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Journal articles on the topic 'Affirmative action programs – California'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Wilson, William Julius. "RACE AND AFFIRMING OPPORTUNITY IN THE BARACK OBAMA ERA." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 9, no. 1 (2012): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x12000240.

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AbstractI first discuss the Obama administration's efforts to promote racial diversity on college campuses in the face of recent court challenges to affirmative action. I then analyze opposition in this country to “racial preferences” as a way to overcome inequality. I follow that with a discussion of why class-based affirmative action, as a response to cries from conservatives to abolish “racial preferences,” would not be an adequate substitute for race-based affirmative action. Instead of class-based affirmative action, I present an argument for opportunity enhancing affirmative action progr

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2

Rose, Heather. "The Effects of Affirmative Action Programs: Evidence From the University of California at San Diego." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 27, no. 3 (2005): 263–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737027003263.

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Using administrative data from the University of California at San Diego, the author explicitly identifies and studies students admitted under affirmative action programs. On average, these students earned grade point averages (GPAs) 0.30 points lower than those of nonaffirmative students. The difference in graduation rates is larger, with 57% of affirmative action students graduating compared to 73% of their nonaffirmative action peers. When compared to students just above the regular admissions cutoff, the differences are smaller—the difference in graduation rates is only 8 percentage points

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3

Barinaga, M. "Science Policy: California Bans Affirmative Action." Science 274, no. 5290 (1996): 1073–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5290.1073.

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4

Bohmer, Susanne, and Kayleen U. Oka. "Teaching Affirmative Action." Teaching Sociology 35, no. 4 (2007): 334–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092055x0703500403.

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Affirmative action, a controversial topic about which students have many misconceptions, lends itself especially well to a sociological analysis. This paper describes an approach to teaching that: 1) informs students of different affirmative action programs; 2) gives them the opportunity to apply and integrate a variety of concepts and research findings covered in our sociology courses; 3) allows us to assess how well students understand affirmative action and to what degree they retain myths about the programs; and 4) covers an emotionally charged topic with enough depth to go beyond surface

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Rhodes, Shelton. "Affirmative action review “report to the president”: implications of military affirmative action programs to current and new millennium affirmative action programs." International Journal of Public Administration 22, no. 7 (1999): 1059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900699908525418.

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6

McKillip, Jack. "Affirmative Action at Work." education policy analysis archives 9 (April 22, 2001): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v9n12.2001.

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IMGIP and ICEOP are minority graduate fellowship programs sponsored by the State of Illinois in order to increase the number of minority faculty and professional staff at Illinois institutions of higher education through graduate fellowships, networking and mentoring support. Nearly 850 fellowships have been awarded since 1986. A performance audit examined immediate (areas of graduate study, ethnicity of awards), intermediate (graduation areas and rates), and long-range results (academic job placement). The primary source for the audit was the database maintained by the programs' administrativ

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7

Donahoo, Saran. "Reflections on Race: Affirmative Action Policies Influencing Higher Education in France and the United States." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 110, no. 2 (2008): 251–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810811000205.

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Background/Context Although frequently associated with the United States, affirmative action is not a uniquely American social policy. Indeed, 2003 witnessed review and revision of affirmative action policies affecting higher education institutions in both France and the United States. Using critical race theory (CRT) as a theoretical lens, this text compares the affirmative action programs and lawsuits litigated in both nations in 2003 and their impact on the educational and social experiences of people who are racially or culturally non-White. Purpose This article examines and compares affir

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8

Barinaga, Marcia. "Backlash Strikes At Affirmative Action Programs." Science 271, no. 5257 (1996): 1908–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.271.5257.1908.

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Burt, Sandra. "Voluntary Affirmative Action. Does it Work?" Articles 41, no. 3 (2005): 541–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050229ar.

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10

Matthew, D. C. "Rawlsian Affirmative Action." Critical Philosophy of Race 3, no. 2 (2015): 324–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/critphilrace.3.2.324.

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Abstract In this paper I respond to Robert Taylor's argument that a Rawlsian framework does not support strong affirmative action (AA) programs. The paper makes three main arguments. The first disputes Taylor's claim that strong AA would not be needed in ideal conditions. Private racial discrimination, I suggest, might still exist in such conditions, so strong AA might be needed there. The second challenges Taylor's claims that pure procedural justice constrains Rawlsian nonideal theory. I argue that this rests on a fetishizing of pure procedural justice that is absent from Rawls's work. I als

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11

Venturini, Anna Carolina. "Affirmative action for Brazilian graduate programs: patterns of institutional change." Revista de Administração Pública 55, no. 6 (2021): 1250–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200631.

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Abstract Since 2002, some Brazilian public universities have started adopting affirmative action for admission in graduate programs. This article explains how affirmative action changed admission processes in graduate processes based on (a) an analysis of the selection notices of graduate programs offered in public universities published until January 2018, (b) documents from the programs, and (c) semi-structured interviews with coordinators of graduate programs. The results show that, in most programs, admission processes did not change based on affirmative action. Some programs recognized th

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12

Leck, Joanne D., David M. Saunders, and Micheline Charbonneau. "Affirmative action programs: an organizational justice perspective." Journal of Organizational Behavior 17, no. 1 (1996): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199601)17:1<79::aid-job745>3.0.co;2-5.

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13

Arnold, N. Scott. "Affirmative Action and the Demands of Justice." Social Philosophy and Policy 15, no. 2 (1998): 133–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001977.

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This essay is about the moral and political justification of affirmative action programs in the United States. Both legally and politically, many of these programs are under attack, though they remain ubiquitous. The concern of this essay, however, is not with what the law says but with what it should say. The main argument advanced in this essay concludes that most of the controversial affirmative action programs are unjustified. It proceeds in a way that avoids dependence on controversial theories of justice or morality. My intention is to produce an argument that is persuasive across a broa

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Aguirre, Adalberto. "Academic Storytelling: A Critical Race Theory Story of Affirmative Action." Sociological Perspectives 43, no. 2 (2000): 319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389799.

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The minority (nonwhite) can tell stories about institutional practices in academia that result in unintended benefits for the majority (white). One institutional practice in academia is affirmative action. This article presents a story about a minority applicant for a sociology position and his referral to an affirmative action program for recruiting minority faculty. One reason for telling the story is to illustrate how an affirmative action program can be implemented in a manner that marginalizes minority persons in the faculty recruitment process and results in benefits for majority persons

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15

Hertweck, Corinna, Carlos Castillo, and Michael Mathioudakis. "Designing Affirmative Action Policies under Uncertainty." Journal of Learning Analytics 9, no. 2 (2022): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18608/jla.2022.7463.

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We study university admissions under a centralized system that uses grades and standardized test scores to match applicants to university programs. In the context of this system, we explore affirmative action policies that seek to narrow the gap between the admission rates of different socio-demographic groups while still accepting students with high scores. Since there is uncertainty about the score distribution of the students who will apply to each program, it is unclear what policy would have the desired effect on the admission rates of different groups. We address this challenge by using

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Maes, Daniel P., Julia Tucher, and Chad M. Topaz. "Affirmative action, critical mass, and a predictive model of undergraduate student body demographics." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0250266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250266.

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Black and Latinx students are underrepresented on most public university campuses. At the same time, affirmative action policies are controversial and legally fraught. The Supreme Court has ruled that affirmative action should help a minoritized group achieve a critical mass of representation. While the idea of critical mass is frequently invoked in law and in policy, the term remains ill-defined and hence difficult to operationalize. Motivated by these challenges, we build a mathematical model to forecast undergraduate student body racial/ethnic demographics on public university campuses. Our

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Ledesma, María C. "California Sunset: O'Connor's Post-Affirmative Action Ideal Comes of Age in California." Review of Higher Education 42, no. 5 (2019): 227–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2019.0051.

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18

Moreno, Paul. "ADMINISTERED ENTITLEMENTS: COLLECTIVE BARGAINING TO AFFIRMATIVE ACTION." Social Philosophy and Policy 38, no. 1 (2021): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052521000327.

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AbstractThis essay tells the story of the development of two of the most significant and controversial entitlement programs in twentieth-century U.S. history—collective bargaining and affirmative action. It focuses on the nexus between them—how New Deal empowerment of labor unions contributed to racial discrimination, and thus fed the Great Society race-based programs of affirmative action. The evolving relationship between the courts and the bureaucracies is emphasized, particularly how the judiciary went from an obstacle to an enabler of the entitlement state.

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Hill, Thomas E. "The Message of Affirmative Action." Social Philosophy and Policy 8, no. 2 (1991): 108–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001151.

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Affirmative action programs remain controversial, I suspect, partly because the familiar arguments for and against them start from significantly different moral perspectives. Thus I want to step back for a while from the details of debate about particular programs and give attention to the moral viewpoints presupposed in different types of argument. My aim, more specifically, is to compare the “messages” expressed when affirmative action is defended from different moral perspectives. Exclusively forward-looking (for example, utilitarian) arguments, I suggest, tend to express the wrong message,

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20

Curfman, Gregory. "Bakke Redux — Affirmative Action and Physician Diversity in Peril." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 50, no. 3 (2022): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jme.2022.102.

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AbstractThis article examines the legal arguments that may lead the Supreme Court to overrule precedent and strike down affirmative action in university admissions. Given the critical importance of a diverse physician workforce for our Nation’s health care system, the potential reversal of affirmative action admission programs in medical schools may have severe negative consequences. This article discusses the implications for health care should the Court issue an opinion restricting or eliminating affirmative action in higher education.

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Bagde, Surendrakumar, Dennis Epple, and Lowell Taylor. "Does Affirmative Action Work? Caste, Gender, College Quality, and Academic Success in India." American Economic Review 106, no. 6 (2016): 1495–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140783.

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Public policy in modern India features affirmative action programs intended to reduce inequality that stems from a centuries-old caste structure and history of disparate treatment by gender. We study the effects of one such affirmative action program: an admissions policy that fixes percentage quotas, common across more than 200 engineering colleges, for disadvantaged castes and for women. We show that the program increases college attendance of targeted students, particularly at relatively higher-quality institutions. An important concern is that affirmative action might harm intended benefic

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22

Card, David, and Alan B. Krueger. "Would the Elimination of Affirmative Action Affect Highly Qualified Minority Applicants? Evidence from California and Texas." ILR Review 58, no. 3 (2005): 416–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390505800306.

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Between 1996 and 1998 California and Texas eliminated the use of affirmative action in college and university admissions. At the states' elite public universities admission rates of black and Hispanic students subsequently fell by 30–50% and minority representation in the entering freshman classes declined. This study investigates whether the elimination of affirmative action changed minority students' college application behavior. A particular concern is that highly qualified minorities—who were not directly affected by the policy change—would be dissuaded from applying to elite public school

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23

Glazer, Nathan. "THIRTY YEARS WITH AFFIRMATIVE ACTION." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 2, no. 1 (2005): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x05050022.

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Affirmative Discrimination: Ethnic Inequality and Public Policy(1975) criticized government policies requiring goals and timetables from federal contractors in order to implement affirmative action, arguing that this opposed the clear language of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 aiming at a color-blind society, was unnecessary, and threatened a full-scale Balkanization in employment procedures. It also criticized school busing and nascent programs to require publicly supported housing to reach some statistical goal in proportions of Black and White. In time, the author changed his position, as ind

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24

Sabbagh, Daniel. "Affirmative Action: The U.S. Experience in Comparative Perspective." Daedalus 140, no. 2 (2011): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00081.

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Broadly defined, affirmative action encompasses any measure that allocates resources through a process that takes into account individual membership in underrepresented groups. The goal is to increase the proportion of individuals from those groups in positions from which they have been excluded as a result of state-sanctioned oppression in the past or societal discrimination in the present. A comparative overview of affirmative action regimes reveals that the most direct and controversial variety of affirmative action emerged as a strategy for conflict management in deeply divided societies;

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Friend, Jed, and Arnold LeUnes. "Overcoming Discrimination in Sport Management: A Systematic Approach to Affirmative Action." Journal of Sport Management 3, no. 2 (1989): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.3.2.151.

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Recently the issue of fairness in the recruitment, selection, and placement aspects of personnel management for professional baseball teams has been questioned. The only seemingly correct solution to the lack of minorities in sport management positions has been oriented toward developing and implementing affirmative action programs. This paper discusses an approach to affirmative action that emphasizes (a) job analysis, (b) job descriptions, and (c) prediction of managerial performance. It therefore serves as a caveat for those organizations that feel an adequate affirmative action policy, as

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Conrad, Cecilia A., and Rhonda V. Sharpe. "The Impact of the California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI) on University and Professional School Admissions and the Implications for the California Economy." Review of Black Political Economy 25, no. 1 (1996): 13–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02690051.

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Using data from the University of California and results from previously published research on the returns to higher education, this article presents a preliminary evaluation of the impact of ending affirmative action in admissions at a large, publicly funded university. At the undergraduate level, eliminating race as a factor in the admissions process will redistribute African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans away from the most competitive campuses (UC-Berkeley, UCLA, UC-San Diego) towards the less competitive campuses in the California State University system. This redistri

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Chandrashekhar, Vaishnavi. "States in India survey caste membership." Science 383, no. 6690 (2024): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adp4712.

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Cade, Alfred R. "Affirmative Action in Higher Education." education policy analysis archives 10 (April 25, 2002): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v10n22.2002.

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This study analyzed the variations of policies and practices of university personnel in their use of affirmative action programs for African American students. In this study, the policy topic is affirmative action and the practices used in admissions, financial aid, and special support services for African-American students. Surveys were mailed to 231 subjects representing thirty-two Missouri colleges and universities. Most of the survey respondents were male, white, and nearly two-thirds were above the age of forty. Ethnic minorities were underepresented among the professionals. Seventy-two p

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Sukmana, Husni Teja. "Evaluating the Impact of Affirmative Action on Student Selection Outcomes: A Data Mining Approach Using SKD Test Performance at STMKG." Artificial Intelligence in Learning 1, no. 1 (2025): 54–74. https://doi.org/10.63913/ail.v1i1.7.

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This study examines the impact of affirmative action on student selection outcomes at Sekolah Tinggi Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika (STMKG) in Indonesia, utilizing a data mining approach focused on SKD test performance. Affirmative action programs at STMKG aim to support applicants from marginalized regions, providing them with increased access to specialized academic opportunities. Using a dataset comprising TWK, TIU, TKP, and total SKD scores, this research compares the performance of affirmative action applicants against regular applicants, investigating differences in pass rates and

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Taillandier-Schmitt, Anne, and Christelle Maisonneuve. "French Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action Programs and Their Beneficiaries." Swiss Journal of Psychology 78, no. 1-2 (2019): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000222.

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Abstract. Attitudes toward affirmative action programs (AAPs) depend on the criteria on which these programs are based and on the ideological views in the relationships between groups. The present study examined the impact of the selection procedure (with or without AA) on the perception of justice and on attitudes toward the beneficiaries of these procedures in France, where the system makes it possible to compare beneficiaries of different origins. A group of 101 French students read scenarios describing the admission of a candidate, with either a French or a North African first name, to a p

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Uri, Noel D., and J. Wilson Mixon. "Effects of U.S. affirmative action programs on women's employment." Journal of Policy Modeling 13, no. 3 (1991): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0161-8938(91)90020-y.

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32

Zoabi, Khawla, and Yaser Awad. "The Role of Evaluation in Affirmative Action-Type Programs." New Directions for Evaluation 2015, no. 146 (2015): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ev.20122.

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33

Norton, Noelle H. "Has Liberalism Failed Women?: Assuring Equal Representation in Europe and the United States. Edited by Jytte Klausen and Charles S. Maier. New York: Palgrave, 2001. 243p." American Political Science Review 96, no. 3 (2002): 665–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402780362.

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Over the past decade, while the United States effectively decided that liberalism could not accommodate quotas or affirmative action plans designed to alleviate gender and racial inequality, Europe decided that liberalism could accommodate a form of positive discrimination. As the U.S. Supreme Court systematically rolled back affirmative action plans and the state of California led the initiative to curtail government and educational affirmative action, countries like France, Germany, and Norway were implementing a variety of parity policies at both the constitutional and political levels. The

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Long, Mark C., and Nicole A. Bateman. "Long-Run Changes in Underrepresentation After Affirmative Action Bans in Public Universities." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 42, no. 2 (2020): 188–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0162373720904433.

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Affirmative action was banned in California, Texas, Washington, and Florida in the 1990s. Following this early wave, additional states banned the practice, including Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, and Oklahoma. In response to concerns about underrepresented minorities’ falling college enrollment in flagship public universities, administrators and policymakers took a variety of steps to mitigate these declines. This article assesses the long-run changes in the racial and ethnic composition of selected universities after these bans. We find that the elimination of affirmati

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Tierney, William G. "Affirmative Action in California: Looking Back, Looking Forward in Public Academe." Journal of Negro Education 65, no. 2 (1996): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2967308.

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36

Barinaga, M. "AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: Ban Has Mixed Impact on Texas, California Grad Schools." Science 277, no. 5326 (1997): 633–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5326.633.

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de Bodman, Florent, and Pamela R. Bennett. "MR. SECRETARY, TEAR DOWN THIS WALL." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8, no. 2 (2011): 441–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x11000427.

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AbstractRacial segregation has been a persistent feature of the American social landscape and a longstanding contributor to racial inequality, particularly between Blacks and Whites. Affirmative action policies have been used to address the systemic discrimination and attendant socioeconomic consequences to which African Americans have been subjected. Yet affirmative action has not been widely used in all domains in which segregation and systemic discrimination occurred. Although such policies have been adopted in the domains of employment and postsecondary education, few federal affirmative a

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Arnold, Jason F. "Racial Inequalities in Health Care: Affirmative Action Programs in Medical Education and Residency Training Programs." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 49, no. 2 (2021): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jme.2021.30.

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AbstractThis article argues that because racial inequalities are embedded in American society, as well as in medicine, more evidence-based investigation of the effects and implications of affirmative action is needed. Residency training programs should also seek ways to recruit medical students from underrepresented groups and to create effective mentorship programs.

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Syed, Jawad, and Robin Kramar. "Socially responsible diversity management." Journal of Management & Organization 15, no. 5 (2009): 639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200002479.

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AbstractThe purpose of this article is to develop a conceptual framework to describe ‘socially responsible diversity management’. This framework seeks to demonstrate that the desired social justice outcomes of affirmative action programs and the business benefits of diversity management programs can be achieved but only by undertaking initiatives at a number of levels. Traditional approaches to afirmative action have been unsuccessful in achieving their goal of equitable labour market outcomes and it is unclear that diversity management programs have contributed to business outcomes. The artic

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Syed, Jawad, and Robin Kramar. "Socially responsible diversity management." Journal of Management & Organization 15, no. 5 (2009): 639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.15.5.639.

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AbstractThe purpose of this article is to develop a conceptual framework to describe ‘socially responsible diversity management’. This framework seeks to demonstrate that the desired social justice outcomes of affirmative action programs and the business benefits of diversity management programs can be achieved but only by undertaking initiatives at a number of levels. Traditional approaches to afirmative action have been unsuccessful in achieving their goal of equitable labour market outcomes and it is unclear that diversity management programs have contributed to business outcomes. The artic

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Grubb III, W. Lee, Amy McMillan-Capehart, and William C. McDowell. "Why Didnt I Get The Job? White Nonbeneficiaries Reactions To Affirmative Action And Diversity Programs." Journal of Diversity Management (JDM) 4, no. 2 (2009): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jdm.v4i2.4955.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate how justifications for hiring procedures and hiring decisions impact white nonbeneficiaries perceptions of fairness. The results for the procedural and distributive justice hypotheses were strikingly similar. Both the diversity justification and no justification were perceived to be fairer than the affirmative action justification for both procedural and distributive justice. Interestingly, however, the respondents perceived no justification to be fairer than the diversity justification. Of the three different scenarios, no justification was perceiv

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Roy, Prashant, and Mohsin Alam. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Affirmative Action Programs: an Indian Perspective." Revue de l’organisation responsable 3, no. 2 (2008): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ror.032.0049.

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43

Fairlie, Robert, and Justin Marion. "Affirmative action programs and business ownership among minorities and women." Small Business Economics 39, no. 2 (2010): 319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-010-9305-4.

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Birk, Paul. "Avoiding problem areas in developing and implementing affirmative action programs." Employment Relations Today 19, no. 2 (1992): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ert.3910190205.

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Koretz, Daniel. "Testing and Diversity in Postsecondary Education: The Case of California." education policy analysis archives 10 (January 7, 2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v10n1.2002.

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The past several years have seen numerous efforts to scale back or eliminate affirmative action in postsecondary admissions. In response, policymakers and postsecondary institutions in many states are searching for ways to maintain the diversity of student populations without resorting to a prohibited focus on race. In response to these changes, this study used data from California and a simplified model of the University of California admissions process to explore how various approaches to admissions affect the diversity of the admitted student population. "Race-neutral" admissions based sole

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46

Perello, Nick, and Przemyslaw Grabowicz. "Fair Machine Learning Post Affirmative Action." ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society 52, no. 2 (2023): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3656021.3656029.

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The U.S. Supreme Court, in a 6-3 decision on June 29, effectively ended the use of race in college admissions [1]. Indeed, national polls found that a plurality of Americans - 42%, according to a poll conducted by the University of Massachusetts [2] - agree that the policy should be discontinued, while 33% support its continued use in admissions decisions. As scholars of fair machine learning, we ponder how the Supreme Court decision shifts points of focus in the field. The most popular fair machine learning methods aim to achieve some form of "impact parity" by diminishing or removing the cor

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Karabel, Jerome. "The Rise and Fall of Affirmative Action at the University of California." Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, no. 25 (1999): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2999406.

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48

Alvarez, R. Michael, and Lisa García Bedolla. "The Revolution against Affirmative Action in California: Racism, Economics, and Proposition 209." State Politics & Policy Quarterly 4, no. 1 (2004): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153244000400400101.

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Mohr, John W., and Helene K. Lee. "From affirmative action to outreach: Discourse shifts at the University of California." Poetics 28, no. 1 (2000): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-422x(00)00024-3.

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Uysal, Davut, Rahman Temizkan, and Nazmi Taslacı. "Investigation of Attitudes and Perceptions of Human Resource Managers at Hospitality Establishments Regarding Affirmative Action Programs A Case Study in Eskişehir-Turkey." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 2 (2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v4i2.p27-34.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions and attitudes of human resource managers at some hospitality organisations regarding the employment of disadvantaged individuals as part of affirmative action program in the province of Eskişehir-Turkey. This study is a qualitative study focusing on real cases to inspire other organisations. The data were collected through active interviews, and the collected data was analysed through the use of manual qualitative data analysis methods. The findings of the study reveal that perceptions of human resource managers regarding disadvantaged in

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