Relevant bibliographies by topics / Afferent nervous systems

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Afferent nervous systems'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Afferent nervous systems"

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King, B. F., and J. H. Szurszewski. "Peripheral reflex pathways involving abdominal viscera: transmission of impulses through prevertebral ganglia." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 256, no. 3 (1989): G581—G588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.256.3.g581.

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In neurophysiological terms, divergence describes the transmission of impulse traffic from a single afferent line, through an integrating nervous system, and out into multiple efferent lines. This feature has been ascribed to the vertebrate central nervous system and invertebrate ganglionic systems but has not yet been associated with the autonomic nervous system in mammals. Therefore, this study investigated the degree of divergence of afferent impulse traffic through a mammalian autonomic ganglion, the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) in guinea pig. Multiunit discharges were recorded extracellularly from the peripheral nerves, which emerge from the IMG, to determine the lines of efferent outflow (i.e., divergence) of impulse traffic generated by stimulating central efferent and peripheral afferent nerves. Pathways interrupted by a cholinergic ganglion synapse were identified by using hexamethonium. Pathways running directly through the IMG were identified by studying the effects of dividing nerves surgically. A complex arrangement of ascending and descending pathways was revealed, showing a neural network that interconnects the upper gastrointestinal tract, distal colon, and pelvic viscera via prevertebral ganglia.
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Fried, K., and M. Devor. "End-Structure of Afferent Axons Injured in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System." Somatosensory & Motor Research 6, no. 1 (1988): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08990228809144642.

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Overton, J. M., G. Davis-Gorman, and L. A. Fisher. "Central nervous system cardiovascular actions of CRF in sinoaortic-denervated rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 258, no. 3 (1990): R596—R601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.3.r596.

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Studies were performed in unrestrained conscious Sprague-Dawley rats to examine the central nervous system (CNS) mechanism by which corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) produces simultaneous elevations of arterial pressure and heart rate. To test the hypothesis that CRF inhibits ongoing impulse transmission through and/or transmitter release from the CNS terminations of baroreceptor afferents, the cardiovascular effects of intracerebroventricular administration of CRF were compared in rats subjected to prior sham surgery (Sham) or sinoaortic denervation (SAD). Resting levels of arterial pressure and heart rate were elevated after SAD. In addition, SAD resulted in greater chronotropic sympathetic tone and reduced chronotropic parasympathetic tone as assessed by intravenous injections of atropine methyl nitrate and DL-propranolol. Intracerebroventricular administration of CRF in both surgical groups elicited significant increases in arterial pressure and heart rate, although a tendency for reduced tachycardic responses after SAD was apparent. Pretreatment with atropine or propranolol revealed that both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems contribute to CRF-induced heart rate responses in both surgical groups. These results suggest that ongoing baroreceptor afferent transmission is not requisite for the expression of CRF-induced cardiovascular changes. Thus it is unlikely that CRF elevates arterial pressure and heart rate through an exclusive action at the CNS terminations of baroreceptor sensory fibers.
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Papir-Kricheli, Dalia, and Marshall Devor. "Abnormal Impulse Discharge in Primary Afferent Axons Injured in the Peripheral versus the Central Nervous System." Somatosensory & Motor Research 6, no. 1 (1988): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08990228809144641.

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Reardon, Colin, Kaitlin Murray, and Alan E. Lomax. "Neuroimmune Communication in Health and Disease." Physiological Reviews 98, no. 4 (2018): 2287–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00035.2017.

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The immune and nervous systems are tightly integrated, with each system capable of influencing the other to respond to infectious or inflammatory perturbations of homeostasis. Recent studies demonstrating the ability of neural stimulation to significantly reduce the severity of immunopathology and consequently reduce mortality have led to a resurgence in the field of neuroimmunology. Highlighting the tight integration of the nervous and immune systems, afferent neurons can be activated by a diverse range of substances from bacterial-derived products to cytokines released by host cells. While activation of vagal afferents by these substances dominates the literature, additional sensory neurons are responsive as well. It is becoming increasingly clear that although the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway has become the predominant model, a multitude of functional circuits exist through which neuronal messengers can influence immunological outcomes. These include pathways whereby efferent signaling occurs independent of the vagus nerve through sympathetic neurons. To receive input from the nervous system, immune cells including B and T cells, macrophages, and professional antigen presenting cells express specific neurotransmitter receptors that affect immune cell function. Specialized immune cell populations not only express neurotransmitter receptors, but express the enzymatic machinery required to produce neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, allowing them to act as signaling intermediaries. Although elegant experiments have begun to decipher some of these interactions, integration of these molecules, cells, and anatomy into defined neuroimmune circuits in health and disease is in its infancy. This review describes these circuits and highlights continued challenges and opportunities for the field.
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NEIMAN, ALEXANDER B., and DAVID F. RUSSELL. "STOCHASTIC DYNAMICS OF ELECTRORECEPTORS IN PADDLEFISH." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 04, no. 01 (2004): L139—L149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477504001744.

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Electroreceptors in paddlefish serve as accessible and well-defined biological models for studying the functional roles in sensory nervous systems of noisy oscillations and the nonlinear phenomena associated with them, including synchronization, noise-induced transitions, and noise-induced bursting. The spontaneous dynamics of paddlefish electroreceptors show two oscillatory modes: one associated with 26 Hz oscillations in the sensory epithelia, and another with 30-65 Hz periodicities of afferent terminals. This novel type of organization of peripheral sensory receptors, with two distinct types of embedded oscillators, results in stochastic biperiodic firing patterns of primary afferents. The biperiodicity can be explained qualitatively in terms of a simple model based on a stochastic circle map. Stimulation with broadband Gaussian noise changes the tonic firing pattern of electroreceptors to a bursting mode, indicating a noise-induced transition. This qualitative change in dynamics leads to burst synchronization among different electroreceptors.
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Cairns, B. E., J. Liu та H. Wong. "Expression of α1 adrenergic receptor subtypes by afferent fibers that innervate rat masseter muscle". Scandinavian Journal of Pain 16, № 1 (2017): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.04.010.

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Abstract Aims In temporomandibular disorders sufferers, muscle pain is more severe in individuals who have undergone a traumatic stress. Why stress exacerbates masticatory muscle pain in these individuals is not known. One possibility is that under conditions of stress there is an interaction between the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems. This study investigated whether trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate the masseter muscle express α1 adrenergic receptor subtypes to identify whether a direct interaction between the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems is feasible. Methods Masseter muscle ganglion neurons were identified by injection of the fluorescent dye fast blue into the masseter muscle of 4 Sprague Dawley rats (2 male, 2 female). Trigeminal ganglion sections were stained for α1a, α1b or α1d adrenergic receptors, as well as the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TrpV1) receptor. Sections were examined with a Leica confocal microscope. The percent of masseter ganglion neurons expressing each receptor was calculated. Results Masseter muscle ganglion neurons expressed α1a(29 ± 9%), α1b (34 ± 4%) and α1d (19 ± 13%) adrenergic receptors. Expression of all three α1 receptor subtypes was higher in female rats than in male rats. Expression of α1b receptors was more commonly found on larger diameter masseter ganglion neurons. Overall 11±3% of masseter ganglion neurons expressed the TrpV1 receptor, which suggests they served a nociceptive function. The TrpV1 receptor was co-expressed by about ~10% of α1a and α1b receptor positive masseter ganglion neurons. Conclusions Afferent fibers that innervate the masseter muscle express all three α1 adrenergic receptor subtypes. Agonists at the α1 receptor have been previously shown to depolarize trigeminal ganglion neurons, which suggests that activation of these receptors on masseter muscle afferents would be excitatory. The expression of α1 receptors by putative nociceptors that innervate the masseter may permit a direct interaction between the sensory and sympathetic system that contributes to pain in this muscle.
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Korneva, E. A. "Pathways of neuro-immune communication: past and present time, clinical application." Medical Immunology (Russia) 22, no. 3 (2020): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-pon-1974.

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Fundamental studies in neuroimmunophysiology are the keystone for development of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of infectious, allergic, oncologic and autoimmune diseases. The achievements in this field allowed approving new treatment methods based on irritation of afferent and efferent fibers of autonomic nerves. That became possible due to numerous studies of pathways between the immune and nervous systems performed over last two decades. The milestones in the history of neuroimmune communication research are represented here. The immune system organs – bone marrow, thymus and spleen are coupled to central nervous system (CNS) via sympathetic nerves. Information about LPS and bacteria emergence in peritoneum, intestine and parenchymal organs reaches the brain via parasympathetic pathways. After vagotomy, the brain neurons do not respond to this kind of antigens. The pattern of brain responses to different applied antigens (the EEG changes and the quantity of c-Fos-positive neurons) is specific for definite antigen, like as algorithms of electroneurogram after exposure to different cytokines. Activation of parasympathetic nerves causes the inhibition of inflammation. The entry of any antigens into the body initiates production of cytokines (IL-1, TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ etc.), via specific receptors which are present on peripheral neurons and terminals of vagus nerve, i.e. the vagal afferent terminals and neurons respond to cytokine action, and these signals are transmitted to CNS neurons. The afferent vagal fibers end on the dorsal vagal complex neurons in the caudal part of medulla oblongata. The information about bacterial antigens, LPS and inflammation is transmitted to the brain via afferent autonomic neural pathways. The speed of this process is high and significantly depends on the rates of cytokine production that are transmitters of signals upon the antigen exposure. It is important to emphasize that this events occur within minutes, and the response to the received information proceeds by reflex mechanisms, i.e., within fraction of a second, as exemplified by inflammation (“inflammation reflex”). This is a fundamentally new and revolutionary discovery in the functional studies of immune system regulation. Clinical efficiency of n. vagus stimulation by pulsed ultrasound was shown, being used for the treatment of inflammatory, allergic and autoimmune diseases, e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, renal inflammatory diseases. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve reduces the death of animals in septic shock by 80%. The mentioned data have made a revolution in understanding the functional arrangement of immune system in the body. A hypothesis is represented, which suggests how the information on the antigen exposure is transmitted to the brain.
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Chernjavsky, Alex, and John Moody. "Spontaneous Development of Modularity in Simple Cortical Models." Neural Computation 2, no. 3 (1990): 334–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1990.2.3.334.

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The existence of modular structures in the organization of nervous systems (e.g., cortical columns, patches of neostriatum, and olfactory glomeruli) is well known. However, the detailed dynamic mechanisms by which such structures develop remain a mystery. We propose a mechanism for the formation of modular structures that utilizes a combination of intrinsic network dynamics and Hebbian learning. Specifically, we show that under certain conditions, layered networks can support spontaneous localized activity patterns, which we call collective excitations, even in the absence of localized or spatially correlated afferent stimulation. These collective excitations can then induce the formation of modular structures in both the afferent and lateral connections via a Hebbian learning mechanism. The networks we consider are spatially homogeneous before learning, but the spontaneous emergence of localized collective excitations and the consequent development of modules in the connection patterns break translational symmetry. The essential conditions required to support collective excitations include internal units with sufficiently high gains and certain patterns of lateral connectivity. Our proposed mechanism is likely to play a role in understanding more complex (and more biologically realistic) systems.
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Hudson, Arthur J. "Pain Perception and Response: Central Nervous System Mechanisms." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 27, no. 1 (2000): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100051908.

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ABSTRACT:Although several decades of studies have detailed peripheral and ascending nociceptive pathways to the thalamus and cerebral cortex, pain is a symptom that has remained difficult to characterize anatomically and physiologically. Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) have recently demonstrated a number of cerebral and brain stem loci responding to cutaneous noxious stimuli. However, intersubject variability, both in the frequency and increased or decreased intensity of the responses, has caused uncertainty as to their significance. Nevertheless, the large number of available imaging studies have shown that many areas with recognized functions are frequently affected by painful stimuli. With this evidence and recent developments in tracing central nervous system connections between areas responding to noxious stimuli, it is possible to identify nociceptive pathways that are within, or contribute to, afferent spinothalamo-cortical sensory and efferent skeletomotor and autonomic motor systems. In this study it is proposed that cortical and nuclear mechanisms for pain perception and response are hierarchically arranged with the prefrontal cortex at its highest level. Nevertheless, all components make particular contributions without which certain nociceptive failures can occur, as in pathological pain arising in some cases of nervous system injury.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Afferent nervous systems"

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Klustaitis, Kori M. "Activation of the central nervous system by circulating Glucagon-Like Peptide-1." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1243357633.

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Misra, Bibhu Ranjan. "The role of serotonergic afferents in receptive field organization and response properties of cells in rat trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06302009-040342/.

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Corley, Sarah Beth. "Thalamic Afferents to Reorganized Auditory Cortices in Postnatally Deafened Cats." Also available to VCU users at:, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1294.

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Jones, Elizabeth Ellen. "NEUROTROPHIN EXPRESSION IN SYMPATHETIC NEURONS: INFLUENCES OF EXOGENOUS NGF AND AFFERENT INPUT." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1089903903.

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Aigouy, Louis. "Contribution a l'etude des voies du reflexe d'ouverture de la gueule et de ses fluctuations sous l'effet de stimulations peripheriques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF21060.

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Anderson, JoAnna Todd. "Characterization of a sacral dorsal column pathway activating autonomic and hindlimb motor pattern generation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42849.

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Spinal cord injuries (SCI) sever communication between supraspinal centers and the central pattern generator (CPG) responsible for locomotion. Because the CPG is intact and retains the ability to initiate locomotor activity, it can be accessed electrically and pharmacologically. The goal of this thesis was to identify and characterize a novel spinal cord surface site along the sacral dorsal column (sDC) for electrically evoking locomotor-like activity in the neonatal rat spinal cord. Stimulation of the sDC robustly activated rhythmic left-right alternation in flexor-related ventral roots that was dependent on the activation of high-threshold C fiber afferents. The C fibers synapsed onto spinal neurons, which project to the lumbar segments as part of a pathway dependent on purinergic, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptor activation. In ventral roots containing only somatic efferents, rhythmic activity was rarely recruited. However, in ventral roots containing both autonomic and somatic efferents, sacral dorsal column stimulation recruited autonomic efferent rhythms, which subsequently recruited somatic efferent motor rhythms. The efferent rhythms revealed a half-center organization with very low stimulation frequencies, and the evoked alternating bursts entrained to the stimuli. Similar entrainment was seen when sDC stimuli were applied during ongoing neurochemically-induced locomotor rhythms. The rhythmic patterns evoked by sDC stimulation operated over a limited frequency range, with a discrete burst structure of fast-onset, frequency-independent peaks. In comparison, neurochemically-induced locomotor bursts operated over a wide frequency range and had slower time to peaks that varied with burst frequency. The overall findings support the discovery of an autonomic efferent pattern generator that is recruited by sacral visceral C fiber afferents. It is hoped that this research will advance the understanding of afferent activation of the lumbar central pattern generator and potentially provide insight useful for future development and design of neuroprosthetic devices.
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Zimmerman, Amanda L. "Neuromodulation of spinal autonomic regulation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42777.

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The central nervous system is largely responsible for receiving sensory information from the environment and determining motor output. Yet, centrally-derived behavior and sensation depends on the optimal maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs that feed and support these functions. Most of visceral regulation occurs without conscious oversight, making the spinal cord a key site for integration and control. How the spinal cord modulates output to our organs, or sensory information from them, is poorly understood. The overall aim of this dissertation was to better understand spinal processing of both visceral sensory information to and sympathetic output from the spinal cord. I first established and validated a HB9-GFP transgenic mouse model that unambiguously identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs), the spinal output neurons for the sympathetic nervous system. Using this model, I investigated the electrophysiological similarities and diversity of SPNs, and compared their active and passive membrane properties to those in other animal models. My results indicate that while many of the same characteristics are shared, SPNs are a heterogeneous group that can be differentiated based on their electrophysiological properties. Since descending monoaminergic pathways have particularly dense projections to sympathetic regions of the spinal cord, I next examined the modulatory role that the monoamines have on spinal sympathetic output. While each neuromodulator tested had a unique signature of action, serotonin and norepinephrine appeared to increase the excitability of individual SPNs, while dopamine had more mixed actions. Since many autonomic reflexes are integrated by the spinal cord, I also questioned whether these reflexes would be similarly modulated. I therefore developed a novel in vitro spinal cord and sympathetic chain preparation, which allowed for the investigation of visceral afferent-mediated reflexes and their neuromodulation by monoamines. This preparation exposed a dichotomy of action, where sympathetic and somatic motor output is generally enhanced by the monoamines, but reflexes mediated by visceral input are depressed. Utilizing the spinal cord and sympathetic chain preparation, I also investigated how the spinal cord modulates visceral sensory information. One of the most powerful means of selectively inhibiting afferent information from reaching the spinal cord is presynaptic inhibition. I hypothesized that both spinal visceral afferents and descending monoaminergic systems would depress transmission of visceral afferents to the spinal cord. My results demonstrated that activity in spinal visceral afferents can lead to spinally generated presynaptic inhibition, and that in addition to depressing synaptic transmission to the spinal cord, the monoamines also depress the intrinsic circuitry that generates this activity-dependent presynaptic inhibition. Taken together, my results indicate that descending monoaminergic pathways act to limit the amount of visceral sensory information reaching the central nervous system and increase sympathetic output, resulting in an uncoupling of output from visceral sensory input and transitioning to a feed-forward, sympathetically dominant control strategy. This combination offers complex modulatory strategies for descending systems.
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Allette, Yohance Mandela. "Modulatory actions of HMGB1 on TLR4 and rage in the primary afferent sensory neuron." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/7339.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) act largely as endogenous ligands to initiate and maintain the signaling of both inflammatory processes and the acquired immune response. Prolonged action of these endogenous signals are thought to play a significant role sterile inflammation which may be integral to the development of chronic inflammation pathology. HMGB1 (High Mobility Group Box 1) is a highly conserved non-acetylated protein which is among the most important chromatin proteins and serves to organize DNA and regulate transcription. Following stress or injury to the cell, hyperacetylation of lysine residues causes translocation of HMGB1 and eventual release into the extracellular environment where it can take the form of a DAMP and interact with cell types bearing either the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) or Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4). Activation of these surface receptors contribute directly to both acute and chronic inflammation. This project investigated the role of HMGB1 through its receptors Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) and Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) as it pertained to the development of chronic inflammation and pathology in small diameter, nociceptive sensory neurons. It was demonstrated that the neuronal signaling associated with exposure to HMGB1 is dependent upon the ligands conformational states, as the state dictates its affinity and types of neuronal response. Neuronal activation by bacterial endotoxin or the disulfide state of HMGB1 is dependent on TLR4 and the associated signaling adapter protein, Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88). Interruption of the receptor-mediated signaling cascade associated with MyD88 was shown to be sufficient to mitigate ligand-dependent neuronal activation and demonstrated significant behavioral findings. Further downstream signaling of HMGB1 in the neuron has yet to be identified, however important steps have been taken to elucidate the role of chronic neuroinflammation with hopes of eventual translational adaptation for clinical therapeutic modalities.
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Books on the topic "Afferent nervous systems"

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The human pain system: Experimental and clinical perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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International Meeting on Sensory Nerves and Neuropeptides in Gastroenterology (1st 1989 Florence, Italy). Sensory nerves and neuropeptides in gastroenterology: From basic science to clinical perspectives. Plenum Press, 1991.

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K, Tagiev Sh. T͡S︡entralʹnai͡a︡ reguli͡a︡t͡s︡ii͡a︡ vist͡s︡eralʹnykh afferentat͡s︡iĭ v ontogeneze. "Ėlm", 1985.

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Falk Symposium (103 1997 Freiburg, Germany). Liver and nervous system: Proceedings of the Falk Symposium 103 (Part III of the Liver Week in Freiburg 1997) held in Freiburg, Germany, October 4-5, 1997. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

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N, Gantchev G., Dimitrov B, and Gatev P, eds. Motor control. Plenum Press, 1987.

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1951-, Häussinger D., and Jungermann Kurt, eds. Liver and nervous system: Proceedings of the Falk Symposium 103 (Part III of the Liver Week in Freiburg 1997) held in Freiburg, Germany, October 4-5, 1997. Kluwer Academic, 1998.

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Muscle and sensory testing. W.B. Saunders, 1999.

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Muscle and sensory testing. 2nd ed. Elsevier Saunders, 2005.

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Cameron, Oliver G. Visceral sensory neuroscience: Interoception. Oxford University Press, 2002.

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Cameron, Oliver G. Visceral sensory neuroscience: Interoception. Oxford University Press, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Afferent nervous systems"

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Bromm, B. "Central Evoked Brain Potentials as Overall Control of Afferent Systems." In Central Nervous System Monitoring in Anesthesia and Intensive Care. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78441-5_10.

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Matthews, P. B. C. "Muscle Afferents and Parkinson’s Disease." In Clinical Medicine and the Nervous System. Springer London, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3147-2_16.

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Giles, T. D., and G. E. Sander. "Production by Systemic Enkephalin of Hemodynamic Effects by Afferent Modulation of Autonomic Nervous System Tone." In Opioid Peptides and Blood Pressure Control. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73429-8_23.

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Hale, Matthew W., Graham A. W. Rook, and Christopher A. Lowry. "Pathways Underlying Afferent Signaling of Bronchopulmonary Immune Activation to the Central Nervous System." In Chemical Immunology and Allergy. S. KARGER AG, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000336505.

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Mugnaini, Enrico, and Mario G. Fiori. "Do Glial Cells Compete with Afferent Fibers for Apposition to the Neuronal Surface in Development and Aging of the Nervous System? A Study in the Avian Ciliary Ganglion with References to other Neurons." In Glial-Neuronal Communication in Development and Regeneration. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71381-1_17.

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Atkinson, Martin E. "Major sensory and motor systems." In Anatomy for Dental Students. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0024.

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The previous chapter provided an overview of the anatomy of the CNS, concentrating on structures that can be seen during dissection of the human brain and spinal cord or the study of anatomical models of these structures. Some indication of the function of different components of the CNS has been given in Chapter 15, but this chapter shows how the various anatomical components of the CNS are functionally linked together through sensory and motor pathways. These pathways enable the nervous system to convey information over considerable distances, to integrate the information, and formulate functional responses that coordinate activities of different parts of the body. It will be necessary to introduce some other structures in addition to those described in Chapter 15 during the description of major pathways; most are not visible to the naked eye and even when seen in microscopical sections, they require considerable practice to distinguish them. However, they are important landmarks or relay stations in the central nervous pathways and you need to know of them for a full understanding of pathways. As emphasized in Chapter 14, our views of the structure and function of many aspects of the nervous system are constantly subject to revision in the light of new clinical and experimental observations and methods of investigation. This applies to nerve pathways just as much as any other aspect of the nervous system. This chapter presents a summary of current views on somatic sensory and motor functions and their application to the practice of dentistry. The special sensory pathways of olfaction, vision, and hearing are described in Chapter 18 in the context of the cranial nerves that form the first part of these pathways. The information conveyed from the periphery by the sensory components of spinal and cranial nerves is destined to reach the cerebral cortex or the cerebellum. You will be conscious of sensory information that reaches the cerebral cortex, but mostly unaware of information that does not travel to the cortex. However, this does not mean that sensory information that does not attain cortical levels is of no value. For example, sensory neurons or their collateral processes form the afferent limbs of many reflex arcs.
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Benarroch, Eduardo E., Jeremy K. Cutsforth-Gregory, and Kelly D. Flemming. "Sensory System." In Mayo Clinic Medical Neurosciences, edited by Eduardo E. Benarroch, Jeremy K. Cutsforth-Gregory, and Kelly D. Flemming. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190209407.003.0007.

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The sensory system provides information to the central nervous system about the external world (exteroceptive) and the internal environment (interoceptive). Impulses traveling toward the central nervous system are called afferent impulses. Afferent information may be transmitted as conscious data that are perceived by the organism and then used to modify behavior; as unconscious data that, although used to modify behavior, remain unperceived by the organism; or as both conscious and unconscious data. Afferent impulses are functionally subdivided into 4 categories: general somatic afferent impulses (from skin, striated muscles, and joints), general visceral afferent impulses (largely unconscious, from serosal and mucosal surfaces, smooth muscle of the viscera, and baroreceptors), special somatic afferent impulses (relating to vision, hearing, and equilibrium), and special visceral afferent impulses (relating to taste and smell).
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Bielefeldt, K., and G. F. Gebhart. "Visceral Afferents." In Evolution of Nervous Systems. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-370878-8/00092-6.

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Hart, Andrew. "Neurobiology of injury (compression, traction, laceration) and repair, and grading of injuries." In Oxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, edited by Simon Kay, Mikael Wiberg, and Andrew Hart. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682874.003.0035.

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The functioning nervous system is an integrated system including conscious and subconscious pathways in the brain and spinal cord, the peripheral nerves, and specialized target organs. Efferent and afferent feedback pathways integrate at multiple levels, and there is interplay with mood, life function, growth, and development. The peripheral nervous system provides homeostatic and pain functions, and links the virtual world of our consciousness to the physical body that senses and manipulates the world around us. Injury disconnects the central nervous system from physical reality and induces profound, time-dependent changes at all levels of the system that mostly impede functional restitution after nerve reconstruction. For surgery to optimize outcomes it must be timely, and applied with precision, neurobiological awareness, and aided by adjuvant therapies or technologies that modulate responses within the central nervous system, primary motor and sensory neurons, repair site, distal nerve stump, and target organs.
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10

Grant, Gunnar, and Brita Robertson. "Primary Afferent Projections to the Spinal Cord." In The Rat Nervous System. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012547638-6/50005-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Afferent nervous systems"

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Cloutier, Aimee, and James Yang. "Control of Hand Prostheses: A Literature Review." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13349.

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In recent years, there has been a steep rise in the quality of prostheses for patients with upper limb amputations. One common control method, using electromyographic (EMG) signals generated by muscle contractions, has allowed for an increase in the degrees of freedom (DOFs) of hand designs and a larger number of available grip patterns with little added complexity for the wearer. However, it provides little sensory feedback and requires non-natural control which must be learned by the user. Another recent improvement in prosthetic hand design instead employs electroneurographic (ENG) signals, requiring an interface directly with the peripheral nervous system (PNS) or the central nervous system (CNS) to control a prosthetic hand. While ENG methods are more invasive than using surface EMG for control, an interface with the PNS has the potential to provide more natural control and creates an avenue for both efferent and afferent sensory feedback. Despite the recent progress in design and control strategies, however, prosthetic hands are still far more limited than the actual human hand. This review outlines the recent progress in the development of EMG and ENG controlled prosthetic hands, discussing advancements in the areas of sensory feedback and control. The potential benefits and limitations of both control strategies, in terms of signal classification, invasiveness, and sensory feedback, are examined. A brief overview of interfaces with the CNS is provided, and potential future developments for these control methods are discussed.
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