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Journal articles on the topic 'Affirmation internationale'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Gagné, Gilbert. "Libre-échange, souveraineté et américanité : une nouvelle trinité pour le Québec?" Symposium : L’américanité du Québec 18, no. 1 (November 17, 2008): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/040151ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Depuis l’établissement du libre-échange en Amérique du Nord, le Québec est entré dans une dynamique d’intégration continentale. Contrairement au Canada anglophone qui craignait l’américanisation, le Québec voyait dans le libre-échange une source d’avantages économiques, et les souverainistes québécois, un moyen de s’affranchir du pouvoir fédéral. Le libre-échange procure au Québec un cadre nouveau au sein duquel il peut s’affirmer sur la scène internationale et cette affirmation pourrait le conduire à la souveraineté. De même, le libre-échange a eu un effet sur l’américanité du Québec, c’est-à-dire sur l’affirmation de son appartenance continentale. Pour le Québec, il s’agit toutefois de concilier le libre-échange avec sa volonté de maintenir et d’affirmer son identité et sa différence.

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2

Letourneux, Matthieu. "Eurospy. Une culture pop européenne au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale." Études littéraires 46, no. 3 (April 11, 2017): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1039380ar.

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Entre 1950 et 1970, l’espionnage connaît dans toute l’Europe un succès considérable. Des films, séries télévisées, collections de romans, de bandes dessinées ou de romans-photos sont diffusés par centaines et circulent très largement entre les pays, participant de la sorte à la redéfinition d’une identité culturelle européenne et à son homogénéisation à travers des traductions, des coproductions et des accords entre éditeurs. Marqués par une forte sérialisation des discours, ces récits contribuent à redéfinir les imaginaires européens après les bouleversements qu’ils ont connus avec la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Marginalisée sur la scène internationale, affaiblie dans ses anciens territoires coloniaux, traumatisée par les conflits passés entre les nations, l’Europe se réinvente dans ces oeuvres, en mettant en scène des logiques de collaboration inter-États et en redéfinissant ses représentations géopolitiques. Elle négocie ainsi entre une reconnaissance de son déclin et une affirmation de son rôle selon de nouvelles modalités. Mais c’est aussi dans le domaine des moeurs, de la sexualité ou de la consommation que le récit d’espionnage rend compte des tensions qui traversent les sociétés en mutations des Trente Glorieuses, dans un discours qui oscille entre fascination et répression. En ce sens, alors même qu’il s’agit de productions bas de gamme destinées au divertissement, et peut-être pour cela même, les récits d’espionnage démontrent la faculté des productions sérielles à rendre compte des mutations des imaginaires face aux transformations d’une époque.

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3

Krug, Peter. "The Emerging Mental Incapacity Defense in International Criminal Law: Some Initial Questions of Implementation." American Journal of International Law 94, no. 2 (April 2000): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2555295.

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The norms and mechanisms for international prosecution of humanitarian law and mass human rights violations have been refined in the 1990s to include affirmation of the principle that separate (or “affirmative”) defenses to individual liability are admissible in international criminal law. Explicit recognition of the availability and nature of separate defenses is found in the statute of the international criminal court (ICC). Indirect application is found to a very limited extent in the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), but not in the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Moreover, although the Appeals Chamber of the ICTY has rejected the argument that duress is a complete defense under customary international law or general principles of law to a charge of crimes against humanity involving the taking of innocent lives, it has implicidy accepted that duress could be available in other circumstances.

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4

Tipene, Luke. "Representational Space in the Prince Asaka Residence." idea journal 16, no. 1 (January 28, 2018): 164–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37113/ideaj.vi0.24.

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Jun’ichirô Tanizaki’s In Praise of Shadows (1933) describes a theory of aesthetics based on shadows. He suggests that contrary to Western ideas of highly visible space, ambiguity and darkness are distinct characteristics of Japanese interiors. Kazuo Nakajima describes this condition as the blending of social practices and interior elements in indeterminate spaces of the vernacular Japanese home, and suggests the decline of such interiors has threatened the psychological stability of Japan since Western engagement, from the Meiji restoration of 1868. Almost as affirmation of Nakajima’s fears, the same year Tanizaki’s essay was originally published in Japan, the Art Deco Residence of Prince Akaka was completed in Minato-ku, Tokyo. Now a house museum, this assemblage of interiors is credited room-by-room to either the French interior designer Henri Rapin or the Japanese Construction Bureau of the Imperial Household, confirming for Nakajima a division between Western and Japanese concepts of space. This paper questions Nakajima’s dualist reading of the Residence’s interiors by unpacking the complexities of Western engagement in the Japanese interior since the Meiji restoration until the 1930s. Additionally, this paper examines parallel concepts of interior space that directly influenced the Residences conception, from the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes in Paris and the 1920s Culture Life movement in Japan. From these historic and contextual examinations, this paper demonstrates a fundamental shift from the concept of space in the Japanese interior described by Tanizaki and Nakajima. It suggests that Western engagement displaced how value was attributed in the interior, from things that were unseen to things that were seen.

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5

McWhinney, Edward. "Acceptance, and Withdrawal or Denial, of World Court Jurisdiction: Some Recent Trends as to Jurisdiction." Israel Law Review 20, no. 2-3 (1985): 148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700017593.

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The political attacks being mounted today against international organisation—the United Nations General Assembly, and especially UNESCO—are paralleled by some differences and challenges to the International Court of Justice, and this on the part of some of the Court's erstwhile most enthusiastic supporters. It used to be almost an act of political faith for Western, or Western-influenced, para-professional legal associations, meeting in the immediate post-War era and up to the 1960s, to reaffirm their support for the principle of international adjudication as the prime method of peaceful settlement of international disputes, and for the acceptance by all States of the compulsory jurisdiction of the World Court as the most affirmative and concrete way of demonstrating their endorsement of that principle. It was once a key element in the instructions of Western delegations to international legal conferences to insist upon the primacy of judicial settlement in any formal legal affirmation of the principle of peaceful settlement and in any listing of the alternative modes of its exercise.

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6

Bargués-Pedreny, Pol. "From Critique to Affirmation in International Relations." Global Society 33, no. 1 (December 16, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2018.1557120.

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7

Villere, Maurice, and Sandra Hartman. "What's affirmative about affirmative action?" Business Horizons 32, no. 5 (September 1989): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(89)90078-5.

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8

Pipes, Randolph B. "Affirmative action is an international issue." American Psychologist 62, no. 2 (2007): 144–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/003-066x62.2.144.

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9

Batchom, Paul Elvic Jérôme. "La rupture du consensus de Fort-Lamy et le changement du rapport de force dans l’espace CEMAC." Études internationales 43, no. 2 (July 31, 2012): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1011549ar.

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Résumé Et si la loi du plus riche était la meilleure ? Cet article tend à répondre à cette question, au regard de l’attitude d’un État dans le sous-système international cemac. Il choisit de décrire la dynamique de contestation d’un rapport de force par un État nouvellement enrichi et montre ainsi comment l’enrichissement autorise et favorise la contestation de la configuration antérieure du pouvoir et l’auto-affirmation d’un État comme nouveau leader sous-régional. Ce faisant, il restitue le lien que Gilpin avait établi entre l’enrichissement et les changements de rapport de force dans le système international. En montrant toutefois que le changement de rapport de force peut également se faire sans guerre hégémonique, il s’aligne derrière les études qui mettent en relation les logiques de puissance et les processus à vocation pacificatrice de l’intégration régionale ; la quête de puissance des États et leur présence au sein des organisations internationales.

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10

Alnodel, Ali, and Stuart Turley. "Changes of audit methodologies in less developed countries: affirmation of internationalisation, reality of audit practice and society’s negotiation." Corporate Ownership and Control 7, no. 3 (2010): 304–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv7i3c2p5.

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This paper reports on an interpretive study carried out to explore the change of audit methodologies toward the Business Risk Audit (henceforth, the BRA) approach in Less Developed Countries (henceforth, LDCs). It argues that changes of audit methodologies in LDCs proceeds through assurance of the international affiliation by the Internationally Affiliated Audit firms (henceforth, IAA), confrontation of reality of local audit practice and social discourse about the international affiliation rather than the actual change of the core of the audit methodology itself in order to claim quality, superiority, and knowledge. The study found that the approach has been promptly introduced artificially in manuals and other materials but without sufficient efforts to relax the existed and approved challenging environmental factors that prevent the practical application of the approach. This consistent with the argument which says that audit manuals might resemble the worldwide audit manual of the global audit approach of the large international firm, but in the local environments auditors could shelve significant parts of such a manual because of facts on the ground and work according to the reality of their audit society. Nevertheless, IAA firms in their negotiation with their community endeavor to argue the international logo of their audit approaches as a clue of their advancement, modernization, and superiority of knowledge over the locally less developed audit practice. This behavior is likely to reflect the social perceptions of the society in LDCs about the definition of the international logo, the ambiguous of the term of audit quality, dependency of LDCs on more developed countries for development, and aspiration toward evolution. Given such reference of quality and superiority of knowledge, the study argues that innovations in audit technologies are not imported to LDCs only because of their technical benefits but more important to serve social functions, mainly affirmation of international affiliation as clue of advancement and superiority.

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11

Chung, Eunbin, and Anna O. Pechenkina. "Group-affirmation and trust in international relations: Evidence from Ukraine." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e0239944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239944.

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How can states with a history of recent armed conflict trust one another? Distrust between Ukraine and Russia aggravates security fears and limits hopes for a meaningful resolution of the bloodiest armed conflict in Europe since 1994. Hostility levels have risen dramatically between the populations of Ukraine and Russia after the events of 2013–2015. Political psychology offers two competing approaches to increase trust between the publics of different countries: appealing to an overarching, common identity above the national level vs. affirming a sense of national identity. This project asks which of these approaches increases trust towards Russia among the Ukrainian public. The study employs a survey experiment (between-subjects design) to evaluate these competing claims. The survey is to be fielded by a reputable public opinion research firm, the Kiev International Institute of Sociology, based in Ukraine.

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12

Alt, Suvi. "Conclusion: Critique and the Politics of Affirmation in International Relations." Global Society 33, no. 1 (December 16, 2018): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2018.1555698.

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13

Lee, Hwok-Aun. "Affirmative Action in Plural Societies: International Experiences." European Journal of Development Research 25, no. 5 (November 6, 2013): 844–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2013.37.

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14

Walters, Stephen J. K. "Employment equity and affirmative action:An international comparison." Journal of Labor Research 27, no. 3 (December 2006): 435–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12122-006-1033-9.

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15

Rakita, Branko, and Miloš Šipragić. "DESTINATION BRANDING AIMED AT INTERNATIONAL AFFIRMATION OF TOURISTIC POTENTIALS OF BiH." ЗБОРНИК РАДОВА ЕКОНОМСКОГ ФАКУЛТЕТА У ИСТОЧНОМ САРАЈЕВУ 1, no. 9 (December 31, 2014): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/zrefis1409039r.

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The aim of the paper is to explain howapplication of marketing and branding principlescontributes to effective management of destinationsunder conditions of globalization. The paperemphasizes the importance of understanding oftourists’ behavior model, with special focus onimportance of destination image in process of decisionmaking on destination choice. Case of the city ofRovinj was presented as good practice example indevelopment of destination brand. In order to get theanswer to the question where BiH is located incomparison to other countries of the Western Balkansin regard to the most important tourism indicators,findings of relevant research of the World TourismOrganization and the World Economic Forum werepresented. In the last part of the paper, some of theshortcomings that usually arise in the process ofdestination management in BiH were presented, withrecommendations how they can be overcome inaccordance with the principles of destinationmarketing and branding, in order to better utilizetourism potentials in BiH.

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16

Lockheed, Marlaine. "International Perspectives on Affirmative Action in the 1990s." Educational Researcher 27, no. 9 (December 1998): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x027009006.

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17

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader. "Affirmative Action as an International Human Rights Dialogue." Brookings Review 18, no. 1 (2000): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20080884.

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18

Ross, Paul D. S. "Learning from international experiences – developing older LGBT affirmative housing and care options in England." Quality in Ageing and Older Adults 17, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qaoa-10-2015-0049.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to formulate recommendations from international and local examples to aid the design and delivery affirmative housing and care options for older LGBT individuals in England. Design/methodology/approach – This paper combines a desk-top review conducted by the author with personal views and recommendations for practice by discussing the levers within both the Care Act and Equality Act for greater LGBT participation in the design, delivery and evaluation of housing with care services. Findings – The provision of LGBT affirmative housing and care options for individuals in England is currently limited. International and European evidence suggests that multi-faceted, person-centred approaches are central in delivering affirmative services to older LGBT individuals. Originality/value – This paper adds to a growing literature on minority housing and care services. The author draws on both a professional and personal interest in facilitating the development of LGBT affirmative services in England.

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19

Lundborg, Tom. "The ethics of neorealism: Waltz and the time of international life." European Journal of International Relations 25, no. 1 (March 21, 2018): 229–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066118760990.

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This article addresses the question of what it means to think of a distinctly international ethics by developing a radical reinterpretation of Waltzian neorealism from a Derridean deconstructive perspective. The core argument of the article is that Derridean deconstruction effectively explains why there is an ethics of neorealism in the first place, and why this ethics cannot be easily overcome. Underpinning this argument is a notion in Derrida’s philosophy of survival as an unconditional affirmation of life, which finds an equivalent in Waltz’s theory of international life in the anarchic system. On this basis, I claim that Waltz’s theory is ethical, not despite its focus on the structural conditions of survival, but precisely because of it. Moreover, the article shows how this notion of ethics renders universal ethical ideals, beyond relations of violence, not only impossible, but undesirable. They are undesirable because to actually fulfil them would be to undermine the conditions that make international life possible in the first place. In this way, various attempts to theorize the meaning and implications of international ethics that hold on to the notion of ethical ideals beyond relations of violence become untenable. Instead of aspiring towards such ideals, the article concludes, international ethics should be thought of as an unconditional affirmation of the incalculable future that structures international life and inevitably exposes it to the worst forms of destruction, but also enables the making of responsible decisions.

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20

Poletan Jugović, Tanja, Dražen Žgaljić, and Katarina Balić. "Market Analysis and Affirmation Factors of the Northern Sea Route." Transactions on Maritime Science 9, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v09.n01.006.

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Maritime transport routes, or corridors, imply specific courses of movement for people and goods (freight) on maritime routes and bring multiple benefits to the area through which they pass. The action and influence frame of a single route in the international transport flow is defined by an increasingly pronounced international competition at the regional and/or global transport market. Considering that the competitiveness of a transport route represents the fundamental factor of its valorization in the transport services market, the question of what defines and conditions the competitiveness mentioned above should be considered. This paper analyzes the competitiveness of the Northern Sea Route as a shorter maritime route between Asia and Europe. Under the new climate conditions in which, over the past few years in September, the Northern Sea Route course is completely ice-free, the indicated route represents a sort of competition to the alternative route through the Suez Canal. Taking into account that the competitiveness of a transport route is conditioned by market determination as well as by the quantity of freight flow through the transport route, the main research aim of this paper is to analyze the current and potential transport supply and demand as well as the Northern Sea Route's competitive environment in order to assess, in this regard its valorization and affirmation possibilities.

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21

Salomon, Margot E. "FROM NIEO TO NOW AND THE UNFINISHABLE STORY OF ECONOMIC JUSTICE." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 62, no. 1 (January 2013): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589312000590.

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AbstractWhy have attempts to bring development aspirations to bear on international law over a period of 50 years come to far less than any reasonable person would hope? The early claims for a New International Economic Order and permanent sovereignty by developing countries over their natural resources, efforts to delineate a body of international development law, followed by the affirmation of a human right to development, were all attempts to have economic justice reflected in international law. Figures on world poverty and inequality suggest that international law accommodated no such restructuring. This article explores why it is international law has failed the poor of the world, and what interests it has served in their stead.

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22

Freire, Maria Raquel, and Carmen Amado Mendes. "Realpolitik Dynamics and Image Construction in the Russia-China Relationship: Forging a Strategic Partnership?" Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 38, no. 2 (June 2009): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810260903800202.

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Russia and China are two big players in the international system, both of which share interests and concerns and compete for preponderance and affirmation at the regional level. As a framework for political-military cooperation, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) frames this relationship in an institutional setting that might be understood as a tool for rapprochement between Moscow and Beijing or as a strategic manoeuvre for balancing an unbalanced international order. Thus the following question arises: is Russian-Chinese cooperation discourse mere political rhetoric or does it imply the intentional forging of a goal-orientated partnership? The relationship between Russia and China in political and security terms reveals identifiable common concerns, such as counter-terrorism or the fight against organised crime, while simultaneously masking the underpinning drivers, based on realpolitik dynamics and image construction on both sides (power projection, regional affirmation). This means that the strategic partnership dialogue between Moscow and Beijing is still far from being real. Realpolitik considerations rise above institutional goals, showing the lines of (dis)continuity in discourse and practice in this bilateral relationship.

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23

Heinrich, Thomas. "Lesbians, Gay Men, Bisexuals, Trans, Inter and Queers*." Clinical Journal of the International Institute for Bioenergetic Analysis 29, no. 1 (April 2019): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30820/0743-4804-2019-29-57.

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Since the International Conference of the IIBA in 2007 at Sevilla, the shift of attitude in the Bioenergetic world towards LGB* to an affirmative one became public. Simultaneously, in the Bioenergetic world the publishing on this topic stopped. The resulting gap to the meanwhile increased knowledge of LGBTIQ* affirmative research will hereby filled up by information about the life situation of LGBTIQ*, an empathetic change of perspective on the LGBTIQ* world and some considerations on a Bioenergetic affirmative approach for the body related psychotherapy with LGBTIQ* clients.

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24

Lawrence, Jeanette A., Agnes E. Dodds, Ida Kaplan, and Maria M. Tucci. "The Rights of Refugee Children and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child." Laws 8, no. 3 (August 31, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws8030020.

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Refugee children are identified as rights-bearers by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), but their rights are not uniformly honored in the policies and practices of contemporary states. How the CRC’s safeguards for refugee children’s rights are honored depends partly on what it means to be ‘a refugee child’ and partly on how the claims of refugee children’s rights are recognized, respected, and implemented in international and national legal and bureaucratic systems. We examine the CRC’s affirmation of the rights of the child and analyze the CRC’s articles in relation to the rights related to the life circumstances of refugee children and state responsibilities. Following an analysis of resistance to the CRC’s mandates by contemporary states, we relate refugee children’s rights to their refugee and developmental experiences and argue for repositioning refugee children into the center of protection dialogue and practice, internationally and nationally.

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25

MANKOWITZ, ZE'EV. "THE AFFIRMATION OF LIFE IN SHE'ERITH HAPLEITA." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 5, no. 1 (1990): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/5.1.13.

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26

McCOURT, DAVID M. "Role-playing and identity affirmation in international politics: Britain's reinvasion of the Falklands, 1982." Review of International Studies 37, no. 4 (September 2, 2010): 1599–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021051000104x.

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AbstractDid Britain reinvade the Falklands because of its ‘identity’? Or was reinvasion instead required by its ‘role’ in international politics? In this article I show that a complete constructivist explanation of Britain's response must consider both its identity affirmation, which constructivist International Relations (IR) theory would certainly draw attention to, but also the role it played on the world stage at the beginning of the 1980s, which would very likely be overlooked. I show that a solely identity-based explanation is incomplete and ultimately unpersuasive since identities are affirmed by playing social roles, which give identity meaning. In 1982, a number of roles could have fulfilled this function for Britain; it is important then that Britain chose and was able to play the role of astatus quooriented power rather than that of a colonial power. Beyond offering a more complete interpretation of the events, the article clarifies the links between roles, identity, and action in international politics, and the type of theory appropriate to such analysis.

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Rhodes, Shelton. "Affirmative action review “report to the president”: implications of military affirmative action programs to current and new millennium affirmative action programs." International Journal of Public Administration 22, no. 7 (January 1999): 1059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900699908525418.

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Billion, Didier. "Le Moyen-Orient entre désengagement états-unien et affirmation chinoise." Revue internationale et stratégique N°120, no. 4 (2020): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ris.120.0119.

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29

Heideman, Eugene. "The Missiological Significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights." Missiology: An International Review 28, no. 2 (April 2000): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182960002800202.

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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations, 10 December 1948, is the international affirmation of faith in fundamental human rights. As the most widely officially adopted creed in the world, it is of great significance for persons engaged in cross-cultural and international missions. As we have recently recognized the fiftieth anniversary year of its adoption, missiologists must continue to struggle with issues it raises, such as the relation of Christian liberty to human rights, the relation of “rights” to “duties,” and the theological basis for a doctrine of human rights.

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Kimenyi, Mwangi S., William F. Shughart, and Robert D. Tollison. "Affirmative action and unemployment." European Journal of Political Economy 4, no. 4 (January 1988): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0176-2680(88)90012-2.

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Laperrière, Guy. "Le congrès eucharistique de Montréal en 1910 : une affirmation du catholicisme montréalais." Articles 77 (March 21, 2012): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008395ar.

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Profitant de la tenue à Montréal du congrès de la SCHEC en 2010, cet article veut marquer le centenaire du congrès eucharistique international de 1910, le premier du genre tenu en Amérique. Il examine l’origine de ces congrès, le déroulement de celui de Montréal, la portée des travaux, le contenu des séances publiques. Le congrès de 1910 a inauguré au Québec et au Canada toute une série de congrès eucharistiques qui se sont tenus sans discontinuer jusqu’en 1965.

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AMBOS, KAI. "Judicial Creativity at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon: Is There a Crime of Terrorism under International Law?" Leiden Journal of International Law 24, no. 3 (May 27, 2011): 655–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156511000215.

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AbstractOn 21 January 2011, the pre-trial judge of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (hereinafter ‘STL’) posed several questions to the Appeals Chamber (‘Chamber’)1 pursuant to Rule 68(G) of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence.2 Three of these questions dealt with the crime of terrorism.3 (i) Should the Tribunal take into account international notions on terrorism even though Article 2 of the Statute only refers to the Lebanese Criminal Code (‘LCC’)? (ii) If so, is there an international definition of ‘terrorism’ and how should it be applied? (iii) If not, how is the Lebanese definition of ‘terrorism’ to be interpreted by the Chamber? Both the prosecution and defence submitted extensive briefs dealing, inter alia, with these questions.4 Additionally, two amicus curiae briefs were submitted.5 On 16 February 2011, the Chamber issued its (interlocutory) decision pursuant to Rule 176 bis (A).6 The Chamber argues, in a nutshell, that terrorism has become a crime under international law and that the respective international definition influences the (applicable) Lebanese law. In the first part of this paper, I will argue that the Chamber's considerations, albeit innovative and creative, are essentially obiter, since the applicable terrorism definition can be found, without further ado, in the Lebanese law. There is no need to internationalize or reinterpret this law; it should be applied before the STL as understood in Lebanese practice. As to the Chamber's affirmation that there is a crime of terrorism under international law, I will argue, in the second part of the paper, that the available sources indicate, at best, that terrorism is a particularly serious transnational, treaty-based crime that comes close to a ‘true’ international crime but has not yet reached this status. Notwithstanding, the general elements of this crime can be inferred from the relevant sources of international law.

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Tummala, Krishna K. "Affirmative action: A status report." International Journal of Public Administration 14, no. 3 (January 1991): 383–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900699108524722.

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34

Bendick, Marc. "Social policy 2000: affirmative action." International Journal of Public Administration 22, no. 8 (January 1999): 1213–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900699908525426.

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Gill, T. D. "The Forcible Protection, Affirmation and Exercise of Rights by States under Contemporary International Law." Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 23 (December 1992): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0167676800002208.

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36

Gabaccia, Donna R. "Worker Internationalism and Italian Labor Migration, 1870–1914." International Labor and Working-Class History 45 (1994): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900012461.

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Was internationalism a grand failure? Was it practiced even bt those who proclaimed it? Beyond the international congresses with their affirmations of working-class solidarity, the meaning of internationalism seems to unravel. Marx called for international solidarity precisely because socialist activists operated, conceptually and practically, within a world of nationstates. Modern nationalism and the internationalism of workers's movements at best can be considered “twins, developing side by side in an uneasy relationship since 1830s”. While an international economy and division of labor surely existed before World War I, workers' internationalism seemed more a rhetorical response to modern nationalism than a pragmatic response to an international economy.

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Ferede, Wuhibegezer, and Sheferawu Abebe. "The Efficacy of Water Treaties in the Eastern Nile Basin." Africa Spectrum 49, no. 1 (April 2014): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971404900103.

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This paper attempts to analyse the efficacy of the water treaties of the Nile in light of the principles of international law. The following critical examination of the treaties brings to light numerous legal defects associated with fraud, coercion, exclusivity and the deficiency of many of the precepts of the international law. Moreover, the lower riparian states’ advocacy for the succession of colonial treaties, which is branded as the re-affirmation of colonialism, is found to be incompatible with the principles of the clean-slate theory adopted by the upper riparian states. Therefore, the region lacks an efficacious regime that could address the interests of all riparian states.

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Copilaș, Emanuel. "Third World Themes in the International Politics of the Ceaușescu Regime or the International Affirmation of the ‘Socialist Nation’." Symposion 5, no. 1 (2018): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/symposion2018513.

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39

Mehdi, Abasi Sarmadi, and Reza Asadi Khomami. "Human Rights: Negative and Affirmative Aspects of Environmental Justice." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 4, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v4i1.p60-66.

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After Second World War by establishment United Nation, to support of right of life, survives and peace for human, Universal Declaration of Human Rights was issued. In later years, second and third generations of human rights were established which respect for human rights is obligatory for member states.Environmental destruction as outcome of Progression of industry and technology, is another important problem which is outshining human life. In the second half of the twentieth century, several international conventions were formed in order to protecting the environment and preventing its destruction. On the other hand, in the United States, The civil rights movement in the 60s was the source of another movement called environmental justice. At the international level, In the 90s of the twentieth century coincided with the UN plan for sustainable development, the environmental justice movement arose. With the start of the twenty first century, environmental activists and followers of the environmental justice movement found out the common points of environmental justice and issues raised in the generations of human rights and attempts to link these two movements and beginning to find their common points. In the second half of twenty century. With increasing of activity of United Nation many conventions were ratified by countries that guarantee some rights of people but conventions about human rights and environment were separated. This article examines positive and negative characteristics governing environmental justice in comparison with the international documents.

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Konstadinides, Theodore. "When in Europe: Customary International Law and EU Competence in the Sphere of External Action." German Law Journal 13, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 1177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200017806.

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European Union law must be interpreted and its scope delimited, to the extent possible, consistent with the relevant rules of international law. Article 3(5) of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) provides that “the EU shall uphold and promote … the strict observance and the development of international law.” A similar legal commitment can be found in the constitutions of most EU Member States, which in some cases is about delegation of powers, whilst in others it concerns the achievement of global objectives. Article 3(5) of the TEU is also reminiscent of the judicial canon laid down by the United States Supreme Court in Charming Betsy regarding the affirmation of international norms by the Congress. The Charming Betsy doctrine of statutory construction requires national legislation (an American statute) to be construed so as not to raise conflict with international law where possible.

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Combe, Julien. "Are Affirmative Action Policies so Impossible?" Revue d'économie politique 128, no. 6 (2018): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/redp.286.1123.

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42

Dumbrell, John. "Affirmative Action during the Reagan Presidency." Politics 8, no. 2 (October 1988): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.1988.tb00240.x.

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Lipson, Daniel N. "Where's the Justice? Affirmative Action's Severed Civil Rights Roots in the Age of Diversity." Perspectives on Politics 6, no. 4 (November 13, 2008): 691–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592708081863.

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The institutionalization of race-conscious inclusion policies in employment, education, and contracting has largely endured in post-civil rights America despite predictions of their demise. However, scholarship has continued to mislabel many of the specific policies in these organizations and governments as “affirmative action” policies, even though many such policies lack the civil rights roots necessary to warrant this label. In this article, I explain how many organizations have recast, supplemented, or replaced their rights-based affirmative action policies with utilitarian diversity policies. While the conventional, civil rights framework for analyzing affirmative action obscures the rise of such organizational diversity policies, an alternative body of scholarship that employs a diversity framework has shed light on the causes, content, and consequences of this policy and political realignment. The Supreme Court's 2003 Grutter v. Bollinger decision and the political activism surrounding Michigan's Proposal 2 in 2006 both exemplify the trademark signs of this shift from rights-based affirmative action to organizational diversity policies. The article concludes by assessing the promise and dangers of this trend of rooting racial inclusion policies in a utilitarian diversity logic rather than a civil rights logic.

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Franke, Jörg. "Affirmative action in contest games." European Journal of Political Economy 28, no. 1 (March 2012): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.07.002.

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45

Abrantes, Marisaulina Wanderley, Angela Amorim de Araújo, and Maria Miriam Lima da Nóbrega. "Diagnósticos de enfermagem para pacientes com toxicidade hematológica pós-quimioterapia antineoplásica com base na CIPE®." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 3, no. 4 (September 14, 2009): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/reuol.581-3802-1-rv.0304200902.

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Objective: to compose affirmative the nursing diagnosis, based on ICNP® Version 1.0, for patients with hematological toxicity after antineoplastic chemotherapy. Methodology: a descriptive exploratory study developed from identification of priorities in terms of ICNP®, for the construction of affirmative the nursing diagnosis for patients with haematological toxicity after antineoplastic chemotherapy, using the construction of affirmative criterion provided by International Council of Nurses and in accordance with ISO 18.104. Results: since the terms were constructed eleven affirmative the nursing diagnosis: Immunologic impairment process; Fever; Dyspnea; Impaired skin integrity; Fading; Inability to perform self-care in hospitalization or in domicile; Risk for infection; Risk for septic shock; Risk for hemorrhaging process; Risk for trauma; Risk for non adherence to treatment. Conclusion: conclude that the results of the study demonstrated the service to the proposed objective and it is expected that these diagnoses nursing care applied in patients with haematological toxicity after antineoplastic chemotherapy is possible to achieve an effective assistance to this clientele. Descriptors: nursing, nursing diagnosis, chemotherapy, neoplasm, classification, practice nursing.

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Waughray, Annapurna. "Caste Discrimination and Minority Rights: The Case of India's Dalits." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 17, no. 2 (2010): 327–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181110x495926.

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AbstractIndia's Dalits (formerly known as Untouchables) number around 167 million or one-sixth of India's population. Despite constitutional and legislative prohibitions of Untouchability and discrimination on grounds of caste they continue to suffer caste-based discrimination and violence. Internationally, caste discrimination has been affirmed since 1996 by the UN committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination as a form of racial discrimination prohibited by the Inter national Convention for the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination, and since 2000 as a form of discrimination prohibited by international human rights law. India's Dalits have also pursued minority rights and indigenous peoples' approaches before international forums. Yet the Dalits do not readily meet the internationally-agreed criteria for minorities or for indigenous peoples, while in India they are not classified legally as a minority, enjoying a constitutional status and constitutional protections in the form of affirmative action provisions distinct from those groups classified as minorities. This article is concerned with the characterisation of the Dalits in international and Indian law. In particular it focuses on India's provisions on Dalits and minorities respectively, examining the origins and limitations of the Scheduled Caste category (the constitutional term for the Dalits) and the relationship between Scheduled Caste status and religion. The article addresses arguments for the extension of Scheduled Caste status to Muslim and Christian Dalits (currently excluded from the constitutional category on grounds of religion) and concludes by endorsing calls for re-examination of the domestic legal categories encompassing victims of caste discrimination and of the legal strategies for the elimination of such discrimination, while arguing that internationally caste discrimination might be more effectively addressed by the conceptualisation of caste as a sui generis ground of discrimination as in India.

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Courmont, Barthélémy. "Le soft power chinois : entre stratégie d’influence et affirmation de puissance." Revue d’études comparatives Est-Ouest 43, no. 01-02 (August 2012): 287–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.4074/s0338059912001118.

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48

Khan, Azfar F. "International Migration and the "Moral" Economy of the 'Barani' Peasantry." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 4II (December 1, 1991): 1087–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4iipp.1087-1102.

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For James Scott, the cornerstone of the 'moral' economy was an attitude of a subsistence and basically risk-averse-peasantry which was elementally geared towards enhancing safety and the reliability of its subsistence [Scott (1976)]. It was the need to be secure and the fear of poverty, he submitted, which explained " ... many otherwise anomolous, technical and moral arrangements in peasanl society" [op.cit: vii]. Commensurately, all coping strategies were noted to fundamentally incorporate these arrangements. Though Scott's affirmations are based on the analysis of rural Indo-China they also, to a great extent, ring true of many peasant societies of South Asia. The peasantry inhabiting the 'bar ani' (rainfed agricUltural) areas of northern Pakistan provide us with one such example. In the course of ascertaining the impact of the recently massive out -country mov~ments of labour from the region to the oil-producing countries of the Middle East, it was found that here too a similar, and integral, subsistence ethic held sway over the "many otherwise anomolous" structural arrangements of life. The > examination, in general, of the out-migrations from "barani" areas [which historically have constituted perhaps, the most effective element of coping strategies of the inhabitants see Darling (1945); Naseem (1981)], and specifically the recent movements to the oil-producing economies is with a view to assessing their ability to 'nurture a structural transformation in the sending areas. In so doing this paper will attempt to illustrate the attributes of the subsistence ethic in the 'harani' lands. It is more in the vein of a conceptual presentation although the affirmations are based on surveys of two villages; one in the Punjab and the other in the NWFP.

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King, Hugh. "Sosa v Alvarez-Machain and The Alien Tort Claims Act." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 37, no. 1 (May 1, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v37i1.5564.

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Since the seminal case of Filartiga v Pena-Irala in 1980, the controversial Alien Tort Claims Act has regularly been invoked in United States federal courts to sue foreign perpetrators of international human rights violations. In Sosa v Alvarez-Machain, decided in 2004, the United States Supreme Court for the first time ruled on the Act’s proper application. This article, after first identifying three different approaches taken towards the Act by federal courts over the last 25 years, examines the Supreme Court decision. While welcoming the Court’s affirmation of the Act as a mechanism for addressing certain international law violations, it critiques the Court’s conservative and problematic test to determine the extent of the international law violations falling within the Act’s ambit, and highlights many ambiguities in the decision with which lower courts will have to grapple.

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50

Jacobson, Cardell K. "Resistance to Affirmative Action." Journal of Conflict Resolution 29, no. 2 (June 1985): 306–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002785029002007.

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