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1

Chen, Xue Long, and Xiao Long Wang. "Environmental Risk Indication for the Wastewater of the Bio-Pharmaceutical Industry by Microbial Fitting Function." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1134.

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Trying to work out a fast, simple and convenient assessment method for the wastewater of bio-pharmaceutical industry, microcosm, dose-effective relation analysis and fitting function analysis were performed, according to the better reactivity of microbial in pharmaceutical environmental risk assessment, to select representative microbial indicator on the basis of coefficient of fitting function. Among 4 candidates, a significant negative co-relation (r=-0.981, P=0.003) among the mass growths (OD600) of Aerobacter cloacae and the concentrations of artificial composed water was seen with a coefficient (R2) of 0.9626. So the aerobacter cloacae was selected as an indicator, and its equation of fitting function was: y=-0.0634x+0.1623; Risk levels were set according to the fitting function: OD600≥0.1623 no risk,0.0812<OD600<0.1623 low risk,0.0000<OD600≤0.0812 medium risk,OD600≤0.0000 high risk.
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2

Purwadi, R., M. T. A. P. Kresnowati, L. Badriyah, Andini A. D. Puri, and R. Aisyah. "Pemanfaatan gliserol sebagai limbah biodiesel melalui proses biologik 1: Pemilihan mikroba." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 12, no. 1 (October 2, 2018): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2013.12.1.6.

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Utilization of glycerol biodiesel waste via biological process 1: Selection of microbesThe availability of glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, is increasing along with the growth of biodiesel industries. While glycerol is used in various industries such as food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics, the purification of crude glycerol from biodiesel waste can be very costly and inefficient. Literature study indicated that some microorganism could utilize glycerol as their substrate. This forms the basis for applying microbial conversion of glycerol into valuable products. This paper presents our study in exploring the microbial potentials in utilizing pure glycerol as substrate, which is a part of a larger study in converting crude glycerol from biodiesel waste through microbial processes. In this study the potentials of Aerobacter aerogenes ITBCC B88, Klebsiella pneumoniae ITBCC113, and Enterobacter cloacae NRLL B411, NRLL B23264, and NRLL B23289 in utlizing glycerol were explored. The study covered the aerobic growth tests of each strain using glycerol as C-source in substrate, by varying glycerol concentration and C/N ratio in the media. The results indicated that all the tested strains could grow well in glycerol and would assimilate glycerol better in low C/N ratio. However, the increase in microbial glycerol consumption did not increase the biomass yield, which might indicate the production of metabolic products.Keywords: glycerol, biodiesel, Aerobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae AbstrakKetersediaan gliserol, produk samping industri biodiesel, semakin meningkat seiring pertumbuhan industri biodiesel. Meskipun gliserol murni banyak digunakan dalam industri makanan, farmasi, kosmetik, dan industri-industri lainnya, pemurnian limbah gliserol menjadi gliserol murni sangat mahal dan tidak efektif. Studi literatur menunjukkan bahwa beberapa jenis mikroba dapat menggunakan gliserol sebagai substratnya. Hal ini menjadi dasar untuk menerapkan proses pengolahan gliserol menjadi produk bermanfaat melalui proses mikrobiologik. Makalah ini menyajikan hasil penelitian eksplorasi potensi mikroba dalam mengkonversi gliserol murni dalam substrat, yang merupakan tahap awal dari rangkaian penelitian pemanfaatan limbah gliserol melalui proses mikrobiologik. Dalam penelitian ini diteliliti kemampuan mikroba Aerobacter aerogenes ITBCC B88, Klebsiella pneumoniae ITBCC113, dan Enterobacter cloacae NRLL B411, NRLL B23264, dan NRLL B23289 dalam memanfaatkan gliserol. Penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi uji pertumbuhan pada substrat gliserol murni dan kondisi aerobik, dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi gliserol dan nisbah C/N dalam media. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua mikroba uji dapat tumbuh dengan baik pada substrat gliserol dan mengasimilasi gliserol lebih baik pada nisbah C/N media yang lebih rendah. Namun demikian peningkatan konsumsi gliserol selama proses kultivasi tidak diikuti oleh peningkatan perolehan biomassa, yang mengindikasikan terjadinya pembentukan produk-produk metabolit oleh mikroba.Kata kunci: gliserol, biodiesel, Aerobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae
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3

Elsworth, R., V. Williams, and R. Harris-Smith. "The effect of oxygen supply on the rate of growth of aerobacter cloacae." Journal of Applied Chemistry 7, no. 5 (May 4, 2007): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010070509.

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4

Krone, Willy J. A., Gregory Koningstein, Frits K. de Graaf, and Bauke Oudega. "Plasmid-determined cloacin DF13-susceptibility inEnterobacter cloacae andKlebsiella edwardsii; identification of the cloacin DF13/aerobactin outer membrane receptor proteins." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 51, no. 2 (July 1985): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02310013.

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5

Keller, Rogéria, Margareth Z. Pedroso, Rosana Ritchmann, and Rosa M. Silva. "Occurrence of Virulence-Associated Properties inEnterobacter cloacae." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.2.645-649.1998.

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ABSTRACT Enterobacter cloacae is not a primary human pathogen but has been considered to be an important cause of nosocomial infections. Even so, there are almost no reports on its ability to produce recognized virulence-associated properties. In this study, we show that most of the E. cloacae strains examined were resistant to serum bactericidal activity and were able to produce aerobactin and mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin, and all of them could adhere to and invade HEp-2 cells. Since E. cloacae is part of the normal intestinal floras of many individuals, we believe that infectious disease due to endogenous E. cloacae might be a result of both host predisposing factors and the bacterial virulence determinants that we have detected in this survey.
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6

Thomas, John A., and Miguel A. Valvano. "tolQis required for cloacin DF13 susceptibility inEscherichia coliexpressing the aerobactin/cloacin DF13 receptor IutA." FEMS Microbiology Letters 91, no. 2 (March 1992): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05193.x.

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7

Loper, Joyce E., Carol A. Ishimaru, Susan R. Carnegie, and Apichart Vanavichit. "Cloning and Characterization of Aerobactin Biosynthesis Genes of the Biological Control Agent Enterobacter cloacae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, no. 12 (1993): 4189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.59.12.4189-4197.1993.

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8

Crosa, L. M., M. K. Wolf, L. A. Actis, J. Sanders-Loehr, and J. H. Crosa. "New aerobactin-mediated iron uptake system in a septicemia-causing strain of Enterobacter cloacae." Journal of Bacteriology 170, no. 12 (1988): 5539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.170.12.5539-5544.1988.

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9

Loper, Joyce E., and Marcella D. Henkels. "Utilization of Heterologous Siderophores Enhances Levels of Iron Available to Pseudomonas putida in the Rhizosphere." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 5357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.12.5357-5363.1999.

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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas spp. have the capacity to utilize siderophores produced by diverse species of bacteria and fungi, and the present study was initiated to determine if siderophores produced by rhizosphere microorganisms enhance the levels of iron available to a strain of Pseudomonas putida in this natural habitat. We used a previously described transcriptional fusion (pvd-inaZ) between an iron-regulated promoter (pvd) and the ice nucleation reporter gene (inaZ) to detect alterations in iron availability toP. putida. Ice nucleation activity (INA) expressed from thepvd-inaZ fusion by P. putida N1R or N1R Pvd−, a derivative deficient in the production of a pyoverdine siderophore, was inversely related to the concentration of ferric citrate in a culture medium. In culture, INA expressed by N1R Pvd− (pvd-inaZ) was reduced in the presence of the ferric complex of pseudobactin-358, a pyoverdine siderophore produced by P. putida WCS358 that can be utilized as a source of iron by N1R Pvd−. In the rhizosphere of cucumbers grown in sterilized soil, N1R Pvd− (pvd-inaZ) expressed INA, indicating that iron availability was sufficiently low in that habitat to allow transcription of the iron-regulated pvd promoter. Coinoculation with WCS358 or N1R significantly decreased INA expressed by N1R Pvd− (pvd-inaZ) in the rhizosphere, whereas coinoculation with a pyoverdine-deficient mutant of WCS358 did not reduce INA expressed by N1R Pvd−(pvd-inaZ). These results indicate that iron availability to N1R Pvd−(pvd-inaZ) in the rhizosphere was enhanced by the presence of another strain of P. putida that produces a pyoverdine that N1R Pvd−(pvd-inaZ) was able to utilize as a source of iron. In culture, strain N1R Pvd− also utilized ferric complexes of the siderophores enterobactin and aerobactin as sources of iron. In the rhizosphere of cucumbers grown in sterilized soil, INA expressed by N1R Pvd− (pvd-inaZ) was reduced in the presence of strains of Enterobacter cloacae that produced enterobactin, aerobactin, or both siderophores, but INA expressed by N1R Pvd−(pvd-inaZ) was not altered in the presence of a mutant of E. cloacae deficient in both enterobactin and aerobactin production. Therefore, the iron status of P. putida was altered by siderophores produced by an unrelated bacterium coinhabiting the rhizosphere. Finally, we demonstrated that INA expressed by N1R containing pvd-inaZ in the rhizosphere differed between plants grown in sterilized versus nonsterilized field soil. The results of this study demonstrate that (i) P. putida expresses genes for pyoverdine production and uptake in the rhizosphere, but the level of gene expression is influenced by other bacteria that coexist with P. putida in this habitat, and (ii) diverse groups of microorganisms can alter the availability of chemical resources in microbial habitats on root surfaces.
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10

Krone, W. J. A., B. Oudega, and F. K. de Graaf. "Characterization and expression of the cloacin DF13/aerobactin uptake system in Enterobacteriaceae." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 51, no. 4 (July 1985): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02275062.

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11

Krone, Willy J. A., Freek Stegehuis, Frits K. de Graaf, and Bauke Oudega. "Characterization of the cloacin DF13/aerobactin outer membrane receptor protein of Escherichia coli (pFS8)." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 51, no. 5-6 (September 1985): 553–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00404532.

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12

Thomas, J. A., and M. A. Valvano. "Role of tol genes in cloacin DF13 susceptibility of Escherichia coli K-12 strains expressing the cloacin DF13-aerobactin receptor IutA." Journal of Bacteriology 175, no. 2 (1993): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.175.2.548-552.1993.

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13

Bouchet, A., M. A. Valvano, M. Dho-Moulin, D. Le Roy, and A. Andremont. "Immunological variants of the aerobactin-cloacin DF13 outer membrane protein receptor IutA among enteric bacteria." Infection and Immunity 62, no. 7 (1994): 3017–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.62.7.3017-3021.1994.

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14

Saidenberg, André A. B., Luciana Allegretti, Claudete C. S. Astolfi-Ferreira, Antônio J. P. Ferreira, Marcelo A. Almeida, and Tânia F. Raso. "Some virulence genes of Escherichia coli isolated from cloacal swabs of healthy Alagoas Curassows (Pauxi mitu) in Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33, no. 4 (April 2013): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2013000400017.

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Birds of the Cracidae family (curassows, guans, and chachalacas) are endemic of the Neotropics and 50 species are currently classified. Brazil has 22 species, seven of which are considered threatened. The Alagoas Curassow (Pauxi mitu) species is considered extinct in the wild; but about 120 birds are alive in captivity. Conservation of this species depends entirely on correct management. Health reports of both wildlife and captive curassows are rare. In this study the presence of Escherichia coli was evaluated in 23 healthy Alagoas Curassows from two private breeding centres. E. coli was isolated from cloacal swabs, and the presence of genes encoding cytotoxic necrotising factor 1 (cnf1), alpha-haemolysin (hly), aerobactin (iuc), serum resistance (iss) and the following adhesions: S fimbriae (sfa), pili associated with pyelonephritis (pap) and temperature-sensitive haemagglutinin (tsh) were investigated. E. coli was isolated from 78.3% (18/23) of the birds, and the percentage of curassows colonized by E. coli was similar between the two facilities. From the 22 E. coli isolates, 15 (68.2%) were positive for at least one virulence factor by PCR, and the most frequently found gene was iss (50%). No curassows had clinical signs of disease. Nevertheless, the presence of some E. coli strains may be a concern to the wildlife in captivity. Additional health surveillance studies are essential to guarantee successful conservation programmes for threatened cracids in Brazil.
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15

Marolda, C. L., M. A. Valvano, and J. H. Crosa. "Polymorphism in the aerobactin-cloacin DF13 receptor genes from an enteroinvasive strain of Escherichia coli and pColV-K30 is associated only with a decrease in cloacin susceptibility." Infection and Immunity 59, no. 1 (1991): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.59.1.357-364.1991.

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16

Tokano, Dorismey Vieira, Marisa Emiko Kawaichi, Emerson José Venâncio, and Marilda Carlos Vidotto. "Cloning and characterization of the iron uptake gene iutA from avian Escherichia coli." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 51, no. 3 (June 2008): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132008000300006.

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The aim of this work was to isolate, clone and characterize the iron uptake gene iutA from avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). The iutA gene was isolated from the strain APEC 9, serotype O2:H9, which was cloned in the expression vector pET101/D-TOPO. The gene of 2.2 Kb was sequenced (AY602767, which showed high similarity to the iutA gene from three plasmids, two from APEC, pAPEC-02-ColV (AY545598.4) and pTJ100 (AY553855.1), and one from a human invasive E. coli strain, the pColV K30. The recombinant protein IutA was over expressed in E. coli BL21(DE-3) and was solubilized with urea and purified by Ni-NTA column. This method produced a relatively high yield of r-IutA of approximately 74kDa, which was used to produce the antibody anti-IutA. This anti-IutA reacted with the protein r-IutA and native IutA of APEC 9, as demonstrated by Western blot, showing that the r-IutA conserved epitopes and its antigenicity was preserved. The anti-IutA IgY was able to inhibit the IutA biological activity, inhibiting the sensitivity to cloacin DF13 of APEC9. However, it did not inhibit the growth of APEC9 in M9 and did not protect the chickens inoculated with the APEC, suggesting that the APEC possessed another iron acquisition mechanism distinct of aerobactin.
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17

Krone, Willy J. A., Freek Stegehuis, Gregory Koningstein, Carla Doorn, Bert Roosendaal, Frits K. Graaf, and Bauke Oudega. "Characterization of the pColV-K30 encoded cloacin DF13/aerobactin outer membrane receptor protein ofEscherichia coli; isolation and purification of the protein and analysis of its nucleotide sequence and primary structure." FEMS Microbiology Letters 26, no. 2 (February 1985): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb01583.x.

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18

Heiden, Stefan E., Nils-Olaf Hübner, Jürgen A. Bohnert, Claus-Dieter Heidecke, Axel Kramer, Veronika Balau, Wolfgang Gierer, et al. "A Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307 outbreak clone from Germany demonstrates features of extensive drug resistance, hypermucoviscosity, and enhanced iron acquisition." Genome Medicine 12, no. 1 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13073-020-00814-6.

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Abstract Background Antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae are a major cause of hospital- and community-acquired infections, including sepsis, liver abscess, and pneumonia, driven mainly by the emergence of successful high-risk clonal lineages. The K. pneumoniae sequence type (ST) 307 lineage has appeared in several different parts of the world after first being described in Europe in 2008. From June to October 2019, we recorded an outbreak of an extensively drug-resistant ST307 lineage in four medical facilities in north-eastern Germany. Methods Here, we investigated these isolates and those from subsequent cases in the same facilities. We performed whole-genome sequencing to study phylogenetics, microevolution, and plasmid transmission, as well as phenotypic experiments including growth curves, hypermucoviscosity, siderophore secretion, biofilm formation, desiccation resilience, serum survival, and heavy metal resistance for an in-depth characterization of this outbreak clone. Results Phylogenetics suggest a homogenous phylogram with several sub-clades containing either isolates from only one patient or isolates originating from different patients, suggesting inter-patient transmission. We identified three large resistance plasmids, carrying either NDM-1, CTX-M-15, or OXA-48, which K. pneumoniae ST307 likely donated to other K. pneumoniae isolates of different STs and even other bacterial species (e.g., Enterobacter cloacae) within the clinical settings. Several chromosomally and plasmid-encoded, hypervirulence-associated virulence factors (e.g., yersiniabactin, metabolite transporter, aerobactin, and heavy metal resistance genes) were identified in addition. While growth, biofilm formation, desiccation resilience, serum survival, and heavy metal resistance were comparable to several control strains, results from siderophore secretion and hypermucoviscosity experiments revealed superiority of the ST307 clone, similar to an archetypical, hypervirulent K. pneumoniae strain (hvKP1). Conclusions The combination of extensive drug resistance and virulence, partly conferred through a “mosaic” plasmid carrying both antibiotic resistance and hypervirulence-associated features, demonstrates serious public health implications.
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