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1
Norberg, Anna-Maija. "Elevtexter i idrott och hälsa – en textetnografisk genreanalys." Sakprosa 12, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/sakprosa.7794.
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Studien syftar till att identifiera och beskriva genrer i ämnet idrott och hälsa på högstadiet och att visa hur dessa genrer positionerar eleverna. Genom textetnografiska metoder analyseras elevtexterna med avseende på den sociala handling som de är en del av. Genrer förstås i studien som konventionaliserade sätt att handla genom text. Data har samlats in genom etnografiska metoder, och materialet består dels av elevtexter, dels av fältanteckningar och videoinspelningar från lektioner där skrivande förekom och av ljudinspelningar från lärar- och elevintervjuer. Analysen av materialet drivs på ett övergripande sätt av begreppet ämnesdidaktisk interdiskursivitet. Begreppet affordans används för att visa hur texterna bjuder in till vissa handlingar och begränsar andra. Konkret analyseras texterna med textvetenskapliga metoder. De mest framskjutna genrerna i studien har med mätning och träning av kroppen att göra. Eleverna positioneras främst fysiologiskt utifrån sina kroppsliga förmågor, men genrernas hybriditet leder även till human- och samhällsvetenskapliga positioneringar.
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Shin, Donghee. "How do technological properties influence user affordance of wearable technologies?" Interaction Studies 20, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 307–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.16024.shi.
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Abstract The Internet of things (IoT) affords people plenty of opportunities and a higher quality of life as well as drives a huge amount of data. By drawing on the concept of affordances, this study examines the user experience of personal informatics focusing on the technological and affective nature of affordance. A multi-mixed approach is used by combining qualitative methods and a quantitative survey. Results of the qualitative methods revealed a series of factors that related to the affordance of personal informatics, whereas results of the user model confirmed a significant role for connectivity, control, and synchronicity affordance regarding their underlying link to other variables, namely, expectation, confirmation, and satisfaction. The experiments showed that users’ affordances are greatly influenced by personal traits with interactivity tendency. The findings imply the embodied cognition process of personal informatics in which technological qualities are shaped by users’ perception, traits, and context. The results establish a foundation for wearable technologies through a heuristic quality assessment tool from a user embodied cognitive process. They confirm the validity and utility of applying affordances to the design of IoT as a useful concept, as well as prove that the optimum mix of affordances is crucial to the success or failure of IoT design.
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Ranscombe, Charlie, Wenwen Zhang, Jacob Rodda, and David Mathias. "Digital Sketch Modelling: Proposing a Hybrid Visualisation Tool Combining Affordances of Sketching and CAD." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.34.
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AbstractVisualisation of ideas and emergent designs is an essential ingredient in design practice. Sketching and CAD represent two widely used visualisation tools, each with complementary affordances that dictate their typical use during the design process. Sketching has affordances of fast and fluent visualisation whereas CAD affords easy modification of detailed designs. This paper proposes a hybrid tool, Digital Sketch Modelling, investigating the extent to which it can deliver complementary affordances of both sketching to CAD. Analysis of diary entries made by 62 postgraduate designers using sketching, digital sketch modelling and CAD within a design project forms the basis of the study. Results illustrate how digital sketching over crude 3d digital models, combined with benefits of digital image editing software enhance affordance for easy visualisation of ideas. Concurrently, the level of software used in Digital Sketch modelling led to fewer concerns over the level of difficulty to modify designs, enhancing the affordance for easy modification. As such we conclude Digital Sketch Modelling does combine affordances indicating its potential benefit in use between sketching and CAD.
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Shaw, Robert E., Jeffrey M. Kinsella-Shaw, and William M. Mace. "Affordance Types and Affordance Tokens: Are Gibson’s Affordances Trustworthy?" Ecological Psychology 31, no. 1 (October 3, 2018): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2018.1508353.
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Kim, Yong Se. "A methodology of design for affordances using affordance feature repositories." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 29, no. 3 (July 28, 2015): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060415000281.
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AbstractPeople interact with artifacts, either products or services, in their lives. These interactions are based on two-way communication between people and artifacts. The characteristics of artifacts that induce natural activities of people, affordances, play critical roles in making interactions successful and meaningful. The notion of affordance features, structural elements of artifacts that provide affordances, has been proposed earlier. In this paper, a methodological framework for design for affordances is proposed where repositories of affordance features are used. Affordances are identified through function–task interaction matrices or use activity observations. Using an affordance feature repository where many alternative structural elements for a specific affordance are stored together with corresponding design constraints and contexts, affordance features for those identified affordances are retrieved considering similarities between the target design constraints and those of the affordance features in the repositories. Using the clues given by such affordance features, a new affordance feature is to be designed through analogical reasoning. We present this design for affordance framework together with illustrative cases where various designers designed affordance features using affordance feature repositories.
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Mirbabaie, Milad, Ireti Amojo, and Stefan Stieglitz. "Affording Twitter in Emergency Situations." Journal of Database Management 32, no. 2 (April 2021): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2021040104.
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This study focuses on Twitter affordances and sense-making outcomes during a single emergency situation. By using an interpretive affordance lens, this study aims to assess rumors as influencers of sense-making during the 2017 Manchester terrorist attack. The authors combined a quantitative network analysis with a qualitative content analysis to assess the role of rumors during the emergency management after the attack. This study provides argumentative grounds for the notion of sense-making as a consequence of affording social media and builds on prior research to place sense-making as a cognitive process within the affordance concept. The authors emphasize new potentials to prevent or control rumors on social media for practitioners and contribute insights to rumor research. Namely, the authors contribute a novel perspective of rumors and their role during emergency management on social media.
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Anderson, Chad, and Daniel Robey. "Affordance potency: Explaining the actualization of technology affordances." Information and Organization 27, no. 2 (June 2017): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2017.03.002.
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Flach, John M., Pieter Jan Stappers, and Fred A. Voorhorst. "Beyond Affordances: Closing the Generalization Gap Between Design and Cognitive Science." Design Issues 33, no. 1 (January 2017): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00427.
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As designers and cognitive scientists begin to explore human experience as a relation between people and products, there is a need for constructs that index relational properties (i.e., properties of a product that are dependent on properties of an actor). One such construct that has recently become popular with designers is affordance. Affordances, such as pass-through-able, depend on properties of both an object (e.g., width of an opening) and properties of an actor (e.g., girth or shoulder width). In this article, three relational constructs are suggested to reflect important properties of the coupling between humans and products: affording, specifying, and satisfying. Affording refers to constraints on the action coupling between actor and product. Specifying refers to constraints on the perceptual or informational coupling. Finally, satisfying refers to constraints on value (e.g., attractiveness or desirability). The case is made that each of these three constructs are critical to determining the quality of the experience of an agent with a product (e.g., the capacity for satisfying interactions).
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Block, Martin E. "Can Children with Mild Mental Retardation Perceive Affordances for Action?" Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 10, no. 2 (April 1993): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.10.2.137.
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Recent evidence utilizing an ecological approach to perception (Gibson, 1979; Warren, 1984) suggests that children acquire the ability to distinguish what movement an environment “affords” soon after they acquire motor skills (e.g., Gibson et al., 1987; Palmer, 1989; Ulrich, Thelen, & Niles, 1991). However, it is still unclear whether or not children with cognitive disabilities can accurately perceive affordances (see Burton, 1987, 1990). The purpose of this study was to determine if boys with mild mental retardation could perceive affordances for the skill of jumping distances (standing long jump). Boys with mild mental retardation were asked to judge whether or not various distances could be jumped across by use of a two-footed takeoff and landing. Perceptual judgment was then compared to actual maximum jumping distance. Results indicate that boys with mental retardation were able to accurately perceive the affordance for jumping distance. Results were explained via an ecological perspective.
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McClelland, Tom. "The Mental Affordance Hypothesis." Mind 129, no. 514 (July 1, 2019): 401–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzz036.
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Abstract Our successful engagement with the world is plausibly underwritten by our sensitivity to affordances in our immediate environment. The considerable literature on affordances focuses almost exclusively on affordances for bodily actions such as gripping, walking or eating. I propose that we are also sensitive to affordances for mental actions such as attending, imagining and counting. My case for this ‘Mental Affordance Hypothesis’ is motivated by a series of examples in which our sensitivity to mental affordances mirrors our sensitivity to bodily affordances. Specifically, subjects perceive opportunities to perform a mental action and their doing so leads, under the right conditions, to the automatic preparation of that action. I conclude by sketching a mental affordance research program that would reinforce my case for the Mental Affordance Hypothesis and establish its ramifications for a number of debates across philosophy and psychology.
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Chiarello, Filippo, Ilenia Cirri, Nicola Melluso, Gualtiero Fantoni, Andrea Bonaccorsi, and Tommaso Pavanello. "Approaches to Automatically Extract Affordances from Patents." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 2487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.255.
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AbstractThe importance of affordance in Engineering design is well established. Artifacts that are able to activate spontaneous and immediate users’ reactions are considered the outcome of good design practice.A huge effort has been made by researchers for understanding affordances: yet these efforts have been somewhat elusive. In particular, they have been limited to case studies and experimental studies, usually involving a small subset of affordances. No systematic effort has been carried out to list all known affordance effects. This paper offers preliminary steps for such an ambitious effort.We propose a set of three different approaches of Natural Language Processing techniques to be used to extract meaningful affordance information from the full text of patents: 1) a simple word search, 2) a lexicon of affordances and 3) a rule-based system.The results give in-depth measures of how rare affordances in patents are, and a fine grain analysis of the linguistical construction of affordances. Finally, we show an interesting output of our method, that has detected affordances for disabled people, showing the ability of our system to automatically collect design-relevant knowledge.
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Masoudi, Nafiseh, Georges M. Fadel, Christopher C. Pagano, and Maria Vittoria Elena. "A Review of Affordances and Affordance-Based Design to Address Usability." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 1353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.141.
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AbstractMaier and Fadel pioneered Affordance-Based Design (ABD) based on Gibson's revolutionary theory of affordances and Norman's deployment of the concept in his book, “The Design of Everyday Things”. Gibson (1979) introduced the affordance concept into the discipline of Ecological Psychology to address the interactions between an object and an agent. The Ecological approach includes the direct perception of affordances for the user along with a consideration of the users’ biomechanics. However, as the concept of affordance was imported and utilized in different disciplines, including engineering design, some important aspects of Ecological theory were omitted.This paper is an attempt to review the definitions and different utilizations of the affordance concept focusing on the design of usable products to identify the different views and the missing elements. After addressing the divergent viewpoints of affordances, we provide recommendations to improve the usability aspects in ABD by considering direct perception and ergonomics. We claim that a design (based on affordances) that fails to address both criteria may result in a product that is less usable.
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Shu, L. H., J. Srivastava, A. Chou, and S. Lai. "Three methods for identifying novel affordances." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 29, no. 3 (July 28, 2015): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060415000219.
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AbstractWe describe three approaches to identify novel product affordances: affordance of absence; insights from lead users, specifically do-it-yourselfers (DIYers); and natural-language searches. While these approaches were separately pursued, we show their connection to each other in this paper. We begin by describing the affordance of absence, inspired by insights on affordances arising from a lack of resources. For example, in the absence of specialized tools, more general tools are used to accomplish similar tasks. Such absence clarifies how other tools could be modified to add relevant features and identifies critical features of the absent tool. In addition, the temporary removal of physical features and objects enables user interaction in ways that may not emerge in their presence. Affordance of absence has the potential to more fully specify affordances for a given object and to help overcome functional fixedness. For the second approach, we describe insights from DIYers obtained from the “IKEA hackers” online community. We consider DIYers lead users for seeking out and exploiting product affordances, often transforming product functions dramatically. We also discuss their projects through the lens of affordance of absence. For the third approach, we outline our natural-language approach to affordance extraction, beginning with consumer product reviews provided for Canadian Tire, a major Canadian retailer. We describe efforts toward automatically identifying less common affordances, and the use of cue phrases to highlight insightful DIY transformations from the IKEA hackers community. Finally, we comment on the potential value of this work for product design in general.
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Franchak, John M. "Calibration of perception fails to transfer between functionally similar affordances." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 9 (June 15, 2020): 1311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820926884.
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Prior work shows that the calibration of perception and action transfers between actions depending on their functional similarity: Practising (and thus calibrating perception of) one affordance will also calibrate perception for an affordance with a similar function but not for an affordance with a disparate function. We tested this hypothesis by measuring whether calibration transferred between two affordances for passing through openings: squeezing sideways through doorways without becoming stuck and fitting sideways through doorways while avoiding collision. Participants wore a backpack to alter affordances for passage and create a need for perceptual recalibration. Calibration failed to transfer between the two actions (e.g., practising squeezing through doorways calibrated perception of squeezing but not fitting). Differences between squeezing and fitting affordances that might have required different information for perception and recalibration are explored to understand why calibration did not transfer. In light of these results, we propose a revised hypothesis—calibration transfers between affordances on the basis of both functional and informational similarity.
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Moralez, Larry A. "Affordance Ontology: Towards a Unified Description of Affordances as Events." International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities 7, no. 1 (June 24, 2016): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7710/2155-4838.1145.
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Cai, Wenjie, Brad McKenna, and Lena Waizenegger. "Turning It Off: Emotions in Digital-Free Travel." Journal of Travel Research 59, no. 5 (August 13, 2019): 909–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287519868314.
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This article aims to theorize digitally disconnected travel experiences by investigating various emotional responses during the process of withdrawal and regain of technological affordances. The theoretical concepts of affordance and emotional episodes were adopted in this study to create a conceptual framework. Fifteen diaries and 18 interviews were collected from 24 participants’ reflections of their disconnected experiences. This study thus contributes a contextual update of emotional episodes by providing a detailed account of various emotions in the entire disconnecting/reconnecting travel experience. Also, this study contributes to the affordance literature by exploring the fluidity of technology affordances and environmental affordances. This article develops the Disconnected Emotions Model (DEM), a theoretical framework to provide an understanding of the changing relationship between human emotions and material affordances.
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Gross, David C., Kay M. Stanney, and Lt Joseph Cohn. "Evoking Affordances in Virtual Environments via Sensory-Stimuli Substitution." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 14, no. 4 (August 2005): 482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474605774785244.
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Artifacts in an environment afford to their observers utility and function directly through specific object characteristics (e.g., mediums, surfaces, substances). Virtual environments (VEs) similarly seek to afford specific utility to their users, whether it is for training, education, or entertainment, thus it seems natural to consider basing VE designs on affordances. Such affordance-based design should yield significant benefits by providing designs that behave in more understandable and intuitive manners. These designs should be easier to learn, adapt better to user tasks, and frustrate users less by allowing use of the same skills acquired via real-world interactions. In order to realize affordance-based VE designs, the types of appropriate affordances and means of realizing these affordances must be identified. Currently, however, affordances lack a theoretical and operational basis for such application. The present paper suggests functions that affordances should support and provides a conceptual model for realizing affordances based on sensory-stimuli-substitution schemes.
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Rodríguez-Hidalgo, Carmina. "Me and My Robot Smiled at One Another: The Process of Socially Enacted Communicative Affordance in Human-Machine Communication." Human-Machine Communication 1 (February 1, 2020): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30658/hmc.1.4.
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The term affordance has been inconsistently applied both in robotics and communication. While the robotics perspective is mostly object-based, the communication science view is commonly user-based. In an attempt to bring the two perspectives together, this theoretical paper argues that social robots present new social communicative affordances emerging from a two-way relational process. I first explicate conceptual approaches of affordance in robotics and communication. Second, a model of enacted communicative affordance in the context of Human-Machine Communication (HMC) is presented. Third and last, I explain how a pivotal social robot characteristic—embodiment—plays a key role in the process of social communicative affordances in HMC, which may entail behavioral, emotional, and cognitive effects. The paper ends by presenting considerations for future affordance research in HMC.
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Freeman, Dena. "Affordances of Rupture and their Enactment: A Framework for Understanding Christian Change." Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society 42, no. 4 (June 3, 2018): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30676/jfas.v42i4.66394.
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This paper moves forward the debate about continuity and rupture in Christian change by approaching it as an empirical rather than theoretical question and interrogating it using a broad comparative method. It argues firstly that different forms of Christianity – Orthodox, Catholic, mainline Protestant and Pentecostal – have cultural logics which offer different affordances of rupture; and secondly that in those cases where Christianity affords rupture, people will perceive this affordance through their own cultural categories and will choose whether and how to enact rupture in a way that is shaped by their existing material circumstances. The approach thus goes beyond currently popular culturalist theorising and seeks to integrate both idealist and materialist perspectives. In so doing it develops an overarching theoretical framework that explains cases of both continuity and rupture and helps to systematically organise the plethora of case studies on Christian change.
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Lu, Jiahui, and Lehua Cheng. "Perceiving and Interacting Affordances: A New Model of Human–Affordance Interactions." Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 47, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 142–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12124-012-9202-2.
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Zhao, Yuxiang (Chris), and Qinghua Zhu. "Conceptualizing task affordance in online crowdsourcing context." Online Information Review 40, no. 7 (November 14, 2016): 938–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-06-2015-0192.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a new concept – task affordance in crowdsourcing context, and build it as a theoretical lens to help the authors reconfigure the artifacts and process in task-oriented crowdsourcing projects. The paper differs from previous studies by focusing on the relationships between the task artifacts, systems and goal-directed actors in crowdsourcing process rather than on the pure examination of task properties. Design/methodology/approach An operational definition of task affordance was proposed and a pseudo-entity-relationship model based approach was employed to portrait the task affordance in online crowdsourcing context. Furthermore, the authors developed a typology of task affordance and decomposed the concept into five dimensions, namely, design affordance, presentation affordance, assignment affordance, task-platform fit affordance, and task-worker fit affordance. A preliminary analysis of task affordances across various crowdsourcing categories was also conducted to validate the proposed typological framework. Findings The findings show that the task affordances have varying degree and extend among the diverse crowdsourcing categories. For instance, task design affordances seem to be low in the crowd processing and crowd rating cases compared with that in the crowd solving and crowd creation cases. For another example, in terms of the task presentation affordance, crowd rating cases need the lowest affordance while the crowd creation cases need the highest affordance. Therefore, the authors would like to emphasize that the successful adoption, implementation, and design of the task-oriented crowdsourcing owes to the careful examination of the relationships among the actors, artifacts, and environment of the crowdsourcing projects. Originality/value To the authors’ best knowledge, this paper is the first study on conceptualizing the task affordance in online crowdsourcing context. The study contributes to the academic literature on a comprehensive overview of task-related studies in crowdsourcing, which are scattered in several information related fields. Furthermore, this research contributes directly to the area of information science and technology due to a common interest in studying the environments and contexts in which people, information and technology interact and interplay. Practically, this study may yield some implications for the requester and platform operator when designing the relevant tasks or developing the specific crowdsourcing platform.
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Hassanin, Mohammed, Salman Khan, and Murat Tahtali. "Visual Affordance and Function Understanding." ACM Computing Surveys 54, no. 3 (June 2021): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3446370.
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Nowadays, robots are dominating the manufacturing, entertainment, and healthcare industries. Robot vision aims to equip robots with the capabilities to discover information, understand it, and interact with the environment, which require an agent to effectively understand object affordances and functions in complex visual domains. In this literature survey, first, “visual affordances” are focused on and current state-of-the-art approaches for solving relevant problems as well as open problems and research gaps are summarized. Then, sub-problems, such as affordance detection, categorization, segmentation, and high-level affordance reasoning, are specifically discussed. Furthermore, functional scene understanding and its prevalent descriptors used in the literature are covered. This survey also provides the necessary background to the problem, sheds light on its significance, and highlights the existing challenges for affordance and functionality learning.
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Dowell, Catherine, Alen Hajnal, Wim Pouw, and Jeffrey B. Wagman. "Visual and Haptic Perception of Affordances of Feelies." Perception 49, no. 9 (September 2020): 905–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006620946532.
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Most objects have well-defined affordances. Investigating perception of affordances of objects that were not created for a specific purpose would provide insight into how affordances are perceived. In addition, comparison of perception of affordances for such objects across different exploratory modalities (visual vs. haptic) would offer a strong test of the lawfulness of information about affordances (i.e., the invariance of such information over transformation). Along these lines, “feelies”— objects created by Gibson with no obvious function and unlike any common object—could shed light on the processes underlying affordance perception. This study showed that when observers reported potential uses for feelies, modality significantly influenced what kind of affordances were perceived. Specifically, visual exploration resulted in more noun labels (e.g., “toy”) than haptic exploration which resulted in more verb labels (i.e., “throw”). These results suggested that overlapping, but distinct classes of action possibilities are perceivable using vision and haptics. Semantic network analyses revealed that visual exploration resulted in object-oriented responses focused on object identification, whereas haptic exploration resulted in action-oriented responses. Cluster analyses confirmed these results. Affordance labels produced in the visual condition were more consistent, used fewer descriptors, were less diverse, but more novel than in the haptic condition.
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Azaad, Shaheed, and Simon M. Laham. "Sidestepping spatial confounds in object-based correspondence effects: The Bimanual Affordance Task (BMAT)." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 2605–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819852216.
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Tucker and Ellis found that when participants made left/right button-presses to indicate whether objects were upright or inverted, responses were faster when the response hand aligned with the task-irrelevant handle orientation of the object. The effect of handle orientation on response times has been interpreted as evidence that individuals perceive grasp affordances when viewing briefly presented objects, which in turn activate grasp-related motor systems. Although the effect of handle alignment has since been replicated, there remains doubt regarding the extent to which the effect is indeed driven by affordance perception. Objects that feature in affordance-compatibility paradigms are asymmetrical and have laterally protruding handles (e.g., mugs) and thus confound spatial and affordance properties. Research has attempted to disentangle spatial compatibility and affordance effects with varying results. In this study, we present a novel paradigm with which to study affordance perception while sidestepping spatial confounds. We use the Bimanual Affordance Task (BMAT) to test whether object affordances in symmetrical objects facilitate response times. Participants ( N = 36) used one of three (left unimanual/right unimanual/bimanual) responses to indicate the colour of presented objects. Objects afforded either a unimanual (e.g., handbag) or a bimanual (e.g., laundry hamper) grasp. Responses were faster when the afforded grasp corresponded with the response type (unimanual vs. bimanual), suggesting that affordance effects exist independent of spatial compatibility.
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Detry, R., D. Kraft, O. Kroemer, L. Bodenhagen, J. Peters, N. Krüger, and J. Piater. "Learning Grasp Affordance Densities." Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13230-011-0012-x.
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Mata, Ivan, Georges Fadel, and Gregory Mocko. "Toward automating affordance-based design." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 29, no. 3 (July 28, 2015): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060415000256.
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AbstractThe objective of this research is to develop a computational representation of knowledge associated with affordance-based design (ABD). The ABD ontology formalizes the entities, properties, and relationships within the domains of ABD. The ontology enables designers to describe the affordances of existing products and specify the intended affordances of future products in line with ABD. The ontology consists of 14 concepts and 5 relationships. The ontology is developed using Protégé 4.3 and DL-query to query and reason with the ontology. The ontology is demonstrated using a consumer vacuum cleaner. The formal ontology serves as the basis for developing computer support for ABD applications. When implemented, these design tools will help designers manage the affordances of artifacts being designed, specifying the interacting entities of every affordance when a three-dimensional model of the artifact is available. Further, these software tools could be used to support ABD methods.
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Zipoli Caiani, Silvano. "When the affordances disappear: Dynamical and computational explanations of optic ataxia." Theory & Psychology 27, no. 5 (July 31, 2017): 663–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354317722867.
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Two options fuel the debate on the cognitive processes underlying the perception of affordances. On the one hand, the ecological theory of affordance fits with the methodological assumptions of the dynamical systems theory of cognition. On the other hand, it is nowadays common to conceive the perception of affordances within a computational framework. This article defends the explanatory power of a computational approach and aims to extend the concept of affordance beyond the boundaries of the dynamical systems theory of cognition. For that purpose, I consider the case of patients suffering from optic ataxia, a condition in which some aspects of visual guidance over reaching with the hand are lost following a lesion in the left parietal cortex. Etiological considerations, indeed, reveal that a computational approach to the perception of affordances allows for an explanation of ataxic behavior that is not available to the dynamical systems theory.
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Godard, Marc, Yannick Wamain, and Solène Kalénine. "Do manufactured and natural objects evoke similar motor information? The case of action priming." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 12 (July 17, 2019): 2801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819862210.
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There is considerable evidence that visually presented manipulable objects evoke motor information, supporting the existence of affordance effects during object perception. However, most arguments come from stimulus–response compatibility paradigms, raising the issue of the automaticity of affordance effects. Action priming paradigms overcome this issue but show less reliable results, possibly because affordance effects are moderated by additional factors. The present study aimed to assess whether affordance effects highlighted in action priming paradigms could be affected by object category (manufactured or natural). A total of 24 young adults performed a semantic categorisation task on natural and manufactured target objects presented after neutral (non-grasping hand postures) or action (congruent power or precision grips) primes. Results revealed a modulation of action priming effects as a function of object category. Object semantic categorisation was faster after action than neutral primes, but only for manufactured objects. Results suggest that natural and manufactured objects evoke distinct types of affordances and that action priming paradigms favour the evocation of functional affordances during object semantic categorisation. This finding fuels the debate on the nature of the motor information evoked by visual objects.
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Björneborn, Lennart. "Three key affordances for serendipity." Journal of Documentation 73, no. 5 (September 11, 2017): 1053–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-07-2016-0097.
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Purpose Serendipity is an interesting phenomenon to study in information science as it plays a fundamental – but perhaps underestimated – role in how we discover, explore, and learn in all fields of life. The purpose of this paper is to operationalize the concept of serendipity by providing terminological “building blocks” for understanding connections between environmental and personal factors in serendipitous encounters. Understanding these connections is essential when designing affordances in physical and digital environments that can facilitate serendipity. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, serendipity is defined as what happens when we, in unplanned ways, encounter resources (information, things, people, etc.) that we find interesting. In the outlined framework, serendipity is understood as an affordance, i.e., a usage potential when environmental and personal factors correspond with each other. The framework introduces three key affordances for facilitating serendipity: diversifiability, traversability, and sensoriability, covering capacities of physical and digital environments to be diversified, traversed, and sensed. The framework is structured around couplings between the three key affordances and three key personal serendipity factors: curiosity, mobility, and sensitivity. Ten sub-affordances for serendipity and ten coupled personal sub-factors are also briefly outlined. Related research is compared with and mapped into the framework aiming at a theoretical validation. The affordance approach to serendipity is discussed, including different degrees and types of serendipity. Findings All the terminological “building blocks” in the framework are seen to resonate with the included related research. Serendipity is found to be a commonplace phenomenon in everyday life. It is argued that we cannot “engineer” nor “design” serendipity per se, but can design affordances for serendipity. Serendipity may thus be intended by designers, but must always be unplanned by users. The outlined affordance approach to serendipity points to the importance of our sensory-motor abilities to discover and explore serendipitous affordances. Research limitations/implications Implications of the framework for designing physical and digital environments with affordances for serendipity are briefly considered. It is suggested that physical environments may have a primacy regarding affordances of sensoriability for facilitating serendipity, and digital environments a primacy regarding traversability, whereas physical and digital environments may afford similar degrees of diversifiability. In future research, the framework needs further empirical validation in physical and digital environments. Originality/value No other research has been found addressing affordances for serendipity and connections between environmental and personal factors in similarly detailed ways. The outlined framework and typology may function as a baseline for further serendipity studies.
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Durkee, Patrick K., Aaron W. Lukaszewski, and David M. Buss. "Psychological foundations of human status allocation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 35 (August 18, 2020): 21235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006148117.
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Competing theories of status allocation posit divergent conceptual foundations upon which human status hierarchies are built. We argue that the three prominent theories of status allocation—competence-based models, conflict-based models, and dual-pathway models—can be distinguished by the importance that they place on four key affordance dimensions: benefit-generation ability, benefit-generation willingness, cost-infliction ability, and cost-infliction willingness. In the current study, we test competing theoretical predictions about the relative centrality of each affordance dimension to clarify the foundations of human status allocation. We examined the extent to which American raters’ (n= 515) perceptions of the benefit-generation and cost-infliction affordances of 240 personal characteristics predict the status impacts of those same personal characteristics as determined by separate groups of raters (n= 2,751) across 14 nations. Benefit-generation and cost-infliction affordances were both positively associated with status allocation at the zero-order level. However, the unique effects of benefit-generation affordances explained most of the variance in status allocation when competing with cost-infliction affordances, whereas cost-infliction affordances were weak or null predictors. This finding suggests that inflicting costs without generating benefits does not reliably increase status in the minds of others among established human groups around the world. Overall, the findings bolster competence-based theories of status allocation but offer little support for conflict-based and dual-pathway models.
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Vallverdú, Jordi, Gabriele Trovato, and Lorenzo Jamone. "Allocentric Emotional Affordances in HRI: The Multimodal Binding." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 2, no. 4 (November 6, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti2040078.
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The concept of affordance perception is one of the distinctive traits of human cognition; and its application to robots can dramatically improve the quality of human-robot interaction (HRI). In this paper we explore and discuss the idea of “emotional affordances” by proposing a viable model for implementation into HRI; which considers allocentric and multimodal perception. We consider “2-ways” affordances: perceived object triggering an emotion; and perceived human emotion expression triggering an action. In order to make the implementation generic; the proposed model includes a library that can be customised depending on the specific robot and application scenario. We present the AAA (Affordance-Appraisal-Arousal) model; which incorporates Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions; and we outline some numerical examples of how it can be used in different scenarios.
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Qin, Lili, and Ren Wei. "Investigating Affordance in Technology-Enriched Language Learning Environment Through Exploring Students’ Perezhivanija." Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2021-0011.
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Abstract Preceding works tend to explicate affordance through supposing what is happening here and now. They seldom relate it to actual social, diachronic activities, such as foreign language learning. To tackle this issue, this study explores how students actualize affordances in technology-enriched language learning environment (TELLE) by examining their perezhivanija (lived and emotional experience), a term borrowed from sociocultural theory. Because an individual’s social life is a developing process or a perezhivanie Perezhivanie is the singular form of perezhivanija. , it is necessary to base the research in a dynamic development of language learning to figure out how the affordances are actualized. Narrative interviews were adopted to collect data from three Chinese college students who learn English as a foreign language in a Northeastern university in China. The results showed that due to the students’ different past perezhivanija in English learning, their present interpretations of the perceived affordances in TELLE varied. This influenced hugely in their actions taken during their English learning in college to actualize the affordances. The findings indicated that the actualization of affordances is historical, dynamic and developmental instead of static. It does not lie in the autonomy of the students or the teachers, but in the institutional and cultural legitimacy of technology use in student’s social life. The paper contributes to the application of affordance theory in foreign language learning and provides implications to language teaching practice in TELLE.
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Audran, Gérard, Raphael Bikanga, Paul Brémond, Mariya Edeleva, Jean-Patrick Joly, Sylvain R. A. Marque, Paulin Nkolo, and Valérie Roubaud. "How intramolecular hydrogen bonding (IHB) controls the C–ON bond homolysis in alkoxyamines." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 15, no. 39 (2017): 8425–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ob02223a.
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Dzyaloshinsky, Iosif M. "The Affordances of the Information and Communication Universe, or Who is Behind the Mass Media." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 26, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2021-26-1-92-98.
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This article examines the specifics and perspectives of the information and communication universe theory for the analysis of the mass media. The aim is to explain the application of the concept of affordance in the context of media theory. The term was introduced by psychologist James J. Gibson to describe the specific inviting nature of objects and events, which, through affordances, suggest an algorithm for subsequent actions. From this point of view, the information and communication universe makes it possible to use it for some important purposes for the subjects of communication. However, the quality and options for implementing the possibilities of affordance depend on the goals, interests and skills of the subject who is trying to work with this affordance. To use an analogy, the same axe could invite some people to chop wood for an old lady, and others to use it as a weapon against her in order to seize her pension benefits. The thesis on the functional usefulness of the category information and communication universe for the analysis of processes in the media system is put forward. Traditional ideas about the specifics of the production and consumption of texts are corrected. The author analyzes the affordances of the Internet as a subsystem of the information and communication universe. It helps to explain the radical differences in the assessment of network digital technologies by representatives of different research schools. The article outlines further prospects for the identification and use of hidden affordances.
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Chen, Xiayu, Shaobo Wei, Robert M. Davison, and Ronald E. Rice. "How do enterprise social media affordances affect social network ties and job performance?" Information Technology & People 33, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 361–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itp-11-2017-0408.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how four enterprise social media (ESM) affordances (visibility, association, editability and persistence) affect social network ties (instrumental and expressive), which, in turn, influence the in-role and innovative job performance of employees. Design/methodology/approach A survey of 251 ESM users in the workplace in China was conducted. Findings All four affordances are positively associated with instrumental ties, yet only the association and editability affordances are positively related to expressive ties. Although instrumental and expressive ties are positively related to in-role and innovative job performance, instrumental ties exert stronger effects on in-role job performance, whereas expressive ties show stronger effects on innovative job performance. Research limitations/implications First, additional relevant affordances should be included in an expanded model. Second, future research could examine how patterns of affordances use (unrelated, or hierarchically or sequentially related) affect organizational network ties. Third, there are likely (many) other exogenous factors affecting the model’s relationships. Fourth, the data collected are self-reported. Practical implications This study advances the theoretical understanding of the role of ESM affordances in the workplace, especially through their influences on network ties. The findings can guide organizations on how to emphasize ESM affordances to foster instrumental and expressive ties to improve the job performance of employees. Originality/value First, it provides novel views on affordance theory in ESM contexts by empirically testing four central affordances, thereby further providing preliminary evidence for prior theoretical propositions by confirming that social media affordances might be associated with or influence relational ties. Second, the study integrates an affordance lens and a social network perspective to investigate employees’ perceived performance behavior. Including social network ties can offer a more detailed understanding of the underlying processes of how ESM affordances can and do affect job performance. Third, it supports the validity of distinguishing instrumental and expressive ties in ESM contexts, thus offering a possible explanation for the inconsistencies in prior research on the impact of social networks on employee outcomes. Finally, it also shows how two kinds of organizational performance (in-role and innovative) are somewhat differentially influenced by affordances and network ties.
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Liu, Ming, Abelardo Pardo, and Li Liu. "Using Learning Analytics to Support Engagement in Collaborative Writing." International Journal of Distance Education Technologies 15, no. 4 (October 2017): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdet.2017100105.
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Online collaborative writing tools provide an efficient way to complete a writing task. However, existing tools only focus on technological affordances and ignore the importance of social affordances in a collaborative learning environment. This article describes a learning analytic system that analyzes writing behaviors, and creates visualizations incorporating individual engagement awareness and group ranking awareness (social affordance), and review writing behaviour history (technological affordance), to support student engagement. Studies examined the performance of the system used by university students in two collaborative writing activities: collaboratively writing a project proposal (N = 41) and writing tutorial discussion answers (N = 25). Results show that students agreed with what the visualization conveys and visualizations enhance their engagement in a collaborative writing activity. In addition, students stated that the visualizations were useful to help them reflect on the writing process and support the assessment of individual contributions.
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Vechiato, Fernando Luiz, and Alessandra Stefane Cândido Elias da Trindade. "Encontrabilidade da informação em ambientes informacionais: diálogo teórico entre os conceitos Intencionalidade e affordance." Prisma.com, no. 42 (2020): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/16463153/42a1.
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Informational environments needs to adopt mechanisms that make it possible to find information. Affordances are object/environments elements that shows the subjects action possibilities. The Intentionality consists of the subject’s experiences, competences, skills and knowledge related to environments and objects interaction. The research questioned how the studies of the Intentionality and affordance could contribute to the information findability on informational environments. It aims to understand the theoretically relationship between Intentionality and affordance concepts, and propose informational environments design and assessment recommendations from bibliographical and exploratory research using the quadripolar method. The results show the concepts effective dialogue and development of digital, analog or hybrid informational environments project and evaluation recommendations. It’s concluded that both theories can be reflected in the informational environment design as they contribute to information findability as well as that subject’s Intentionality influences the affordances detection process.
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Hampson, Peter J., Timothy L. Hulsey, and Phillip P. McGarry. "Moral affordance, moral expertise, and virtue." Theory & Psychology 31, no. 4 (July 2, 2021): 513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09593543211021662.
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We extend “4E” cognition to moral psychology. Since acting on affordances typically requires expertise, moral expertise, or virtue, is needed to act on moral affordances and to shape moral agency. Ethical rules and codes, often selected through a process of constraint satisfaction, are also involved in the detection and selection of moral affordances. We argue that individuals who act prudently possess moral expertise that allows them to remain in the “metastable zone” between mind and world, giving them an optimal grip on moral affordances and permitting wise judgement and action. We show how this can be explained via a noncognitivist, affordance-based account of the virtue phronesis (prudence). Our overall approach creates space for reciprocally causal accounts and prospection in explanations of human moral activity.
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Shao, Zhen, Lin Zhang, Kuanchin Chen, and Chenliang Zhang. "Examining user satisfaction and stickiness in social networking sites from a technology affordance lens: uncovering the moderating effect of user experience." Industrial Management & Data Systems 120, no. 7 (June 10, 2020): 1331–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-11-2019-0614.
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PurposeThe aim of this study is to explore, identify and understand the impact of technology affordance in the context of social networking sites (SNSs). Moreover, this study incorporates user experience as a moderator, in order to explore behavioral differences between veterans (high-experience users) and newbies (low-experience users).Design/methodology/approachA research model was developed to examine the influences of three technology affordances: interactivity, information and navigation on user satisfaction and SNS stickiness. Totally 266 data were collected from a famous college in China using an online survey, and structural equation modeling technique was used to examine the proposed research model.FindingsThe empirical research findings indicated that the three technology affordance attributes exhibited different degrees of influence on user satisfaction, which in turn facilitated SNS stickiness. Particularly, high-experience users were more likely influenced by interactivity and information affordances, while low-experience users are more susceptible to navigation affordance.Practical implicationsThis study can provide guidelines to the platform administrators to design SNSs from the aspects of interactivity, information and navigation attributes and pay attention to the preference differences between high-experience users and low-experience users.Originality/valueThis study uncovers the significant antecedents of SNS stickiness from a technology affordance lens and reveals the moderating effect of user experience on the relationship between three technology affordance attributes and satisfaction.
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Zhao, Yuxiang Chris, Yan Zhang, Jian Tang, and Shijie Song. "Affordances for information practices: theorizing engagement among people, technology, and sociocultural environments." Journal of Documentation 77, no. 1 (October 8, 2020): 229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-05-2020-0078.
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PurposeIn the domain of information science, affordance is a relatively new concept that deserves further exploration. It may serve as a bridge to narrow the research-practice gap that has persisted in information studies. Building upon previous research, we call for a broader concept of affordance that would help researchers understand information practices from an ecological perspective.Design/methodology/approachThe study focuses on conceptualizing affordances for information practices in order to theorize engagement among people, technology, and sociocultural environments. We develop a hierarchical model and a component model to illustrate how key tenets of affordances can be linked with the decomposition of activities and its mechanism. Following this, we describe an illustrative case of a popular Chinese cloud-based music platform to demonstrate the utility of our conceptual frameworks in guiding studies of information practices.FindingsThe study proposes to shift the focus of technology affordances, which highlights the features and functions of particular technologies, to the affordances for practices that are enacted through technology and social construction within a sociocultural environment. The illustrative case of the cloud-based music platform shows that the proposed models can provide a structured view of operations, actions and motives for music information practices. The processes of internalization and externalization offer insight into the decomposition of information practice as a chain of activity-action-operation.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on theorizing engagement among people, technology and sociocultural environments through the theoretical lens of affordances and sheds new light on the challenges of information practice.
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Pedersen, Sofie, and Jytte Bang. "Historicizing affordance theory: A rendezvous between ecological psychology and cultural-historical activity theory." Theory & Psychology 26, no. 6 (September 27, 2016): 731–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354316669021.
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The aim of this article is to discuss how mutually enriching points from both affordance theory and cultural-historical activity theory can promote theoretical ideas which may prove useful as analytical tools for the study of human life and human development. There are two issues that need to be overcome in order to explore the potentials of James Gibson’s affordance theory: it does not sufficiently theorize (a) development and (b) society. We claim that Gibson’s affordance theory still needs to be brought beyond “the axiom of immediacy.” Ambivalences in Gibson’s affordance theory will be discussed, and we will argue for certain revisions. The strong ideas of direct perceiving and of perception–action mutuality remain intact while synthesized with ideas of societal human life. We propose the concept of the affording of societal standards to be a meaningful term in order to grasp the specific societal character of affordance theory.
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Tanupabrungsun, Sikana, and Jeff Hemsley. "Studying Celebrity Practices on Twitter Using a Framework for Measuring Media Richness." Social Media + Society 4, no. 1 (January 2018): 205630511876336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305118763365.
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Social media enables the performative actions needed for celebrities to build and maintain audiences. Platforms like Twitter mediate identity construction and interaction with fans while enabling environments that are co-constructed by celebrities, fans, and the platform itself. We use the theoretical lens of media richness to study the ways that different types of celebrities enact “micro-celebrity” by mapping three richness dimensions (contextual, interactional, and informational) into groupings of Twitter’s affordances. Utilizing crowdsourcing and regression analysis, we systematically weigh each affordance and generate richness scores for each dimension, for each tweet. Using these richness scores, we find that performance of different types of celebrity requires different affordance mixtures, and that these mixtures reflect differences in the environments within which celebrities operate. Our research contributes to work at the intersection of Twitter affordances and celebrity studies in new media, and provides a framework for generating richness scores.
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tymoski, mike, and Jessica Witt. "Affording Both: Do the Same Underlying Mechanisms Account for Action-specific and Affordance Perception?" Journal of Vision 18, no. 10 (September 1, 2018): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/18.10.1268.
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Jones, Ellis. "What does Facebook ‘afford’ do-it-yourself musicians? Considering social media affordances as sites of contestation." Media, Culture & Society 42, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443719853498.
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Recent theoretical work by Internet and social media scholars promises to offer valuable clarity to a concept which has been historically rather muddy: the affordance. Connections and shared themes within this recent literature have been thus far rather under-developed, and therefore the first contribution of this article is to strengthen those connections. It argues for a nascent conceptualisation of affordances as ‘sites of contestation’, improving on unsatisfactory applications of affordance theory to date by focusing on the specificity of user-groups, on social media’s status as both textual and material, and on power imbalances between users and platforms. The second contribution of this article is an empirical application of this analytical tool. Drawing on ethnographic work in a do-it-yourself (‘DIY’) music scene in Leeds, it considers what is ‘afforded’ to these practitioners by the Facebook Pages platform. Three key affordances are outlined – ‘digging’, ‘rallying’ and ‘surveilling’ – which shed light on the complexity and variety of contestations enacted between platforms and users.
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Bareither, Christoph. "Capture the feeling: Memory practices in between the emotional affordances of heritage sites and digital media." Memory Studies 14, no. 3 (June 2021): 578–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506980211010695.
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This article develops the concept of emotional affordances, which is first used to describe the capacities of heritage sites to enable, prompt and restrict particular emotional experiences of their visitors. Secondly, the article asks how the emotional affordances of digital media, particularly those taking effect in digital photography and social media practices, allow visitors to mediate the emotional affordances of a particular heritage site. The argument builds on an ethnographic study of visitors’ digital image practices at the ‘Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe’ in Berlin and it demonstrates how visitors ‘capture the feeling’ of the memorial through such practices while also reshaping the experiences the place affords.
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Flôres, Fábio Saraiva, Luis Paulo Rodrigues, and Rita Cordovil. "Relationship between the Affordances for Motor Behavior of Schoolchildren (AMBS) and Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) in Brazilian Children." Children 8, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8080705.
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During growth, children are influenced by an extensive network, in which more favorable contexts provide better affordance landscapes, and consequently have a better potential to foster child development. We aimed to examine the affordances provided to children using the Affordances for Motor Behavior of Schoolchildren (AMBS) tool, estimating its association with children’s motor competence, as assessed by the Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) battery. Seventy-two Brazilian children were evaluated using the MCA instrument. Their parents/guardians completed the AMBS. The correlations between the two instruments (sub-scales and total scores) were investigated. ANOVAs were used to compare the motor competence performance of children with Low, Average, and High AMBS scores. Positive associations were found between AMBS and MCA, although weak to moderate in nature. In addition, children whose environments were richer in motor affordances (higher AMBS scores) showed significantly higher levels on the MCA. This study provides evidence that AMBS is a valid tool for assessing motor affordances for schoolchildren, and that those affordances are related to children’s motor competence.
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Walton, Gregory M., and David S. Yeager. "Seed and Soil: Psychological Affordances in Contexts Help to Explain Where Wise Interventions Succeed or Fail." Current Directions in Psychological Science 29, no. 3 (April 14, 2020): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721420904453.
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Psychologically “wise” interventions can cause lasting improvement in key aspects of people’s lives, but where will they work, and where will they not work? We consider the psychological affordance of the social context: Does the context in which the intervention is delivered afford the way of thinking offered by the intervention? If not, treatment effects are unlikely to persist. Change requires planting good seeds (more adaptive perspectives) in fertile soil in which those seeds can grow (a context with appropriate affordances). We illustrate the role of psychological affordances in diverse problem spaces, including recent large-scale trials of growth-mind-set and social-belonging interventions designed specifically to investigate heterogeneity across contexts. We highlight how the study of psychological affordances can advance theory about social contexts and inform debates about replicability.
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Pols, Auke J. K. "Affordances and use plans: An analysis of two alternatives to function-based design." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 29, no. 3 (July 28, 2015): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060415000268.
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AbstractFunction-based design approaches have been criticized for being too narrow to properly guide design. Specifically, they are said to be unable to cope with nonfunctional considerations, such as cost or maintenance issues without invoking other concepts, such as constraints. This paper investigates two alternative conceptualizations of the design process: the practical affordance-based design approach, as elaborated by Maier and Fadel, and the more theoretical use plan approach by Houkes and Vermaas. This paper compares function-, affordance-, and use plan-based design approaches. It highlights strengths and weaknesses of each approach and proposes a definition of the function of an artifact in terms of its affordances.
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Keylin, Vadim. "Crash, boom, bang." SoundEffects - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Sound and Sound Experience 9, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/se.v9i1.118243.
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Audience participation is a prominent thread running through much of sound art practice, yet it remains largely absent from the sound art scholarship. In this article, I argue that the most widespread methodologies employed in sound art research – roughly split into the phenomenological branch and the object-oriented branch – are ill equipped to tackle the questions of sociality and participation. Instead, I offer a framework for the study of participation in sound art – and, more broadly, for sound aesthetics in general – rooted in the pragmatist tradition. My starting point is John Dewey’s conceptualization of an artwork as an aesthetic experience developing in cycles of doing and undergoing – a structure, he claims, present in both the creative process and the reception of artworks, putting them on equal footing. I then expand this notion by turning to the contemporary pragmatist trends in creativity studies, ANT and affordance theory, introducing the concepts of we-creativity, mediation and affordance. The second half of the article focuses specifically on affordance – a relationship between a sound artwork and its audience delimiting and facilitating the possibilities for participation. I discuss the low-level affordances (facilitating elementary action) for creative listening and soundmaking and high-level affordances (facilitating complex behaviors) for creativity, experimentation and connectivity. I conclude that the pragmatist framework allows to go beyond the subject- or object-centeredness of phenomenological or object-oriented methodologies, bringing to the foreground the relational and social character of sound art.
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Shin, Donghee, and Yujong Hwang. "The effects of security and traceability of blockchain on digital affordance." Online Information Review 44, no. 4 (May 23, 2020): 913–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-01-2019-0013.
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PurposeThis study takes an affordance approach to explain how users perceive the affordance of user action within blockchain and examines how it influences the subsequent user experience. Focusing on the effect of trust on cognitive processes, the authors analyze how affordances in blockchains affect the user experience.Design/methodology/approachThe blockchain affordances are examined through a two-stage process. The authors employ a qualitative analysis based on insights gained from the current literature and interviews. The authors then apply a quantitative survey to examine the role of trust in interactions with blockchain services. A structural user model was tested in which their appreciation of affordances of blockchain predicted the trust and satisfaction.FindingsUsers' appreciation for transparency and reliability explained to what extent they trust and are satisfied, thereby suggesting the heuristic roles of trust in blockchains. The study findings indicate a heuristic role for trust regarding underlying links to technological and affective affordances. A user's cognitive heuristics affect their attitudes toward blockchain, in which technological features are processed through users' perceptions and experience.Research limitations/implicationsThe model contributes to the conceptualization of security, privacy and traceability along with trust, which is then linked to transparency and reliability. The findings show how the frame of affordances gains explanatory power by being linked to the concepts of affect and emotion. The heuristics of direct perception of security–traceability–privacy (STP) can be used to understand the trajectory of heuristics and ongoing choices of blockchain.Practical implicationsThe study results offer a lens through which to address the technology's most common problems by pairing user experience principles and heuristics to blockchain technologies. This study offers insights into the understanding of user actions related to blockchains and into practical implications for developing trust-based services. The results guide the application and tailoring of motivational affordances in blockchain.Originality/valueWhile blockchain technology has gained popularity and momentum, there has been little research on how specific features of blockchain technology create value. This study contributes to the research gap by highlighting the role and dimension of trust in relation to STP in blockchains and provides meaningful implications for theory and practice.