Relevant bibliographies by topics / Aerogele

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Aerogele'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Aerogele"

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Fricke, Jochen. "Aerogele." Physik in unserer Zeit 17, no. 4 (1986): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/piuz.19860170401.

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Ziegler, Christoph, André Wolf, Wei Liu, Anne-Kristin Herrmann, Nikolai Gaponik, and Alexander Eychmüller. "Moderne Anorganische Aerogele." Angewandte Chemie 129, no. 43 (September 22, 2017): 13380–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201611552.

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Eychmüller, Alexander. "Aerogele aus Halbleiter-Nanomaterialien." Angewandte Chemie 117, no. 31 (August 5, 2005): 4917–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200501052.

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Fricke, J. "Internationales Symposium über Aerogele." Physik Journal 42, no. 2 (February 1986): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/phbl.19860420210.

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Bigall, Nadja C, Anne-Kristin Herrmann, Maria Vogel, Marcus Rose, Paul Simon, Wilder Carrillo-Cabrera, Dirk Dorfs, Stefan Kaskel, Nikolai Gaponik, and Alexander Eychmüller. "Hydrogele und Aerogele aus Edelmetallnanopartikeln." Angewandte Chemie 121, no. 51 (November 13, 2009): 9911–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200902543.

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Liu, Wei, Anne-Kristin Herrmann, Dorin Geiger, Lars Borchardt, Frank Simon, Stefan Kaskel, Nikolai Gaponik, and Alexander Eychmüller. "Palladium-Aerogele für die hocheffiziente Elektrokatalyse." Angewandte Chemie 124, no. 23 (April 24, 2012): 5841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201108575.

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Dmitriev, Vladimir V., V. V. Zav'yalov, D. E. Zmeev, I. V. Kosarev, and N. Mulders. "Superfluid phases of 3He in aerogel." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 173, no. 4 (2003): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0173.200304h.0452.

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Wu, Zhen-Yu, Hai-Wei Liang, Bi-Cheng Hu, and Shu-Hong Yu. "Kohlenstoffnanofaser-Aerogele: Vergleich von Chemosynthese und Biosynthese." Angewandte Chemie 130, no. 48 (October 9, 2018): 15872–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201802663.

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Hüsing, Nicola, and Ulrich Schubert. "Aerogele – luftige Materialien: Chemie, Struktur und Eigenschaften." Angewandte Chemie 110, no. 1-2 (January 16, 1998): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19980116)110:1/2<22::aid-ange22>3.0.co;2-9.

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Zhao, Shanyu, Wim J. Malfait, Natalia Guerrero-Alburquerque, Matthias M. Koebel, and Gustav Nyström. "Biopolymer-Aerogele und -Schäume: Chemie, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen." Angewandte Chemie 130, no. 26 (May 28, 2018): 7704–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201709014.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aerogele"

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Ziegler, Christoph, André Wolf, Wei Liu, Anne-Kristin Herrmann, Nikolai Gaponik, and Alexander Eychmüller. "Modern Inorganic Aerogels." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-232333.

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Essentially, the term aerogel describes a special geometric structure of matter. It is neither limited to any material nor to any synthesis procedure. Hence, the possible variety of materials and therefore the multitude of their applications are almost unbounded. Here we present a comprehensive picture of the most promising developments in the field during the last decades.
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Beier, Max Gregor, Christoph Ziegler, Karl Wegner, Albrecht Benad, Frank Simon, Stefan Kaskel, and Alexander Eychmüller. "A fast route to modified tin oxide aerogels using hydroxostannate precursors." Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33351.

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Nanostructured tin oxide materials with a high specific surface area and porosity are promising for applications such as electrocatalysis, lithium ion batteries or sensors. Here, we present a facile strategy for the synthesis of tin oxide aerogels using inexpensive hexahydroxostannate as tin precursor. This easy and scalable method yields tin oxide aerogels with a high specific surface area and wide pore size distribution. The method can be modified by adding hexahydroxoantimonate to obtain antimony doped tin oxide aerogels that show an electrical conductivity after annealing. A cogelation with other preformed nanoparticles (e.g. Au, Pt) leads to mixed gels. Both modifications do not have a large impact on the porous properties of the obtained aerogels. Tin oxide materials prepared via this route can be tailored to a specific application by versatile modification possibilities.
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Rengers, Christin. "3D Arrangements of Encapsulated Fluorescent Quantum Dots." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-200303.

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Nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention during the past decades due to their unique and fascinating properties. However, this class of materials is not an invention of modern age. People have been using nanomaterials for centuries, although unwittingly. Probably the most famous example for the usage of nanomaterials in ancient times is the Lycurgus Cup, a Roman glass cage cup created in the 4th century which changes the colour of its glass from green to ruby depending on the illumination conditions. The foundation for the development of the field of nanotechnology was laid by the speech of Feynman “There is plenty of room at the bottom” in 1959, in which he spoke about the principles of miniaturisation as low as to the atomic level. Today, modern nanotechnology made it its business to purposefully develop and synthesise nanomaterials as well as to face their applications in various fields, such as microelectronics, catalysis or biomedicine. However, the term “nanomaterials” does not solely involve the nanoparticulate units itself, but also their arrangement into two- or three-dimensional structures. Thereby, the maintenance of the nanoscale properties is one of the main challenges. This task was focussed by this work implied the preparation and macroscale arrangement of fluorescent QDs while preserving their optical properties. The main achievement of this work was the development of a novel aerogel material with non-quenching PL behaviour by using silica coated QDs as nanoparticulate building units. In comparison to other monolithic silica-QD structures or aerogels from pure QDs, a defined and controllable distance between the fluorescent QDs is provided in these structures by the silica shell. The spacing was shown to efficiently disable energy transfers so that no spectral shifts, lifetime shortening or PL QY losses are observed during the colloid to gel transition. The silica shell, established by a standard reverse microemulsion approach, was found to exhibit a certain porosity, which was proven by gas adsorption measurements. Existing cavities in the micro- and mesoporous range were found to allow small species such as metal ions to pass through the shell and interact with the QD core causing a detectable change of the PL intensity, which makes these materials suitable for future sensing applications. The gel preparation was based on a metal ion assisted complexation approach, which requires tetrazole functionalisation of the nanoparticulate building units. A major development in this work that permitted this gelation approach for silica-QDs was the development of a novel tetrazole-silane ligand. TMSPAMTz was specifically designed to bind to the silica surface of silica-QDs in aqueous solution and was prepared by a covalent coupling of an alkyl chained silane with a 5-subsituted tetrazole ring. Network formation is subsequently achieved by the interconnection of negatively charged tetrazole rings with metal ions, which allows for a broad spectrum of aerogel materials from different NP species as well as their mixtures as long as tetrazole capping is provided. Considering this diversity and the disabling of energy transfers, straightforward colour tuning was demonstrated herein by mixing differently emitting silica-QD species which gives great prospects for lighting applications. Furthermore, the possibility of plasmon enhanced emission was presented for mixed Au NP/silica-QD gels. With respect to future sensing applications, thin porous films from silica-QDs gels were prepared, which showed a promising concentration dependant PL quenching for the model analyst hydrogen peroxide. However, the film reproducibility of the applied drop-cast coating method was insufficient. As a suggestion to this, a LbL method was presented, wherein a gel is subsequently grown with the metal ion assisted complexation approach. In addition to the tetrazole ligands on the NP surface, tetrazole-silane ligands were used in this approach to functionalise the glass substrate surface. By this, homogeneous gel films of distinct thickness can be grown while the use of organic polymers can be completely avoided. Besides the preparation of NP assemblies, standard Cd-based QD materials as well as Au NPs of different sizes and shape, recent progresses in the synthesis of InP-based QDs were presented in this work. A thorough investigation and understanding of the growth influencing parameters allowed for the establishment of preparation routes for In(Zn)P/GaP/ZnS core/shell/shell QDs with emission wavelengths tuneable within a large range from 500 to 650 nm, narrow peak widths of 45 to 70 nm and PL QYs up to 60%. Successful incorporation of these QDs into salt matrices was further demonstrated. The resulting composite materials are very photostable and suitable as colour conversion materials for solid state lighting, as was clearly pointed out by a self-prepared WLED that met the standard commercial LEDs.
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Sayevich, Vladimir, Bin Cai, Albrecht Benad, Danny Haubold, Luisa Sonntag, Nikolai Gaponik, Vladimir Lesnyak, and Alexander Eychmüller. "3D Assembly of All-Inorganic Colloidal Nanocrystals into Gels and Aerogels." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-216698.

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We report on an efficient assembly approach to a variety of electrostatically stabilized all-inorganic semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) via their linking with appropriate ions into multibranched gel networks. These all-inorganic non-ordered 3D assemblies can combine strong interparticle coupling which facilitates charge transport between the NCs with their diverse morphology, composition, size, and functional capping ligands. Moreover, the resulting dry gels (aerogels) are highly porous monolithic structures, which preserve the quantum confinement of their building blocks. The inorganic semiconductor aerogel made of 4.5 nm CdSe colloidal NCs, capped with iodide ions and bridged with Cd2+ ions, exhibited a surface area as high as 146 m2/g.
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Bigall, Nadja-Carola. "Darstellung von Edelmetallnanopartikeln und deren Überstrukturen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1235057882909-00350.

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Zur Darstellung von Edelmetallnanopartikelüberstrukturen werden zunächst kolloidale Lösungen von Gold, Silber, Platin und Palladium synthetisiert. Dafür wird eine modifizierte Syntheseprozedur für Citrat stabilisierte Goldnanopartikel in wässriger Lösung unter Verwendung gleicher Konzentrationen auf die Systeme Silber, Platin und Palladium übertragen. Die Nanopartikellösungen werden mittels Absorptionsspektroskopie und Elektronenmikroskopie in mittlerer und hoher Auflösung charakterisiert. Die Platinnanopartikel werden verwendet, um mittels Keim vermitteltem Wachstum größere Platinnanopartikel darzustellen. Die resultierenden annähernd sphärischen Partikel haben eine sehr enge Größenverteilung mit einer Standardabweichung von drei bis sieben Prozent. Mit bis zu zwei Schritten des Keim vermittelten Wachstums können Partikel mit einem mittleren Durchmesser im Bereich von 10 bis 100 Nanometern hergestellt werden. Hochauflösende Elektronenmikroskopie zeigt, dass die Oberfläche der Partikel aus Platinkristalliten mit Durchmessern weniger Nanometer besteht, was zu einer Oberflächenrauhigkeit von drei bis zehn Nanometern führt. Mittels eines Kern-Schale-Modells werden Einzelteilchenextinktionsspektren berechnet, welche in sehr guter Übereinstimmung mit den experimentell bestimmten Extinktionsspektren des dispergierten Ensembles sind. Eine über weite Bereiche des sichtbaren Spektralbereichs lineare Abhängigkeit des Extinktionsmaximums vom Partikeldurchmesser wird beobachtet. Dadurch und zusammen mit der Einheitlichkeit der synthetisierten Platinsphären eröffnen sich Anwendungsmöglichkeiten im Bereich der Photonik, der Nanooptik und der oberflächenverstärkten Ramanspektroskopie. Geordnete Überstrukturen der Edelmetallnanopartikel können durch Infiltrieren von Templaten aus Block-Copolymer-Filmen mit wässriger Nanopartikellösung synthetisiert werden. In Abhängigkeit von der Vorbehandlung der Polymerfilme werden entweder zweidimensional periodische Anordnungen mit einer Periodizität von weniger als 30 Nanometern oder Fingerabdruck ähnliche Anordnungen mit einem Rillenabstand im selben Größenbereich hergestellt. Durch Entfernen des Polymers entstehen ein- bzw. zweidimensionale Anordnungen aus Platinnanodrähten bzw. -Nanopartikeln auf einem Siliziumwafer. Diese hochgeordneten Strukturen sind von fundamentalem Interesse für die Entwicklung von nanometerskaligen Schaltkreisen, Sensoren und als Substrate für die oberflächenverstärkte Ramanspektroskopie. Für die Herstellung ungeordneter Überstrukturen werden zwei unterschiedliche Ansätze gewählt: direkte Destabilisierung von Nanopartikellösungen, welche zu Hydrogelen und durch Trocknung zu Aerogelen führt, und Immobilisierung von Nanopartikeln auf einem in die Lösung implantierten Pilzmycel. Aus Gold-, Silber- und Platinnanopartikeln werden monometallische Hydro- und Aerogele synthetisiert. Unterschiedliche Destabilisierungsmittel sowie unterschiedliche Methoden zur Aufkonzentration der Nanopartikellösungen werden getestet. Abhängig von der Methode werden gelartige Überstrukturen mit teilweise komplexen Morphologien aus hierarchischen Anordnungen von Primär-, Sekundär-, Tertiärpartikeln beobachtet. Bimetallische Hydro- und Aerogele können aus Mischungen von Gold- oder Platin- mit Silbernanopartikellösungen hergestellt werden. Hochauflösende TEM-Aufnahmen zeigen ein polykristallines Netzwerk aus 2 bis 10 Nanometer dicken Drähten. Erste BET-Messungen zeigen, dass die Gold-Silber-Netzwerke eine Oberfläche von etwa 48 m2/g besitzen. Diese Systeme aus monometallischen und bimetallischen Nanopartikeln stellen erste Ansätze für hochporöse templatfreie Hydro- und Aerogele dar und besitzen großes Potential für den Einsatz in der heterogenen Gasphasenkatalyse, da fast die gesamte Oberfläche aus Übergangsmetall besteht. Es wird für eine Auswahl an unterschiedlichen Pilzen gezeigt, dass deren Wachstum direkt in den synthetisierten Nanopartikellösungen möglich ist. Ohne weitere Funktionalisierung findet eine Anlagerung von Nanopartikeln auf der Pilzoberfläche statt. Starke Variationen in den Affnitäten verschiedener Pilze zu den unterschiedlichen Metallnanopartikeln werden beobachtet. Auch werden Unterschiede der Nanopartikelaffnität mit Variation der Morphologie innerhalb desselben Hybridsystems beobachtet. Ein Platin-Pilz-Hybrid wird in wässriger Lösung erfolgreich als Katalysator einer Redoxreaktion getestet. Solche Hybridstrukturen besitzen ebenso wie die oben beschriebenen Aerogele großes Potential für den Einsatz in der heterogenen Katalyse, wobei die Verwendung von Pilzmycel als Trägermaterial eine kostengünstige Darstellung größerer Katalysatormengen ermöglichen könnte.
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Wohlgemuth, Stephanie-Angelika. "Functional nanostructured hydrothermal carbons for sustainable technologies : heteroatom doping and superheated vapor." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/6012/.

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The underlying motivation for the work carried out for this thesis was the growing need for more sustainable technologies. The aim was to synthesize a “palette” of functional nanomaterials using the established technique of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). The incredible diversity of HTC was demonstrated together with small but steady advances in how HTC can be manipulated to tailor material properties for specific applications. Two main strategies were used to modify the materials obtained by HTC of glucose, a model precursor representing biomass. The first approach was the introduction of heteroatoms, or “doping” of the carbon framework. Sulfur was for the first time introduced as a dopant in hydrothermal carbon. The synthesis of sulfur and sulfur/nitrogen doped microspheres was presented whereby it was shown that the binding state of sulfur could be influenced by varying the type of sulfur source. Pyrolysis may additionally be used to tune the heteroatom binding states which move to more stable motifs with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Importantly, the presence of aromatic binding states in the as synthesized hydrothermal carbon allows for higher heteroatom retention levels after pyrolysis and hence more efficient use of dopant sources. In this regard, HTC may be considered as an “intermediate” step in the formation of conductive heteroatom doped carbon. To assess the novel hydrothermal carbons in terms of their potential for electrochemical applications, materials with defined nano-architectures and high surface areas were synthesized via templated, as well as template-free routes. Sulfur and/or nitrogen doped carbon hollow spheres (CHS) were synthesized using a polystyrene hard templating approach and doped carbon aerogels (CA) were synthesized using either the albumin directed or borax-mediated hydrothermal carbonization of glucose. Electrochemical testing showed that S/N dual doped CHS and aerogels derived via the albumin approach exhibited superior catalytic performance compared to solely nitrogen or sulfur doped counterparts in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) relevant to fuel cells. Using the borax mediated aerogel formation, nitrogen content and surface area could be tuned and a carbon aerogel was engineered to maximize electrochemical performance. The obtained sample exhibited drastically improved current densities compared to a platinum catalyst (but lower onset potential), as well as excellent long term stability. In the second approach HTC was carried out at elevated temperatures (550 °C) and pressure (50 bar), corresponding to the superheated vapor regime (htHTC). It was demonstrated that the carbon materials obtained via htHTC are distinct from those obtained via ltHTC and subsequent pyrolysis at 550 °C. No difference in htHTC-derived material properties could be observed between pentoses and hexoses. The material obtained from a polysaccharide exhibited a slightly lower degree of carbonization but was otherwise similar to the monosaccharide derived samples. It was shown that in addition to thermally induced carbonization at 550 °C, the SHV environment exhibits a catalytic effect on the carbonization process. The resulting materials are chemically inert (i.e. they contain a negligible amount of reactive functional groups) and possess low surface area and electronic conductivity which distinguishes them from carbon obtained from pyrolysis. Compared to the materials presented in the previous chapters on chemical modifications of hydrothermal carbon, this makes them ill-suited candidates for electronic applications like lithium ion batteries or electrocatalysts. However, htHTC derived materials could be interesting for applications that require chemical inertness but do not require specific electronic properties. The final section of this thesis therefore revisited the latex hard templating approach to synthesize carbon hollow spheres using htHTC. However, by using htHTC it was possible to carry out template removal in situ because the second heating step at 550 °C was above the polystyrene latex decomposition temperature. Preliminary tests showed that the CHS could be dispersed in an aqueous polystyrene latex without monomer penetrating into the hollow sphere voids. This leaves the stagnant air inside the CHS intact which in turn is promising for their application in heat and sound insulating coatings. Overall the work carried out in this thesis represents a noteworthy development in demonstrating the great potential of sustainable carbon materials.
Das Ziel der vorgelegten Arbeit war es, mit Hilfe der Hydrothermalen Carbonisierung (HTC) eine Palette an verschiedenen Materialien herzustellen, deren physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften auf spezifische Anwendungen zugeschnitten werden können. Die Motivation hierfür stellt die Notwendigkeit, Alternativen zu Materialien zu finden, die auf fossilen Brennstoffen basieren. Dabei stellen vor allem nachhaltige Energien eine der größten Herausforderungen der Zukunft dar. HTC ist ein mildes, nachhaltiges Syntheseverfahren welches prinzipiell die Nutzung von biologischen Rohstoffen (z. B. landwirtschaftlichen Abfallprodukten) für die Herstellung von wertvollen, Kohlenstoff-basierten Materialien erlaubt. Es wurden zwei verschiedene Ansätze verwendet, um hydrothermalen Kohlenstoff zu modifizieren. Zum einen wurde HTC unter „normalen“ Bedingungen ausgeführt, d. h. bei 180 °C und einem Druck von etwa 10 bar. Der Zucker Glukose diente in allen Fällen als Kohlenstoff Vorläufer. Durch Zugabe von stickstoff und /oder schwefelhaltigen Additiven konnte dotierte Hydrothermalkohle hergestellt werden. Dotierte Kohlenstoffe sind bereits für ihre positiven Eigenschaften, wie verbesserte Leitfähigkeit oder erhöhte Stabilität, bekannt. Zusätzlich zu Stickstoff dotierter Hydrothermalkohle, die bereits von anderen Gruppen hergestellt werden konnte, wurde in dieser Arbeit zum ersten Mal Schwefel in Hydrothermalkohle eingebaut. Außerdem wurden verschiedene Ansätze verwendet, um Oberfläche und definierte Morphologie der dotierten Materialien zu erzeugen, welche wichtig für elektrochemische Anwendungen sind. Schwefel- und/oder stickstoffdotierte Kohlenstoff Nanohohlkugeln sowie Kohlenstoff Aerogele konnten hergestellt werden. Mit Hilfe von einem zusätzlichen Pyrolyseschritt (d. h. Erhitzen unter Schutzgas) konnte die Leitfähigkeit der Materialien hergestellt werden, die daraufhin als Nichtmetall-Katalysatoren für Wasserstoff-Brennstoffzellen getestet wurden. Im zweiten Ansatz wurde HTC unter extremen Bedingungen ausgeführt, d. h. bei 550 °C und einem Druck von ca. 50 bar, welches im Wasser Phasendiagram dem Bereich des Heißdampfes entspricht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die so erhaltene Hydrothermalkohle ungewöhnliche Eigenschaften besitzt. So hat die Hochtemperatur-Hydrothermalkohle zwar einen hohen Kohlenstoffgehalt (mehr als 90 Massenprozent), enthält aber auch viele Wasserstoffatome und ist dadurch schlecht leitfähig. Da damit elektrochemische Anwendungen so gut wie ausgeschlossen sind, wurde die Hochtemperatur-Hydrothermalkohle für Anwendungen vorgesehen, welche chemische Stabilität aber keine Leitfähigkeit voraussetzen. So wurden beispielsweise Hochtemperatur-Kohlenstoff-Nanohohlkugeln synthetisiert, die großes Potential als schall- und wärmeisolierende Additive für Beschichtungen darstellen. Insgesamt konnten erfolgreich verschiedenste Materialien mit Hilfe von HTC hergestellt werden. Es ist zu erwarten, dass sie in Zukunft zu nachhaltigen Technologien und damit zu einem weiteren Schritt weg von fossilen Brennstoffen beitragen werden.
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Benkovičová, Monika, Dan Wen, Jan Plutnar, Martina Čížková, Josef Michl, and Alexander Eychmüller. "Mechanism of Surface Alkylation of a Gold Aerogel with Tetra-n-butylstannane-d36." American Chemical Society, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A31088.

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The formation of self-assembled monolayers on surfaces is often likely to be accompanied by the formation of byproducts, whose identification holds clues to the reaction mechanism but is difficult due to the minute amounts produced. We now report a successful identification of self-assembly byproducts using gold aerogel with a large specific surface area, a procedure likely to be applicable generally. Like a thin gold layer on a flat substrate, the aerogel surface is alkylated with n-butyl-d9 groups upon treatment with a solution of tetra-n-butylstannane-d36 under ambient conditions. The reaction byproducts accumulate in the mother liquor in amounts sufficient for GC-MS analysis. In chloroform solvent, they are butene-d8, butane-d10, octane-d18, and tributylchlorostannane-d27. In hexane, they are the same except that tributylchlorostannane-d27 is replaced with hexabutyldistannane-d54. The results are compatible with an initial homolytic dissociation of a C-Sn bond on the gold surface, followed by known radical processes.
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Cai, Bin, and Alexander Eychmüller. "Promoting Electrocatalysis upon Aerogels." Wiley VCH, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35457.

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Electrocatalysis plays a prominent role in renewable energy conversion and storage, enabling a number of sustainable processes for future technologies. There are generally three strategies to improve the efficiency (or activity) of the electrocatalysts: (i) increasing the intrinsic activity of the catalyst itself; (ii) improving the exposure of active sites; and (iii) acceleratingmass transfer during catalysis (both reactants and products). These strategies are not mutually exclusive and can ideally be addressed simultaneously, leading to the largest improvements in activity. Aerogels, as featured by large surface area, high porosity, and self-supportability provide a platform that matches all the aforementioned criteria for the design of efficient electrocatalysts. The field of aerogel synthesis has seen much progress in recent years, mainly thanks to the rapid development of nanotechnology. Employing precursors with different properties enables the resulting aerogel with targeted catalytic properties and improved performances. This report demonstrates the design strategies of aerogel catalysts and reviews their performances for several electrochemical reactions. The common principles that govern electrocatalysis are further discussed for each category of reactions, thus serving as a guide to the development of future aerogel electrocatalysts.
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Bigall, Nadja-Carola. "Darstellung von Edelmetallnanopartikeln und deren Überstrukturen." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23736.

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Zur Darstellung von Edelmetallnanopartikelüberstrukturen werden zunächst kolloidale Lösungen von Gold, Silber, Platin und Palladium synthetisiert. Dafür wird eine modifizierte Syntheseprozedur für Citrat stabilisierte Goldnanopartikel in wässriger Lösung unter Verwendung gleicher Konzentrationen auf die Systeme Silber, Platin und Palladium übertragen. Die Nanopartikellösungen werden mittels Absorptionsspektroskopie und Elektronenmikroskopie in mittlerer und hoher Auflösung charakterisiert. Die Platinnanopartikel werden verwendet, um mittels Keim vermitteltem Wachstum größere Platinnanopartikel darzustellen. Die resultierenden annähernd sphärischen Partikel haben eine sehr enge Größenverteilung mit einer Standardabweichung von drei bis sieben Prozent. Mit bis zu zwei Schritten des Keim vermittelten Wachstums können Partikel mit einem mittleren Durchmesser im Bereich von 10 bis 100 Nanometern hergestellt werden. Hochauflösende Elektronenmikroskopie zeigt, dass die Oberfläche der Partikel aus Platinkristalliten mit Durchmessern weniger Nanometer besteht, was zu einer Oberflächenrauhigkeit von drei bis zehn Nanometern führt. Mittels eines Kern-Schale-Modells werden Einzelteilchenextinktionsspektren berechnet, welche in sehr guter Übereinstimmung mit den experimentell bestimmten Extinktionsspektren des dispergierten Ensembles sind. Eine über weite Bereiche des sichtbaren Spektralbereichs lineare Abhängigkeit des Extinktionsmaximums vom Partikeldurchmesser wird beobachtet. Dadurch und zusammen mit der Einheitlichkeit der synthetisierten Platinsphären eröffnen sich Anwendungsmöglichkeiten im Bereich der Photonik, der Nanooptik und der oberflächenverstärkten Ramanspektroskopie. Geordnete Überstrukturen der Edelmetallnanopartikel können durch Infiltrieren von Templaten aus Block-Copolymer-Filmen mit wässriger Nanopartikellösung synthetisiert werden. In Abhängigkeit von der Vorbehandlung der Polymerfilme werden entweder zweidimensional periodische Anordnungen mit einer Periodizität von weniger als 30 Nanometern oder Fingerabdruck ähnliche Anordnungen mit einem Rillenabstand im selben Größenbereich hergestellt. Durch Entfernen des Polymers entstehen ein- bzw. zweidimensionale Anordnungen aus Platinnanodrähten bzw. -Nanopartikeln auf einem Siliziumwafer. Diese hochgeordneten Strukturen sind von fundamentalem Interesse für die Entwicklung von nanometerskaligen Schaltkreisen, Sensoren und als Substrate für die oberflächenverstärkte Ramanspektroskopie. Für die Herstellung ungeordneter Überstrukturen werden zwei unterschiedliche Ansätze gewählt: direkte Destabilisierung von Nanopartikellösungen, welche zu Hydrogelen und durch Trocknung zu Aerogelen führt, und Immobilisierung von Nanopartikeln auf einem in die Lösung implantierten Pilzmycel. Aus Gold-, Silber- und Platinnanopartikeln werden monometallische Hydro- und Aerogele synthetisiert. Unterschiedliche Destabilisierungsmittel sowie unterschiedliche Methoden zur Aufkonzentration der Nanopartikellösungen werden getestet. Abhängig von der Methode werden gelartige Überstrukturen mit teilweise komplexen Morphologien aus hierarchischen Anordnungen von Primär-, Sekundär-, Tertiärpartikeln beobachtet. Bimetallische Hydro- und Aerogele können aus Mischungen von Gold- oder Platin- mit Silbernanopartikellösungen hergestellt werden. Hochauflösende TEM-Aufnahmen zeigen ein polykristallines Netzwerk aus 2 bis 10 Nanometer dicken Drähten. Erste BET-Messungen zeigen, dass die Gold-Silber-Netzwerke eine Oberfläche von etwa 48 m2/g besitzen. Diese Systeme aus monometallischen und bimetallischen Nanopartikeln stellen erste Ansätze für hochporöse templatfreie Hydro- und Aerogele dar und besitzen großes Potential für den Einsatz in der heterogenen Gasphasenkatalyse, da fast die gesamte Oberfläche aus Übergangsmetall besteht. Es wird für eine Auswahl an unterschiedlichen Pilzen gezeigt, dass deren Wachstum direkt in den synthetisierten Nanopartikellösungen möglich ist. Ohne weitere Funktionalisierung findet eine Anlagerung von Nanopartikeln auf der Pilzoberfläche statt. Starke Variationen in den Affnitäten verschiedener Pilze zu den unterschiedlichen Metallnanopartikeln werden beobachtet. Auch werden Unterschiede der Nanopartikelaffnität mit Variation der Morphologie innerhalb desselben Hybridsystems beobachtet. Ein Platin-Pilz-Hybrid wird in wässriger Lösung erfolgreich als Katalysator einer Redoxreaktion getestet. Solche Hybridstrukturen besitzen ebenso wie die oben beschriebenen Aerogele großes Potential für den Einsatz in der heterogenen Katalyse, wobei die Verwendung von Pilzmycel als Trägermaterial eine kostengünstige Darstellung größerer Katalysatormengen ermöglichen könnte.
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Kornprobst, Tobias [Verfasser], Johann Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Plank, and Cordt [Akademischer Betreuer] Zollfrank. "Aerogele und Photokatalysatoren als Beispiele für innovative Baumaterialien / Tobias Kornprobst. Gutachter: Johann Peter Plank ; Cordt Zollfrank. Betreuer: Johann Peter Plank." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1043317422/34.

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Books on the topic "Aerogele"

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Fricke, Jochen, ed. Aerogels. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-93313-4.

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Nicholas, Leventis, Koebel Matthias M, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Aerogels Handbook. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2011.

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Thomas, Sabu, Laly A. Pothan, and Rubie Mavelil-Sam, eds. Biobased Aerogels. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781782629979.

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Aegerter, Michel A., Nicholas Leventis, and Matthias M. Koebel, eds. Aerogels Handbook. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7589-8.

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Sachithanadam, Mahesh, and Sunil Chandrakant Joshi. Silica Aerogel Composites. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0440-7.

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International, Symposium on Aerogels (3rd 1991 Würzburg Germany). Aerogels: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Aerogels, Würzburg, Germany, September 30 - October 2, 1991. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1992.

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Hannon, Dominic Bryan. Dissipative superflow of 4He in aerogel glass. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1994.

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Dao, Lê H. Development of transparent low-cost organic aerogel materials for transparent glass window insulation. Ottawa, Ont: CANMET Energy Technology Centre, 1998.

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Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Loss of control, Aerogolfe Ltee, De Havilland DHC-2 MK 1 Beaver C-FIUS, Petit Pas Lake, Quebec, 28 July 1993. Hull, Quebec: Transportation Safety Board of Canada, 1994.

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Aerogels. Springer, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aerogele"

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Dörfler, Hans-Dieter. "Hydrogele und Aerogele." In Grenzflächen und kolloid-disperse Systeme, 603–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15326-6_15.

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Lauth, Günter Jakob, and Jürgen Kowalczyk. "Gele: Hydrogele und Aerogele." In Einführung in die Physik und Chemie der Grenzflächen und Kolloide, 429–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47018-3_16.

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Esquivias, Luis, Víctor Morales-Flórez, and Alberto Santos. "Xerogels, Aerogels, and Aerogel/Mineral Composites for CO2 Sequestration." In Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 1–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19454-7_124-1.

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Esquivias, Luis, Víctor Morales-Flórez, and Alberto Santos. "Xerogels, Aerogels, and Aerogel/Mineral Composites for CO2 Sequestration." In Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2535–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32101-1_124.

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Zhao, Shanyu, Marina S. Manic, Francisco Ruiz-Gonzalez, and Matthias M. Koebel. "Aerogels." In The Sol-Gel Handbook, 519–74. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527670819.ch17.

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Pierre, Alain C. "History of Aerogels." In Aerogels Handbook, 3–18. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7589-8_1.

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Rigacci, Arnaud, and Patrick Achard. "Cellulosic and Polyurethane Aerogels." In Aerogels Handbook, 191–214. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7589-8_10.

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Mulik, Sudhir, and Chariklia Sotiriou-Leventis. "Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Aerogels." In Aerogels Handbook, 215–34. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7589-8_11.

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Woignier, Thierry. "Natural Aerogels with Interesting Environmental Features: C-Sequestration and Pesticides Trapping." In Aerogels Handbook, 235–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7589-8_12.

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Leventis, Nicholas, and Hongbing Lu. "Polymer-Crosslinked Aerogels." In Aerogels Handbook, 251–85. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7589-8_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Aerogele"

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Schiffres, Scott N., Kyu Hun Kim, Youngseok Oh, Mohammad F. Islam, and Jonathan A. Malen. "Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotube Aerogels With Different Filling Gases." In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75122.

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We report on measurements of thermal conductivity in single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) aerogels in vacuum, and as infiltrated by different gases. The remarkable thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of single CNTs have led to great interest in bulk carbon nanotube materials, including the CNT aerogels. Carbon nanotube aerogels are light-weight (7–8kg/m3) and porous, which means that heat will be conducted in parallel through the SWCNT matrix and the filling gas. The overall thermal conductivity of the aerogel was measured with helium, and argon filling gases, using a modified 3ω method designed to interrogate low thermal effusivity materials. Measurements of thermal conductivity at vacuum are 0.023 W/m-K and at atmospheric pressure infiltrated SWCNT aerogels have thermal conductivities in helium of 0.19 W/m-K and in argon of 0.039 W/m-K. Our vacuum measurement suggests that transport within the aerogel is limited by the thermal interface resistance between SWCNTs, rather than by phonon transport within the SWCNT itself. We have also extracted the mean distance traveled by gas molecules between collisions with SWCNT aerogel by fitting the gas contribution to thermal conductivity using a kinetic theory based model.
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Hao, Shuo, Bin Yan, and Min Zhou. "Application of Aerogel in Building Energy-saving." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.1052.

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<p>Each year, China consumes more than 1.4×108t coal for supplying heat. However, an urgent problem is that a large percent of the heat is not fully used but lost to external through the windows, walls and roofs. The paper mainly talks about how to improve the thermal insulation property of the buildings by adopting aerogel in order to reduce the unnecessary consumption of coal. Aerogel is a solid-state material with a density lower than that of the air and extraordinary performances in heat insulation and fire resistance which can be seen in the fact that the temperature it can withstand is more than ten times than other common materials. This paper aims at studying the application of particle aerogels, plate aerogels, and glass aerogels in the construction industry. And some application methods of aerogel are put forward connected with CRTS slab, architectural glass and non-bearing structure.</p>
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Han, Yen-Lin. "Performance Model for Optically Driven Micropumps With Carbon Opacified Aerogel Membranes." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62197.

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Aerogel, a highly porous material with less than several percent of solids, has been utilized in applications requiring high precision thermal managements due to its extremely low thermal conductivity. Combining the advantages of high porosities and low thermal conductivities, aerogels were used as thermal creep membranes in Knudsen Compressors, micro/meso-scale pumps/compressors with no moving parts. Heating one side of the thermal creep membrane to create a temperature gradient, a Knudsen Compressor is operated based on the rarefied gas phenomenon of thermal creep to create flows and to induce a pressure gradient from the cold side to the hot side of the membrane. Adding carbon particles in silica aerogels creates an optically thick, opacified carbon aerogel that can absorb radiation energies to heat up one side of the aerogel membrane in a Knudsen Compressor to create thermal creep flows. An analytical model was developed to predict the temperature profile inside of the carbon opacified aerogel thermal creep membrane for the Knudsen Compressor. Applying this temperature model, pressure ratios achieved by the optically heated Knudsen Compressors for given operating conditions were also studied and correlations between the membrane thickness and the maximum pressure increase were determined.
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Zhang, Kejia, Abhishek Yadav, Kyu Hun Kim, Youngseok Oh, Mohammad F. Islam, Ctirad Uher, and Kevin P. Pipe. "Temperature-Dependent Thermal and Thermoelectric Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Aerogels." In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75110.

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Aerogels are ultraporous solids that have found a number of uses due to their very low density. Recently, aerogels based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been fabricated and show significant potential for battery, supercapacitor, sensor, and thermal applications due to the electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of SWCNTs as well as their capacity for functionalization. In this work we report temperature-dependent (100–300 K) measurements of thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient for SWCNT aerogels synthesized through a critical point drying technique. Two types of aerogels are considered: an as-grown SWCNT aerogel and one that is coated with multiple graphitic layers (Gr-SWCNT) leading to significantly improved mechanical properties. Thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity were found to be significantly higher for SWCNT aerogels than for other aerogels, even though they have a much smaller density. Gr-SWCNT aerogels were found to have lower thermal conductivities than as-grown samples.
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Hu, Lin, Haibin Chen, Gabriella Coloyan, and Alan J. H. McGaughey. "Phonon Transport in Carbon Nanotube Aerogels." In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75048.

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A carbon nanotube (CNT) aerogel is a low-density network of small diameter single-walled CNTs held together by van del Waals forces. Due to the excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of individual CNTs and the potential to fuse the junctions in the aerogel, CNT aerogels are candidates for ultralight structural media, radiation detectors, thermal insulators, and electrical conductors. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, we predict the thermal conductance of the junction formed between two CNTs. To access the range of conditions present in the aerogel, we test the effects of different boundary conditions, the CNT lengths, and the rotational angle of the CNTs. A 3-D network model of the aerogel is built that will be used with the MD predictions to estimate the aerogel thermal conductivity.
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Butterfield, Amy, and Richard D. Wilk. "Design and Performance Evaluation of Advanced Window Systems." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81363.

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This paper presents the results of a study to compare the heat transfer characteristics of silica aerogels to that of air. A small window unit was made with a section having monolithic silica aerogels sandwiched between two plates of window glass. Another section had just an air space in between. Upon constant heating, steady state temperature measurements were made across the window unit. These data were used to infer apparent thermal resistance values for each case. The measured results showed that the aerogel insulation had a thermal resistance approximately 20% greater than that of air alone. A numerical heat transfer model of the system was developed in Cosmosworks. The model was used to match the experimental results and determine calculated thermal conductivity values for each of the interface cases: silica aerogel and air. The calculated thermal conductivity value of the aerogel matched well with typical values for this material. The calculated value for air though was approximately four times higher than the published value. This difference was attributed to the occurrence of free convection in the air space which was not accounted for in the model.
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Zhu, Qunzhi, Rui Duan, and Yongguang Li. "Measurements of Solar Optical Properties of Transparent Insulation Materials." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32360.

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Transparent insulation materials have been extensively used in building windows and solar collector covers. Glass and plastic sheets are long-established insulators while aerogel is a promising material due to its high light transmittance and low thermal conductivity. Optical properties of aerogels, glass, and plastic sheets are measured with a spectrophotometer. Solar transmittance and light transmittance are calculated from the measured optical properties in accordance with the standard spectral data. Normal-direct transmittances and normal-hemispherical transmittances of different materials are compared. Specific surface area and pore size distribution of aerogels are measured with the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. The correlation between the optical properties and nanoscale structure features of aerogels is investigated.
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Malakooti, Sadeq, Guoqiang Qin, Chandana Mandal, Chariklia Sotiriou-Leventis, Nicholas Leventis, and Hongbing Lu. "High Thermo-Mechanical Stability in Polybenzoxazine Aerogels." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11590.

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Abstract Aerogels are three-dimensional networks of nanoparticles with high specific surface area and high porosity. Following the significant improvement on the mechanical strengths and ductility of traditional aerogels with polymer cross-linking (i.e., X-aerogels), the emergence of pure polymeric aerogels has enabled unprecedented aerogel applications such as ballistic armor protection, which is quite surprising for such low-density materials. However, generally low glass transition temperatures (Tg) of polymeric aerogels hinder their structural applicability at service temperatures above their Tg temperatures. Thereby, developing novel polymeric aerogels with high Tg temperatures is crucial for high-temperature structural applications. As phenolic resins, polybenzoxazines are heat-resistant and mechanically strong with high glass transition temperatures. In this study, polybenzoxazine aerogels have been successfully synthesized, and their mechanical properties at different densities and elevated temperatures have been investigated. High thermo-mechanical stability has been observed over the entire temperature range of interest (i.e., below 250 °C) for their quasi-static compressive properties such as Young’s modulus and compressive strength. Moreover, the storage and loss moduli in shear of the aerogels have been studied at different temperatures and frequencies. The strong mechanical performance of these aerogels at elevated temperatures makes them an important, inexpensive, and advanced material for high-temperature applications, competitive with significantly more expensive polyimides.
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Smith, Brian R., and Cristina H. Amon. "Effect of Sub-Continuum Energy Transport on Effective Thermal Conductivity in Nanoporous Silica (Aerogel)." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42289.

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This paper analyzes the effect of Fourier vs. subcontinuum heat transport through thin layers of nanoporous silica (aerogel) in the framework of an infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) sensor system. Aerogel is introduced as a compatible material for emerging microsystems applications and the comparison between aerogel and conventional insulation systems is analyzed. Correlations between aerogel’s macro-scale thermal properties and its nano-scale structure are discussed to address the effect of the material’s amorphous structure and sub-continuum phonon transport phenomena on macro-scale thermal conductivity. Simulations using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) quantify the effect of phonon scattering on silica conductivity. Techniques for extending the analysis to a three-dimensional silica matrix are discussed in light of recent advances in the simulation of aerogel morphology.
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Pagano, Claudia, and Curtis R. Taylor. "Nanomechanical Property Analysis of Silica Aerogel." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13271.

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Aerogels (AGs) are open-cell nanofoams. AGs are lightweight and possess high thermal and acoustic insulation properties. Due to their ∼ 90% porosity, AGs are very brittle and fragile, which inhibits its use for load-bearing applications. For this reason an area of open research is the study and improvement of the mechanical properties of aerogels without altering their unique properties. Due to the extreme brittleness and low applied stress that AGs can support, direct mechanical measurements of AGs are challenging. To date very few experiments have been carried out to characterize the mechanical properties of aerogels; in particular at small contact dimensions and ultralow loads (nN-μN). In this paper, silica aerogel has been studied by nanoindentation using a diamond Berkovich indenter. We characterize the elasticity, stiffness, and hardness of the material as a function of contact depth (≤ 500 nm) at ultralow loads. The modulus and hardness are shown to change with depth with moduli and hardness ranging from 15–23 MPa and 3.5–6.8 MPa, respectively.
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Reports on the topic "Aerogele"

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Hunt, A. J., M. Ayers, and W. Cao. Aerogel nanocomposite materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/105119.

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Ruben, G. C. High resolution transmission electron microscopy of melamine-formaldehyde aerogels and silica aerogels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6186167.

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Baumann, T., M. Worsley, and J. Satcher. Carbon Aerogels for Hydrogen Storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/945616.

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Merzbacher, Celia, Robert Bernstein, Zachary Homrighaus, and Debra Rolison. Thermally Emitting Iron Aerogel Composites. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada382821.

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Wendell E Rhine, PI, Wenting Dong, and PM Greg Caggiano. Aerogel Derived Nanostructured Thermoelectric Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/990203.

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Farmer, J. C., J. H. Richardson, and D. V. Fix. Desalination with carbon aerogel electrodes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/515979.

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Farmer, Joseph C., Jeffrey H. Richardson, David V. Fix, Scott L. Thomson, and Sherman C. May. Desalination with Carbon Aerogel Electrodes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada349204.

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Dunn, Bruce. Vanadium Oxide Aerogel Electrode Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada389142.

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Salloux, K., F. Chaput, H. P. Wong, B. Dunn, and M. W. Breiter. Lithium Intercalation in Vanadium Pentoxide Aerogels. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada296987.

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van der Werf, I., F. Palmisano, Raffaele De Leo, and Stefano Marrone. Chemical Analyses of Silicon Aerogel Samples. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/955880.

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