of this study is to train common neural networks with an open architecture on a set of data obtained using unmanned aerial vehicles and to determine their characteristics, particularly the dependence of recognition accuracy on the size of the object. The expected result of the work is the threshold values of the size of the object, which are permissible for a sufficiently accurate classification and localization of objects, as well as the metrics of the quality of the work of the studied neural networks. Because of this work, conclusions are given that reflect the threshold values of object sizes, on which the recognition accuracy depends.

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Baldwin, Robert W., Jared T. Beaver, Max Messinger, Jeffrey Muday, Matt Windsor, Gregory D. Larsen, Miles R. Silman, and T. Michael Anderson. "Camera Trap Methods and Drone Thermal Surveillance Provide Reliable, Comparable Density Estimates of Large, Free-Ranging Ungulates." Animals 13, no. 11 (June 5, 2023): 1884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13111884.

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Camera traps and drone surveys both leverage advancing technologies to study dynamic wildlife populations with little disturbance. Both techniques entail strengths and weaknesses, and common camera trap methods can be confounded by unrealistic assumptions and prerequisite conditions. We compared three methods to estimate the population density of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virgnianus) in a section of Pilot Mountain State Park, NC, USA: (1) camera trapping using mark–resight ratios or (2) N-mixture modeling and (3) aerial thermal videography from a drone platform. All three methods yielded similar density estimates, suggesting that they converged on an accurate estimate. We also included environmental covariates in the N-mixture modeling to explore spatial habitat use, and we fit models for each season to understand temporal changes in population density. Deer occurred in greater densities on warmer, south-facing slopes in the autumn and winter and on cooler north-facing slopes and in areas with flatter terrain in the summer. Seasonal density estimates over two years suggested an annual cycle of higher densities in autumn and winter than in summer, indicating that the region may function as a refuge during the hunting season.

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Khan, Saifullah, Muhammad Zahid Khan, Pervez Khan, Gulzar Mehmood, Ajab Khan, and Muhammad Fayaz. "An Ant-Hocnet Routing Protocol Based on Optimized Fuzzy Logic for Swarm of UAVs in FANET." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (June 23, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6783777.

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Drones or unmanned aircraft are commonly known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and the ad hoc network formed by these UAVs is commonly known as Flying Ad Hoc Network (FANET). UAVs and FANET were initially associated with military surveillance and intelligence gathering; moreover, they are now excessively used in civilian roles including search and rescue, traffic monitoring, firefighting, videography, and smart agriculture. However, due to the distinctive architecture, they pose considerable design and deployment challenges, prominently related to routing protocols, as the traditional routing protocols cannot be used directly in FANET. For instance, due to high mobility and sparse topology, frequent link breakage and route maintenance incur high overhead and latency. In this paper, we employ the bio-inspired Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm called “Ant-Hocnet” based on optimized fuzzy logic to improve routing in FANET. Fuzzy logic is used to analyze the information about the status of the wireless links, such as available bandwidth, node mobility, and link quality, and calculate the best wireless links without a mathematical model. To evaluate and compare our design, we implemented it in the MATLAB simulator. The results show that our approach offers improvements in throughput and end-to-end delays, hence enhancing the reliability and efficiency of the FANET.

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Meresman, Yonatan, and Gal Ribak. "Elastic wing deformations mitigate flapping asymmetry during manoeuvres in rose chafers (Protaetia cuprea)." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 24 (November 9, 2020): jeb225599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.225599.

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ABSTRACTTo manoeuvre in air, flying animals produce asymmetric flapping between contralateral wings. Unlike the adjustable vertebrate wings, insect wings lack intrinsic musculature, preventing active control over wing shape during flight. However, the wings elastically deform as a result of aerodynamic and inertial forces generated by the flapping motions. How these elastic deformations vary with flapping kinematics and flight performance in free-flying insects is poorly understood. Using high-speed videography, we measured how contralateral wings elastically deform during free-flight manoeuvring in rose chafer beetles (Protaetia cuprea). We found that asymmetric flapping during aerial turns was associated with contralateral differences in chord-wise wing deformations. The highest instantaneous difference in deformation occurred during stroke reversals, resulting from differences in wing rotation timing. Elastic deformation asymmetry was also evident during mid-strokes, where wing compliance increased the angle of attack of both wings, but reduced the asymmetry in the angle of attack between contralateral wings. A biomechanical model revealed that wing compliance can increase the torques generated by each wing, providing higher potential for manoeuvrability, while concomitantly contributing to flight stability by attenuating steering asymmetry. Such stability may be adaptive for insects such as flower chafers that need to perform delicate low-speed landing manoeuvres among vegetation.

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Goyert, Holly F., Beth Gardner, Richard R. Veit, Andrew T. Gilbert, Emily Connelly, Melissa Duron, Sarah Johnson, and Kathryn Williams. "Evaluating habitat, prey, and mesopredator associations in a community of marine birds." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 5 (April 17, 2018): 1602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy020.

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Abstract Offshore wind energy development on the US Atlantic Continental Shelf has brought attention to the need for marine spatial planning efforts to reduce potential conflict between wind turbines and marine animals, including seabirds. We evaluated the effects of marine mammals, fishes, and habitat characteristics on the distribution and relative abundance of marine birds off the coast of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. From May 2012 to 2014, we collected line transect data from 14 shipboard surveys, and novel high-resolution digital videography data from 14 aerial surveys. We compiled five habitat covariates: three static (distance to shore, sea floor slope, and sediment grain size), and two dynamic (sea surface temperature, salinity). We additionally analysed two seabird community covariates: the density of observed marine mammals and detected fish. Using zero-altered models, we tested our hypothesis that plunge-diving seabird species would show positive associations with marine mammals. Our results provide statistical evidence that, alongside competition, facilitative interactions occur among pelagic communities, where subsurface predators improve the detectability and accessibility of prey to surface-feeding seabirds. This study highlights the importance of quantifying community and ecological influences on avian abundance, particularly in predicting the potential exposure of marine birds and mammals to offshore development.

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Hildebrand, Julia M. "Situating Hobby Drone Practices." Digital Culture & Society 3, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2017-0212.

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Abstract Consumer drones are entering everyday spaces with increasing frequency and impact as more and more hobbyists use the aerial tool for recreational photography and videography. In this article, I seek to expand the common reference to drones as “unmanned aircraft systems” by conceptualising the hobby drone practice more broadly as a heterogeneous, mobile assemblage of virtual and physical practices and human and non-human actors. Drawing on initial ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with drone hobbyists as well as ongoing cyber-ethnographic research on social networking sites, this article gives an overview of how the mobile drone practice needs to be situated alongside people, things, and data in physical and virtual spheres. As drone hobbyists set out to fly their devices at a given time and place, a number of relations reaching across atmospheric (e. g. weather conditions, daylight hours, GPS availability), geographic (e. g. volumetric obstacles), mobile (e. g. flight restrictions, ground traffic), and social (e. g. bystanders) dimensions demand attention. Furthermore, when drone operators share their aerial images online, visual (e. g. live stream) and cyber-social relations (e. g. comments, scrutiny) come into play, which may similarly impact the drone practice in terms of the pilot’s performance. While drone hobbysists appear to be interested in keeping a “low profile” in the physical space, many pilots manage a comparatively “high profile” in the virtual sphere with respect to the sharing of their images. Since the recreational trend brings together elements of convergence, location-awareness, and real-time feedback, I suggest approaching consumer drones as, what Scott McQuire (2016) terms, “geomedia.” Moreover, consumer drones open up different “cybermobilities” (Adey/Bevan 2006) understood as connected movement that flows through and shapes both physical and virtual spaces simultaneously. The way that many drone hobbyists appear to navigate these different environments, sometimes at the same time, has methodological implications for ethnographic research on consumer drones. Ultimately, the assemblage-perspective brings together aviation-related and socio-cultural concerns relevant in the context of consumer drones as digital communication technology and visual production tool.

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Ashush, Nerya, Shlomo Greenberg, Erez Manor, and Yehuda Ben-Shimol. "Unsupervised Drones Swarm Characterization Using RF Signals Analysis and Machine Learning Methods." Sensors 23, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031589.

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Autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have attracted increasing academic and industrial attention during the last decade. Using drones have broad benefits in diverse areas, such as civil and military applications, aerial photography and videography, mapping and surveying, agriculture, and disaster management. However, the recent development and innovation in the field of drone (UAV) technology have led to malicious usage of the technology, including the penetration of secure areas (such as airports) and serving terrorist attacks. Autonomous weapon systems might use drone swarms to perform more complex military tasks. Utilizing a large number of drones, simultaneously increases the risk and the reliability of the mission in terms of redundancy, survivability, scalability, and the quality of autonomous performance in a complex environment. This research suggests a new approach for drone swarm characterization and detection using RF signals analysis and various machine learning methods. While most of the existing drone detection and classification methods are typically related to a single drone classification, using supervised approaches, this research work proposes an unsupervised approach for drone swarm characterization. The proposed method utilizes the different radio frequency (RF) signatures of the drone’s transmitters. Various kinds of frequency transform, such as the continuous, discrete, and wavelet scattering transform, have been applied to extract RF features from the radio frequency fingerprint, which have then been used as input for the unsupervised classifier. To reduce the input data dimension, we suggest using unsupervised approaches such as Principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP), and the t-distributed symmetric neighbor embedding (t-SNE) algorithms. The proposed clustering approach is based on common unsupervised methods, including K-means, mean shift, and X-means algorithms. The proposed approach has been evaluated using self-built and common drone swarm datasets. The results demonstrate a classification accuracy of about 95% under additive Gaussian white noise with different levels of SNR.

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Radford, C. R., and G. Bevan. "A CALIBRATION WORKFLOW FOR “PROSUMER” UAV CAMERAS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W13 (June 4, 2019): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-553-2019.

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Abstract. High-end consumer quadcopter UAVs or so-called “prosumer devices”, have made inroads into the mapping industry over the past few years, arguably displacing more expensive purpose-built systems. In particular, the DJI Phantom series quadcopters, marketed primarily for videography, have shown considerable promise due to their relatively high-quality cameras. Camera pre-calibration has long been a part of the aerial photogrammetric workflow with calibration certificates being provided by operators for every project flown. Most UAV data, however, is processed today in Structure-from-Motion software where the calibration is generated “on-the-fly” from the same image-set being used for mapping. Often the scenes being mapped and their flight-plans are inappropriate for calibration as they do not have enough variation in altitude to produce a good focal-length solution, and do not have cross-strips to improve the estimation of the principal point. What we propose is a new type of flight-plan that can be run on highly textured scenes of varying height prior to mapping missions that will significantly improve the estimation of the interior orientation parameters and, as a consequence, improve the overall accuracy of projects undertaken with these sorts of UAV systems. We also note that embedded manufacturer camera profiles, which correct for distortion automatically, should be removed prior to all photogrammetric processing, something that is often overlooked as these profiles are not made visible to the end user in most image conversion software, particularly Adobe’s CameraRAW.

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Muhamad, Aidil, Seno Darmawan Panjaitan, and Redi Ratiandi Yacoub. "DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF FLIGHT CONTROLLER FOR QUADCOPTER DRONE CONTROL." Telecommunications, Computers, and Electricals Engineering Journal 1, no. 3 (February 10, 2024): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/telectrical.v1i3.73681.

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UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), also commonly called drone, is a flying robot technology that can be controlled remotely and can also fly autonomously based on the mission given by the operator. Drones are usually used for various purposes such as package delivery, watering plants, land mapping, natural disaster monitoring, photography, videography and others. Drones have many types, one of which is a drone with four motors as the main drive, commonly called a quadcopter drone. Quadcopter drones have evolved a lot based on current needs. Although quadcopter drones have many uses, the development of quadcopter drone research in Indonesia is quite slow, one of the quadcopter drone components whose development is quite slow is the flight controller. Flight controller (FC) is a main controller brain in drones that has complex functions in quadcopter drone control. The function of the FC is to regulate motor speed, stabilize and maintain altitude. In this research, FC is designed to control the stability of quadcopter drones while flying. This FC was developed by applying LoRa technology as an internal receiver. LoRa technology is used to receive control data from the remote control (RC) and simultaneously send sensor data. The purpose of this research is to design FC to improve local products in the field of technology and participate in the development of flying robot technology, especially on quadcopter drones and to determine the performance of LoRa technology after being integrated as an internal transceiver in FC for remote control of quadcopter drones.

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Powell, Rebecca L., and Dar A. Roberts. "Characterizing Variability of the Urban Physical Environment for a Suite of Cities in Rondônia, Brazil." Earth Interactions 12, no. 13 (August 1, 2008): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008ei246.1.

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Abstract Urban environments are characterized by high spectral and spatial heterogeneity and, as a consequence, most urban pixels in moderate-resolution imagery contain multiple land-cover materials. Despite these complexities, virtually all urban land cover can be generalized as a combination of vegetation, impervious surfaces, and soil (V–I–S components), in addition to water. Previous work has demonstrated the potential of multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) to model the subpixel abundance of V–I–S components. Here, the authors test whether the technique is sufficiently robust to map V–I–S components for a diverse set of cities, selecting 10 urban centers in the state of Rondônia, Brazil, to represent a range of populations, development histories, and economic activities. For each urban sample, a 20 km × 20 km region centered over the built-up area was subset from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery. MESMA was applied to all subscenes using the same spectral library, model constraints, and selection rules. Accuracy of the modeled V–I–S fractions was assessed using high-resolution images mosaicked from digital aerial videography. Modeled fractions and reference fractions were highly correlated, with R2 values exceeding 0.75 for all materials in multiple cities across a region. Model complexity, or the number of endmembers required to accurately model each pixel, was correlated with the degree of human impact on the landscape. Built-up areas, as delineated by model complexity, exhibited a strong fit to the well-established relationship between the built-up area of a settlement and its population. Finally, this work demonstrates that the V–I–S components as modeled by MESMA can capture both inter- and intraurban variability, suggesting that these data products could contribute to comparative studies of urbanizing areas through time and across regions.

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Wang, Yifeng, Robert G. Way, Jordan Beer, Anika Forget, Rosamond Tutton, and Meredith C. Purcell. "Significant underestimation of peatland permafrost along the Labrador Sea coastline in northern Canada." Cryosphere 17, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-63-2023.

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Abstract. Northern peatlands cover approximately four million km2, and about half of these peatlands are estimated to contain permafrost and periglacial landforms, like palsas and peat plateaus. In northeastern Canada, peatland permafrost is predicted to be concentrated in the western interior of Labrador but is assumed to be largely absent along the Labrador Sea coastline. However, the paucity of observations of peatland permafrost in the interior, coupled with traditional and ongoing use of perennially frozen peatlands along the coast by Labrador Inuit and Innu, suggests a need for re-evaluation of the reliability of existing peatland permafrost distribution estimates for the region. In this study, we develop a multi-stage consensus-based point inventory of peatland permafrost complexes in coastal Labrador and adjacent parts of Quebec using high-resolution satellite imagery, and we validate it with extensive field visits and low-altitude aerial photography and videography. A subset of 2092 wetland complexes that potentially contained peatland permafrost were inventoried, of which 1119 were classified as likely containing peatland permafrost. Likely peatland permafrost complexes were mostly found in lowlands within 22 km of the coastline, where mean annual air temperatures often exceed +1 ∘C. A clear gradient in peatland permafrost distribution exists from the outer coasts, where peatland permafrost is more abundant, to inland peatlands, where permafrost is generally absent. This coastal gradient may be attributed to a combination of climatic and geomorphological influences which lead to lower insolation, thinner snowpacks, and poorly drained, frost-susceptible materials along the coast. The results of this study suggest that existing estimates of permafrost distribution for southeastern Labrador require adjustments to better reflect the abundance of peatland permafrost complexes to the south of the regional sporadic discontinuous permafrost limit. This study constitutes the first dedicated peatland permafrost inventory for Labrador and provides an important baseline for future mapping, modelling, and climate change adaptation strategy development in the region.

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Everitt, James H., James V. Richerson, Mario A. Alaniz, David E. Escobar, Ricardo Villarreal, and Michael R. Davis. "Light Reflectance Characteristics and Remote Sensing of Big Bend Loco (Astragalus mollissimusvar.earlei) and Wooton Loco (Astragalus wootonii)." Weed Science 42, no. 1 (March 1994): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500084265.

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The high near-infrared reflectance (0.76 to 0.90 μm) of Big Bend loco and Wooton loco contributed significantly to their orange-red and red image tonal responses, respectively, on color-infrared aerial photographs making them distinguishable from associated vegetation and soil. Big Bend loco could also be distinguished on color-infrared and near-infrared black-and-white video imagery where it had distinct red and whitish tonal responses, respectively. Computer analyses of photographic and videographic images showed that Big Bend loco and Wooton loco populations could be quantified from other landscape features. A global positioning system was integrated with the video imagery that permitted latitude-longitude coordinates to appear on each image. The latitude-longitude data were integrated with a geographical information system to map Big Bend loco populations.

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Everitt, James H., David E. Escobar, Ricardo Villarreal, Mario A. Alaniz, and Michael R. Davis. "Canopy Light Reflectance and Remote Sensing of Shin Oak (Quercus havardii) and Associated Vegetation." Weed Science 41, no. 2 (June 1993): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500076190.

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Shin oak is a deciduous shrub that forms dense stands of brush on sandy soils in rangeland areas of the Rolling and High Plains of Texas. Plant canopy reflectance measurements made on shin oak showed that it had both low visible (0.63- to 0.69-μm waveband) and nearinfrared (0.76- to 0.90-μm waveband) reflectance values, a characteristic generally not shared by associated plant species or mixtures of species. The low reflectance values of shin oak caused it to have dark-red, reddish-brown, or brown image tones on color-infrared photographic, videographic, and SPOT satellite images that made it distinguishable from associated vegetation and other land use features. The optimum time to remotely distinguish this noxious shrub is during the mature phenological stage from June to September. Computer-based image analyses of video and satellite images showed that shin oak populations could be quantified. This technique can permit “percent land area” estimates of shin oak on rangelands. The aerial imagery is useful for detecting shin oak on smaller rangeland areas, whereas the satellite imagery is applicable in mapping large areas of shin oak distribution.

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Hubel, Tatjana Y., Nickolay I. Hristov, Sharon M. Swartz, and Kenneth S. Breuer. "Wake structure and kinematics in two insectivorous bats." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1704 (September 26, 2016): 20150385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0385.

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We compare kinematics and wake structure over a range of flight speeds (4.0–8.2 m s −1 ) for two bats that pursue insect prey aerially, Tadarida brasiliensis and Myotis velifer . Body mass and wingspan are similar in these species, but M. velifer has broader wings and lower wing loading. By using high-speed videography and particle image velocimetry of steady flight in a wind tunnel, we show that three-dimensional kinematics and wake structure are similar in the two species at the higher speeds studied, but differ at lower speeds. At lower speeds, the two species show significant differences in mean angle of attack, body–wingtip distance and sweep angle. The distinct body vortex seen at low speed in T. brasiliensis and other bats studied to date is considerably weaker or absent in M. velifer . We suggest that this could be influenced by morphology: (i) the narrower thorax in this species probably reduces the body-induced discontinuity in circulation between the two wings and (ii) the wing loading is lower, hence the lift coefficient required for weight support is lower. As a result, in M. velifer, there may be a decreased disruption in the lift generation between the body and the wing, and the strength of the characteristic root vortex is greatly diminished, both suggesting increased flight efficiency. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight’.

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Goian, V., and D. Falkowskyi. "ЗОБРАЖАЛЬНІ ЗАСОБИ ЯК СКЛАДОВА ЕФЕКТИВНОЇ КОМУНІКАЦІЇ ВІДЕОКОНТЕНТУ НА ВІЙСЬКОВУ ТЕМАТИКУ." State and Regions. Series: Social Communications, no. 4(56) (January 20, 2024): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/cpu2219-8741/2023.4(56).2.

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The article highlights various aspects of visual means of video content on the YouTube channel of one of the leading units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. It can be argued that this popular type of broadcasting also forms a certain type of mass communication, the target audience of which is mainly military personnel and recruits who consider this or that unit as promising for military service.The purpose of the research is to analyze visual media as a component of video content, namely, directing, videographer work, sound accompaniment and editing, to find out their functions in the perception of this content, as a tool for forming a comfortable perception of information on the example of local materials distributed on the Internet.The research methodology. In the research process, such methods were used as: systematization, for the study of theoretical material; critical review; analysis (for the study of expressive means of video content); synthesis (to establish a connection between the applications of audiovisual tools and to synthesize the successful experience of their combination); comparison (to compare the same means of information transmission in different video materials), monitoring and observation (to identify specific audiovisual tools).Novelty. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the visual means of the video content of the military unit intended for public communication, the color solution of the video content, computer graphics techniques and filming was carried out. We considered visual media as a component of video content and clarified their functions and role in information perception.Practical significance. The obtained results can find practical application in organizing the work of PR specialists in state structures, military educational institutions, as well as for further research in the field of military communication technology in general. Also, the results can be applied for the factual addition of disciplines related to the subjects of journalism and social communications, in particular, for the specialties «Audiovisual art and production», «Journalism», «Advertising and public relations». In addition, they can be useful as a source base for further scientific, methodical and practical developments to scientific and pedagogical workers of military educational institutions for the creation of educational materials and units for effective advertising to attract volunteers, etc.It was found that a number of visual means of the analyzed video content include (but are not limited to) the following elements: cross-editing, editing by size, aerial photography, first-person view, color correction, etc. All these tools, beyond any doubt, have a significant impact on the formation of citizens’ opinions and effective transfer of experience.Key words: visual media, montage, video content, Russian-Ukrainian war, mass media, visual image, cinematography.

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Ammourah, Rami, Pedram Beigi, Bingyi Fan, Samer H. Hamdar, John Hourdos, Chun-Chien Hsiao, Rachel James, et al. "Introduction to the Third Generation Simulation Dataset: Data Collection and Trajectory Extraction." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, July 24, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981241257257.

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This study aims to provide accurate trajectory datasets capable of characterizing human–automated vehicle interactions under a diverse set of scenarios in diverse highway environments. Distinct methods were utilized to collect data from Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 automated vehicles: (1) fixed location aerial videography (a helicopter hovers over a segment of interest); (2) moving aerial videography (a helicopter follows the automated vehicles as they move in a much longer segment than in the first method); and (3) infrastructure-based videography (multiple overlapping cameras located on overpasses creating a comprehensive image of the study area). Utilizing the fixed location aerial videography approach, trajectories were extracted on I-90/I-94 in Chicago, IL. The moving aerial videography approach was adopted to extract four datasets on I-90/I-94 and I-294 in Chicago, IL. Finally, two datasets were collected on I-395 and George Washington University Campus in Washington, D.C., using the infrastructure-based videography approach. Extracting multiple complete and accurate vehicle trajectories raises a set of methodological and practical challenges that vary across the three data measurement approaches. The methodological details to extract these trajectories are presented in this paper along with the lessons learned with respect to data collection setup, instrumentation, and experimental design efforts.

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Zhang, Zhiwei, Yuhang Zhong, Junlong Guo, Qianhao Wang, Chao Xu, and Fei Gao. "Auto Filmer: Autonomous Aerial Videography under Human Interaction." IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 2022, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3231828.

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Chopra, Inderjit. "Small UAS and Delivery Drones: Challenges and Opportunities The 38th Alexander A. Nikolsky Honorary Lecture." Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/jahs.66.042001.

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During the past two decades, there has been major growth of small-unmanned aerial vehicles (sUAV) for hobbyists and rapidly expanding commercial and military applications. The impetus for this dramatic expansion has been due to the explosion of mobile technology in terms of microelectronics, data processing and transmission capability, high-energy-density batteries, miniaturized integrated programmable chips, and innovations in computer vision and videography/photography. However, there are many challenges to overcome before these small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) can be used for routine commercial and military applications, which include reliability, sizable payload and range, stringent navigation/guidance requirements, and precision takeoff/landing and robust autonomous flight in constrained and low-altitude gusty environment. The objective of this paper is to cover state-of-the-art of sUAS and delivery drones, identify technology gaps and key scientific barriers, and present future research needs for high payoff applications.

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Dr. Umesh B. Pawar, Shubham K. Darade, Prof. Ramesh P. Daund, and Prof. Ravindra Pandit. "An Analysis and Reporting on "Study of Various Drone Technologies available to provide low cost and effective Solutions to Agricultural Sector with Respect to Indian Context"." International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, December 12, 2023, 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-14209.

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An aircraft without a human pilot on board is referred to as a drone, also known as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or unmanned aircraft system (UAS). Software-controlled flight plans allow drones to be remotely piloted, operated autonomously, or both. From small consumer drones for recreational use to larger, more complex drones used for commercial, military, and scientific applications, they come in a variety of sizes, forms, and capabilities. A variety of sensors and technology, including cameras, GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and occasionally even specialized gear like LiDAR or thermal imaging cameras, are installed on drones. Applications for them are numerous and include search and rescue, agriculture, scientific research, surveillance, aerial photography, and videography. Drone technology in agriculture aids farmers in decision-making, boosts productivity, lowers resource input costs, and eventually increases agricultural yields and profitability. To properly take use of new technology, farmers must be trained in drone operation and data analysis. Additionally, while employing drones for agricultural, adherence to local legislation is essential

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Sichko, Paul. "Integrating unmanned aerial system operations into the Dallas/Fort Worth airport environment." Journal of Airport Management, June 1, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.69554/cmdk2637.

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Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) was one of the first airports in the USA to receive Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approval to fly small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) aircraft in highly restricted Class B airspace. To date, almost 100 public and commercial flights have been flown at DFW in support of law enforcement activities, fire safety, airport construction and private industry videography. The path to FAA issuance of sUAS certificates of authorization (COA) was paved by a concerted effort among a broad cross-section of aviation professionals with an interest in integrating UAS operations into the DFW environment. The DFW UAS Work Group worked diligently on many aspects of sUAS operations, ranging from COA application to UAS education to flight procedures development. Collaboration between airport representatives and various entities within the FAA resulted in an executed letter of agreement that supports public and commercial sUAS flights over airport property. This paper describes the methodology applied by the work group that led to successful sUAS flight operations. The paper also identifies barriers encountered and the processes applied to mitigate those issues. The author and the DFW UAS Work Group would like to share information that would hopefully assist other airports in developing a sUAS flight programme.

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Pangeni, Biplav, Uttam Pudasaini, Darpan Pudasaini, and Samrat Pradhan. "Evolution of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Nepal." Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal, July 15, 2020, 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v19i1.50963.

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Nepal has tremendous geographic diversity rising from as low as 59 metres elevation in the tropical Terai to the highest peak in the world, Mt. Everest, at 8,848 ft. The countryranks 4th, 11th and 30th as the most vulnerable country in terms of risk from climate change, earthquake and flood respectively.[1] As a part of response to any disaster, geographical knowledge of the vulnerable area is the foundation to effectively plan and implement the response. There exist various ways of topographical surveying and mapping which are being used to acquire such geoinformation. The undulating geography of Nepal makes topographical surveying and mapping time consuming and arduous through the traditional ground-based methodologies. Furthermore, the remote sensing techniques are not much useful for a country like Nepal that doesn’t have its dedicated satellites and hence lacking ways to obtain timely updated information. The recent few years have seen escalation of some of the frontier technologies including Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in surveying and mapping, aerial photo/videography, surveillance and a number of other applications. UAVs were widely introduced in Nepal in the aftermath of the April 2015 earthquake. An unprecedented number of small and lightweight UAVs were flown over highly damaged areas and heritage sites by journalists and humanitarian responders to assist in immediate rescue, relief, and reconstruction efforts. However, risks to national security by the unregulated use of UAVs was realized by the Government of Nepal, and the Ministry of Home Affairs released a set of strict guidelines that controlled the use of UAVs in a stringent way. This limited use of UAVs in Nepal bottlenecked the increasing adoption of this technology, both for humanitarian responses and private sectors. However, increasing demand has recently led to the release of a comparatively flexible “UAV Flight Guidelines 2075” that provides the authority to grant UAV flight permissions for lightweight UAVs to the local governments, thus simplifying the procedure for most UAV users. It also reflects the positive change in perception of the government towards UAV technology. This study seeks to identify, analyze and document the evolution in application of UAV technology in Nepal across several application areas.

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McIlvenny, J., B. J. Williamson, I. A. Fairley, M. Lewis, S. Neill, I. Masters, and D. E. Reeve. "Comparison of dense optical flow and PIV techniques for mapping surface current flow in tidal stream energy sites." International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, September 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40095-022-00519-z.

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AbstractMarine renewable energy site and resource characterisation, in particular tidal stream energy, require detailed flow measurements which often rely on high-cost in situ instrumentation which is limited in spatial extent. We hypothesise uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAV) offer a low-cost and low-risk data collection method for tidal stream environments, as recently techniques have been developed to derive flow from optical videography. This may benefit tidal and floating renewable energy developments, providing additional insight into flow conditions and complement traditional instrumentation. Benefits to existing data collection methods include capturing flow over a large spatial extent synchronously, which could be used to analyse flow around structures or for site characterisation; however, uncertainty and method application to tidal energy sites is unclear. Here, two algorithms are tested: large-scale particle image velocimetry using PIVlab and dense optical flow. The methods are applied on video data collected at two tidal stream energy sites (Pentland Firth, Scotland, and Ramsey Sound, Wales) for a range of flow and environmental conditions. Although average validation measures were similar (~ 20–30% error), we recommend PIVlab processed velocity data at tidal energy sites because we find bias (underprediction) in optical flow for higher velocities (> 1 m/s).

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"Twelfth Biennial Workshop in Color Aerial Photography and Videography in the Plant Sciences and Related Fields, edited by Paul T. Tueller, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, MD, 1990, 303 pp. + 5 color plates, softbound, $30.00." Color Research & Application 17, no. 4 (August 1992): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.5080170414.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Aerial videography'

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