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Journal articles on the topic 'Afferent pathways – Diseases'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Mazzone, Stuart B., and Bradley J. Undem. "Vagal Afferent Innervation of the Airways in Health and Disease." Physiological Reviews 96, no. 3 (2016): 975–1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00039.2015.

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Vagal sensory neurons constitute the major afferent supply to the airways and lungs. Subsets of afferents are defined by their embryological origin, molecular profile, neurochemistry, functionality, and anatomical organization, and collectively these nerves are essential for the regulation of respiratory physiology and pulmonary defense through local responses and centrally mediated neural pathways. Mechanical and chemical activation of airway afferents depends on a myriad of ionic and receptor-mediated signaling, much of which has yet to be fully explored. Alterations in the sensitivity and n

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2

Canning, Brendan J. "Reflex regulation of airway smooth muscle tone." Journal of Applied Physiology 101, no. 3 (2006): 971–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00313.2006.

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Autonomic nerves in most mammalian species mediate both contractions and relaxations of airway smooth muscle. Cholinergic-parasympathetic nerves mediate contractions, whereas adrenergic-sympathetic and/or noncholinergic parasympathetic nerves mediate relaxations. Sympathetic-adrenergic innervation of human airway smooth muscle is sparse or nonexistent based on histological analyses and plays little or no role in regulating airway caliber. Rather, in humans and in many other species, postganglionic noncholinergic parasympathetic nerves provide the only relaxant innervation of airway smooth musc

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Korneva, E. A. "Pathways of neuro-immune communication: past and present time, clinical application." Medical Immunology (Russia) 22, no. 3 (2020): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-pon-1974.

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Fundamental studies in neuroimmunophysiology are the keystone for development of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of infectious, allergic, oncologic and autoimmune diseases. The achievements in this field allowed approving new treatment methods based on irritation of afferent and efferent fibers of autonomic nerves. That became possible due to numerous studies of pathways between the immune and nervous systems performed over last two decades. The milestones in the history of neuroimmune communication research are represented here. The immune system organs – bone marrow, thymus and s

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Burke, Melissa L., Michael de Veer, Jill Pleasance, et al. "Innate immune pathways in afferent lymph following vaccination with poly(I:C)-containing liposomes." Innate Immunity 20, no. 5 (2013): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425913501213.

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Vibert, D., R. Häusler, and A. B. Safran. "Subjective visual vertical in peripheral unilateral vestibular diseases*." Journal of Vestibular Research 9, no. 2 (1999): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1999-9209.

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In humans, the perception of vertical is provided by input from various sensorineural organs and pathways: vision, eye-movements, and proprioceptive and vestibular cues, particularly from the otolithic organs and graviceptive pathways. Well known in several types of brainstem lesions, subjective visual vertical (SVV) abnormalities may also be observed after peripheral vestibular lesions, such as surgical deafferentation, with a deviation directed toward the operated ear. Subjective visual vertical abnormalities are presumably related to a lesion of the otolithic organs and/or to changes in the

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Noh, Mi, Hee-Seong Jang, Jinu Kim, and Babu Padanilam. "Renal Sympathetic Nerve-Derived Signaling in Acute and Chronic Kidney Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (2020): 1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051647.

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The kidney is innervated by afferent sensory and efferent sympathetic nerve fibers. Norepinephrine (NE) is the primary neurotransmitter for post-ganglionic sympathetic adrenergic nerves, and its signaling, regulated through adrenergic receptors (AR), modulates renal function and pathophysiology under disease conditions. Renal sympathetic overactivity and increased NE level are commonly seen in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are critical factors in the progression of renal disease. Blockade of sympathetic nerve-derived signaling by renal denervation or AR blockade in clinical and experimental

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Baj, Andreina, Michela Bistoletti, Annalisa Bosi, Elisabetta Moro, Cristina Giaroni, and Francesca Crema. "Marine Toxins and Nociception: Potential Therapeutic Use in the Treatment of Visceral Pain Associated with Gastrointestinal Disorders." Toxins 11, no. 8 (2019): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11080449.

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Visceral pain, of which the pathogenic basis is currently largely unknown, is a hallmark symptom of both functional disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. Intrinsic sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system and afferent sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia, connecting with the central nervous system, represent the primary neuronal pathways transducing gut visceral pain. Current pharmacological therapies have several limitations, owing to their partial efficacy and the generation of severe adverse effects. Numerous cellular targets of visceral noc

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Guilloteau, P., V. Le Meuth-Metzinger, J. Morisset, and R. Zabielski. "Gastrin, cholecystokinin and gastrointestinal tract functions in mammals." Nutrition Research Reviews 19, no. 2 (2006): 254–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422407334082.

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The aim of the present review is to synthesise and summarise our recent knowledge on the involvement of cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin peptides and their receptors in the control of digestive functions and more generally their role in the field of nutrition in mammals. First, we examined the release of these peptides from the gut, focusing on their molecular forms, the factors regulating their release and the signalling pathways mediating their effects. Second, general physiological effects of CCK and gastrin peptides are described with regard to their specific receptors and the role of CCK

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Vits, Sabine, Elvir Cesko, Paul Enck, Uwe Hillen, Dirk Schadendorf, and Manfred Schedlowski. "Behavioural conditioning as the mediator of placebo responses in the immune system." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1572 (2011): 1799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0392.

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Current placebo research postulates that conditioning processes are one of the major mechanisms of the placebo response. Behaviourally conditioned changes in peripheral immune functions have been demonstrated in experimental animals, healthy subjects and patients. The physiological mechanisms responsible for this ‘learned immune response’ are not yet fully understood, but some relevant afferent and efferent pathways in the communication between the brain and the peripheral immune system have been identified. In addition, possible benefits and applicability in clinical settings have been demons

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Gaier, E. D., R. M. Rodriguiz, J. Zhou, et al. "In vivo and in vitro analyses of amygdalar function reveal a role for copper." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 10 (2014): 1927–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00631.2013.

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Mice with a single copy of the peptide amidating monooxygenase ( Pam) gene (PAM+/−) are impaired in contextual and cued fear conditioning. These abnormalities coincide with deficient long-term potentiation (LTP) at excitatory thalamic afferent synapses onto pyramidal neurons in the lateral amygdala. Slice recordings from PAM+/− mice identified an increase in GABAergic tone (Gaier ED, Rodriguiz RM, Ma XM, Sivaramakrishnan S, Bousquet-Moore D, Wetsel WC, Eipper BA, Mains RE. J Neurosci 30: 13656–13669, 2010). Biochemical data indicate a tissue-specific deficit in Cu content in the amygdala; amyg

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Liersch, Ruediger, and Michael Detmar. "Lymphangiogenesis in development and disease." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 98, no. 08 (2007): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th07-04-0238.

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SummaryThe lymphatic vascular system plays an important role in the maintenance of fluid homeostasis, in the afferent immune response, in the intestinal lipid uptake and in the metastatic spread of malignant cells. The recent discovery of specific markers and growth factors for lymphatic endothelium and the establishment of genetic mouse models with impairment of lymphatic function have provided novel insights into the molecular control of the lymphatic system in physiology and in embryonic development. They have also identified molecular pathways whose mutational inactivation leads to human d

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Damiani, Daniel, Ana Maria Nascimento, and Vanessa Gonçalves Pires. "Unveiling the Insular Lobe of Reil: Neurophysiological and Anatomical Features." Arquivos Brasileiros de Neurocirurgia: Brazilian Neurosurgery 38, no. 02 (2019): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685153.

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AbstractThe insular lobe has long been investigated, from its anatomical descriptions to its neurophysiological activity. Located in a central location, the insular lobe participates in several afferent and efferent pathways, forming part of the eloquent and fundamental structures that make up the central core of the brain. The lobe of the insula has participation in language function, such as speech, sensory (e.g., taste), limbic, autonomic (visceral), also forming part of complex associative circuits, including part of the circuits of mirror neurons. Several functional descriptions attribute

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Chollet, Catherine, Sandrine Placier, Christos Chatziantoniou, et al. "Genetically increased angiotensin I-converting enzyme alters peripheral and renal vascular reactivity to angiotensin II and bradykinin in mice." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 314, no. 2 (2018): H350—H358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00356.2017.

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Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) levels in humans are under strong genetic influence. Genetic variation in ACE has been linked to risk for and progression of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Causality has been documented in genetically modified mice, but the mechanisms underlying causality are not completely elucidated. To further document the vascular and renal consequences of a moderate genetic increase in ACE synthesis, we studied genetically modified mice carrying three copies of the ACE gene (three-copy mice) and littermate wild-type animals (two-copy mice). We investigated periphe

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Szabóová, R. "Optimal Criteria for the Selection of Probiotics, Based on their Mode of Action." Folia Veterinaria 63, no. 4 (2019): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2019-0039.

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Abstract The objective of this review was to discuss some of the criteria which influence the selection of microorganisms with probiotic properties based on their mode of action. The most common bacteria that belong to the “group” probiotics are the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species/strains. Probiotics have benefits and effects by their mechanism of action in different axial locations such as: producing substances, influencing immune function and response, modification as well as maintenance of a healthy population of microorganisms in the intestinal environment. Probiotics have demons

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15

Halmos, Tamás, and Ilona Suba. "The role of the brain in the regulation of metabolism and energy expenditure: the central role of insulin, the insulin resistance of the brain." Orvosi Hetilap 152, no. 3 (2011): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2011.28981.

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Regulatory role of the brain in energy expenditure, appetite, glucose metabolism, and central effects of insulin has been prominently studied. Certain neurons in the hypothalamus increase or decrease appetite via orexigenes and anorexigenes, regulating energy balance and food intake. Hypothalamus is the site of afferent and efferent stimuli between special nuclei and beta- and alpha cells, and it regulates induction/inhibition of glucose output from the liver. Incretines, produced in intestine and in certain brain cells (brain-gut hormones), link to special receptors in the hypothalamus. Centr

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Chen, Shuping, Shubin Wang, Peijing Rong, et al. "Acupuncture for Visceral Pain: Neural Substrates and Potential Mechanisms." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/609594.

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Visceral pain is the most common form of pain caused by varied diseases and a major reason for patients to seek medical consultation. Despite much advances, the pathophysiological mechanism is still poorly understood comparing with its somatic counterpart and, as a result, the therapeutic efficacy is usually unsatisfactory. Acupuncture has long been used for the management of numerous disorders in particular pain and visceral pain, characterized by the high therapeutic benefits and low adverse effects. Previous findings suggest that acupuncture depresses pain via activation of a number of neur

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Otto, Ellen, Paul-Richard Knapstein, Denise Jahn, et al. "Crosstalk of Brain and Bone—Clinical Observations and Their Molecular Bases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14 (2020): 4946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144946.

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As brain and bone disorders represent major health issues worldwide, substantial clinical investigations demonstrated a bidirectional crosstalk on several levels, mechanistically linking both apparently unrelated organs. While multiple stress, mood and neurodegenerative brain disorders are associated with osteoporosis, rare genetic skeletal diseases display impaired brain development and function. Along with brain and bone pathologies, particularly trauma events highlight the strong interaction of both organs. This review summarizes clinical and experimental observations reported for the cross

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18

Ru, F., L. Surdenikova, M. Brozmanova, and M. Kollarik. "Adenosine-induced activation of esophageal nociceptors." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 300, no. 3 (2011): G485—G493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00361.2010.

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Clinical studies implicate adenosine acting on esophageal nociceptive pathways in the pathogenesis of noncardiac chest pain originating from the esophagus. However, the effect of adenosine on esophageal afferent nerve subtypes is incompletely understood. We addressed the hypothesis that adenosine selectively activates esophageal nociceptors. Whole cell perforated patch-clamp recordings and single-cell RT-PCR analysis were performed on the primary afferent neurons retrogradely labeled from the esophagus in the guinea pig. Extracellular recordings were made from the isolated innervated esophagus

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19

Campos-Ríos, Ana, Lola Rueda-Ruzafa, Salvador Herrera-Pérez, Paula Rivas-Ramírez, and José Antonio Lamas. "Tetrodotoxin: A New Strategy to Treat Visceral Pain?" Toxins 13, no. 7 (2021): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070496.

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Visceral pain is one of the most common symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Although the origin of these symptoms has not been clearly defined, the implication of both the central and peripheral nervous systems in visceral hypersensitivity is well established. The role of several pathways in visceral nociception has been explored, as well as the influence of specific receptors on afferent neurons, such as voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). VGSCs initiate action potentials and dysfunction of these channels has recently been associated with painful GI conditi

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20

Akiyama, Tasuku, Mirela Iodi Carstens, and E. Carstens. "Enhanced responses of lumbar superficial dorsal horn neurons to intradermal PAR-2 agonist but not histamine in a mouse hindpaw dry skin itch model." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 6 (2011): 2811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01124.2010.

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Chronic itch is symptomatic of many skin conditions and systemic diseases. Little is known about pathophysiological alterations in itch-signaling neural pathways associated with chronic itch. We used a mouse model of hindpaw chronic dry skin itch to investigate properties of presumptive itch-signaling neurons. Neurons in the lumbar superficial dorsal horn ipsilateral to hindpaw dry skin treatment exhibited a high level of spontaneous activity that was inhibited by scratching the plantar surface. Most spontaneously active units exhibited further increases in firing rate following intradermal in

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Carlström, Mattias, Christopher S. Wilcox, and William J. Arendshorst. "Renal Autoregulation in Health and Disease." Physiological Reviews 95, no. 2 (2015): 405–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00042.2012.

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Intrarenal autoregulatory mechanisms maintain renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) independent of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) over a defined range (80–180 mmHg). Such autoregulation is mediated largely by the myogenic and the macula densa-tubuloglomerular feedback (MD-TGF) responses that regulate preglomerular vasomotor tone primarily of the afferent arteriole. Differences in response times allow separation of these mechanisms in the time and frequency domains. Mechanotransduction initiating the myogenic response requires a sensing mechanism activated by stretch of va

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Vits, Sabine, and Manfred Schedlowski. "Learned Placebo Effects in the Immune System." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 222, no. 3 (2014): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000184.

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Associative learning processes are one of the major neuropsychological mechanisms steering the placebo response in different physiological systems and end organ functions. Learned placebo effects on immune functions are based on the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral immune system. Based on this “hardware,” experimental evidence in animals and humans showed that humoral and cellular immune functions can be affected by behavioral conditioning processes. We will first highlight and summarize data documenting the variety of experimental approac

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Hockley, James R. F., Ewan St John Smith, and David C. Bulmer. "Human visceral nociception: findings from translational studies in human tissue." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 315, no. 4 (2018): G464—G472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00398.2017.

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Peripheral sensitization of nociceptors during disease has long been recognized as a leading cause of inflammatory pain. However, a growing body of data generated over the last decade has led to the increased understanding that peripheral sensitization is also an important mechanism driving abdominal pain in highly prevalent functional bowel disorders, in particular, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). As such, the development of drugs that target pain-sensing nerves innervating the bowel has the potential to be a successful analgesic strategy for the treatment of abdominal pain in both organic an

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Hadamitzky, Martin, Laura Lückemann, Gustavo Pacheco-López, and Manfred Schedlowski. "Pavlovian Conditioning of Immunological and Neuroendocrine Functions." Physiological Reviews 100, no. 1 (2020): 357–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00033.2018.

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The phenomenon of behaviorally conditioned immunological and neuroendocrine functions has been investigated for the past 100 yr. The observation that associative learning processes can modify peripheral immune functions was first reported and investigated by Ivan Petrovic Pavlov and his co-workers. Their work later fell into oblivion, also because so little was known about the immune system’s function and even less about the underlying mechanisms of how learning, a central nervous system activity, could affect peripheral immune responses. With the employment of a taste-avoidance paradigm in ra

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Savoie, Chantal, Chi-Chung Chan, Ian W. Rodger, and Annette Robichaud. "Selective potentiating effect of RS14203 on a serotoninergic pathway in anesthetized rats." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 78, no. 9 (2000): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y00-046.

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The usefulness of selective inhibitors of type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4) in the treatment of inflammation and pulmonary diseases is limited by their side effects: nausea and vomiting. We studied the effect of three structurally diverse PDE4 inhibitors on the vagal nerve afferent and efferent fibers in anesthetized rats. The effects of RS14203, (R)-rolipram, and CT-2450 were evaluated on the von Bezold-Jarisch reflex (vagal afferent fibers) and in a model of vagal electrical stimulation (vagal efferent fibers). All three PDE4 inhibitors were administered at 1, 10, or 100 µg/kg (iv) 15 min prio

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Poliacek, I., M. Simera, V. Calkovsky, and J. Jakus. "Upper Airway Control in Airway Defense." Acta Medica Martiniana 16, no. 1 (2016): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acm-2016-0001.

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AbstractUpper airways (UA) are an organic component of the respiratory tract, they serve to respiration, respiratory tract protection and defense, phonation, deglutition, etc. The functions of UA are regulated by motor control of the oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal muscles.UA typically stiffen and widen during inspiration mainly due to the activation of the alae nasi, genioglossus m., pharyngeal dilators, and laryngeal abductors. These and other UA muscles (e.g. laryngeal and pharyngeal constrictors) may express varoius activity patterns, actively shaping UA depending on species, arousal, resp

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Tanaka, Shinji, Chikara Abe, Stephen B. G. Abbott, et al. "Vagus nerve stimulation activates two distinct neuroimmune circuits converging in the spleen to protect mice from kidney injury." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 12 (2021): e2021758118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021758118.

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Acute kidney injury is highly prevalent and associated with high morbidity and mortality, and there are no approved drugs for its prevention and treatment. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) alleviates inflammatory diseases including kidney disease; however, neural circuits involved in VNS-induced tissue protection remain poorly understood. The vagus nerve, a heterogeneous group of neural fibers, innervates numerous organs. VNS broadly stimulates these fibers without specificity. We used optogenetics to selectively stimulate vagus efferent or afferent fibers. Anterograde efferent fiber stimulation

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He, Wei, Xiaoyu Wang, Hong Shi, et al. "Auricular Acupuncture and Vagal Regulation." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/786839.

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Auricular acupuncture has been utilized in the treatment of diseases for thousands of years. Dr. Paul Nogier firstly originated the concept of an inverted fetus map on the external ear. In the present study, the relationship between the auricular acupuncture and the vagal regulation has been reviewed. It has been shown that auricular acupuncture plays a role in vagal activity of autonomic functions of cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. Mechanism studies suggested that afferent projections from especially the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABVN) to the nucleus of t

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Farmer, Adam D., and Qasim Aziz. "Mechanisms of visceral pain in health and functional gastrointestinal disorders." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 5, no. 2 (2014): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2014.01.002.

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AbstractBackground and aimsChronic visceral pain is common both in patients with identifiable organic disease and also in those without any structural, biochemical or immunological abnormality such as in the functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). We aim to provide a contemporaneous summary of pathways involved in visceral nociception and how a variety of mechanisms may influence an individual’s experience of visceral pain.MethodsIn this narrative review, we have brought together evidence through a detailed search of Medline in addition to using our experience and exposure to recent res

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Ye, Feng, Yi Liu, Shiying Li, Sujuan Zhang, Robert D. Foreman, and Jiande DZ Chen. "Sacral nerve stimulation increases gastric accommodation in rats: a spinal afferent and vagal efferent pathway." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 318, no. 3 (2020): G574—G581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00255.2019.

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Impaired gastric accommodation (GA) has been frequently reported in various gastrointestinal diseases. No standard treatment strategy is available for treating impaired GA. We explored the possible effect of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) on GA and discovered a spinal afferent and vagal efferent mechanism in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats (450–500 g) with a chronically implanted gastric cannula and ECG electrodes were studied in a series of sessions to study: 1) the effects of SNS with different parameters on gastric tone, compliance, and accommodation using a barostat device; two sets of parameter

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De Miguel, Carmen, and Jennifer S. Pollock. "Does endoplasmic reticulum stress mediate endothelin-1-induced renal inflammation?" American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 305, no. 2 (2013): R107—R109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00184.2013.

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Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is the most potent vasoconstrictor peptide known. It exerts its actions through two pharmacologically different receptors: ETA and ETB receptors. In the renal vasculature, there is a majority of ETB receptors in the efferent arteriole, whereas a greater amount of ETA receptors are located in the afferent arteriole. The nephron is rich in ETB receptors, especially in the thick ascending limb and collecting ducts, while containing a smaller amount of ETA receptors. High levels of circulating or renal ET-1 have been described in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension or

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Haxhiu, Musa A., Prabha Kc, Constance T. Moore, et al. "Brain stem excitatory and inhibitory signaling pathways regulating bronchoconstrictive responses." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 6 (2005): 1961–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01340.2004.

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This review summarizes recent work on two basic processes of central nervous system (CNS) control of cholinergic outflow to the airways: 1) transmission of bronchoconstrictive signals from the airways to the airway-related vagal preganglionic neurons (AVPNs) and 2) regulation of AVPN responses to excitatory inputs by central GABAergic inhibitory pathways. In addition, the autocrine-paracrine modulation of AVPNs is briefly discussed. CNS influences on the tracheobronchopulmonary system are transmitted via AVPNs, whose discharge depends on the balance between excitatory and inhibitory impulses t

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Hellysaz, Arash, and Marie Hagbom. "Understanding the Central Nervous System Symptoms of Rotavirus: A Qualitative Review." Viruses 13, no. 4 (2021): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040658.

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This qualitative review on rotavirus infection and its complications in the central nervous system (CNS) aims to understand the gut–brain mechanisms that give rise to CNS driven symptoms such as vomiting, fever, feelings of sickness, convulsions, encephalitis, and encephalopathy. There is substantial evidence to indicate the involvement of the gut–brain axis in symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. The underlying mechanisms are, however, not rotavirus specific, they represent evolutionarily conserved survival mechanisms for protection against pathogen entry and invasion. The reviewed studies

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Choi, Jun, Ji Kim, Jin Park, et al. "The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Fermented Herbal Roots of Asparagus cochinchinensis in an Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma Model." Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 10 (2018): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100377.

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Introduction: Roots of Asparagus cochinchinensis, which have pharmacologically active ingredients, have received great attention because they show good therapeutic effects for various inflammatory diseases without specific toxicity. This study investigated the anti-asthmatic effects of a butanol extract of Asparagus cochinchinensis roots that had been fermented with Weissella cibaria (BAW) and its possible underlying cholinergic regulation. Methods: Alterations of the anti-asthmatic markers and the molecular response factors were measured in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model after treatm

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Basso, Lilian, Reem Aboushousha, Churmy Yong Fan, et al. "TRPV1 promotes opioid analgesia during inflammation." Science Signaling 12, no. 575 (2019): eaav0711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aav0711.

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Pain and inflammation are inherently linked responses to injury, infection, or chronic diseases. Given that acute inflammation in humans or mice enhances the analgesic properties of opioids, there is much interest in determining the inflammatory transducers that prime opioid receptor signaling in primary afferent nociceptors. Here, we found that activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel stimulated a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway that was accompanied by the shuttling of the scaffold protein β-arrestin2 to the nucleus. The nuclear

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Thi Mai Nguyen, Huong, Der-Yen Lee, Hung-Ming Wu, and Ching-Liang Hsieh. "Auricular Acupuncture to Lower Blood Pressure Involves the Adrenal Gland in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (November 20, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3720184.

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Auricular acupuncture is used to treat cardiac-related diseases such as hypertension. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of auricular acupuncture on blood pressure (BP) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The treatment group (TG) received auricular electroacupuncture (EA) at the auricle heart (CO15) and auricle shenmen (TEF3) points. Heart rate (HR) and BP, GABA-A expression, catecholamine, and neurotransmitter levels were measured. The HR was reduced after 7 auricular EA treatments compared with controls (all p < 0.05 ). Systolic BP and diasto

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Bielefeldt, Klaus, Ashok Tuteja, and Salman Nusrat. "Disorders of gastrointestinal hypomotility." F1000Research 5 (August 1, 2016): 1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8658.1.

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Ingestion and digestion of food as well as expulsion of residual material from our gastrointestinal tract requires normal propulsive, i.e. motor, function. Hypomotility refers to inherited or acquired changes that come with decreased contractile forces or slower transit. It not only often causes symptoms but also may compromise nutritional status or lead to other complications. While severe forms, such as pseudo-obstruction or ileus, may have a tremendous functional impact, the less severe forms of hypomotility may well be more relevant, as they contribute to common disorders, such as function

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Hara, M., M. Toyoda, M. Yaar, et al. "Innervation of melanocytes in human skin." Journal of Experimental Medicine 184, no. 4 (1996): 1385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.184.4.1385.

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Communication between the nervous system and epidermal melanocytes has been suspected on the basis of their common embryologic origin and apparent parallel involvement in several disease processes, but never proven. In this study, confocal microscopic analysis of human skin sections stained with antibodies specific for melanocytes and nerve fibers showed intraepidermal nerve endings in contact with melanocytes. This intimate contact was confirmed by electron microscopy, which further demonstrated thickening of apposing plasma membranes between melanocytes and nerve fibers, similar to synaptic

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Raka, Fitore, Sarah Farr, Jacalyn Kelly, Alexandra Stoianov, and Khosrow Adeli. "Metabolic control via nutrient-sensing mechanisms: role of taste receptors and the gut-brain neuroendocrine axis." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 317, no. 4 (2019): E559—E572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00036.2019.

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Nutrient sensing plays an important role in ensuring that appropriate digestive or hormonal responses are elicited following the ingestion of fuel substrates. Mechanisms of nutrient sensing in the oral cavity have been fairly well characterized and involve lingual taste receptors. These include heterodimers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the taste receptor type 1 (T1R) family for sensing sweet (T1R2-T1R3) and umami (T1R1-T1R3) stimuli, the T2R family for sensing bitter stimuli, and ion channels for conferring sour and salty tastes. In recent years, several studies have revealed the

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Rostand, S. G., J. D. Brunzell, R. O. Cannon, and R. G. Victor. "Cardiovascular complications in renal failure." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2, no. 6 (1991): 1053–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v261053.

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Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) largely as a result of the progressively increasing age of ESRD patients and the broad constellation of uremia-associated factors that can adversely affect cardiac function. Hypertension, one of the leading causes of renal failure, is a major culprit in this process, causing left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac chamber dilation, increased left ventricular wall stress, redistribution of coronary blood flow, reduced coronary artery vasodilator reserve, ischemia, myocardial fibrosis, heart failure, and arrhyth

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Semenov, V. G., V. G. Tyurin, D. A. Baimukanov, et al. "BODY IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS OF PREGNANT AND NEWLY-CALVED COWS." REPORTS 335, no. 1 (2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1483.6.

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The research was performed to identify the most effective bio immunostimulant. We used PS-2 and Prevention-N-E biologicals developed on the basis of the Chuvash State Agrarian University, as well as widely used in veterinary practice - PDE and E-selenium. Injection of PS-2 and Prevention-NE preparations to dry cows at a dose of 10.0 ml three times 45-40, 25-20 and 15-10 days before calving, as well as PDE and E-selenium at a dose of 20.0 and 10.0 ml 20 days before calving, respectively, prevents postpartum diseases. The mechanism of action of the PS-2 and Prevention-N-E drugs developed and tes

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Jhamandas, K. H., R. J. Boegman, and R. J. Beninger. "The 1993 Upjohn Award Lecture. Quinolinic acid induced brain neurotransmitter deficits: modulation by endogenous excitotoxin antagonists." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 72, no. 12 (1994): 1473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y94-213.

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Excitotoxins constitute a group of agents that are capable of activating excitatory amino acid receptors and producing axon-sparing neuronal lesions. Focal injections of the exogenous excitotoxins kainic acid and ibotenic acid result in depletion of neurotransmitter markers in neuronal cell bodies located in areas of injection or in terminal zones of their projections. The discovery of endogenous agents that behave as excitotoxins has generated interest in the idea that excitotoxicity may contribute to the neuronal degeneration associated with a number of neurological diseases (Alzheimer's dis

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You, Xin-yu, Han-yu Zhang, Xu Han, Fang Wang, Peng-wei Zhuang, and Yan-jun Zhang. "Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Is Regulated by Intestinal Tract Neuro-Immune Interplay." Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (May 31, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.659716.

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Inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and severe central nervous system injury can lead to intestinal mucosal barrier damage, which can cause endotoxin/enterobacteria translocation to induce infection and is closely related to the progression of metabolic diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, tumors and other diseases. Hence, repairing the intestinal barrier represents a potential therapeutic target for many diseases. Enteral afferent nerves, efferent nerves and the intrinsic enteric nervous system (ENS) play key roles in regulating intestinal physiological home

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Gehrlach, Daniel A., Caroline Weiand, Thomas N. Gaitanos, et al. "A whole-brain connectivity map of mouse insular cortex." eLife 9 (September 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.55585.

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The insular cortex (IC) plays key roles in emotional and regulatory brain functions and is affected across psychiatric diseases. However, the brain-wide connections of the mouse IC have not been comprehensively mapped. Here, we traced the whole-brain inputs and outputs of the mouse IC across its rostro-caudal extent. We employed cell-type-specific monosynaptic rabies virus tracings to characterize afferent connections onto either excitatory or inhibitory IC neurons, and adeno-associated viral tracings to label excitatory efferent axons. While the connectivity between the IC and other cortical

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Bonaz, Bruno, Valérie Sinniger, and Sonia Pellissier. "Therapeutic Potential of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases." Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (March 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.650971.

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The vagus nerve is a mixed nerve, comprising 80% afferent fibers and 20% efferent fibers. It allows a bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the digestive tract. It has a dual anti-inflammatory properties via activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, by its afferents, but also through a vago-vagal inflammatory reflex involving an afferent (vagal) and an efferent (vagal) arm, called the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Indeed, the release of acetylcholine at the end of its efferent fibers is able to inhibit the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF

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Falvey, Aidan, Fabrice Duprat, Thomas Simon, et al. "Electrostimulation of the carotid sinus nerve in mice attenuates inflammation via glucocorticoid receptor on myeloid immune cells." Journal of Neuroinflammation 17, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-02016-8.

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Abstract Background The carotid bodies and baroreceptors are sensors capable of detecting various physiological parameters that signal to the brain via the afferent carotid sinus nerve for physiological adjustment by efferent pathways. Because receptors for inflammatory mediators are expressed by these sensors, we and others have hypothesised they could detect changes in pro-inflammatory cytokine blood levels and eventually trigger an anti-inflammatory reflex. Methods To test this hypothesis, we surgically isolated the carotid sinus nerve and implanted an electrode, which could deliver an elec

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Berthoud, Hans-Rudolf, Christopher D. Morrison, Karen Ackroff, and Anthony Sclafani. "Learning of food preferences: mechanisms and implications for obesity & metabolic diseases." International Journal of Obesity, July 6, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41366-021-00894-3.

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AbstractOmnivores, including rodents and humans, compose their diets from a wide variety of potential foods. Beyond the guidance of a few basic orosensory biases such as attraction to sweet and avoidance of bitter, they have limited innate dietary knowledge and must learn to prefer foods based on their flavors and postoral effects. This review focuses on postoral nutrient sensing and signaling as an essential part of the reward system that shapes preferences for the associated flavors of foods. We discuss the extensive array of sensors in the gastrointestinal system and the vagal pathways conv

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von Molitor, Elena, Katja Riedel, Michael Krohn, Mathias Hafner, Rüdiger Rudolf, and Tiziana Cesetti. "Sweet Taste Is Complex: Signaling Cascades and Circuits Involved in Sweet Sensation." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15 (June 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.667709.

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Sweetness is the preferred taste of humans and many animals, likely because sugars are a primary source of energy. In many mammals, sweet compounds are sensed in the tongue by the gustatory organ, the taste buds. Here, a group of taste bud cells expresses a canonical sweet taste receptor, whose activation induces Ca2+ rise, cell depolarization and ATP release to communicate with afferent gustatory nerves. The discovery of the sweet taste receptor, 20 years ago, was a milestone in the understanding of sweet signal transduction and is described here from a historical perspective. Our review brie

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Parodi, Benedetta, and Nicole Kerlero de Rosbo. "The Gut-Brain Axis in Multiple Sclerosis. Is Its Dysfunction a Pathological Trigger or a Consequence of the Disease?" Frontiers in Immunology 12 (September 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.718220.

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A large and expending body of evidence indicates that the gut-brain axis likely plays a crucial role in neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). As a whole, the gut-brain axis can be considered as a bi-directional multi-crosstalk pathway that governs the interaction between the gut microbiota and the organism. Perturbation in the commensal microbial population, referred to as dysbiosis, is frequently associated with an increased intestinal permeability, or “leaky gut”, which allows the entrance of exogeneous molecules, in particular bacterial products and metabolites, that can

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Crisafulli, Ernesto, and Enrico M. Clini. "Measures of dyspnea in pulmonary rehabilitation." Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 5 (August 22, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mrm.2010.529.

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   Dyspnea is the main symptom perceived by patients affected by chronic respiratory diseases. It derives from a complex interaction of signals arising in the central nervous system, which is connected through afferent pathway receptors to the peripheral respiratory system (airways, lung, and thorax). Notwithstanding the mechanism that generates the stimulus is always the same, the sensation of dyspnea is often described with different verbal descriptors: these descriptors, or linguistic ‘clusters’, are clearly influenced by socio-individ- ual factors related to the patient.

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