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Journal articles on the topic 'Aeroderivative gas turbine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Brady, C. O., and D. L. Luck. "The Increased Use of Gas Turbines as Commercial Marine Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906839.

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Over the last three decades, aeroderivative gas turbines have become established naval ship propulsion engines, but use in the commercial marine field has been more limited. Today, aeroderivative gas turbines are being increasingly utilized as commercial marine engines. The primary reason for the increased use of gas turbines is discussed and several recent GE aeroderivative gas turbine commercial marine applications are described with particular aspects of the gas turbine engine installations detailed. Finally, the potential for future commercial marine aeroderivative gas turbine applications is presented.

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2

Shibanuma, Tohru. "Advanced Aeroderivative Gas Turbine." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 66, no. 6 (2012): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.66.581.

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3

Sanneman, Bruce N. "Pioneering Gas Turbine-Electric System in Cruise Ships: A Performance Update." Marine Technology and SNAME News 41, no. 04 (October 1, 2004): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2004.41.4.161.

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Recent marine projects have extended the range of applications for GE's LM aeroderivative gas turbines in commercial marine markets. The world's first all gas turbine-powered cruise ship, GTS Millennium, entered service in June 2000. The in-service performance of the combined gas turbine electric and steam system (COGES) will be discussed further in this paper.

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4

Mino, K., R. Imamura, H. Koiwai, and C. Fukuoka. "Residual Life Prediction of Turbine Blades of Aeroderivative Gas Turbines." Advanced Engineering Materials 3, no. 11 (November 2001): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1527-2648(200111)3:11<922::aid-adem922>3.0.co;2-k.

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5

Bisio, G., A. Massardo, and A. Agazzani. "Combined Helium and Combustion Gas Turbine Plant Exploiting Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) Physical Exergy." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816586.

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The aim of this work is the energy and exergy analysis of a combined plant made up of a conventional gas turbine (heavy-duty or aeroderivative) and a closed helium turbine cycle, which exploits liquid hydrogen (LH2) as a lower energy source. A helium turbine with the characteristics of the fluid allows us to operate between the usual temperatures of the top turbine waste gas and those of the liquid hydrogen available. In this way the combined system reaches efficiency values greater than every combined system proposed to date. The work contains a detailed analysis of the relative entropy productions of the helium cycle and considerations about the realization and technological aspects of helium turbines.

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6

Carcasci, C., B. Facchini, and S. Harvey. "Design issues and performance of a chemically recuperated aeroderivative gas turbine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 212, no. 5 (August 1, 1998): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0957650981536899.

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A number of innovative gas turbine cycles have been proposed lately, including the humid air turbine (HAT) and the chemically recuperated gas turbine (CRGT). The potential of the CRGT cycle lies in the ability to generate power with a high efficiency and ultra-low NOx emissions. Much of the research work published on the CRGT cycle is restricted to an analysis of the thermodynamic potential of the cycle. However, little work has been devoted to discussion of some of the relevant design and operation issues of such cycles. In this paper, part-load performance characteristics are presented for a CRGT cycle based on an aeroderivative gas turbine engine adapted for chemical recuperation. The paper also includes discussion of some of the design issues for the methane-steam reformer component of the cycle. The results of this study show that large heat exchange surface areas and catalyst volumes are necessary to ensure sufficient methane conversion in the methane steam reformer section of the cycle. The paper also shows that a chemically recuperated aeroderivative gas turbine has similar part-load performance characteristics compared with the corresponding steam-injected gas turbine (STIG) cycle.

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7

Larson, E. D., and R. H. Williams. "Biomass-Gasifier Steam-Injected Gas Turbine Cogeneration." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906155.

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Steam injection for power and efficiency augmentation in aeroderivative gas turbines is now commercially established for natural gas-fired cogeneration. Steam-injected gas turbines fired with coal and biomass are being developed. In terms of efficiency, capital cost, and commercial viability, the most promising way to fuel steam-injected gas turbines with biomass is via the biomass-integrated gasifier/steam-injected gas turbine (BIG/STIG). The R&D effort required to commercialize the BIG/STIG is modest because it can build on extensive previous coal-integrated gasifier/gas turbine development efforts. An economic analysis of BIG/STIG cogeneration is presented here for cane sugar factories, where sugar cane residues would be the fuel. A BIG/STIG investment would be attractive for sugar producers, who could sell large quantities of electricity, or for the local electric utility, as a low-cost generating option. Worldwide, the cane sugar industry could support some 50,000 MW of BIG/STIG capacity, and there are many potential applications in the forest products and other biomass-based industries.

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8

Smalley, Anthony J., David A. Mauney, Daniel I. Ash, Sam L. Clowney, and George P. Pappas. "Evaluation and Application of Data Sources for Assessing Operating Costs for Mechanical Drive Gas Turbines in Pipeline Service." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 3 (May 15, 2000): 462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1287034.

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This paper evaluates and demonstrates how the public domain data provided by individual interstate pipeline companies to FERC, when combined with individual company equipment lists, can be used to regress industry information on cost of operations and maintenance, fuel gas used, and cost of fuel and power. The paper describes the methods of analysis and identifies their limitations. The paper presents results of such regression analysis as average and variance of cost and fuel usage for industrial gas turbines and aeroderivative gas turbines. It provides further comparisons between gas turbine prime movers, reciprocating engine prime movers, and electric motor drives, and presents annual costs per installed horsepower as a function of turbine size. The paper is based on work performed for PRC International and the Gas Research Institute. [S0742-4795(00)01003-6]

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9

Sylvestre, R. A., and R. J. Dupuis. "The Evolution of Marine Gas Turbine Controls." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906158.

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The background and evolution of gas turbine fuel controls is examined in this paper from a Naval perspective. The initial application of aeroderivative gas turbines to Navy ships utilized the engine’s existing aircraft fuel controls, which were coupled to the ship’s hydropneumatic machinery control system. These engines were adapted to Naval requirements by including engine specific functions. The evolution of Naval gas turbine controllers first to analog electronic, and more recently, to distributed digital controls, has increased the system complexity and added a number of levels of machinery protection. The design of a specific electronic control module is used to illustrate the current state of the technology. The paper concludes with a discussion of the further need to address the issues of fuel handling, metering and control in Navy ships with particular emphasis on integration in the marine environment.

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10

Consonni, S., and E. D. Larson. "Biomass-Gasifier/Aeroderivative Gas Turbine Combined Cycles: Part A—Technologies and Performance Modeling." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816677.

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Gas turbines fueled by integrated biomass gasifiers are a promising option for base load electricity generation from a renewable resource. Aeroderivative turbines, which are characterized by high efficiencies at smaller scales, are of special interest because transportation costs for biomass constrain biomass conversion facilities to relatively modest scales. Commercial development activities and major technological issues associated with biomass integrated-gasifier/gas turbine (BIG/GT) combined cycle power generation are reviewed in Part A of this two-part paper. Also, the computational model and the assumptions used to predict the overall performance of alternative BIG/GT cycles are outlined. The model evaluates appropriate value of key parameters (turbomachinery efficiencies, gas turbine cooling flows, steam production in the heat recovery steam generator, etc.) and then carries out energy, mass, and chemical species balances for each plant component, with iterations to insure whole-plant consistency. Part B of the paper presents detailed comparisons of the predicted performance of systems now being proposed for commercial installation in the 25–30 MWe power output range, as well as predictions for advanced combined cycle configurations (including with intercooling) with outputs from 22 to 75 MWe. Finally, an economic assessment is presented, based on preliminary capital cost estimates for BIG/GT combined cycles.

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11

Ogaji, S. O. T., and R. Singh. "Gas path fault diagnosis framework for a three-shaft gas turbine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 217, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09576500360611173.

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A diagnostic framework has been developed for the detection of faults in the gas path of a three-shaft aeroderivative gas turbine thermodynamically similar to the Rolls Royce RB211-24GT. The framework involves a large-scale integration of artificial neural networks (ANNs) designed and trained to detect, isolate and assess faults in the gas path components of the engine. The approach has the capacity to assess both multiple-component and multiple-sensor faults. The results obtained demonstrate the promise of ANNs applied to engine diagnostic activities.

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12

Cooke, D. H., and W. D. Parizot. "Cogenerative, Direct Exhaust Integration of Gas Turbines in Ethylene Production." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906547.

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Within the past few years, gas turbines have been integrated into several new world-class ethylene production plants, for the first time using the exhaust as a source of preheated combustible oxygen for the cracking furnaces. The economic inducements and technical impact of such integration on the process are discussed. The general ethylene cracking and recovery process is described, and the various ways of integrating gas turbines are compared, culminating in the current leading designs. Means of providing ambient air backup to protect furnace operation from gas turbine trips are discussed. Furnace group sizing and oxygen demand for the major feedstocks, including naphtha and ethane/propane, are compared with the current range of oxygen and power available from single and dual gas turbines on the world market. Methods of partial integration, where gas turbine integration of the entire ethylene plant would produce more power than can be economically utilized or consume more premium fuel than available, are discussed. Fuel savings relative to ambient air operation are parametrized with percent exhaust oxygen and exhaust temperature. Aeroderivative and industrial gas turbine types are compared. Comparative economics with another means of gas turbine cogeneration, that of auxiliary boiler replacement with a combined cycle in a central utility, are presented.

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13

Bhargava, R., and C. B. Meher-Homji. "Parametric Analysis of Existing Gas Turbines With Inlet Evaporative and Overspray Fogging." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1712980.

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With deregulation in the power generation market and a need for flexibility in terms of power augmentation during the periods of high electricity demand, power plant operators all over the world are exploring means to augment power from both the existing and new gas turbines. An approach becoming increasingly popular is that of the high pressure inlet fogging. In this paper, the results of a comprehensive parametric analysis on the effects of inlet fogging on a wide range of existing gas turbines are presented. Both evaporative and overspray fogging conditions have been analyzed. The results show that the performance parameters indicative of inlet fogging effects have a definitive correlation with the key gas turbine design parameters. In addition, this study indicates that the aeroderivative gas turbines, in comparison to the heavy-duty industrial machines, have higher performance improvement due to inlet fogging effects. Plausible reasons for the observed trends are discussed. This paper represents the first systematic study on the effects of inlet fogging for a large number (a total of 67) of gas turbines available from the major gas turbine manufacturers.

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14

Abudu, Kamal, Uyioghosa Igie, Ioannis Roumeliotis, Artur Szymanski, and Giuseppina Di Lorenzo. "Aeroderivative gas turbine back-up capability with compressed air injection." Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (November 2020): 115844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115844.

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15

Utomo, Dimas Rianto, Belyamin Belyamin, and Sonki Prasetya. "Perancangan Air Cooler Turbin gas Aeroderivative Lm6000 Jenis Compact Heat Exchanger Untuk Meningkatkan Performa Turbin gas." Jurnal Mekanik Terapan 1, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32722/jmt.v1i1.3333.

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Temperatur udara ambient berpengaruh pada performa turbin gas. Temperatur yang tinggi mengakibatkan masa jenis udara menjadi rendah sehingga pada laju aliran udara masuk kompresor lebih sedikit. Teknologi untuk memitigasi permasalahan ini adalah penggunaan Turbine Inlet Air Cooling (TIAC) pada inlet air system turbin gas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendesain air cooler dengan tipe staggered continous finned tube compact heat exchanger pada turbin gas Lm6000 milik PT.X di Karawang. Proses perancangan air cooler dilakukan dengan menggunakan perhitungan Kern. Data yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian ini adalah data dimensi maksimum air cooler, data temperatur air pendingin, data pengoperasi turbin gas dan data bahan bakar yang diambil sebelum dan sesudah pemasangan TIAC menggunakan beban turbin gas yang sama yaitu 22 MW. Hasil yang didapat dari proses perancangan air cooler adalah desain air cooler dengan 187 tube bundle dan nilai koefisien konveksi keseluruhan sebesar 35,4 W/m²°C. Analisis performa turbin gas menunjukkan bahwa temperatur inlet low pressure compressor mengalami penurunan rata-rata sebesar 3,5°C, sementara efisiensi siklus rata-rata meningkat sebesar 1,65%. Adapun peningkatan daya bersih rata-rata sebesar 0,496 MW karenanya dapat menghasilkan penghematan biaya bahan bakar sebesar Rp1.554.257.011 per tahun.

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16

Leonard, G., and J. Stegmaier. "Development of an Aeroderivative Gas Turbine Dry Low Emissions Combustion System." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906853.

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This paper gives the development status of GE’s new aeroderivative premixed combustion system. This system consists of a new fuel staged annular combustor, compressor rear frame, first-stage turbine nozzle, electronic staging controller, and fuel delivery system. Component test results along with a description of the combustion system are presented. This new system will reduce NOx emissions by 90 percent relative to the original aircraft engine combustion system while maintaining low emissions of CO and UHCs. Tests of a LM6000 gas turbine equipped with the new system are planned for early 1994.

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17

McVey, J. B., F. C. Padget, T. J. Rosfjord, A. S. Hu, A. A. Peracchio, B. Schlein, and D. R. Tegel. "Evaluation of Low-NOx Combustor Concepts for Aeroderivative Gas Turbine Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 115, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906746.

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An experimental program was conducted to evaluate low-NOx combustor concepts applicable to natural-gas-burning aeroderivative gas turbine engines operating at a nominal pressure ratio of 20:1. Gas sampling measurements at the exit of the primary zone of high-shear and lean premixed burners were acquired under elevated entrance pressure and temperature conditions over a range of primary zone equivalence ratios. Piloting systems were incorporated in most of the burner designs to achieve satisfactory burner operability. Both swirl stabilized and perforated-plate (grid) stabilized burners were found to produce NOx levels lower than the current engine goal of 25 ppm (15 percent O2).

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18

Rice, I. G. "Split Stream Boilers for High-Temperature/High-Pressure Topping Steam Turbine Combined Cycles." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815586.

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Research and development work on high-temperature and high-pressure (up to 1500°F TIT and 4500 psia) topping steam turbines and associated steam generators for steam power plants as well as combined cycle plants is being carried forward by DOE, EPRI, and independent companies. Aeroderivative gas turbines and heavy-duty gas turbines both will require exhaust gas supplementary firing to achieve high throttle temperatures. This paper presents an analysis and examples of a split stream boiler arrangement for high-temperature and high-pressure topping steam turbine combined cycles. A portion of the gas turbine exhaust flow is run in parallel with a conventional heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). This side stream is supplementary fired opposed to the current practice of full exhaust flow firing. Chemical fuel gas recuperation can be incorporated in the side stream as an option. A significant combined cycle efficiency gain of 2 to 4 percentage points can be realized using this split stream approach. Calculations and graphs show how the DOE goal of 60 percent combined cycle efficiency burning natural gas fuel can be exceeded. The boiler concept is equally applicable to the integrated coal gas fuel combined cycle (IGCC).

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19

Erickson, Donald C., Gopalakrishnan Anand, and Ellen Makar. "Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Turbine Inlet Conditioning." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 23, no. 01 (March 2015): 1550003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132515500030.

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Ambient temperature markedly impacts combustion turbine performance. A typical aeroderivative turbine loses 25% of ISO capacity at 38°C ambient. There are two traditional options to mitigate that degradation: evaporative cooling and mechanical chilling. They boost turbine performance, but consume significant water and/or electric load. Also, the turbine requires separate anti-icing equipment for low ambient temperature operation (less than 4.4°C). This paper describes the Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Turbine Inlet Conditioning (ARCTIC) system that chills or heats the inlet air of a combustion turbine to maintain maximum turbine performance at all ambient temperatures. The ARCTIC unit is an ammonia–water absorption cycle that is powered by turbine exhaust heat. The design and performance of a 7034 kW (2000-ton) ARCTIC unit is presented. This ARCTIC achieved a new record for net power and heat rate from this model aeroderivative gas turbine in hot weather. It provides reliable and dispatchable hot day power at about half the cost of new plant. On a typical summer day (38°C dry bulb, 26°C wet bulb), ammonia refrigerant from the ARCTIC chills the inlet air to 8.9°C. The gas turbine power is increased from 40 to 51 MW. After allowing for the 230 kW electric parasitic load, the resulting net power is 2 MW more than the output of a comparable mechanically chilled gas turbine. As a result, the heat rate is also improved. On cold days the ARCTIC automatically switches to heating mode. The inlet air is heated by 11°C to eliminate inlet icing potential. Additional benefits include a lower exhaust temperature which is better for the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst. The condensate recovered from the inlet-air chilling (up to 25 gallons per minute) can also be a valuable by-product. The ARCTIC system has a small cost premium relative to a mechanical chiller. However, when all the auxiliary functions are credited (anti-icing, tempering air, less switchgear, no 4160 volt service), the overall installed cost is comparable. The standout advantages are the increased hot weather power output, improved operating efficiency, and reduced maintenance, all obtained at minimal additional cost. Combined cycle and cogeneration configurations (both frame and aeroderivative) benefit even more from the ARCTIC due to the increased value of improved heat rate.

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20

Effiom, S. O., F. I. Abam, and B. N. Nwankwojike. "Turbomachinery design modification and analysis of the axial turbine of an aeroderivative gas turbine." Nigerian Journal of Technological Research 13, no. 2 (December 10, 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtr.v13i2.5.

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21

Consonni, S., and E. D. Larson. "Biomass-Gasifier/Aeroderivative Gas Turbine Combined Cycles: Part B—Performance Calculations and Economic Assessment." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 516–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816678.

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Gas turbines fueled by integrated biomass gasifiers are a promising option for base-load electricity generation from a renewable resource. Aeroderivative turbines, which are characterized by high efficiencies in small units, are of special interest because transportation costs for biomass constrain conversion facilities to relatively modest scales. Part A of this two-part paper reviewed commercial development activities and major technological issues associated with biomass integrated-gasifier/gas turbine (BIG/GT) combined cycle power generation. Based on the computational model also described in Part A, this paper (Part B) presents results of detailed design-point performance calculations for several BIG/GT combined cycle configurations. Emphasis is given to systems now being proposed for commercial installation in the 25–30 MWe, power output range. Three different gasifier designs are considered: air-blown, pressurized fluidized-bed gasification; air-blown, near-atmospheric pressure fluidized-bed gasification; and near-atmospheric pressure, indirectly heated fluidized-bed gasification. Advanced combined cycle configurations (including with intercooling) with outputs from 22 to 75 MW are also explored. An economic assessment is also presented, based on preliminary capital cost estimates for BIG/GT combined cycles and expected biomass costs in several regions of the world.

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22

Adolfo, Dominique, Carlo Carcasci, and Beniamino Pacifici. "A new correlation for estimating the gas turbine cost." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 235, no. 5 (February 14, 2021): 1240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650921994388.

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The recent changes in energy scenario with rising attention to decarbonization, introduction of new technology and renewable source have led to design power plant with the lowest values of cost of energy, investment payback period, CO2 emission, especially in cogeneration and combined cycle plants. The cost of a gas turbine, an industrial key intellectual property value, represents a large portion of total plant capital cost. In fact, the correlations used to determine this cost, represent an important part in the optimization of power plant studied. In this work, a new cost correlation has been determined using gas turbine data presents into GTW handbook. The overall correlation, dependently only on gas turbine output power, used in a lot of scientific studies is here actualized, calculating new split-power and new coefficients for Heavy Duty and Aeroderivative gas turbine. Therefore, a more complete and detailed correlation is developed, introducing additional parameters, such as thermodynamic efficiency, pressure ratio, exhaust temperature and exhaust mass flow rate, whose values are available on gas turbine datasheet. The new correlation here proposed reflects better real gas turbine configurations and costs.

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23

Huang, Di, Jin-wei Chen, Deng-ji Zhou, Hui-sheng Zhang, and Ming Su. "Simulation and analysis of humid air turbine cycle based on aeroderivative three-shaft gas turbine." Journal of Central South University 25, no. 3 (March 2018): 662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-018-3769-9.

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24

Bozzolo, M., M. Brandani, A. Traverso, and A. F. Massardo. "Thermoeconomic Analysis of Gas Turbine Plants With Fuel Decarbonization and Carbon Dioxide Sequestration." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 947–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1587744.

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In this paper the thermoeconomic analysis of gas turbine plants with fuel decarbonization and carbon dioxide sequestration is presented. The study focuses on the amine (MEA) decarbonization plant layout and design, also providing economic data about the total capital investment costs of the plant. The system is fuelled with methane that is chemically treated through a partial oxidation and a water-gas shift reactor. CO2 is captured from the resulting gas mixture, using an absorbing solution of water and MEA that is continuously recirculated through an absorption tower and a regeneration tower: the decarbonized fuel gas is afterwards burned in the gas turbine. The heat required by CO2 sequestration is mainly recovered from the gas turbine exhausts and partially from the fuel treatment section. The reduction in efficiency and the increase in energy production costs due to fuel amine decarbonization is evaluated and discussed for different gas turbine sizes and technologies (microturbine, small size regenerated, aeroderivative, heavy duty). The necessary level of carbon tax for a conventional plant without a fuel decarbonization section is calculated and a comparison with the carbon exergy tax procedure is carried out, showing the good agreement of the results.

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25

Snyder, T. S., T. J. Rosfjord, J. B. McVey, A. S. Hu, and B. C. Schlein. "Emission and Performance of a Lean-Premixed Gas Fuel Injection System for Aeroderivative Gas Turbine Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816547.

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A dry-low-NOx, high-airflow-capacity fuel injection system for a lean-premixed combustor has been developed for a moderate pressure ratio (20:1) aeroderivative gas turbine engine. Engine requirements for combustor pressure drop, emissions, and operability have been met. Combustion performance was evaluated at high power conditions in a high-pressure, single-nozzle test facility, which operates at full base-load conditions. Single digit NOx levels and high combustion efficiency were achieved. A wide operability range with no signs of flashback, autoignition, or thermal problems was demonstrated. NOx sensitivities to pressure and residence time were found to be small at flame temperatures below 1850 K (2870°F). Above 1850 K some NOx sensitivity to pressure and residence time was observed and was associated with the increased role of the thermal NOx production mechanism at elevated flame temperatures.

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26

Jordal, Kristin, Olav Bollard, and Ake Klang. "Aspects of Cooled Gas Turbine Modeling for the Semi-Closed O2/CO2 Cycle With CO2 Capture." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1762908.

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In order to capture the behavior of the oxyfuel cycle operating with high combustor-outlet temperature, the impact of blade and vane cooling on cycle performance must be included in the thermodynamic model. As a basis for a future transient model, three thermodynamic models for the cooled gas turbine are described and compared. The first model, known previously from the literature, models expansion as a continuous process with simultaneous heat and work extraction. The second model is a simple stage-by-stage model and the third is a more detailed stage-by-stage model that includes velocity triangles and enables the use of advanced loss correlations. An airbreathing aeroderivative gas turbine is modeled, and the same gas turbine operating in an oxyfuel cycle is studied. The two simple models show very similar performance trends in terms of variation of pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature in both cases. With the more detailed model, it was found that, without any change of geometry, the turbine rotational speed increases significantly and performance drops for the maintained geometry and pressure ratio. A tentative increase of blade angles or compressor pressure ratio is found to increase turbine performance and decrease rotational speed. This indicates that a turbine will require redesign for operation in the oxyfuel cycle.

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27

A˚gren, N. D., and M. O. J. Westermark. "Design Study of Part-Flow Evaporative Gas Turbine Cycles: Performance and Equipment Sizing—Part I: Aeroderivative Core." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 1 (December 27, 2002): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1476924.

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The evaporative gas turbine cycle is a new high-efficiency power cycle that has reached the pilot testing stage. This paper presents calculation results of a new humidification strategy based on part flow humidification. This strategy involves using only a fraction of the compressed air for humidification. Thermodynamically, it can be shown that not all the air needs to be passed through the humidification system to attain the intrinsic good flue gas heat recovery of an EvGT cycle. The system presented also includes live steam production and superheating by heat from the hottest flue gas region. The humidifier only uses the lower temperature levels flue gas heat, where it is best suited. The analyzed system is based on data for the aeroderivative Rolls Royce Trent as a gas turbine core. Part II of this two-part paper presents the results based on data for the industrial gas turbine ABB GTX100. Simulation results include electric efficiency and other process datas as functions of degree of part flow. A detailed model of the humidifier is also used and described, which produces sizing results both for column height and diameter. Full flow humidification generates an electric efficiency of 51.5% (simple cycle 41%). The efficiency increases when the humidification air flow is reduced, to reach a maximum of 52.9% when air flow to the humidification amounts to around 12% of the intake air to the compressor. At the same time, total heat exchanger area is reduced by 50% and humidifier volume by 36% compared to full flow humidification. This calls for a recommendation not to use all the compressed air for humidification.

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28

Dan-Teodor, BĂLĂNESCU, HRIŢCU Constantin-Eusebiu, and TALIF Sorinel-Gicu. "Aeroderivative Pratt & Whitney FT8-3 gas turbine – an interesting solution for power generation." INCAS BULLETIN 3, no. 1 (March 25, 2011): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2011.3.1.2.

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Bulysova, L. A., A. G. Tumanovskii, M. N. Gutnik, V. D. Vasil’ev, A. M. Sipatov, and A. D. Nugumanov. "Low-Emission Operation of Aeroderivative Gas-Turbine Combustor over a Wide Range of Ambient Conditions." Power Technology and Engineering 54, no. 1 (May 2020): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-020-01173-3.

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30

De Ruyck, J., S. Bram, and G. Allard. "REVAP® Cycle: A New Evaporative Cycle Without Saturation Tower." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 893–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817070.

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A new evaporative cycle layout is disclosed that is shown to have a performance similar to the HAT cycle, but where the saturation tower has been eliminated. This new cycle is a result of a combined exergetic and composite curve analysis discussed in a previous paper, assuming one intercooler and no reheat (De Ruyck et al., 1995). The new cycle uses two-phase flow heat exchange in the misty regime, which is a well-known process. Existing aeroderivative gas turbine equipment can be adapted for application of this cycle, which therefore needs a minimum of development.

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31

Larson, E. D. "Biomass-Gasifier/Gas Turbine Cogeneration in the Pulp and Paper Industry." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 665–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906640.

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Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion is raising new interest in using renewable biomass for energy. Modest-scale cogeneration systems using air-blown gasifiers coupled to aeroderivative gas turbines are expected to have high efficiencies and low unit capital costs, making them well-suited for use with biomass. Biomass-gasifier/gas turbine (BIG/GT) technology is not commercial, but efforts aimed at near-term commercialization are ongoing worldwide. Estimated performance and cost and prospects for commercial development of two BIG/GT systems are described, one using solid biomass fuel (e.g., wood chips), the other using kraft black liquor. At an energy-efficient kraft pulp mill, a BIG/GT cogeneration system could produce over three times as much electricity as is typically produced today. The mill’s on-site energy needs could be met and a large surplus of electricity would be available for export. Using in addition currently unutilized forest residues for fuel, electricity production would be nearly five times today’s level. The total cost to produce the electricity in excess of on-site needs is estimated to be below 4 cents per kWh in most cases. At projected growth rates for kraft pulp production, the associated biomass residue fuels could support up to 100 GW of BIG/GT capacity at kraft pulp mills worldwide in 2020 (30 GW in the US). The excess electricity production worldwide in 2020 would be equivalent to 10 percent of today’s electricity production from fossil fuels.

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32

Macchi, E., S. Consonni, G. Lozza, and P. Chiesa. "An Assessment of the Thermodynamic Performance of Mixed Gas–Steam Cycles: Part A—Intercooled and Steam-Injected Cycles." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 117, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2814122.

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This paper discusses the thermodynamics of power cycles where steam or water are mixed with air (or combustion gases) to improve the performance of stationary gas turbine cycles fired on clean fuels. In particular, we consider cycles based on modified versions of modern, high-performance, high-efficiency aeroderivative engines. The paper is divided into two parts. After a brief description of the calculation method, in Part A we review the implications of intercooling and analyze cycles with steam injection (STIG and ISTIG). In Part B we examine cycles with water injection (RWI and HAT). Due to lower coolant temperatures, intercooling enables us to reduce turbine cooling flows and/or to increase the turbine inlet temperature. Results show that this can provide significant power and efficiency improvements for both simple cycle and combined cycle systems based on aero-engines; systems based on heavy-duty machines also experience power output augmentation, but almost no efficiency improvement. Mainly due to the irreversibilities of steam/air mixing, intercooled steam injected cycles cannot achieve efficiencies beyond the 52–53 percent range even at turbine inlet temperatures of 1500°C. On the other hand, by accomplishing more reversible water–air mixing, the cycles analyzed in Part B can reach efficiencies comparable (RWI cycles) or even superior (HAT cycles) to those of conventional “unmixed” combined cycles.

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33

Salim, Basharat, Jamal Orfi, and Shaker Saeed Alaqel. "Effect of Turbine and Compressor Inlet Temperatures and Air Bleeding on the Comparative Performance of Simple and Combined Gas Turbine Unit." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.12.2276.

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The proper utilization of all the available forms of energy resources has become imminent to meet the power requirement and energy demand in both the developed and developing countries of the world. Even though the emphasis is given to the renewable resources in most parts of the world, but fossil fuels will still remain the main resources of energy as these can meet both normal and peak demands. Saudi Arab has number of power plant based on natural gas and fuel that are spread in all its regions. These power plants have aeroderivative gas turbine units supplied by General Electric Company as main power producing units. These units work on dual fuel systems. These units work as simple gas turbine units to meat peak demands and as part of combined cycle otherwise. The subject matter of this study is the performance of one of the units of a power plant situated near Riyadh city of Saudi Arab. This unit also works both as simple gas turbine unit and as a part of combined cycle power plant unit. A parametric based performance evaluation of the unit has been carried out to study both energetic and exergetic performance of the unit for both simple and combined cycle operation. Effect of compressor inlet temperature, turbine inlet temperature, pressure ratio of the compressor, the stage from which bleed off air have been taken and percentage of bleed off air from the compressor on the energetic and exergetic performance of the unit have been studied. The study reveals that all these parameters effect the performance of the unit in both modes of operation.

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34

Effiom, Samuel O., Fidelis I. Abam, Bethrand N. Nwankwojike, and Richard George James Flay. "Performance evaluation of aeroderivative gas turbine models derived from a high bypass turbofan for industrial power generation." Cogent Engineering 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1301235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2017.1301235.

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35

Carcasci, Carlo, and Lorenzo Winchler. "Thermodynamic Analysis of an Organic Rankine Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery from an Aeroderivative Intercooled Gas Turbine." Energy Procedia 101 (November 2016): 862–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.109.

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36

Effiom, Samuel O., Fidelis I. Abam, Brethrand N. Nwankwojike, and Duc Pham. "Cycle parametric study on the performance of aeroderivative gas turbine models developed from a high bypass turbofan engine." Cogent Engineering 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1368115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2017.1368115.

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37

Bulysova, L. A., V. D. Vasil’ev, and A. L. Berne. "Low-Emission combustion of fuel in aeroderivative gas turbines." Thermal Engineering 64, no. 12 (November 16, 2017): 891–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040601517120011.

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38

Figueiró, Leandro Garcia, and Davi D. Elia Miranda. "Campaign span of aeroderivative and light industrial gas turbines." Rio Oil and Gas Expo and Conference 20, no. 2020 (December 1, 2020): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.48072/2525-7579.rog.2020.221.

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39

Bolland, O., and J. F. Stadaas. "Comparative Evaluation of Combined Cycles and Gas Turbine Systems With Water Injection, Steam Injection, and Recuperation." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 117, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2812762.

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Combined cycles have gained widespread acceptance as the most efficient utilization of the gas turbine for power generation, particularly for large plants. A variety of alternatives to the combined cycle that recover exhaust gas heat for re-use within the gas turbine engine have been proposed and some have been commercially successful in small to medium plants. Most notable have been the steam-injected, high-pressure aeroderivatives in sizes up to about 50 MW. Many permutations and combinations of water injection, steam injection, and recuperation, with or without intercooling, have been shown to offer the potential for efficiency improvements in certain ranges of gas turbine cycle design parameters. A detailed, general model that represents the gas turbine with turbine cooling has been developed. The model is intended for use in cycle analysis applications. Suitable choice of a few technology description parameters enables the model to represent accurately the performance of actual gas turbine engines of different technology classes. The model is applied to compute the performance of combined cycles as well as that of three alternatives. These include the simple cycle, the steam-injected cycle, and the dual-recuperated intercooled aftercooled steam-injected cycle (DRIASI cycle). The comparisons are based on state-of-the-art gas turbine technology and cycle parameters in four classes: large industrial (123–158 MW), medium industrial (38–60 MW), aeroderivatives (21–41 MW), and small industrial (4–6 MW). The combined cycle’s main design parameters for each size range are in the present work selected for computational purposes to conform with practical constraints. For the small systems, the proposed development of the gas turbine cycle, the DRIASI cycle, are found to provide efficiencies comparable or superior to combined cycles, and superior to steam-injected cycles. For the medium systems, combined cycles provide the highest efficiencies but can be challenged by the DRIASI cycle. For the largest systems, the combined cycle was found to be superior to all of the alternative gas turbine based cycles considered in this study.

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40

Samuel, Effiom O., Fidelis I. Abam, and Bethrand N. Nwankwojike. "Combined cycle performance evaluation of a simple and adapted aeroderivative gas turbines." Nigerian Journal of Technological Research 13, no. 2 (December 10, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtr.v13i2.6.

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41

Carapellucci, Roberto, and Lorena Giordano. "Upgrading existing coal-fired power plants through heavy-duty and aeroderivative gas turbines." Applied Energy 156 (October 2015): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.06.064.

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42

Lugo-Leyte, R., M. Salazar-Pereyra, H. Méndez, I. Aguilar-Adaya, J. Ambriz-García, and J. Vargas. "Parametric Analysis of a Two-Shaft Aeroderivate Gas Turbine of 11.86 MW." Entropy 17, no. 12 (August 14, 2015): 5829–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e17085829.

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43

Spector, R. B. "A Method of Evaluating Life Cycle Costs of Industrial Gas Turbines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240304.

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When aeroderivative gas turbines were first introduced into industrial service, the prime criterion for assessing the “relative value” of equipment was derived by dividing the initial (or capital) cost of the equipment by the number of kilowatts produced. The use of “dollars per kilowatt” as an assessment parameter emanated from the utility sector and is still valid providing that the turbomachinery units under consideration possess similar performance features with regard to thermal efficiency. Second-generation gas turbines being produced today possess thermal efficiencies approximately 45 percent greater than those previously available. Thus, a new criterion is required to provide the purchaser with a better “value” perspective to differentiate the various types of turbomachinery under consideration. This paper presents a technique for combining the initial cost of equipment with the costs of fuel consumed, applied labor, and parts to arrive at an assessment parameter capable of comparing the relative merits of varying types of turbomachinery. For simplicity, this paper limits the life cycle cost derivation and discussion to turbogenerator units; however, the principles of this type of life cycle analysis can also be applied to gas turbines in mechanical drive applications and/or combined cycles.

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44

Erikstein, Halvor. "Exposure of offshore workers to organophosphate-containing engine oil used on aeroderivative gas turbines." Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry 11, no. 4 (2011): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.4024/33er11v.jbpc.11.04.

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45

Erikstein, Halvor. "Exposure of offshore workers to organophosphate-containing engine oil used on aeroderivative gas turbines." Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry 11, no. 4 (2011): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.4024/41111/11-4-abs2.jbpc.11.04.

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46

Jericha, H., and F. Hoeller. "Combined Cycle Enhancement." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906545.

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The Combined Cycle Plant (CCP) offers the best solutions to curb air pollution and the greenhouse effect, and it represents today the most effective heat engine ever created. At Graz University of Technology work is being conducted in close cooperation with industry to further enhancement of CC systems with regard to raising output and efficiency. Feasibility studies for intake air climatization, overload and part-load control, introduction of aeroderivate gas turbines in conjunction with high-temperature steam cycles, proposals for cooling, and the use of hydrogen as fuel are presented.

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47

Jasiczek, M., D. Szcześniak, J. Kaczorowski, and M. Innocenti. "Investigation of Fatigue Failures of Titanium Alloy Blades Used in Compressor Modules of Aeroderivative Industrial Gas Turbines." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 13, no. 6 (October 16, 2013): 689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-013-9752-8.

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48

Silva, Alejandro, Alejandro Zarzo, Juan Munoz-Guijosa, and Francesco Miniello. "Evaluation of the Continuous Wavelet Transform for Detection of Single-Point Rub in Aeroderivative Gas Turbines with Accelerometers." Sensors 18, no. 6 (June 13, 2018): 1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18061931.

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49

Newbound, T. D., and K. S. Al-Showiman. "Tuning Your Fuel-Gas Delivery System." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, no. 2 (September 27, 2004): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2031267.

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Saudi Aramco has focused more attention in recent years on fuel-gas conditioning for land-based industrial and aeroderivative combustion gas turbines (CGTs). Hydrocarbon dew points and entrained solids are two important fuel quality issues that frequently trouble CGT operators, partly because they cannot be guaranteed by the fuel suppliers and they are rarely monitored by the operators. This paper addresses these issues and offers some practical advice to optimize the design and operation of fuel gas delivery systems. Saudi Aramco has been testing an automated on-line dew point monitor capable of detecting both hydrocarbon and aqueous dew points in natural gas. Dew point monitoring, conducted at three locations on the fuel gas grid, revealed wide variations in the hydrocarbon and aqueous dew points due to a variety of conditions. Gas production and pipeline operations accounted for the most dramatic variations in dew points, but exposure of pipelines to the weather can also be important. Measurement of pipeline solids for the purpose of sizing and placement of particle filters have also been explored. Pipeline scraping, gas velocities, length of pipeline span, pipeline junctions, and control valves are all considerations for solid control strategies. The optimized design and operation of a CGT fuel system is highly dependent on dew point control and efficient removal of entrained pipeline solids. Practical experience in monitoring hydrocarbon and aqueous dew points, pipeline solids control, and optimizing fuel conditioning equipment are considered.

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50

Del Greco, Alberto Scotti, Vittorio Michelassi, Stefano Francini, Daniele Di Benedetto, and Mahendran Manoharan. "Aeroderivative Mechanical Drive Gas Turbines: The Design of Intermediate Pressure Turbines." Journal of Turbomachinery 141, no. 8 (March 28, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4043120.

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Gas turbines engine designers are leaning toward aircraft engine architectures due to their footprint, weight, and performance advantages. Such engines need some modifications to both the combustion system, to comply with emission limits, and turbine rotational speed. Aeroderivative engines maintain the same legacy aircraft engine architecture and replace the fan and booster with a higher speed compressor booster driven by a single-stage intermediate turbine. A multistage free power turbine (FPT) sits on a separate shaft to drive compressors for liquefied natural gas (LNG) applications or generators. The intermediate-power turbine (IPT) design is important for the engine performance as it drives the booster compressor and sets the inlet boundary conditions to the downstream power turbine. This paper describes the experience of Baker Hughes, a GE company (BHGE) in the design of the intermediate turbine that sits in between a GE legacy aircraft engine core exhaust and the downstream power turbine. This paper focuses on the flow path of the turbine center frame (TCF)/intermediate turbine and the associated design, as well as on the 3D steady and unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-assisted design of the IPT stage to control secondary flows in presence of through flow curvature induced by the upstream TCF.

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