Journal articles: 'Affective arousal'

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Storbeck, Justin, and Gerald L. Clore. "Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory." Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2, no. 5 (August 6, 2008): 1824–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00138.x.

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Yao, Zhao, Xiangru Zhu, and Wenbo Luo. "Valence makes a stronger contribution than arousal to affective priming." PeerJ 7 (October 1, 2019): e7777. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7777.

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Background Recent data suggest that both word valence and arousal modulate subsequent cognitive processing. However, whether valence or arousal makes a stronger contribution to cognitive processing is less understood. Methods The present study performed three experiments that varied the valence (positive or negative) and arousal (high or low) of prime-target word pairs in a lexical decision-priming task. Affective priming was derived from pure valence (Experiment 1), pure arousal (Experiment 2), or a combination of valence and arousal (Experiment 3). Results By comparing three types of priming effects, we found an effect of valence on affective priming was obvious regardless of whether the relationship of the prime-target varied with valence, arousal, or the combination of valence and arousal. In contrast, an effect of arousal on affective priming only appeared in the condition that based on the arousal relationship of the prime-target pair. Moreover, the valence-driven priming effect, arousal-driven priming effect, and emotional-driven priming effect were modulated by valence type but not by arousal level of word stimuli. Conclusion The present results revealed a pattern of valence and arousal in semantic networks, indicating that the valence information of emotional words tends to be more stable than arousal information within the semantic system, at least in the present lexical decision-priming task.

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Aryani, Arash, Erin S. Isbilen, and Morten H. Christiansen. "Affective Arousal Links Sound to Meaning." Psychological Science 31, no. 8 (July 14, 2020): 978–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620927967.

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Prior investigations have demonstrated that people tend to link pseudowords such as bouba to rounded shapes and kiki to spiky shapes, but the cognitive processes underlying this matching bias have remained controversial. Here, we present three experiments underscoring the fundamental role of emotional mediation in this sound–shape mapping. Using stimuli from key previous studies, we found that kiki-like pseudowords and spiky shapes, compared with bouba-like pseudowords and rounded shapes, consistently elicit higher levels of affective arousal, which we assessed through both subjective ratings (Experiment 1, N = 52) and acoustic models implemented on the basis of pseudoword material (Experiment 2, N = 70). Crucially, the mediating effect of arousal generalizes to novel pseudowords (Experiment 3, N = 64, which was preregistered). These findings highlight the role that human emotion may play in language development and evolution by grounding associations between abstract concepts (e.g., shapes) and linguistic signs (e.g., words) in the affective system.

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Kivikangas, Markus J., and Niklas Ravaja. "Suboptimal Affective Primes in Video Messages." Journal of Media Psychology 21, no. 1 (January 2009): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105.21.1.37.

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The authors examined the effects of suboptimally presented primes (facial expressions) embedded into video messages on self-reported positive activation (PA) and negative activation (NA). The results showed that joyful facial primes elicited increased PA only for positively valenced messages, whereas angry facial primes prompted increased NA (fear) only for negatively valenced messages. In addition, high-arousal facial primes prompted increased PA only for high-arousal messages. Both joyful and angry facial primes may influence affective responses when the prime and message content are affectively congruent and when affective responses are measured in terms of PA and NA. When ethical issues are appropriately taken into account, suboptimal affective priming might provide a method to increase the effectiveness of different types of media messages.

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Ćoso, Bojana, Marc Guasch, Pilar Ferré, and José Antonio Hinojosa. "Affective and concreteness norms for 3,022 Croatian words." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 9 (March 11, 2019): 2302–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819834226.

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This study presents subjective ratings for 3,022 Croatian words, which were evaluated on two affective dimensions (valence and arousal) and one lexico-semantic variable (concreteness). A sample of 933 Croatian native speakers rated the words online. Ratings showed high reliabilities for all three variables, as well as significant correlations with ratings from databases available in Spanish and English. A quadratic relation between valence and arousal was observed, with a tendency for arousal to increase for negative and positive words, and neutral words having the lowest arousal ratings. In addition, significant correlations were found between affective dimensions and word concreteness, suggesting that abstract words have a tendency to be more arousing and emotional than concrete words. The present database will allow experimental research in Croatian, a language with a considerable lack of psycholinguistic norms, by providing researchers with a useful tool in the investigation of the relationship between language and emotion for the South-Slavic group of languages.

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Jacobs, Marti G., and Malcolm D. Gynther. "Friendships, Femininity, and Reaction to Affective Arousal." Psychological Reports 79, no. 1 (August 1996): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.1.183.

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This study examined relations between college women's scores on femininity and their same-sex friendships and how these women's perceptions were influenced by induction of success or failure. 200 undergraduate women described themselves and their best friends on the dominance and submissiveness scales of the Interpersonal Adjective Scales and also completed the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity and a biographical information sheet. Mean ratings of dominance were above average both for self and best-friend ratings, but these two dominance ratings were not significantly correlated. However, women viewed themselves as similar to their best friends on submissiveness characteristics. Highly feminine women described themselves as more dominant than less feminine women. Highly feminine women also experienced less anxiety and fatigue as measured by the Profile of Mood States in response to failure induction than less feminine women. Both sets of results are contrary to expectations, but the behavioral definition of femininity was different from that used earlier.

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Matsuyama, Yoshinori. "An evaluation of the affective arousal theory." JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS 3, no. 2 (1996): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4092/jsre.3.57.

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Kleinsorge, Thomas. "Stimulus–Response compatibility based on affective arousal." Cognition & Emotion 23, no. 4 (June 2009): 663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699930802048017.

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Hinojosa, José A., Luis Carretié, Constantino Méndez-Bértolo, Arturo Míguez, and Miguel A. Pozo. "Arousal contributions to affective priming: Electrophysiological correlates." Emotion 9, no. 2 (2009): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014680.

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Jamieson, Jeremy P., Emily J. Hangen, Hae Yeon Lee, and David S. Yeager. "Capitalizing on Appraisal Processes to Improve Affective Responses to Social Stress." Emotion Review 10, no. 1 (October 20, 2017): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073917693085.

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Regulating affective responses to acute stress has the potential to improve health, performance, and well-being outcomes. Using the biopsychosocial (BPS) model of challenge and threat as an organizing framework, we review how appraisals inform affective responses and highlight research that demonstrates how appraisals can be used as regulatory tools. Arousal reappraisal, specifically, instructs individuals on the adaptive benefits of stress arousal so that arousal is conceptualized as a coping resource. By reframing the meaning of signs of arousal that accompany stress (e.g., racing heart), it is possible to break the link between stressful situations, and malignant physiological responses and experiences of negative affect. Applications of arousal reappraisal for academic contexts and clinical science, and directions for future research are discussed.

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Kim, Jinhyuk, David E. Conroy, and Joshua M. Smyth. "Bidirectional Associations of Momentary Affect with Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors in Working Adults." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 54, no. 4 (October 15, 2019): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz045.

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Abstract Background Affective experiences and movement-based behaviors form a system that has been shown to influence exercise adherence and mental health outcomes. Little is known about the naturalistic dynamics of the reciprocal associations in this system. Purpose We examined the time intervals at which momentary affect precedes and follows movement-based behaviors in everyday life. Methods A community sample of working adults (n = 111) completed ecological momentary assessments (EMA) asking about current affect states (sad, happy, tired, and interested) six times a day for three consecutive days. Ratings were used to generate scores for momentary affective arousal and valence. Participants also wore an activity monitor. Total activity counts and sedentary duration in the shorter to longer time intervals (5–120 min) before or after EMA were used as indicators of movement-based behaviors. Results Multilevel modeling showed that current affective arousal predicted higher subsequent activity counts in the longer time intervals (120 min) and less subsequent sedentary behavior in the shorter to longer time intervals (5, 60, and 120 min). For the reversed sequence, neither movement-based behavior predicted subsequent momentary arousal or valence. Affective valence was unrelated to movement-based behaviors in either temporal direction. Conclusions Some naturally occurring affective experiences (i.e., arousal) might precede, rather than follow, movement-based behaviors. Understanding affective arousal may contribute to improved management of subsequent movement-based behaviors in everyday life.

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CITRON, FRANCESCA M. M., BRENDAN S. WEEKES, and EVELYN C. FERSTL. "How are affective word ratings related to lexicosemantic properties? Evidence from the Sussex Affective Word List." Applied Psycholinguistics 35, no. 2 (November 22, 2012): 313–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716412000409.

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ABSTRACTEmotional content of verbal material affects the speed of visual word recognition in various cognitive tasks, independently of lexicosemantic variables. However, little is known about how the dimensions of emotional arousal and valence interact with the lexicosemantic properties of words such as age of acquisition, familiarity, and imageability, that determine word recognition performance. This study aimed to examine these relationships using English ratings for affective and lexicosemantic features. Eighty-two native English speakers rated 300 words for emotional valence, arousal, familiarity, age of acquisition, and imageability. Although both dimensions of emotion were correlated with lexicosemantic variables, a unique emotion cluster produced the strongest quadratic relationship. This finding suggests that emotion should be included in models of word recognition as it is likely to make an independent contribution.

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Gardony, Aaron, and Holly A. Taylor. "Affective States Influence Spatial Cue Utilization during Navigation." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 20, no. 3 (June 1, 2011): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00046.

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Humans navigate complex environments effectively by identifying and monitoring environmental spatial cues (i.e., landmarks). Previous research has shown that affective states modulate cue utilization, attentional focus, and memory. Like other human behaviors, navigation is performed within an affective context and thus may fall under its influence. The present study examines the influence of affective state on cue utilization in novel virtual environments. Employing a within-participants factorial design, we manipulated participants' affect, crossing valence (happy, sad) and arousal (high, low), with available cue type (global cues: present, absent; and local cues: present, absent) within a desktop virtual environment. Results indicated that low relative to high arousal states promote global cue utilization during navigation through novel environments; there were no effects of affective valence. Arousal effects decreased with environmental familiarity, indicating its influence on cue utilization during the initial learning of novel environments. The results are discussed with regard to theories of affect, spatial cognition, and navigation.

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Toet, Alexander, and Jan B. F. van Erp. "Affective rating of audio and video clips using the EmojiGrid." F1000Research 9 (August 11, 2020): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25088.1.

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Background: In this study we measured the affective appraisal of sounds and video clips using a newly developed graphical self-report tool: the EmojiGrid. The EmojiGrid is a square grid, labeled with emoji that express different degrees of valence and arousal. Users rate the valence and arousal of a given stimulus by simply clicking on the grid. Methods: In Experiment I, observers (N=150, 74 males, mean age=25.2±3.5) used the EmojiGrid to rate their affective appraisal of 77 validated sound clips from nine different semantic categories, covering a large area of the affective space. In Experiment II, observers (N=60, 32 males, mean age=24.5±3.3) used the EmojiGrid to rate their affective appraisal of 50 validated film fragments varying in positive and negative affect (20 positive, 20 negative, 10 neutral). Results: The results of this study show that for both sound and video, the agreement between the mean ratings obtained with the EmojiGrid and those obtained with an alternative and validated affective rating tool in previous studies in the literature, is excellent for valence and good for arousal. Our results also show the typical universal U-shaped relation between mean valence and arousal that is commonly observed for affective sensory stimuli, both for sound and video. Conclusions: We conclude that the EmojiGrid can be used as an affective self-report tool for the assessment of sound and video-evoked emotions.

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Toet, Alexander, and Jan B. F. van Erp. "Affective rating of audio and video clips using the EmojiGrid." F1000Research 9 (April 6, 2021): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25088.2.

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Background: In this study we measured the affective appraisal of sounds and video clips using a newly developed graphical self-report tool: the EmojiGrid. The EmojiGrid is a square grid, labeled with emoji that express different degrees of valence and arousal. Users rate the valence and arousal of a given stimulus by simply clicking on the grid. Methods: In Experiment I, observers (N=150, 74 males, mean age=25.2±3.5) used the EmojiGrid to rate their affective appraisal of 77 validated sound clips from nine different semantic categories, covering a large area of the affective space. In Experiment II, observers (N=60, 32 males, mean age=24.5±3.3) used the EmojiGrid to rate their affective appraisal of 50 validated film fragments varying in positive and negative affect (20 positive, 20 negative, 10 neutral). Results: The results of this study show that for both sound and video, the agreement between the mean ratings obtained with the EmojiGrid and those obtained with an alternative and validated affective rating tool in previous studies in the literature, is excellent for valence and good for arousal. Our results also show the typical universal U-shaped relation between mean valence and arousal that is commonly observed for affective sensory stimuli, both for sound and video. Conclusions: We conclude that the EmojiGrid can be used as an affective self-report tool for the assessment of sound and video-evoked emotions.

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Ritz, Thomas, and Miriam Thöns. "Affective modulation of swallowing rates: Unpleasantness or arousal?" Journal of Psychosomatic Research 61, no. 6 (December 2006): 829–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.05.008.

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Satpute, Ajay B., Philip A. Kragel, Lisa Feldman Barrett, Tor D. Wager, and Marta Bianciardi. "Deconstructing arousal into wakeful, autonomic and affective varieties." Neuroscience Letters 693 (February 2019): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.042.

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Woodward, Halley E., Teresa A. Treat, C. Daryl Cameron, and Vitaliya Yegorova. "Valence and arousal-based affective evaluations of foods." Eating Behaviors 24 (January 2017): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.11.004.

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Bailes, Freya, and Roger T. Dean. "Listeners Discern Affective Variation in Computer-Generated Musical Sounds." Perception 38, no. 9 (January 1, 2009): 1386–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p6063.

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We carried out two experiments to test the relationship between real-time perception of structural change in stylistically unusual musical sounds, and perception of its affect (arousal and valence). Computer music was used because of its unfamiliarity and our capacity to control it in ecologically appropriate ways. In experiment 1, thirteen participants unselected for musical training participated in tasks to detect segmentation and changes in affect. Changes in affect occurred upon detection of segmentation; but not all algorithmically distinct segments conveyed distinct affect. Short segments followed by long segments led to greater changes in arousal and valence at the point of segmentation than vice versa. In experiment 2, intra-segment sound transitions were introduced. Sixteen musicians performed the same affect task as in experiment 1, and a novel change in sound task. Participants were slow to respond to a continuous transition, but quick to respond to instantaneous transitions. Contrary to literature on the perception of affect in more familiar music, the musician participants in experiment 2 differed more in their ratings of arousal than of valence, in spite of a strong correlation of arousal with the composition of the stimuli. These findings are discussed in relation to the positive valence attributed to the more familiar sounds in both experiments.

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Sieger, Tomáš, Tereza Serranová, Filip Růžička, Pavel Vostatek, Jiří Wild, Daniela Šťastná, Cecilia Bonnet, et al. "Distinct populations of neurons respond to emotional valence and arousal in the human subthalamic nucleus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 10 (February 23, 2015): 3116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410709112.

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Both animal studies and studies using deep brain stimulation in humans have demonstrated the involvement of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in motivational and emotional processes; however, participation of this nucleus in processing human emotion has not been investigated directly at the single-neuron level. We analyzed the relationship between the neuronal firing from intraoperative microrecordings from the STN during affective picture presentation in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and the affective ratings of emotional valence and arousal performed subsequently. We observed that 17% of neurons responded to emotional valence and arousal of visual stimuli according to individual ratings. The activity of some neurons was related to emotional valence, whereas different neurons responded to arousal. In addition, 14% of neurons responded to visual stimuli. Our results suggest the existence of neurons involved in processing or transmission of visual and emotional information in the human STN, and provide evidence of separate processing of the affective dimensions of valence and arousal at the level of single neurons as well.

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Pôrto, Weyler Galvão, Paulo Henrique Ferreira Bertolucci, and Orlando Francisco Amodeo Bueno. "The paradox of age: an analysis of responses by aging Brazilians to International Affective Picture System (IAPS)." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 33, no. 1 (November 19, 2010): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462010005000015.

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OBJECTIVE: To explore the possible differences in subjective analysis of the emotional stimuli from the International Affective Picture System between elderly and young samples. METHOD: 187 elderly subjects ranked the International Affective Picture System images according to the directions from the Manual of Affective Ratings. Their scores were compared to those obtained from International Affective Picture System studies with young people. RESULT: There is an age-related difference in arousal and valence in the International Affective Picture System rating. The correlation between affective valence and arousal is strong, and negative for the elderly. The expected versus the observed frequency of International Affective Picture System images between elderly and young samples show a statistical difference. CONCLUSION: This study shows an inter-age statistical dichotomy in how elderly and young people subjectively evaluate International Affective Picture System images.

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Jeckel, Stephanie, and Gorden Sudeck. "Physical Activity and Affective Well-Being in Everyday Life." Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie 24, no. 3 (July 2016): 130–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0943-8149/a000163.

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Abstract. Multiple studies verified the acute positive effects of physical activity on affective well-being, focusing on sport activities in laboratory settings or supervised programs. This study builds on existing ambulatory assessment studies that indicate positive associations between physical activity and affective well-being (valence, energetic arousal) in everyday life and explicitly differentiates between sport activities and daily physical activities. Moreover, the sustainability of effects is explored. For 7 days, 21 men and 25 women (Mage = 32 years) participated in the study. Physical activity was captured objectively by an accelerometer and additionally with an activity diary. Affective well-being was gathered via a smartphone multiple times per day. Multilevel analyses revealed positive effects on affective well-being (valence, calmness, energetic arousal) for sport activities included in the daily routine. Daily physical activity showed acute positive effects for valence and energetic arousal but not for calmness. However, at the day’s end, sport activities and daily physical activity were positively associated with valence and calmness. This study gives further background knowledge for activity recommendations based on the affect-regulating potential of physical activity.

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Davidson, Richard J. "Emotion and Affective Style: Hemispheric Substrates." Psychological Science 3, no. 1 (January 1992): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00254.x.

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Research on cerebral asymmetry and the experience and expression of emotion is reviewed. The studies described use electrophysiological procedures to make inferences about patterns of regional cortical activation. Such procedures have sufficient temporal resolution to be used in the study of brief emotional experiences denoted by spontaneous facial expressions. In adults and infants, the experimental arousal of positive, approach-related emotions is associated with selective activation of the left frontal region, while arousal of negative, withdrawal-related emotions is associated with selective activation of the right frontal region. Individual differences in baseline measures of frontal asymmetry are associated with dispositional mood, affective reactivity, temperament, and immune function. These studies suggest that neural systems mediating approach- and withdrawal-related emotion and action are, in part, represented in the left and right frontal regions, respectively, and that individual differences in the activation levels of these systems are associated with a coherent nomological network of associations which constitute a person's affective style.

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Cuthbert, Bruce N., Harald T. Schupp, Margaret M. Bradley, Niels Birbaumer, and Peter J. Lang. "Brain potentials in affective picture processing: covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report." Biological Psychology 52, no. 2 (March 2000): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0511(99)00044-7.

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Lasaitis, Cristina, Rafaela Larsen Ribeiro, and Orlando Francisco Amodeo Bueno. "Brazilian norms for the International Affective Picture System (IAPS): comparison of the affective ratings for new stimuli between Brazilian and North-American subjects." Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria 57, no. 4 (2008): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0047-20852008000400008.

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OBJECTIVE: The study presents the Brazilian norms for 240 new stimuli from International Affective Picture System (IAPS), a database of affective images widely used in research, compared to the North-American normative ratings. METHODS: The participants were 448 Brazilian university students from several courses (269 women and 179 men) with mean age of 24.2 (SD = 7.8), that evaluated the IAPS pictures in the valence, arousal and dominance dimensions by the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) scales. Data were compared across the populations by Pearson linear correlation and Student's t-tests. RESULTS: Correlations were highly significant for all dimensions; however, Brazilians' averages for arousal were higher than North-Americans'. CONCLUSIONS: The results show stability in relation to the first part of the Brazilian standardization and they are also consistent with the North-American standards, despite minor differences relating to interpretation of the arousal dimension, demonstrating that IAPS is a reliable instrument for experimental studies in the Brazilian population.

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Kelley, Kathryn. "Sexual Fantasy and Attitudes as Functions of Sex of Subject and Content of Erotica." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 4, no. 4 (June 1985): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/j66d-n10e-lth5-8aw5.

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The effects of erotic content and subject sex on sexual fantasy were mediated by general sexual attitudes. When erotic content consisted of mild erotica showing males rather than females, male subjects ( N=123) expressed significantly more negative themes in briefer fantasy productions than females ( N=123). Analyses of affective and arousal responses to single-sex and heterosexual erotica indicated patterns generally consistent with the fantasy outcomes. Negative sexual attitudes were associated with negatively-toned fantasies, more negative affect, and less sexual arousal. Variations in affective and arousal responses to erotic stimuli, as discussed by the theory of the Sexual Behavior Sequence, were demonstrated to extend to the production of sexual fantasy.

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Glöckner, Andreas, and Guy Hochman. "The Interplay of Experience-Based Affective and Probabilistic Cues in Decision Making." Experimental Psychology 58, no. 2 (November 1, 2011): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000078.

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In a study using behavioral and physiological measures we induced experience-based affective cues (i.e., differential anticipatory arousal) toward a risky and a safe option by letting participants repeatedly select between two decks of cards with feedback. In later test decisions we presented choice tasks between these trained and new pairs of decks. In some of the trials a low-valid probabilistic cue was provided after stimulus onset but before the decision. Although we were successful in inducing experience-based affective cues these did not influence participants’ choices. In decisions without any further cues available people choose the safe and the risky option about equally often. If an additional low-valid probabilistic cue was available people followed this cue. Although experience had no effect on choices it influenced arousal. Anticipatory physiological arousal increased if the probabilistic cue and experience were conflicting. Our results are in line with recent findings indicating diminished loss aversion in experience-based decision making. They are also consistent with parallel constraint satisfaction models and shed light on the interrelation between experience, probabilistic cues, and arousal in decision making.

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Imbir, Kamil, and Maria Gołąb. "Affective reactions to music: Norms for 120 excerpts of modern and classical music." Psychology of Music 45, no. 3 (October 28, 2016): 432–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735616671587.

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It is well recognised in psychology that music has affective connotations and that musical stimuli can modify affective states. The aim of this study was to assess the affective connotations of 120 fifteen-second musical excerpts, covering both modern musical genres such as pop, rock, jazz, rap/R&B and electronic music (5 x N = 20), and classical music ( N = 20). Expert judges used predetermined criteria to select excerpts with positive or negative valence that induced high arousal or low arousal. The excerpts were assessed by 50 undergraduate students (25 women) from different academic departments, aged between 18 and 28 years ( M = 21.46 years, SD = 1.85). They listened to all 120 fragments and rated them with respect to six dimensions: valence, arousal, dominance, origin, subjective significance and imageability. Analyses showed that ratings were reliable, with high split-half correlations and Cronbach’s alpha estimates. We did not identify any gender differences concerning affective reactions to the music. Some music genre specificity was found for all measures, and initial music preference appeared to shape affective ratings. The results presented here will be of interest to researchers working on musical perception and the influence of music on affective outcomes and emotional regulation.

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Ribeiro, Rafaela Larsen, Sabine Pompéia, and Orlando Francisco Amodeo Bueno. "Comparison of Brazilian and American norms for the International Affective Picture System (IAPS)." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 27, no. 3 (September 2005): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462005000300009.

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OBJECTIVE: The present article compares Brazilian and American norms for the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), a set of normative emotional photographic slides for experimental investigations. METHODS: Subjects were 1,062 Brazilian university students (364 men and 698 women) who rated 707 pictures from the IAPS in terms of pleasure, arousal, and dominance following the methodology of the original normative study in the US, enabling direct comparison of data from the two samples through Pearson product moment correlation and Student t test. RESULTS: All correlations were highly significant with the highest level for the pleasure dimension, followed by dominance and arousal. However, contrary to the American normative values, our data showed that Brazilian subjects generally assigned higher arousal ratings overall. CONCLUSION: Our findings confirm that this set of stimuli can be used in Brazil as an affective rating tool due to the high correlations found across the two populations, despite differences on the arousal dimension, which are discussed in detail.

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Vasileva, I. V., P. E. Grigoriev, and Yu V. Chumanov. "Features of Emotional Response to Affectively Colored Pictures of Corruption: Gender and Age Aspect." Psychology and Law 10, no. 2 (2020): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2020100212.

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The article describes the gender and age features of the response to affective visual stimuli (a total of 101 photos) associated with corruption. All photos, images are thematically related to such semantic categories as the form of bribe, the process of bribe transfer, the punishment for bribe, social corruption situations occurred in state bodies, internal affairs bodies, the court, educational and medical organizations. Three key parameters of the picture evaluation process are: valence, arousal, and dominance, - similar to the constructive content of parameters of the international database of affective images (International Affective Picture System – IAPS). The sample of 103 participants was stratified by gender and age. As a result of processing the research data, specific features of emotional response in the parameters of valence, arousal, and dominance for representatives of different genders and ages were defined. The large levels of valence, arousal strength, and dominance in men are distinguished from general trends. Although men evaluate corruption situations more favorably, they also perceive them as situations that can be controlled, potentially benefiting from them. In terms of arousal, both men and women show similar trends in a young and mature age. In an old age, men increase their activation of corruption-related situations, while women no longer show interest in them. In terms of valence and arousal, middle-aged men and women are similar in their emotional assessments of situations involving corruption.

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Tsai, Jeanne L. "Ideal Affect: Cultural Causes and Behavioral Consequences." Perspectives on Psychological Science 2, no. 3 (September 2007): 242–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00043.x.

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Most research focuses on actual affect, or the affective states that people actually feel. In this article, I demonstrate the importance and utility of studying ideal affect, or the affective states that people ideally want to feel. First, I define ideal affect and describe the cultural causes and behavioral consequences of ideal affect. To illustrate these points, I compare American and East Asian cultures, which differ in their valuation of high-arousal positive affective states (e.g., excitement, enthusiasm) and low-arousal positive affective states (e.g., calm, peace-fulness). I then introduce affect valuation theory, which integrates ideal affect with current models of affect and emotion and, in doing so, provides a new framework for understanding how cultural and temperamental factors may shape affect and behavior.

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Hegerl, Ulrich, Peter Schönknecht, Tilman Hensch, Sebastian Olbrich, Michael Kluge, Hubertus Himmerich, and Christoph Sander. "Arousal regulation as a pathogenetic factor in affective disorders." Neuroscience Letters 500 (July 2011): e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.071.

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Snyder, K. "The Affective Auditory Verbal Learning Test: Peripheral Arousal Correlates." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 13, no. 3 (April 1998): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6177(97)00006-1.

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Snyder, K. A., D. W. Harrison, and B. V. Shenal. "The Affective Auditory Verbal Learning Test: Peripheral Arousal Correlates." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 13, no. 3 (April 1, 1998): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/13.3.251.

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Hinojosa, J. A., L. Carretié, C. Méndez-Bértolo, A. Míguez, and M. A. Pozo. "Arousal modulates affective priming: an event-related potentials study." NeuroImage 47 (July 2009): S181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(09)71990-1.

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Goldstein, Jill M. "Sex, hormones and affective arousal circuitry dysfunction in schizophrenia." Hormones and Behavior 50, no. 4 (November 2006): 612–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.029.

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Xu, Min, Changsheng Xu, Xiangjian He, Jesse S. Jin, Suhuai Luo, and Yong Rui. "Hierarchical affective content analysis in arousal and valence dimensions." Signal Processing 93, no. 8 (August 2013): 2140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2012.06.026.

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Blair, R. J. R. "Should Affective Arousal be Grounded in Perception-Action Coupling?" Emotion Review 3, no. 1 (January 2011): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073910384157.

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Burbridge, Jennifer A., Randy J. Larsen, and Deanna M. Barch. "Affective Reactivity in Language: The Role of Psychophysiological Arousal." Emotion 5, no. 2 (June 2005): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.145.

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Takeuchi, Shigeki, Yoshiko Mochizuki, Hiroaki Masaki, Noriyoshi Takasawa, and Katuo Yamazaki. "Stimulus preceding negativity represents arousal induced by affective picture." International Congress Series 1278 (March 2005): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.11.135.

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Wofford, J. C. "Cognitive–Affective Stress Response: Effects of Individual Stress Propensity on Physiological and Psychological Indicators of Strain." Psychological Reports 88, no. 3 (June 2001): 768–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3.768.

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The purpose of this study was to define further the role of individual stress propensity in physiological arousal and subsequent subjective stress and strain by measuring stress-induced reactivity in a laboratory setting. Individual predisposition to stress is conceptualized as a latent construct, cognitive–affective stress propensity, that is manifested as multiple trait indicators, e.g., negative affectivity, anger-irritability, and negative self-esteem. For 80 undergraduates experimental treatments were two stressors, time pressure and performance feedback. Physiological arousal indices included skin temperature, blood volume, and electromyographic activity. Results provide some support for the hypotheses that this propensity moderates the relationships between stressor and physiological arousal and between physiological arousal and subjective stress and strain.

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Koehler, Katelyn, and Mary C. Broughton. "The effect of social feedback and social context on subjective affective responses to music." Musicae Scientiae 21, no. 4 (September 21, 2016): 479–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1029864916670700.

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Previous research suggests that music listening influences individual affective responses. However, there is scant research examining how social factors might interact to influence subjective affective responses to music. This study investigates the effects of social feedback and social context on subjective affective responses to music. In a between-subjects experiment, participants (N = 120) listened to unfamiliar music from various genres either alone or with another participant. For each musical example, participants received positive and negative social feedback, derived from a pilot study, or factual album information. After listening to each musical example and reading the provided social feedback or album information, participants reported their subjective valence, arousal, subjective affective intensity, concentration, music liking and familiarity. There was no effect of social feedback on subjective valence responses. Positive and negative social feedback influenced subjective arousal responses positively and negatively, respectively. Subjective affective intensity was not influenced by social feedback. Social context did not influence subjective affective responses to the musical examples. Lower concentration was reported in social listening conditions compared to solitary conditions. Greater familiarity with the musical examples was reported when social feedback was provided. The findings of the present study suggest that social feedback can influence particular affective responses to, and familiarity with, music. However, social listening might reduce concentration, especially in the absence of social feedback. These findings highlight issues warranting consideration for how music is affectively experienced in everyday life, as well as purposely used in varied contexts.

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Orlic, Ana, Ivan Grahek, and Tara Radovic. "The influence of valence and arousal on reasoning: Affective priming in the semantic verification task." Psihologija 47, no. 2 (2014): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1402201o.

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The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of affective valence and arousal on the reasoning process. Reasoning was measured using a semantic verification task and the influence of valence and arousal was tracked using the affective priming paradigm. Primes were photographs varied on two dimensions - emotional valence (positive, neutral, negative) and arousal (high, low). Forty-nine psychology students participated in the experiment. Results showed that reaction time needed for semantic verification was significantly faster for positive-high arousing in comparison to positive-low arousing condition and for neutral high arousing in comparison to neutral-low arousing condition, but there were no significant differences in negative low and high arousing conditions. Also, significant differences were found among all three valences in high arousing conditions and there were no such differences in low arousing conditions. These results reveal the importance of both arousal and valence in the research on the influence of emotions on the reasoning process.

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Drace, Sasa, Emir Efendic, Mirna Kusturica, and Lamija Landzo. "Cross-cultural validation of the "International affective picture system" (IAPS) on a sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina." Psihologija 46, no. 1 (2013): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1301017d.

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In this study the normative ratings of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS, Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention [CSEA], 1995) were compared with the ratings from a Bosnian sample. Seventy-two psychology undergraduates from the University of Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) rated valence, dominance and arousal for a stratified sample of 60 pictures that was selected from the IAPS. Reliability coefficients indicate that the self-report ratings are internally consistent. The affective ratings from our sample correlated strongly with the North American ratings at: .95, .81 and .91, respectively for valence, arousal and dominance. Consistent with expectations, mean valence and dominance ratings did not differ significantly between the Bosnian and North American sample. Furthermore, plotting of the Bosnian valence and arousal ratings results in a similar boomerang shaped distribution as the North American affective ratings. Taken together, findings obtained from the Bosnian sample confirm the cross-cultural validity of the IAPS.

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Mattek, Alison M., George L. Wolford, and Paul J. Whalen. "A Mathematical Model Captures the Structure of Subjective Affect." Perspectives on Psychological Science 12, no. 3 (May 2017): 508–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691616685863.

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Although it is possible to observe when another person is having an emotional moment, we also derive information about the affective states of others from what they tell us they are feeling. In an effort to distill the complexity of affective experience, psychologists routinely focus on a simplified subset of subjective rating scales (i.e., dimensions) that capture considerable variability in reported affect: reported valence (i.e., how good or bad?) and reported arousal (e.g., how strong is the emotion you are feeling?). Still, existing theoretical approaches address the basic organization and measurement of these affective dimensions differently. Some approaches organize affect around the dimensions of bipolar valence and arousal (e.g., the circumplex model), whereas alternative approaches organize affect around the dimensions of unipolar positivity and unipolar negativity (e.g., the bivariate evaluative model). In this report, we (a) replicate the data structure observed when collected according to the two approaches described above, and reinterpret these data to suggest that the relationship between each pair of affective dimensions is conditional on valence ambiguity, and (b) formalize this structure with a mathematical model depicting a valence ambiguity dimension that decreases in range as arousal decreases (a triangle). This model captures variability in affective ratings better than alternative approaches, increasing variance explained from ~60% to over 90% without adding parameters.

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SOLEYMANI, MOHAMMAD, GUILLAUME CHANEL, JOEP J. M. KIERKELS, and THIERRY PUN. "AFFECTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MOVIE SCENES BASED ON CONTENT ANALYSIS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES." International Journal of Semantic Computing 03, no. 02 (June 2009): 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x09000744.

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In this paper, we propose an approach for affective characterization of movie scenes based on the emotions that are actually felt by spectators. Such a representation can be used to characterize the emotional content of video clips in application areas such as affective video indexing and retrieval, and neuromarketing studies. A dataset of 64 different scenes from eight movies was shown to eight participants. While watching these scenes, their physiological responses were recorded. The participants were asked to self-assess their felt emotional arousal and valence for each scene. In addition, content-based audio- and video-based features were extracted from the movie scenes in order to characterize each scene. Degrees of arousal and valence were estimated by a linear combination of features from physiological signals, as well as by a linear combination of content-based features. We showed that a significant correlation exists between valence-arousal provided by the spectator's self-assessments, and affective grades obtained automatically from either physiological responses or from audio-video features. By means of an analysis of variance (ANOVA), the variation of different participants' self assessments and different gender groups self assessments for both valence and arousal were shown to be significant (p-values lower than 0.005). These affective characterization results demonstrate the ability of using multimedia features and physiological responses to predict the expected affect of the user in response to the emotional video content.

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Haj-Ali, Hadeel, Adam K. Anderson, and Assaf Kron. "Comparing three models of arousal in the human brain." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa012.

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Abstract The bipolar valence–arousal model is assumed by many to be an underlying structure of conscious experience of core affect and emotion. In this work, we compare three versions of the bipolar valence–arousal model at the neural domain, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Specifically, we systematically contrast three models of arousal: model 1—‘arousal as a separate quale from valence’, model 2—‘arousal as intensity of bipolar valence’ and model 3—‘arousal as a linear combination of unipolar pleasant and unpleasant’. Using parametric modulation analysis, we estimated the ability of each model to predict activation in arousal-related brain regions, in response to affective stimuli. The results suggest that arousal is not separable from valence in its ability to predict arousal-related neural activity. The relevance of the results to the theory of conscious affect is discussed.

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Al-Khatib, Mai, and Charles R. Fletcher. "Autonomic arousal in a foreign language in the context of decision making." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v4i1.4519.

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We test emotional distancing in a second language (L2) by replicating an experiment by Keysar, Hayakawa, and An (2012) on making decisions under the framing effect (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979). With their participants’ average Age of Acquisition (AoA) being around and beyond puberty, autonomic arousal was evident in native language (L1) but absent in L2. Our study showed no difference between L1 and L2 when AoA was around 4. However, when average AoA was around 7.7, autonomic arousal was evident in L1 but absent in L2, predicting an AoA threshold affecting L2 affective processing significantly earlier than puberty.

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Kring, Ann M., Lisa Feldman Barrett, and David E. Gard. "On the Broad Applicability of the Affective Circumplex." Psychological Science 14, no. 3 (May 2003): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.02433.

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Studies of affective experience are guided by the assumption that the structure of affect generalizes across people. Yet this assumption has not been tested among educationally and economically diverse community residents or among individuals with psychopathology. This study explicitly examined the broad applicability of the valence-arousal circumplex and whether schizophrenia patients and nonpatients have comparable knowledge structures of affective phenomena. Patients and nonpatients completed similarity ratings of 120 pairs of affect words. Similarity judgments were analyzed separately for each group using a multidimensional scaling procedure, and solutions were compared. Results revealed the same two-dimensional valence-arousal solution for schizophrenia patients and nonpatients, although there were subtle differences between the groups. These findings provide additional evidence that the circumplex model is a useful formalism for representing affective phenomena across diverse populations, and they bolster confidence in existing interpretations of schizophrenia patients' reports of affective experience.

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Gillioz, Christelle, Johnny R. J. Fontaine, Cristina Soriano, and Klaus R. Scherer. "Mapping Emotion Terms into Affective Space." Swiss Journal of Psychology 75, no. 3 (June 2016): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000180.

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Abstract. Recent empirical work on the semantics of emotion terms across many different cultures and languages, using a theoretical componential approach, suggested that four dimensions are needed to parsimoniously describe the semantic space of the emotion domain as reflected in emotion terms ( Fontaine, Scherer, Roesch, & Ellsworth, 2007 ; Fontaine, Scherer, & Soriano, 2013 ). In addition to valence, power, and arousal, a novelty dimension was discovered that mostly differentiated surprise from other emotions. Here, we further explore the existence and nature of the fourth dimension in semantic emotion space using a much larger and much more representative set of emotion terms. A group of 156 participants each rated 10 out of a set of 80 French emotion terms with respect to semantic meaning. The meaning of an emotion term was evaluated with respect to 68 emotion features representing the appraisal, action tendency, bodily reaction, expression, and feeling components of the emotion process. A principal component analysis confirmed the four-dimensional valence, power, arousal, and novelty structure. Moreover, this larger and much more representative set of emotion terms revealed that the novelty dimension not only differentiates surprise terms from other emotion terms, but also identifies substantial variation within the fear and joy emotion families.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Affective arousal'

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