Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Affirmation and Negation of Life'

Grâce à une étude exhaustive de la notion de vie dans l'œuvre d'Arthur Schopenhauer, la thèse répond à la question de la vie et du vivre-encore. Il s'agit de montrer comment la métaphysique schopenhauerienne de la volonté explique et justifie le phénomène de la vie ainsi que celui de la persistance dans le vivre. D'emblée, la thèse propose d'établir la définition ultime et métaphysique de la vie. C'est alors que le phénomène de la vie se trouve défini de part en part comme volonté de vivre et alors, comme un phénomène qui cherche à vivre et à vivre encore. La thèse explique aussi comment les différentes approches de la vie proposées par Schopenhauer permettent de définir cette notion selon une perspective biologique, philosophique, existentielle et métaphorique, mais toujours relativement à la définition métaphysique de la vie. Une étude du sentiment de vie révèle l'épreuve de la vie comme volonté de vivre, c'est-à-dire d'une vie qui se veut toujours elle-même. C'est alors que la vie s'impose en soi comme une nécessité de vivre, mais aussi comme une nécessité de souffrir parce que vivre c'est aussi toujours souffrir. La négation de la volonté comme solution à la douleur de vivre se trouve alors critiquée et remise en cause par un examen des tensions entre le besoin d'affirmation de la volonté dans le phénomène de la vie et l'intention de négation de la volonté chez le sujet qui cherche son salut. Il apparait donc clairement qu'en ayant placé au cœur du sujet une volonté de vivre aveugle et puissante Schopenhauer a fait de la vie un phénomène quasi incorruptible : l'affirmation de la volonté s'impose comme un impératif et ainsi s'impose la vie comme nécessité de vivre
The thesis answers the question of life and further living by means of an exhaustive study of the concept of life in Arthur Schopenhauer's work. The principal concern is to demonstrate how Schopenhauer's metaphysics explains and justifies the phenomenon of life as well as the phenomenon of the persistence into the living. From the beginning the thesis establishes the ultimate and the metaphysical definition of life. Therefore the phenomenon of life is defined throughout as Will-to-live and then, as a phenomenon that seeks for life and further living. The thesis also shows how Schopenhauer's different approaches to the concept of life allow one to define life from a biological, philosophical, existential and a metaphorical perspective, but which is always related to the metaphysical definition of life. A study of the feeling of life reveals that what is always felt is the Will-to-live i.e. a life that always wants itself. Then life imposes itself into itself as a necessity to live, but also as a necessity to suffer because living always entails suffering. The negation of the will as a solution for existential pain and suffering is therefore criticized and reconsidered by an examination of all the existing tensions between the need of the phenomenon of life to affirm the will and the intention to negate the will in the subject looking for salvation. Subsequently it appears evident that by putting a blind and powerful Will-to-live into the heart of the subject Schopenhauer has rendered life into an almost incorruptible phenomenon: the affirmation of the will imposes itself as an imperative and so life imposes itself as a necessity to live

L’écriture de Maurice Blanchot est-elle dirigée par sa pensée philosophique ou par sa pensée littéraire ? Du fait de son double rôle, le critique et le romancier, son écriture nous paraît pouvoir présenter ces deux genres de pensées, philosophique et littéraire. La pensée philosophique vise le but de dévoiler la vérité et, avec elle, l’écriture devient la représentation qui met en œuvre la pensée dialectique ; à ce titre, chaque mot doit correspondre au propos d’un penseur afin que le lecteur puisse le suivre. La pensée littéraire repose sur la transformation de ce qui était et, avec elle, ce qui est écrit n’est pas encore écrit mais à écrire ; un romancier demande au lecteur de chercher le deuxième sens dans son écriture, autrement dit, ce qu’il dit peut ne pas être ce qu’il veut dire. C’est de là que viennent deux sortes d’écritures : l’une dit le vrai, l’autre ment. Comment le lecteur distingue-t-il la réalité de la littérature de Blanchot ? En lisant la critique de Blanchot, le lecteur parvient-il à croire en son auteur qui est aussi un romancier ayant une écriture détournée ? Nous nous demandons si, en écrivant, Blanchot ne se trompe jamais entre ses deux rôles. En ce sens, notre thèse interroge sur l’indétermination de l’écriture de Maurice Blanchot
Is the writing of Maurice Blanchot determined by its philosophical thought or literary thought? Because of his dual roles, critic and novelist, Blanchot’s writing seems to display two possible thoughts: philosophical and literary thoughts. Philosophical thought is the aim on uncovering the truth. As a result, the writing becomes an implement to represent the dialectical thinking. Every chosen word must correspond to what the thinker stated so that the reader can follow it. Literary thought bases on transforming the original fact. A novelist asks the reader to look for the second meaning in his writing, in other words, what he wrote is not equal to what he meant. Thus what is written (by the author) is not yet written, but is waiting for written (by readers). There are two kinds of writing: one tells the truth, the other tells the lie. How can readers distinguish the reality from the writing of Blanchot? Can readers believe Blanchot’s literary criticism while he is also a novelist along with those rhetorical writing skills? One questing would Blanchot never confuse between his double roles. Accordingly, this thesis will discuss the indeterminacy within the writing of Maurice Blanchot

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Trabalho etnográfico realizado no Morro do Bumba, favela localizada no bairro de Viçoso Jardim, em Niterói. Apesar de ser motivado inicialmente por um interesse nos desabamentos ocorridos no local em 2010, nas ações do Estado e na cobertura da imprensa, o foco da dissertação foi mudando conforme a convivência no campo. A partir de manifestações políticas e situações cotidianas, este texto apresenta o objetivo de repensar o alcance de certos conceitos e noções a partir dos quais se costuma basear a nossa ideia sobre o que é nossa sociedade. Indivíduo, risco, Estado, contravenção, dinheiro e política são algumas das categorias que ganham formas diferentes das veiculadas oficialmente, quando se trata do Bumba. Vivendo junto com as pessoas do local e observando, o etnógrafo se pergunta: será que onde o Estado e a imprensa veem apenas a falta e a necessidade, não existem também diferenças que resistem aos processos civilizadores que ocorrem em nossa sociedade? Seja na rejeição a certo tipo de pensamento sobre o processo eleitoral, quando evitam algumas instituições de saúde, segurança e lei, ou quando há a preferência pela espontaneidade onde se costuma recomendar a precaução, é possível perceber a afirmação de um discurso próprio no qual muitos não veem senão ruídos.
Ethnographic work in Morro do Bumba, a slum located in Viçoso Jardim, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Despite being initially motivated by an interest in the landslides that occurred in 2010, as well as in the actions of the State and the press coverage, the focus of the dissertation has changed as the research in the field progressed. Based upon political manifestations and everyday situations, this text aims to rethink if certain concepts and ideas used to think our society actually go as far as we believe them to do. Individual, risk, State, contravention, money and politics are some of the categories that in Morro do Bumba happen differently than it is usually expected by the official discourses. Living alongside the locals and observing, the ethnographer asks himself: where the State and the press see only necessity and misery, is it impossible to see also differences that resist to the civilizational processes that try to shape our society? When refusing certain kind of thoughts about the electoral process, when avoiding certain health, security and law institutions or when people choose spontaneity when some would expect precaution and see only noise, is it possible to notice the affirmation of a discourse?

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A presente dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar a relação de um tema que, em uma primeira aproximação, tem sua força em um procedimento negativo – a crítica –, com uma ideia que parece ser constituída de uma potência integralmente positiva – a afirmação da vida. Entre as obras de Nietzsche, Assim falou Zaratustra ganhará destaque. Esse texto comporta, de maneira muito marcante, as ideias de negação e de afirmação. Os significantes “não” e “sim” são recorrentes durante o texto, assim como as noções de destruição e criação, que, como veremos, estão relacionadas à negação e à afirmação. Os conceitos de vontade de poder e de eterno retorno serão ressaltados no desenvolvimento do texto, devido a sua ligação direta com o tema da afirmação da vida. Contudo, mostraremos que esses últimos também podem ser lidos como conceitos críticos. Além disso, evidenciaremos que a crítica vai além do registro negativo, bem como que a afirmação nietzschiana incorpora tipos de negação.
The present thesis has as objective to assess the relationship on a subject that, in a first glance, has its strength in a negative procedure – the criticism –, with an idea that seems to be constituted by an entirely positive potency – the affirmation of life. Among Nietzsche's works, Thus spoke Zarathustra will stand out. This text holds, in a very remarkable way, the ideas of denial and affirmation. The significants "no" and "yes" are recurrent throughout the text, as well as the notions of destruction and creation, which, as we shall see, are related to denial and affirmation. The concepts of will of power and eternal return will be emphasized during the development of the text, due to its direct connection with the affirmation of life theme. However, we will show that these latest can also be read as critical concepts. Moreover, we will show that criticism goes beyond the negative registry, and as well that the nietzschean affirmation embodies types of denial.

Values as therapeutic Jocil processes and motivators: a systematic review. A systematic search revealed 19 papers pertaining to therapeutic use of values. Six reported significant positive correlations between values-based living and well-being. Twelve of the remaining 13 presented evidence that supported the use of valuesbased interventions to: enable the adaptive acceptance of distress (two), increase values clarity and values-based living (five of six), improve psychosocial/physical function (two), and increase tolerance of threats to self worth (three). Further research is required, particularly outside the populations of students and peopl'e with chronic health problems. A theoretical model is presented whereby values-based interventions may improve well-being through two compatible pathways: increasing values-based living and reducing psychological threat to self worth. Section two: Research report Values-based self-affirmation Jor young people who experience skin-related distress A multiple case studies approach was used to evaluate a values-based self-affirmation intervention using nomothetic measures, idiographic daily repeated measures and qualitative data. Participants comprised 11 young people with psychosocial distress self-attributed to their dermatological condition. Depression and anxiety reduced significantly at the group level (p < O.OS), and individual level (N=7). Skin-related frustration and restrictions reduced, whilst reported preoccupation and concealment increased. Qualitative data indicated increased values-based living and reduced skin-related threats to self-worth post-inte'rvention. Participants identified empathic discussion to be more important than self-affirmation. Skin-related distress in young people can be reduced using a simple intervention that could be implemented by nursing staff. Further research is required to clarify the active components and mechanisms of change.

Extant literature has provided evidence suggesting that ethnic minority individuals experiencing discrimination report poor mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and an overall lower sense of belongingness with the majority culture, but empirical research examining how ethnic identity affects this relationship is extremely scarce. The first goal of the current study was to replicate the results of previous studies demonstrating a strong relationship between discrimination and selected wellbeing indicators: meaning in life, American affirmation, depression, and life satisfaction. The second goal of the study was to examine a moderation model and two moderated moderation models that depict the relationships among adult attachment, the affective component of ethnic identity, exploration and commitment to ethnic identity, and wellbeing indicators. Data was collected from 206 students who were recruited from undergraduate psychology courses. Findings provided partial support to the direct effects of discrimination on various wellbeing indicators but did not support the moderating effect of ethnic identity. Additionally, adult attachment, ethnic identity, and discrimination were not found to significantly interact, but the relationship between discrimination, ethnic identity, and American affirmation was found to be significantly moderated by the affective component of ethnic identity. Discussion on the findings, limitations of the study, future research directions, and counseling implications are addressed.

The purpose of the present study is to assess the role of the concepts of health and sickness in Nietzsche&rsquo
s philosophy. While doing this, our basic presupposition will be that these concepts owe their special place to their being the new criteria for Nietzsche&rsquo
s project of revaluation of all existing values. Nietzsche was philosophizing in the face of the crisis of 19th century Europe, that is, nihilism. According to him, Western traditional thought is based on an otherworldly oriented conception of life the values of which are nothing but a negation of life. Although these values had served man&rsquo
s justification of living for a long time, they reached their expiration by the &lsquo
death of god&rsquo
resulting from the materialistic tendency of the flourishing natural sciences of the 19th century. The &lsquo
death of god&rsquo
paved the way for a devaluation of once most valuable values, of which the most notable are &lsquo
good&rsquo
and &lsquo
bad&rsquo
. Thus, Nietzsche&rsquo
s project of revaluation needs new evaluative criteria as well, which is &lsquo
health&rsquo
and &lsquo
sickness&rsquo
. In this study, I will argue that, Nietzsche situates a physiological understanding of these concepts at the very heart of his revaluation and their somehow metaphorical application to culture and modern society is based on a physiological conception of them as well.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
A presente dissertaÃÃo - intitulada Nietzsche: as paixÃes como afirmaÃÃo da vida e construÃÃo de uma ânova Ãticaâ â visa a ponderar sobre uma ânova Ãticaâ em Nietzsche, com base tanto em seus escritos de juventude quanto nos textos de sua maturidade filosÃfica. Ao propor esse tema, levaremos em conta, num primeiro momento, a noÃÃo de corpo como fio condutor e pano de fundo da anÃlise, pensando-o, nÃo mais dualisticamente em relaÃÃo à alma, mas como uma multiplicidade de forÃas que estÃo em um eterno vir-a-ser, concorrendo para a formaÃÃo e transformaÃÃo do viver; depois, apÃs termos abordado a questÃo consoante à inversÃo do platonismo, trateremos finalmente de apontar, a partir da ideia de criaÃÃo e do dizer-sim à vida, para uma possÃvel ânova Ãticaâ na filosofia nietzschiana.
The present dissertation â entiteld Nietzsche: the passions as life affirmation e constructing of a ânew ethicsâ â aims at thinking of a ânew ethicsâ in Nietzscheâs philosophy, based upon his early writtings as well as on his lattest works. While developing this theme, we intend to consider, in a first moment, the notion of body as guide line and background of the analysis - taking it not as a dualistic opposition to the soul, but as a multiplicity of forces within an ethernal becoming, contributing towards a formation and transformation of living; then, after having considered the question of the inversion of Platonism, in line with the ideia of creation and yes-saying to life, we finally hope to point out a possible ânew ethicsâ in Nietzscheâs philosophy.

A partir da perspectiva teórica da Análise do Discurso de base enunciativa (MAINGUENEAU, 2005), com ênfase no conceito de gênero de discurso (BAKHTIN, 2000), esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os classificados de imóveis tendo como corpus classificados de imóveis para venda, recortados do jornal O Globo, do domingo, dia 22 de junho de 2008, do caderno Morar Bem, referentes a imóveis residenciais de todos os tipos, localizados no bairro de Copacabana, no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Na análise desses classificados, ao se destacar suas características recorre-se a conceitos como descrição (ADAM, 1993), argumentação (CHARAUDEAU, 2009) e negação polêmica (DUCROT, 1987). Observando os textos desses anúncios, percebe-se a baixa ocorrência de enunciados que apresentem negação, ou ausência de algum elemento, marcadas linguisticamente. Contudo, a análise torna possível identificar outras marcas linguísticas, de afirmação, que apontam para uma dissimetria entre os enunciados afirmativos e negativos, sendo que, neste caso, é a negação que é apresentada na afirmação de forma mais fundamental que a afirmação na negação. A essa afirmação se deu o nome de afirmação polêmica
From the point of view of French discourse analysis (MAINGUENEAU, 2005), focusing on the concept of discourse genre (BAKHTIN, 2000), the object of this dissertation is to analyze real estate classified ads based on a corpus formed by real estate classified ads for sale, taken from O GLOBO newspaper, on the Sunday June 22nd, 2008 edition, from the supplementary section Morar Bem. The ads refer to all kinds of home real estate, located in Copacabana, in the City of Rio de Janeiro. The analysis of these classified ads highlighted some of their characteristics which led to concepts like description (ADAM, 1993), argumentation (CHARAUDEAU, 2009) and linguistic negation (DUCROT, 1987). Observing the text of these ads it is possible to notice that only a few of them show on their enunciation the presence of negation or absence, through the linguistic marking of no, without, absence or discharge. However, the analysis allowed us to identify other linguistic markings of affirmation which point to a lack of balance between affirmative and negative utterances in this case, negation is present in affirmation more frequently than the opposite. This affirmation was named polemical affirmation

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The main objective of this work consists in investigating, from Nietzsche’s philosophical work – especially in the texts The birth of tragedy, Human, all too human and the Genealogy of morals – in what form the contemporary esthete understood the notion of tragic art in three differentiated perspectives. For this task, we will pursue the following steps: First, the overview of the will to power and of surviving will be sketched, and the consequent affirmation of life by man. Subsequently, an understanding of the tragic art as an artist’s metaphysics will be built, perceiving it as a result of the Apollonian and Dionysian impulses, which relate to the principle of individuation and thus manifests an interpretation of the world as an aesthetic phenomenon. In this first perspective, the tragic art is useful to man by making the absurdity of life bearable. Then the second notion of tragic art as an educator of men for their most primitive instincts, mainly for the will of survival and creativity. This second way of looking at tragedy is related to an instrumental interpretation of Socratic and to Nietzsche’s “perspectivism”. Moreover, the tragic will be useful to educate man to affirm his life. In a third moment, we intend to demonstrate how tragic art, mischaracterized by modernity, shall be understood as an ascetic priestess. Finally, some concluding remarks on the problem of how tragic art has changed its meaning of artist’s methaphisics, passed to be man’s educator and became ascetic priestess. However, there is an element that will surpass all three Nietzsche’s notions of tragic art, namely its usefulness in seducing men to affirm their living.
O objetivo capital desse trabalho constitui-se em investigar, a partir obra filosófica de Nietzsche –, sobretudo, nos textos O nascimento da tragédia; Humano, demasiado humano e Genealogia da moral –, de que forma o esteta contemporâneo compreendeu a noção de arte trágica em três perspectivas diferenciadas. Para tal indústria, encadear-se-ão as seguintes etapas: Primeiro, será esboçado o panorama geral das vontades de poder e de sobrevivência, bem como a consequente afirmação do viver por parte do homem. Subsequentemente, será construído um entendimento acerca da arte trágica como metafísica de artista. Percebendo-a como resultado das pulsões apolíneas e dionisíaca, as quais se relacionam com o princípio de individuação e assim manifesta-se uma interpretação do mundo como fenômeno estético. Nessa primeira perspectiva, a arte trágica será útil ao homem por tornar o absurdo da vida suportável. Em seguida, será refletida a segunda noção de arte trágica como formadora do homem em vistas de suas pulsões mais primitivas, principalmente, das vontades de sobrevivência e de criação. Essa segunda forma de contemplar a tragédia encontra-se relacionada a uma instrumentalização do socratismo e ao perspectivismo nietzschianos. Ademais, o trágico servirá para educar o homem para a afirmação do seu viver. Em um terceiro momento, objetiva-se demonstrar como a arte trágica, descaracterizada pela modernidade, passa a ser compreendida como uma sacerdotisa asceta. Por fim, serão realizadas algumas considerações finais acerca da problemática de como a arte trágica teve o seu significado modificado de metafísica de artista, passou por formadora do homem e chegou a sacerdotisa ascética. Contudo, existe um elemento que irá transpor todas as três noções nietzschianas de trágico na arte, a saber: a utilidade do mesmo em seduzir o homem a afirmar o seu viver.

SOUSA, Érica Costa. Nietzsche: as paixões como afirmação da vida e construção de uma nova ética. 2013. 107f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2013.
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The present dissertation – entiteld Nietzsche: the passions as life affirmation e constructing of a “new ethics” – aims at thinking of a “new ethics” in Nietzsche’s philosophy, based upon his early writtings as well as on his lattest works. While developing this theme, we intend to consider, in a first moment, the notion of body as guide line and background of the analysis - taking it not as a dualistic opposition to the soul, but as a multiplicity of forces within an ethernal becoming, contributing towards a formation and transformation of living; then, after having considered the question of the inversion of Platonism, in line with the ideia of creation and yes-saying to life, we finally hope to point out a possible “new ethics” in Nietzsche’s philosophy.
A presente dissertação - intitulada Nietzsche: as paixões como afirmação da vida e construção de uma “nova ética” – visa a ponderar sobre uma “nova ética” em Nietzsche, com base tanto em seus escritos de juventude quanto nos textos de sua maturidade filosófica. Ao propor esse tema, levaremos em conta, num primeiro momento, a noção de corpo como fio condutor e pano de fundo da análise, pensando-o, não mais dualisticamente em relação à alma, mas como uma multiplicidade de forças que estão em um eterno vir-a-ser, concorrendo para a formação e transformação do viver; depois, após termos abordado a questão consoante à inversão do platonismo, trateremos finalmente de apontar, a partir da ideia de criação e do dizer-sim à vida, para uma possível “nova ética” na filosofia nietzschiana.

Esta dissertação tem por objecto a flor da melancolia e o ímpeto cesariano nas Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas, de Machado de Assis, noções que reflectem um confronto com a temática schopenhauriana e nietzschiana da negação e afirmação da vida. Trata-se de uma tese em Filosofia – variante Estética, que procura identificar no romance do escritor brasileiro aquilo que nele corresponde a um substrato metafísico, a uma procura pelo sentido e a uma tentativa de lidar com o sofrimento – feitas por um homem para quem Deus morreu, e que encontra numa dimensão temporal tudo o que há para encontrar. Consideramos que a despeito do pessimismo que atravessa o livro, há nele uma vitalidade que decorre grandemente do ponto de vista do narrador, do facto de as Memórias serem Póstumas. E pensamos que é no acto criador da escrita que Brás Cubas, e com ele Machado de Assis, firma o estandarte de César e abotoa a flor da melancolia, o sofrimento de que padece a Humanidade e que, no caso do personagem, surge depois da morte da mãe, no período de luto em que, pela primeira vez, há um questionamento acerca de si próprio e do seu lugar no mundo.

This study sought to investigate the alleged problem of &lsquo
academic dependency&rsquo
, on the part of South African sociologists, on western scholarship. The stated problem is said to undermine South African sociologists&rsquo
ability to set their own intellectual and epistemological agenda. Sociology in South Africa is characterised by two issues: &lsquo
negations&rsquo
and theoretical &lsquo
extraversion&rsquo
. In the light of the foregoing claim, the study sought to investigate the underlying epistemological features of sociology curriculum in one of the South African universities. In investigating these issues, the thesis relies on the notion of &lsquo
authentic interlocutors&rsquo
put forward by Archie Mafeje. Literature on transformation of the social sciences in (South) Africa was reviewed. Methodologically, the study assumes a qualitative approach. In order comprehensively to understand the problem under investigation, in-depth interviews were conducted along with a review of course outlines of the selected department of sociology
these, in turn, were subjected to content analysis. Interviewees included, respectively, academic members of staff and postgraduate students. The study concludes by highlighting the &lsquo
ontological disconnect&rsquo
, on the part of South African sociologists, not only with their immediate environment but the rest of the African continent. In maintaining this view, it argues that their ontological and epistemological standpoints only succeed in highlighting their cultural affinity with Euro-American perspectives. The said ontological disconnect and cultural affinity, it is argued, lead to extraverted curricula.

This dissertation represents an interpretation of the different forms of negativity in the modernist work that can be understood in terms of that which is unsaid, unsayable, or any other means of refusing to give an affirmative proposition regarding the world the work describes. It explores this negativity as both a representation of that which cannot be represented, and as an operational negativity, or negation, that takes part in the unmaking of the work's figures. The function of this negativity, as interpreted in Marcel Proust's Remembrance of Things Past (1913-1927), James Joyce's Ulysses (1922) and Krapp's Last Tape (1959) by Samuel Beckett, is to rewrite the representations of the work. Negativity is then also understood as a transformation and conditioning of elements already present in the literary work, that lead to ambivalent and problematic representations in the work. In this sense, negativity can be understood as a form of rewriting of the work's representations. The interpretations of the works of Proust, Joyce and Beckett are guided by this understanding, as given in the introduction, of negativity. In the analysis of Proust's novel, in "The Unmaking of Proust: Negation and Errors in Remembrance of Things Past", this form of negativity is situated in relation to Proust's handling of epistemological questions and mimetic references to reality in his work. The analysis of Joyce's work in "The Wandering of Language in James Joyce's Ulysses" discusses his treatment of language and the origins of language as being characterized by a negation that increases the difficulty of the language, and attempts to negate its origins. Finally, in the analysis of Beckett's "Krapp's Last Tape", in "Beckett, Proust, and the End of Literature", it is shown that negativity conditions both the reception of the influence of Proust by Beckett, and the play's attempt to suggest the end of writing. In conclusion the dissertation returns to the idea of negativity as a form of rewriting, and briefly indicates that the function of negativity in these novels can be understood as a form of invention.
Thesis (M.A.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
生命教育教學碩士學位班
106
The following study which used the Self-narration, from “alive” “survive” and “life” explained the three levels of life experience in which people commonly face a problem. No matter which level we go to, we can't avoid the problem of "choice". Therefore, we want to explore our own life experiences through the narrative, from the concept of money, life and death, and the future. In addition, further deep thinking of choice in each period will be the main point in this treatise. Through the narrative of life stories, researchers re-analyze and self-awareness in thinking and re-recognize themselves. Through such self-exploration, the researchers seen themselves in different ways and then accept and affirm themselves. In the process of narrative, the researcher completes the life experience in a time series, and then through such reorganization, rethinking and revisiting his life with different aspects. In addition, through the way of the narrative, the researcher sees herself across many connections from her own childhood and values. These links send you to different levels of life, with different experiences and choices that bring about different changes. "Selection" and "learn" in life require a lot of wisdom. Through self-narration, the researcher reorganizes the life without any doubt. The attitude of choice is no longer just one answer. Therefore, the value is to face the dilemma and choice of life, it will not repeat trapped in the same behavior. It will not regret any choice, recognizing all the things; all belong to the grace of life and believe that everything is the best arrangement. Thus, the narrative allows people to see their past and accepted, understanding that all of this that happened in life is just a process of learning and due all of the imperfections; we must practice again and again while building the meaning of life with our own vision or the way we see the world.

The aim of this thesis is analysis of attitudes, opinions and present legislation regarding a surrogate motherhood. The thesis should be recommendation of optimal legal adaptation of surrogacy in Czech Republic. The thesis looks into chosen issue through methods of comparison with foreign legislation and reminder of professional and non- professional views on the issue. The reasons for surrogacy legislation in Czech Republic are particularly the best interest of child, protection of surrogate mother's rights and rights of potential parents and many more. The surrogacy legislation would mean amendments of many legal regulations, which are propounded by the thesis. Keywords Surrogate motherhood, surrogacy, surrogacy legislation, determination and negation of maternity, biological mother, social mother, genetic mother, legal mother, the best interest of child, adoption, right to family and family life Name of the thesis Surrogate motherhood