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Journal articles on the topic 'Affect Misattribution Procedure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Teige-Mocigemba, Sarah, Manuel Becker, Jeffrey W. Sherman, Regina Reichardt, and Karl Christoph Klauer. "The Affect Misattribution Procedure." Experimental Psychology 64, no. 3 (May 2017): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000364.

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Abstract. The Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) has been forwarded as one of the most promising alternatives to the Implicit Association Test and the evaluative-priming task for measuring attitudes such as prejudice indirectly. We investigated whether the AMP is indeed able to detect an evaluative out-group bias. In contrast to recent conclusions about the robustness of AMP effects, six out of seven pilot studies indicated that participants did not show any prejudice effects in the AMP. Yet, these pilot studies were not fully conclusive with regard to our research question because they investigated different domains of prejudice, used small sample sizes, and employed a modified AMP version. In a preregistered, high-powered AMP study, we therefore examined whether the standard AMP does reveal prejudice against Turks, the biggest minority in Germany, and found a significant, albeit very small prejudice effect. We discuss possible reasons for the AMP’s weak sensitivity to evaluations in socially sensitive domains.

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Hazlett, Chad J., and Adam J. Berinsky. "Stress-testing the affect misattribution procedure: Heterogeneous control of affect misattribution procedure effects under incentives." British Journal of Social Psychology 57, no. 1 (September 16, 2017): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12217.

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Blaison, Christophe, Roland Imhoff, Isabell Hühnel, Ursula Hess, and Rainer Banse. "The affect misattribution procedure: Hot or not?" Emotion 12, no. 2 (April 2012): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026907.

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4

Payne, B. Keith, Jazmin Brown-Iannuzzi, Melissa Burkley, Nathan L. Arbuckle, Erin Cooley, C. Daryl Cameron, and Kristjen B. Lundberg. "Intention Invention and the Affect Misattribution Procedure." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39, no. 3 (February 11, 2013): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167212475225.

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A recent study of the affect misattribution procedure (AMP) found that participants who retrospectively reported that they intentionally rated the primes showed larger effect sizes and higher reliability. The study concluded that the AMP’s validity depends on intentionally rating the primes. We evaluated this conclusion in three experiments. First, larger effect sizes and higher reliability were associated with (incoherent) retrospective reports of both (a) intentionally rating the primes and (b) being unintentionally influenced by the primes. A second experiment manipulated intentions to rate the primes versus targets and found that this manipulation produced systematically different effects. Experiment 3 found that giving participants an option to “pass” when they felt they were influenced by primes did not reduce priming. Experimental manipulations, rather than retrospective self-reports, suggested that participants make post hoc confabulations to explain their responses. There was no evidence that validity in the AMP depends on intentionally rating primes.

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OIKAWA, HARUKA, MASANORI OIKAWA, and TADASHI AOBAYASHI. "Affect Misattribution Procedure as an Implicit Goal Measure :." Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology 57, no. 2 (2009): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5926/jjep.57.192.

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6

Mori, Kazuo, and Akitoshi Uchida. "Paper-Based Affect Misattribution Procedure for Implicit Measurement." Psychology 06, no. 12 (2015): 1531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2015.612149.

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7

Gawronski, Bertram, and Yang Ye. "Prevention of Intention Invention in the Affect Misattribution Procedure." Social Psychological and Personality Science 6, no. 1 (July 3, 2014): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550614543029.

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8

Ross, Robert M., Jazmin L. Brown-Iannuzzi, Will M. Gervais, Jonathan Jong, Jonathan A. Lanman, Ryan McKay, and Gordon Pennycook. "Measuring supernatural belief implicitly using the Affect Misattribution Procedure." Religion, Brain & Behavior 10, no. 4 (June 24, 2019): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2153599x.2019.1619620.

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9

Williams, Amanda, Jennifer R. Steele, and Corey Lipman. "Assessing Children’s Implicit Attitudes Using the Affect Misattribution Procedure." Journal of Cognition and Development 17, no. 3 (April 4, 2016): 505–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2015.1061527.

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10

Gawronski, Bertram, and Yang Ye. "What Drives Priming Effects in the Affect Misattribution Procedure?" Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40, no. 1 (August 27, 2013): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167213502548.

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11

Teige-Mocigemba, Sarah, Barnabas Penzl, Manuel Becker, Laura Henn, and Karl Christoph Klauer. "Controlling the “uncontrollable”: Faking effects on the affect misattribution procedure." Cognition and Emotion 30, no. 8 (August 10, 2015): 1470–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1070793.

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12

Von Gunten, Curtis D., Bruce D. Bartholow, and Laura D. Scherer. "Using ERPs to investigate valence processing in the affect misattribution procedure." Psychophysiology 54, no. 2 (October 18, 2016): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12773.

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13

Weil, Rebecca, Tomás A. Palma, and Bertram Gawronski. "At the Boundaries of Misattribution." Experimental Psychology 64, no. 6 (November 2017): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000379.

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Abstract. Priming effects in the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) have been explained by a misattribution of prime-related affect to neutral targets. However, the measure has been criticized for being susceptible to intentional use of prime-features in judgments of the targets. To isolate the contribution of unintentional processes, the present research expanded on the finding that positive affect can be misattributed to familiarity (i.e., positivity-familiarity effect). To the extent that prime-valence is deemed irrelevant for judgments of target-familiarity, positivity-familiarity effects in the AMP could potentially rule out intentional use of the primes. Seven experiments collectively suggest that prime-valence influences judgments of target-familiarity in the AMP, but only when the task context does not suggest a normatively accurate response to the familiarity-judgment task. Relations of positivity-familiarity effects to self-reported use of prime-valence revealed mixed results regarding the role of intentional processes. Implications for the AMP and misattribution effects are discussed.

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14

Ecker, Yael, and Yoav Bar-Anan. "The Misattributing Personality: The Relationship Between Priming in the Affect Misattribution Procedure, Need for Closure, and Body Awareness." Social Cognition 37, no. 5 (October 2019): 499–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2019.37.5.499.

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15

Mann, Thomas C., Jeremy Cone, Brianna Heggeseth, and Melissa J. Ferguson. "Updating implicit impressions: New evidence on intentionality and the affect misattribution procedure." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 116, no. 3 (March 2019): 349–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000146.

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Schreiber, Franziska, Julia M. B. Neng, Christiane Heimlich, Michael Witthöft, and Florian Weck. "Implicit affective evaluation bias in hypochondriasis: Findings from the Affect Misattribution Procedure." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 28, no. 7 (October 2014): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.07.004.

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17

Hofmann, Wilhelm, and Anna Baumert. "Immediate affect as a basis for intuitive moral judgement: An adaptation of the affect misattribution procedure." Cognition & Emotion 24, no. 3 (April 2010): 522–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699930902847193.

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Imhoff, Roland, Alexander F. Schmidt, Johanna Bernhardt, Andreas Dierksmeier, and Rainer Banse. "An inkblot for sexual preference: A semantic variant of the Affect Misattribution Procedure." Cognition & Emotion 25, no. 4 (June 2011): 676–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.508260.

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19

Payne, Keith, and Kristjen Lundberg. "The Affect Misattribution Procedure: Ten Years of Evidence on Reliability, Validity, and Mechanisms." Social and Personality Psychology Compass 8, no. 12 (December 2014): 672–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12148.

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SEEL, Miriam, and Sarah TEIGE-MOCIGEMBA. "CULTURAL ADAPTATION (IM)POSSIBLE? MEASURING PREJUDICE IN JAPAN WITH THE AFFECT MISATTRIBUTION PROCEDURE." PSYCHOLOGIA 57, no. 3 (2014): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2014.201.

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21

Everaert, Tom, Adriaan Spruyt, and Jan De Houwer. "Effects in the Affect Misattribution Procedure Are Modulated by Feature-Specific Attention Allocation." Social Psychology 47, no. 5 (September 2016): 244–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000278.

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Abstract. We examined whether automatic stimulus evaluation as measured by the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) is moderated by the degree to which attention is assigned to the evaluative stimulus dimension (i.e., feature-specific attention allocation, FSAA). In two experiments, one group of participants completed a standard AMP while attending to evaluative stimulus information. A second group of participants completed the AMP while attending to non-evaluative stimulus information. In line with earlier work, larger AMP effects were observed when participants were encouraged to attend to evaluative stimulus information than when they were not. These observations support the idea that the impact of FSAA on measures of automatic stimulus evaluation results from a genuine change in the degree of automatic stimulus evaluation rather than a change in the degree to which automatic stimulus evaluation is picked up by these measures.

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22

Antoniewicz, Franziska, and Ralf Brand. "Automatic Evaluations and Exercise Setting Preference in Frequent Exercisers." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 36, no. 6 (December 2014): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0033.

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The goals of this study were to test whether exercise-related stimuli can elicit automatic evaluative responses and whether automatic evaluations reflect exercise setting preference in highly active exercisers. An adapted version of the Affect Misattribution Procedure was employed. Seventy-two highly active exercisers (26 years ± 9.03; 43% female) were subliminally primed (7 ms) with pictures depicting typical fitness center scenarios or gray rectangles (control primes). After each prime, participants consciously evaluated the “pleasantness” of a Chinese symbol. Controlled evaluations were measured with a questionnaire and were more positive in participants who regularly visited fitness centers than in those who reported avoiding this exercise setting. Only center exercisers gave automatic positive evaluations of the fitness center setting (partial eta squared = .08). It is proposed that a subliminal Affect Misattribution Procedure paradigm can detect automatic evaluations to exercising and that, in highly active exercisers, these evaluations play a role in decisions about the exercise setting rather than the amounts of physical exercise. Findings are interpreted in terms of a dual systems theory of social information processing and behavior.

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Rusu, Andrei, Paul Sârbescu, Daniela Moza, and Alexandra Stancu. "Implicit attitudes towards risky driving: Development and validation of an affect misattribution procedure for speeding." Accident Analysis & Prevention 100 (March 2017): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.12.022.

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Tucker, Raymond P., LaRicka R. Wingate, Melissa Burkley, and Tony T. Wells. "Implicit Association with Suicide as Measured by the Suicide Affect Misattribution Procedure (S-AMP) Predicts Suicide Ideation." Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 48, no. 6 (September 1, 2017): 720–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12392.

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Kanamori, Yasuko, Leigh M. Harrell-Williams, Yonghong J. Xu, and Elin Ovrebo. "Transgender Affect Misattribution Procedure (Transgender AMP): Development and initial evaluation of performance of a measure of implicit prejudice." Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity 7, no. 1 (March 2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000343.

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26

Fourakis, Eva, and Jeremy Cone. "Matters Order: The Role of Information Order on Implicit Impression Formation." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619843930.

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A classic finding in the person perception literature is that information order is an important factor in the impressions we form of others. But how does order influence the formation of implicit evaluations? In three preregistered experiments including nearly 900 participants, we find evidence for a strong primacy effect even at the implicit level. This occurred on an affect misattribution procedure (Study 1), an evaluative priming task (Study 2), and an implicit association test (Study 3). These findings suggest that, just as explicit impressions are susceptible to primacy effects, so too are implicit ones. Implications for theories of evaluative conditioning and attitudes are discussed.

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27

Tamborini, Ron, Sujay Prabhu, Robert J. Lewis, Matthew Grizzard, and Allison Eden. "The Influence of Media Exposure on the Accessibility of Moral Intuitions and Associated Affect." Journal of Media Psychology 30, no. 2 (April 2018): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000183.

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Abstract. The model of intuitive morality and exemplars (MIME) predicts that media content can increase the accessibility of preconscious moral intuitions, which shape subsequent moral decision making. To date, attempts to demonstrate evidence of this intuitive, preconscious process with self-report measures have met with little success. The current paper presents results from a study designed to test the MIME’s predictions, measuring the accessibility of moral intuitions with a moral foundations–affect misattribution procedure (MF-AMP) argued in the current paper to be more capable of detecting the aforementioned effect. An experiment manipulated exposure to media content that focused on care and fairness to test the proposition that media content can increase the accessibility of these moral intuitions. The findings offer preliminary evidence supporting the MIME’s proposition that media content featuring behaviors relevant to specific moral intuitions can increase (temporarily at least) the accessibility of those specific moral intuitions in the audiences.

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Eder, Andreas B., Anand Krishna, and Vanessa Mitschke. "Sweet Revenge Feels Less Bitter: Spontaneous Affective Reactions After Revenge Taking." Social Psychological and Personality Science 12, no. 7 (June 10, 2021): 1184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19485506211019923.

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Previous studies suggested that people feel better after revenge taking, while other studies showed that they feel worse. The interpretation of this research is however ambiguous due to its extensive reliance on self-report measures. The present research examined spontaneous affective responses after retaliatory punishments in a laboratory task using an indirect measure of affect (affect misattribution procedure). Experiment 1 showed positive reactions after noise punishments of a provocateur compared to a control person, but only in revenge-seeking participants. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and revealed that punishing either individual led to less positive responses than not punishing anyone. It is suggested that revenge taking is associated with brief pleasurable responses that can ameliorate negative affective consequences of retaliatory action. Revenge is sweet because it makes one feel better about one’s punitive action.

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Wentura, Dirk, and Michaela Rohr. "The PC-AMP: Adding Performance-Control Trials to the Affect Misattribution Procedure as a Potential Way to Minimize Unwanted Processing Strategies." Social Cognition 37, no. 5 (October 2019): 443–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2019.37.5.443.

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Sánchez, Martha Patricia, Arturo De la Garza González, and María Isolde Hedlefs. "Implicit measures of environmental attitudes: a comparative study." International Journal of Psychological Research 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.2099.

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The present investigation aims to inquire about the capacity of three implicit instruments to measure the attitude toward natural and urban environments. One hundred and three students from a Mexican public university participated in the investigation. The implicit instruments used were the affective priming technique, the implicit association test, and the affect misattribution procedure. Further, an explicit scale was used for comparison. The results showed that all instruments converge in the same way; the nature images were viewed as more pleasant compared to the city images. Also, most results indicated good effect size values, observed power, and reliability, with the exception of the affective priming technique, which established low values. In addition, all instruments indicated weak correlations between each other. The results were discussed in terms of the capacity of the instruments to measure environmental attitudes, and also possible theoretical and methodological implications.

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Van Dessel, Pieter, Gaëtan Mertens, Colin Tucker Smith, and Jan De Houwer. "Mere Exposure Effects on Implicit Stimulus Evaluation: The Moderating Role of Evaluation Task, Number of Stimulus Presentations, and Memory for Presentation Frequency." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 3 (August 17, 2018): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218789065.

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The mere exposure (ME) effect refers to the well-established finding that people evaluate a stimulus more positively after repeated exposure to it. So far, the vast majority of studies on ME effects have examined changes in explicit stimulus evaluation. We describe the results of three large-scale studies (combined N = 3,623) that examined ME effects on implicit stimulus evaluation. We looked at three moderators of these effects: the implicit evaluation measure, the number of stimulus presentations, and memory for presentation frequency. We observed ME effects on implicit stimulus evaluations as measured with an Implicit Association Test (IAT) and Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), but not an Evaluative Priming Task (EPT). ME effects were more robust when there were relatively few stimulus presentations and when participants had accurate memory for the presentation frequencies. We discuss how these findings relate to ME effects on explicit evaluations as well as theoretical and practical implications.

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Tucker Smith, Colin, and Jan De Houwer. "The Impact of Persuasive Messages on IAT Performance is Moderated by Source Attractiveness and Likeability." Social Psychology 45, no. 6 (November 1, 2014): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000208.

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In two studies, participants read persuasive messages introduced by an attractive (Study 1) or likeable (Study 2) source before completing measures of implicit and explicit evaluations. The persuasive messages were in favor of an unfamiliar brand of facial soap (Study 1) and the implementation of comprehensive examinations at the participants’ university (Study 2). Results showed that persuasive messages had a stronger impact on an Implicit Association Test when the source was high in attractiveness or likeability (Study 1 and Study 2); responses on an Affect Misattribution Procedure, though in the predicted direction, were not significantly impacted by a source high in likeability (Study 2). These findings parallel those of numerous studies that, however, have looked almost exclusively at persuasion of explicit evaluations. They confirm that implicit evaluations can be changed through direct persuasive appeals and provide new information about the conditions under which persuasion of implicit evaluations can be found.

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Miles, Andrew, Raphaël Charron-Chénier, and Cyrus Schleifer. "Measuring Automatic Cognition: Advancing Dual-Process Research in Sociology." American Sociological Review 84, no. 2 (March 12, 2019): 308–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122419832497.

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Dual-process models are increasingly popular in sociology as a framework for theorizing the role of automatic cognition in shaping social behavior. However, empirical studies using dual-process models often rely on ad hoc measures such as forced-choice surveys, observation, and interviews whose relationships to underlying cognitive processes are not fully established. In this article, we advance dual-process research in sociology by (1) proposing criteria for measuring automatic cognition, and (2) assessing the empirical performance of two popular measures of automatic cognition developed by psychologists. We compare the ability of the Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT), the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), and traditional forced-choice measures to predict process-pure estimates of automatic influences on individuals’ behavior during a survey task. Results from three studies focusing on politics, morality, and racial attitudes suggest the AMP provides the most valid and consistent measure of automatic cognitive processes. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for sociological practice.

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Van Dessel, Pieter, Yang Ye, and Jan De Houwer. "Changing Deep-Rooted Implicit Evaluation in the Blink of an Eye: Negative Verbal Information Shifts Automatic Liking of Gandhi." Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 2 (January 16, 2018): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617752064.

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It is often assumed that, once established, spontaneous or implicit evaluations are resistant to immediate change. Recent research contradicts this theoretical stance, showing that a person’s implicit evaluations of an attitude object can be changed rapidly in the face of new counterattitudinal information. Importantly, it remains unknown whether such changes can also occur for deep-rooted implicit evaluations of well-known attitude objects. We address this question by examining whether the acquisition of negative information changes implicit evaluations of a well-known positive historic figure: Mahatma Gandhi. We report three experiments showing rapid changes in implicit evaluations of Gandhi as measured with an affect misattribution procedure and evaluative priming task but not with an implicit association test (IAT). These findings suggest that implicit evaluations based on deep-rooted representations are subjective to rapid changes in the face of expectancy-violating information while pointing to limitations of the IAT for assessing such changes.

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Leach, Colin Wayne, Luciana Carraro, Randi L. Garcia, and Jessica J. Kang. "Morality stereotyping as a basis of women’s in-group favoritism: An implicit approach." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430215603462.

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Four studies used three different implicit methods (the BriefIAT, Affect Misattribution Procedure, and Lexical Decision Task) to measure women’s gender stereotypes of violence, strength, competence, trustworthiness, and sociability. Analyses of response latencies in Study 1 ( N = 100) showed that these stereotypes were based more in in-group favoritism than out-group derogation. Consistent with recent evidence that morality is central to the positive evaluation of in-groups, it was the implicit stereotype of women as more trustworthy that best predicted their implicit in-group favoritism across studies, r(249) = .27. Only by examining such specific stereotype content could we assess the moral stereotype of trustworthiness as distinctly tied to in-group favoritism. Alternative analyses of the two global dimensions of group evaluation (i.e., agency/competence and communion/warmth) obscured differences between the more specific stereotypes. Implications for theory and research on stereotype content, as well as the group favoritism of disadvantaged groups, are discussed.

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36

Van Dessel, Pieter, Gaëtan Mertens, Colin Tucker Smith, and Jan De Houwer. "The Mere Exposure Instruction Effect." Experimental Psychology 64, no. 5 (September 2017): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000376.

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Abstract. The mere exposure effect refers to the well-established finding that people evaluate a stimulus more positively after repeated exposure to that stimulus. We investigated whether a change in stimulus evaluation can occur also when participants are not repeatedly exposed to a stimulus, but are merely instructed that one stimulus will occur frequently and another stimulus will occur infrequently. We report seven experiments showing that (1) mere exposure instructions influence implicit stimulus evaluations as measured with an Implicit Association Test (IAT), personalized Implicit Association Test (pIAT), or Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), but not with an Evaluative Priming Task (EPT), (2) mere exposure instructions influence explicit evaluations, and (3) the instruction effect depends on participants’ memory of which stimulus will be presented more frequently. We discuss how these findings inform us about the boundary conditions of mere exposure instruction effects, as well as the mental processes that underlie mere exposure and mere exposure instruction effects.

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Stepanova, Elena V., Yarrow Dunham, Maya Rex, and Nao Hagiwara. "What Drives Racial Attitudes in Elementary School Children: Skin Tone, Facial Physiognomy, or Both?" Psychological Reports 124, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 809–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294120916867.

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This work examines whether racial attitudes—when measured by both explicit and implicit measures— are driven primarily by skin tone, facial physiognomy, or both in 5 to 12-year-old children. Participants evaluated faces varying in skin tone (from dark to light) and facial physiognomy (from Afrocentric to Eurocentric). In an explicit task, children rated how much they liked each face. In an implicit task, participants completed a child-friendly version of the Affect Misattribution Procedure, where they rated a Chinese character as “good” or “bad” following a racial prime. Results suggest that pro-White attitudes (especially those measured by the explicit task) are driven by both factors, vary by perceivers’ race, and are present in both White and non-White children, though skin tone exerts a larger influence than other features, at least in explicit evaluations. Our results also raise the possibility that pro-White biases might be more internalized by non-White children in the American South.

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Corace, Kimberly, Jeffrey Smith, Tara MacDonald, Leandre Fabrigar, Arezou Saedi, Jacquelyn Quirk, Sam MacFarlane, Debbie Valickis, and Gary Garber. "What Psychological Theories of Behavior Change Can Teach Us about Improving Hand Hygiene Adherence: Do We Mean What We Say?" Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.1024.

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Abstract Background Health care worker (HCW) hand hygiene is effective in reducing healthcare associated infections, yet hand hygiene rates are suboptimal. Psychological theories of behavior change can be used to improve and sustain hand hygiene adherence. While past research has examined HCW explicit attitudes towards hand hygiene (ie., self-reported attitudes), it is unclear if these explicit attitudes are consistent with implicit attitudes (ie., attitudes outside of one’s awareness). Understanding HCW explicit and implicit attitudes is important when designing effective interventions to improve hand hygiene rates. This study examined explicit attitudes towards HCW hand hygiene and compared these to implicit attitudes. Methods HCWs (N = 420) from 70 long-term care facilities in Ontario, Canada completed: (1) a survey tool based on psychological theories of behavior change to examine explicit attitudes towards hand hygiene, and (2) a computer administered implicit association test (IAT) and affect misattribution procedure (AMP) to evaluate implicit attitudes towards hand hygiene. Sociodemographics and self-reported hand hygiene adherence were measured. Factor analysis was performed to identify themes. Correlations were conducted between explicit and implicit measures. Results Factor analysis identified key explicit attitudes themes: (1) beliefs about consequences to self and others, (2) environmental resources, (3) time pressure and workload, and (4) social/professional role and identity. AMP and IAT results indicated that these procedures can be successfully applied to hand hygiene. While results suggested implicit positive attitudes towards hand hygiene, implicit test scores were neither correlated with explicit attitudes nor with self-reported hand hygiene adherence. Conclusion Explicit attitudes did not predict implicit attitudes. So, what we say is not always what we really think or do. Interventions have successfully targeted implicit attitudes to foster behavior change when targeting explicit attitudes alone did not work. This is yet to be explored in the hand hygiene arena, and is a key area for future research in order to guide the development of successful interventions to sustainably improve hand hygiene rates. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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"Supplemental Material for Updating Implicit Impressions: New Evidence on Intentionality and the Affect Misattribution Procedure." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000146.supp.

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40

Tobin, Courtney, and Etienne LeBel. "Replication Difficulties of Payne, Hall, Cameron, and Bishara's (2010) Multinomial Processing Tree Model of the Affect Misattribution Procedure." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2459994.

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Van Dessel, Pieter, Kate Ratliff, Skylar M. Brannon, Bertram Gawronski, and Jan De Houwer. "Illusory-Correlation Effects on Implicit and Explicit Evaluation." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, December 14, 2020, 014616722097770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167220977706.

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Research suggests that people sometimes perceive a relationship between stimuli when no such relationship exists (i.e., illusory correlation). Illusory-correlation effects are thought to play a central role in the formation of stereotypes and evaluations of minority versus majority groups, often leading to less favorable impressions of minorities. Extant theories differ in terms of whether they attribute illusory-correlation effects to processes operating during learning (belief formation) or measurement (belief expression), and whether different evaluation measures should be differentially sensitive to illusory-correlation effects. Past research found mixed evidence for dissociative effects of illusory-correlation manipulations on measures of implicit (i.e., automatic) and explicit (i.e., controlled) evaluation. Four high-powered studies obtained illusory-correlation effects on explicit evaluations, but not implicit evaluations probed with an Implicit Association Test, Evaluative Priming Task, and Affect Misattribution Procedure. The results are consistent with theories that attribute illusory-correlation effects to processes during belief expression.

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Van Dessel, Pieter, Jeremy Cone, and Anne Gast. "Powerful Effects of Diagnostic Information on Automatic and Self-Reported Evaluation: The Moderating Role of Memory Recall." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, April 13, 2021, 014616722110072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672211007290.

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We sometimes learn about certain behaviors of others that we consider diagnostic of their character (e.g., that they did immoral things). Recent research has shown that such information trumps the impact of other (less diagnostic) information both on self-reported evaluations and on more automatic evaluations as probed with indirect measures such as the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP). We examined whether facilitating memory recall of alternative information moderates the impact of diagnostic information on evaluation. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants learned one diagnostic positive and one diagnostic negative behavior of two unfamiliar people. Presenting a cue semantically related to this information during evaluation influenced AMP scores but not self-reported liking scores. Experiments 3 and 4 showed that elaborative rehearsal of low diagnostic information eliminated diagnosticity effects on AMP scores and reduced them on self-reported liking scores. These findings help elucidate the role of memory recall and diagnosticity in evaluation.

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Blum, Ashley, Chad Hazlett, and Daniel N. Posner. "Measuring Ethnic Bias: Can Misattribution-Based Tools from Social Psychology Reveal Group Biases that Economics Games Cannot?" Political Analysis, January 5, 2021, 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2020.37.

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Abstract Economics games such as the Dictator and Public Goods Games have been widely used to measure ethnic bias in political science and economics. Yet these tools may fail to measure bias as intended because they are vulnerable to self-presentational concerns and/or fail to capture bias rooted in more automatic associative and affective reactions. We examine a set of misattribution-based approaches, adapted from social psychology, that may sidestep these concerns. Participants in Nairobi, Kenya completed a series of common economics games alongside versions of these misattribution tasks adapted for this setting, each designed to detect bias toward noncoethnics relative to coethnics. Several of the misattribution tasks show clear evidence of (expected) bias, arguably reflecting differences in positive/negative affect and heightened threat perception toward noncoethnics. The Dictator and Public Goods Games, by contrast, are unable to detect any bias in behavior toward noncoethnics versus coethnics. We conclude that researchers of ethnic and other biases may benefit from including misattribution-based procedures in their tool kits to widen the set of biases to which their investigations are sensitive.

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Kurdi, Benedek, Thomas C. Mann, and Melissa J. Ferguson. "Persuading the Implicit Mind: Changing Negative Implicit Evaluations With an 8-Minute Podcast." Social Psychological and Personality Science, September 6, 2021, 194855062110371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19485506211037140.

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Implicit evaluations can be malleable via reinterpretation of previously encountered evidence. Here, we report three studies ( N = 1,007) investigating the robustness of this updating modality using ecologically realistic materials. Participants were first introduced to a target who killed an endangered black rhino in Namibia. They then listened to a real podcast providing counterattitudinal information on the benefits of trophy hunting. The podcast resulted in considerable revisions of initially negative implicit evaluations toward positivity, consistently across implicit measures (affect misattribution procedures vs. implicit association test), samples (American students vs. nonstudents from various countries), study settings (lab vs. online), and the presence versus absence of a memory retrieval manipulation prompting reflection on participants’ views on trophy hunting. Taken together, these findings suggest that reinterpretation can shift implicit evaluations of even highly negative targets, including under conditions of external validity.

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