Academic literature on the topic 'Afforded an accident'
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Journal articles on the topic "Afforded an accident"
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Busch, Sebastian, Horst Brunner, and Robert Zobel. "Forecasting the gain in safety afforded by accident avoidance systems." ATZ worldwide 108, no. 4 (April 2006): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03224821.
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Scholes, A. "Railway Passenger Vehicle Design Loads and Structural Crashworthiness." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 201, no. 3 (July 1987): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_177_02.
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The loading specifications to which passenger vehicle body structures are designed seek to fulfil two basic requirements. Firstly, normal service loads experienced over the life of the vehicle must be met without loss of serviceability. Secondly, passengers and crew must be afforded protection against loads outside the normal service experience. In the specifications used in Europe and the United States there is an emphasis on ‘proof’ loading, that is loading which causes no permanent deformation. This requirement is in conflict with the absorption of energy which is necessary to cushion passengers and crew involved in an accident. The author examines UK accident statistics and proposes alternative ways in which the basic aims of structural crashworthiness can be met.
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Astridge, D. G. "Helicopter Transmissions—design for Safety and Reliability." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 203, no. 2 (July 1989): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_063_01.
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Recent improvements in design and component technologies are reviewed against a background of accident data analysis, resulting in grounds for confidence in higher safety levels in future rotorcraft transmission designs. Recommendations are made concerning the realization of significant safety and reliability benefits afforded by effective health and usage monitoring systems. The results of this study are applicable to all new aerospace gearbox applications including helicopters, tilt-rotor aircraft, advanced propeller engines and accessory drive systems.
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Belzberg, Allan J., and Bruce I. Tranmer. "Stabilization of traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation." Journal of Neurosurgery 75, no. 3 (September 1991): 478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1991.75.3.0478.
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✓ Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation is most often fatal. Consequently, there are only scattered case reports of patients surviving this injury, and treatment modalities are anecdotal and varied. The case of an 18-year-old woman who suffered an anterior atlanto-occipital dislocation as the result of a motor-vehicle accident is presented. Rigid posterior fixation and complete reduction of the dislocation were achieved using an anatomically contoured steel loop secured to the occiput and cervical vertebrae. The addition of cancellous bone to the graft afforded long-term stability. This operative treatment provided anatomical realignment of the dislocation and allowed early mobilization of the patient with the use of aggressive rehabilitation. Previously reported cases of patients surviving anterior atlanto-occipital dislocation are reviewed. The use of cervical traction, halo bracing, and operative stabilization is discussed.
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Wagner, Jon A., and Meliton M. Garcia. "Mine Equipment Operators' Perceptions concerning Alertness and Shift Rotation." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 6 (September 1986): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603000615.
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In order to learn how mine equipment operators view numerous factors which may affect their alertness, two groups of operators (N = 57 and N = 73) were surveyed through the administration of questionnaires. It was of particular interest to use survey questions which would elucidate the hypothetical links between shift rotation, alertness, and accident causation. Based on the information and impressions obtained during this project, it seems apparent that alertness is greatly influenced by the necessity to work three shifts on a rotating schedule, by the physical and mental stimulation afforded by the task, and by the physical environment. It is also apparent that alertness can be maintained or at least restored by incorporating certain changes in the way tasks are performed and by modifying shift rotation schedules. Future Bureau of Mines research will utilize this information in designing improved shift rotation schedules and in deriving coping strategies which shiftworking mine equipment operators can use to maintain alertness on the job.
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Hildebrand, Eric D., and Frank R. Wilson. "Development and Intermediate Findings of a Level III Heavy-Truck Collision Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1595, no. 1 (January 1997): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1595-07.
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The development, implementation, and intermediate results of a Level III (on-scene) study of heavy freight vehicle collisions are presented. The University of New Brunswick’s Accident Research Team, under contract with Transport Canada, has conducted over 50 in-depth investigations over a 3-year period. Although the present findings are based on a relatively small sample, a number of common, and perhaps surprising issues have been identified. Many of the cases highlight the need for increased safety regulations targeted at the design and operation of these vehicles and the infrastructure over which they operate. The most common problems identified include the propensity of heavy trucks to roll over, load security, and inadequate crash protection afforded to the occupant compartment. The issues related to the establishment of an intense investigation protocol are discussed in this paper, as are the findings of the investigations that have occurred over a 3-year period. Recommendations are presented that are directed toward the refinement of a Level III protocol for further heavy-vehicle investigations. In addition, changes are proposed to existing Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards as they apply to heavy trucks.
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McQuillan, Robert J. "Narratives on Pain and Comfort: Mary's Story." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 4 (1996): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1996.tb01867.x.
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Mary was angry. Youre going to take my pain medications away, aren't you? These were the first words she spoke as I walked into the examining room. Mary had a complex medical history, beginning with a back injury in 1988 that led to several surgical procedures, multiple injections of local anesthetic and corticosteroids, and placement of a dorsal column stimulator, none of which provided significant relief of her pain. Crippled by severe and sharp pain in her lower back and left leg, she had sought help from several physicians, and had most recently been referred to me specifically, as she put it, to take away the pain medications.Not that the pain medications had afforded Mary a normal life by any stretch of imagination. She was taking eight to ten moderate strength opioid tablets per day in an effort to decrease her pain. She was not active, choosing to spend most of her time at home. She had quit her job shortly after the work-related accident. In fact, the workman's compensation board is still disputing her claim, and this dispute took a toll on Mary.
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Venkataraman, Vignesh. "MONITORING ON GUARDRAILS TO AFFORD ROAD SAFETY USING IOT." Journal of Autonomous Intelligence 1, no. 2 (January 8, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jai.v1i2.19.
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The preservation of the road infrastructures has become an important issue to the road safety and structural monitoring systems industry aiming to reduce the maintenance cost and also to increase the drivers safety. The collision features of the simulation of car- guard rail. It is found that the vibration features of the guardrail within the accident have a good performance to the accident identification. The vibration data of the guardrail are recorded real-timely by the nodes with accelerator sensors on the guardrail network. Then the collision accident is identified in terms of the vibration threshold. The proposed design is a system which can detect accidents in significantly less time and sends the basic information to first aid center within a few seconds covering geographical coordinate the time and angle in which a vehicle accident had occurred. This alert message is sent to the rescue team in a short time which will help in saving the valuable lives.
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McInerney, Ciarán D., Beverly C. Scott, and Owen A. Johnson. "Are Regulations Safe? Reflections From Developing a Digital Cancer Decision-Support Tool." JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, no. 5 (March 2021): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.20.00148.
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PURPOSE Informatics solutions to early diagnosis of cancer in primary care are increasingly prevalent, but it is not clear whether existing and planned standards and regulations sufficiently address patients' safety nor whether these standards are fit for purpose. We use a patient safety perspective to reflect on the development of a computerized cancer risk assessment tool embedded within a UK primary care electronic health record system. METHODS We developed a computerized version of the CAncer Prevention in ExetER studies risk assessment tool, in compliance with the European Union's Medical Device Regulations. The process of building this tool afforded an opportunity to reflect on clinical concerns and whether current regulations for medical devices are fit for purpose. We identified concerns for patient safety and developed nine practical recommendations to mitigate these concerns. RESULTS We noted that medical device regulations (1) were initially created for hardware devices rather than software, (2) offer one-shot approval rather than supporting iterative innovation and learning, (3) are biased toward loss-transfer approaches that attempt to manage the fallout of harm instead of mitigating hazards becoming harmful, and (4) are biased toward known hazards, despite unknown hazards being an expected consequence of health care as a complex adaptive system. Our nine recommendations focus on embedding less-reductionist and stronger system perspectives into regulations and standards. CONCLUSION Our intention is to share our experience to support research-led collaborative development of health informatics solutions in cancer. We argue that regulations in the European Union do not sufficiently address the complexity of healthcare information systems with consequences for patient safety. Future standards and regulations should continue to follow a system-based approach to risk, safety, and accident avoidance.
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Shafiq, Shafina, Sushma Dahal, Noor Kutubul Alam Siddiquee, Meghnath Dhimal, and Anjani Kumar Jha. "Existing Laws to Combat Road Traffic Injury in Nepal and Bangladesh: A Review on Cross Country Perspective." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 17, no. 4 (January 21, 2020): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v17i4.2363.
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Background: Road traffic accidents is a leading cause of injury and death globally. The consequences of road traffic accidents are prominent in developing countries that can least afford to meet the health services, economic and societal challenges. Nepal and Bangladesh are two developing country of South Asia who bear a large share of burden due to road traffic injuries.Methods: A non-systematic review of relevant documents using Google scholar and PubMed as well as review of relevant legal documents was done. Results: Nepal and Bangladesh have traffic laws including all the key risk factors as recommended by the World Health Organization except the child restraint systems laws. The existing laws for both countries include speed, drunk driving, use of seatbelts and motorcycle helmet, driver license, vehicle condition, overloading and accident related compensations.In both the countries for post-crash response, national emergency care access number has partial coverage and in Nepal there are some provisions related to trauma registry.Vulnerable groups are pedestrians with majority of male and higher mortality found in rural areas than urban areas for both the countries.Conclusions: Both the countries have traffic laws that focus on the prevention of road traffic accidents and protection of victims. However, amendments in the existing laws are required for confronting immediate challenges of increasing accidents and injuries that both the countries face every year.Keywords: Bangladesh; Nepal; road traffic injury; road traffic accident; traffic acts and laws.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Afforded an accident"
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Trávníček, Dušan. "Vliv alkoholu a jiných psychotropních látek na bezpečnost v dopravě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232883.
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The objective of the thesis is based on statistical data to assess the degree of risk of abuse of psychotropic substances in transport. The work is divided into two parts. The theoretical part is mainly a search, dealing with the issue. The practical part has analyzed statistical data and the questionnaire survey, whose results are compared with the results of statistical data.
Books on the topic "Afforded an accident"
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Ballakrishnen, Swethaa S. Accidental Feminism. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182537.001.0001.
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In India, elite law firms offer a surprising oasis for women within a hostile, predominantly male industry. Less than 10 percent of the country's lawyers are female, but women in the most prestigious firms are significantly represented both at entry and partnership. Elite workspaces are notorious for being unfriendly to new actors, so what allows for aberration in certain workspaces? This book examines how a range of underlying mechanisms — gendered socialization and essentialism, family structures and dynamics, and firm and regulatory histories — afford certain professionals egalitarian outcomes that are not available to their local and global peers. Juxtaposing findings on the legal profession with those on elite consulting firms, the book reveals that parity arises not from a commitment to create feminist organizations, but from structural factors that incidentally come together to do gender differently. Simultaneously, the book offers notes of caution: while conditional convergence may create equality in ways that more targeted endeavors fail to achieve, “accidental” developments are hard to replicate, and are, in this case, buttressed by embedded inequalities. The book examines whether gender parity produced without institutional sanction should still be considered feminist. In offering new ways to think about equality movements and outcomes, the book forces readers to critically consider the work of intention in progress narratives.
Book chapters on the topic "Afforded an accident"
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Ballakrishnen, Swethaa S. "Facings." In Accidental Feminism, 99–130. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182537.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the ways in which relationships between female professionals and their clients, peers, and mentors help create and reinforce interactional hierarchies in these spaces. Certainly, professionals in these firms have been socialized to be comfortable in mixed-gender settings. But although supportive peer interactions are necessary to create an environment of gender parity, women in elite law firms also are especially backed by an important external audience that does not actively discriminate on the basis of gender — their clients. Elite law firms in India, unlike their traditional counterparts, retain a “sophisticated” client base of international and high-end domestic clients. This setup affords a comparatively advantageous position — especially for women lawyers — for a range of reasons. First, many clients are comfortable with women in their workplace and as allies in transactions. Second, the nature of the legal work handled by these firms does not prime gender frames in lawyer–client interactions. Third, the closed market for legal services offers another interactional advantage — retained and repeating clients.
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Gross, Michael L. "Veteran Health Care." In Military Medical Ethics in Contemporary Armed Conflict, edited by Michael L. Gross, 254–74. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190694944.003.0013.
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Afterwar, embattled countries often forget their veterans. The rule is simple: nations must offer wounded veterans the same medical care other citizens enjoy. Nevertheless, veterans have no special rights to preferential or priority care. Virtuous or villainous conduct is an unacceptable criterion of medical attention. Just as the innocent victim of a traffic accident enjoys no stronger right to health care than the inattentive driver who ran the light, soldiers enjoy no exclusive right to medical treatment. Nor can discharged veterans appeal to military necessity to afford them the privilege of priority care. Despite provisions in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia to carve out special rights for veterans, they are without a firm moral foundation. Instead, each nation may reward military service with public recognition and financial compensation, while providing every citizen with the high level of care that each deserves by right.
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McElroy, Michael B. "Nuclear Power An Optimistic Beginning, A Clouded Future." In Energy and Climate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490331.003.0013.
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Nuclear power was widely regarded as the Holy Grail for energy supply when first introduced into the US electricity market in the late 1950s and early 1960s— power so cheap that utilities could scarcely afford the cost of the meters needed to monitor its consumption and charge for its use. The first civilian reactor, with a capacity to produce 60 MW of electricity (MWe), went into service in Shippingport, Pennsylvania, in late 1957. By the end of 1974, 55 reactors were in operation in the United States with a combined capacity of about 32 GWe. The largest individual power plant had a capacity of 1.25 GWe: the capacity of reactors constructed since 1970 averaged more than 1 GWe. The industry then went into a state of suspended animation. A series of highly publi¬cized accidents was responsible for this precipitous change in the fortunes of the industry. Only 13 reactors were ordered in the United States after 1975, and all of these orders were subsequently cancelled. Public support for nuclear power effectively disappeared in the United States following events that unfolded at the Three Mile Island plant in Pennsylvania on March 28, 1979. It suffered a further setback, not only in the United States but also worldwide, in the wake of the disaster that struck at the Chernobyl nuclear facility in the Ukraine on April 26, 1986. The most recent confidence- sapping development occurred in Japan, at the Fukushima- Daiichi nuclear complex. Floodwaters raised by a tsunami triggered by a major offshore earthquake resulted in a series of self- reinforcing problems in March 2011, culminating in a highly publicized release of radioactivity to the environment that forced the evacuation of more than 300,000 people from the surrounding communities If not a death blow, this most recent accident certainly clouded prospects for the future of nuclear power, not only in Japan but also in many other parts of the world. Notably, Germany elected to close down its nuclear facilities, leading to increased dependence on coal to meet its demand for electricity, seriously complicating its objective to markedly reduce the nation’s overall emissions of CO2.
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Dickens, Charles. "In which the Occurrence of the Accident mentioned in the last Chapter, affords an Opportunity to a couple of Gentlemen to tell Stories against each other." In Nicholas Nickleby. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199538225.003.0007.
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‘Wo ho!’ cried the guard, on his legs in a minute, and running to the leaders’ heads. ‘Is there ony genelmen there as can len’a hond here? Keep quiet, dang ye! Wo ho!’ ‘What’s the matter?’ demanded Nicholas, looking sleepily up. ‘Matther mun, matther...
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Özsu, Umut. "The Necessity of Contingency." In Contingency in International Law, 60–76. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0004.
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Of all the standard criticisms of Marxism, the claim that it is wedded to a mechanical and deterministic account of history is among the most pervasive. It is also among the least defensible. This chapter argues that Marxism affords an especially strong set of analytical tools for explaining the contingencies of international law. Romanticising the concept of contingency as illuminative of aporia or ruptures—moments of radical uncertainty utterly at odds with the broader social contexts in which they register—risks relegating the events under scrutiny to the status of mutually unrelated accidents, to be lauded or lambasted in isolation or loose association. By contrast, a Marxist analysis of international law, one that is alive to the co-constitutive relations between class power and juridical authority, provides an explanatory framework within which contingencies may be comprehended. My argument proceeds in two stages. I first revisit some of the ways in which Marx engaged directly with questions of law and rights. I then draw upon Nicos Poulantzas’ theory of the state to propose a new Marxist approach to international law. My contention is that the question of law under capitalism is closely related to the question of contingency under capitalism, that the Marxist tradition’s responses to both questions are considerably more nuanced than they have generally been made out to be, and that being a ‘Marxist’ requires commitment not to the view that all contingency is illusory but simply to the view that contingency (like agency) is socially conditioned.
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Dove, Michael R. "Weedy Signs of Intent and Error." In Bitter Shade, 166–92. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300251746.003.0009.
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This chapter highlights two plants that occur in pioneering successions on open land: Imperata cylindrica, a grass, and Chromolaena odorata, a shrub. Farmers regard the two plants as benign or malign depending upon how well they match desired fallow-period vegetative cover: if similar they are welcomed, if dissimilar they are not. Government officials, due to their commitment to plantation agriculture and a general aversion to the practice of leaving land fallow, hold a negative view of both plants, seeing them as “weeds.” Government authorities generally attribute the origins of the two plants to the accidental outcomes of bad native land-use practices, rejecting out of hand the idea that the plants might play a positive role in these practices. For their part, many farmers attribute the origins of Imperata and Chromolaena to intentional, self-interested dissemination by state actors; their view is in effect a political–cological one. Government actors take an apolitical view, going to great lengths to assert that there is no divergence in interests between the state and its citizens. Ultimately, the stories regarding the origins of these weedy plants, with the creative license of folktales, afford rural peoples a measure of perspective on and insight into wider environmental processes and transformations.
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Pool, Robert. "Managing the Faustian Bargain." In Beyond Engineering. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195107722.003.0013.
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A quarter of a century ago, Alvin Weinberg offered one of the most insightful— and unsettling—observations anyone has made about modern technology. Speaking of the decision to use nuclear power, the long-time director of Oak Ridge National Laboratory warned that society had made a “Faustian bargain.” On the one hand, he said, the atom offers us a nearly limitless supply of energy which is cheaper than that from oil or coal and which is nearly nonpolluting. But on the other hand, the risk from nuclear power plants and nuclear-waste disposal sites demands “both a vigilance and a longevity of our social institutions that we are quite unaccustomed to.” We cannot afford, he said, to treat nuclear power as casually as we do some of our other technological servants—coal-fired power plants, for instance—but must instead commit ourselves to maintaining a close and steady control over it. Although Weinberg’s predictions about the cost of nuclear power may now seem naive, the larger issue he raised is even more relevant today than twenty-five years ago: Where should society draw the line in making these Faustian technological bargains? With each decade, technology becomes more powerful and more unforgiving of mistakes. Since Weinberg’s speech, we have witnessed major accidents at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Bhopal, as well as the explosion of the Challenger and the wreck of the Exxon Valdez. And looking into the future, it’s easy to see new technological capabilities coming along that hold the potential for far greater disasters. In ten or twenty years, many of our computers and computer-controlled devices may be linked through a widespread network that dwarfs the current telecommunications system. A major breakdown like those that occasionally hit long-distance telephone systems could cost billions of dollars and perhaps kill some people, depending on what types of devices use the network. And if genetic engineering becomes a reality on a large scale, a mistake there could make the thalidomide debacle of the late 1950s and early 1960s look tame.
Conference papers on the topic "Afforded an accident"
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Murray, Nathan R., Mitchell E. Sailsbery, Samuel E. Bischoff, Paul R. Wilding, and Matthew J. Memmott. "Reactor Core Cooling Performance of a Passive Endothermic Reaction Cooling System During Design and Non-Design Basis Accidents." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81896.
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A passive endothermic reaction cooling system (PERCS) is proposed to provide reactor core cooling during a station blackout (SBO). During a SBO, a PWR in which PERCS has been installed has a peak reactor core outlet temperature remains below 640 K (692.3°F) for 30 days, which is well below the nominal accident core outlet temperature during a SBO. During a LOCA, LOFA, and LOHSA, installation of a PERCS has no significant impact on safety performance. It should be noted that the PERCS will represent a minimal heat source (unless the PERCS is very large) during DBAs as emergency systems lower the coolant temperature below the PERCS temperature. A typical PWR with an installed PERCS is modeled using RELAP5-3D. The results of the model demonstrate the high level of passive safety afforded by the PERCS which contributes to the mitigation of SBO consequences without adversely affecting nuclear plant safety during a LOCA, LOHSA, or LOFA. Future work in validating the PERCS as a method of passive safety for existing light water reactors is underway, including the refining the physical design, determining better kinetic and thermodynamic properties for MgCO3, updating the PERCS model, and using a more robust PWR plant model.
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Riley, P. "Policy and Law Relating to Radioactive Waste: International Direction and Human Rights." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4948.
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The anticipated doubling of world demand for electricity over the next fifty years requires that the gift of nuclear energy that has served developed nations over the past half century must not be abandoned. However, the absence of a clear and unequivocal policy regarding the storage and disposal of radioactive waste is seen by a significant section of the public as a threat to their rights and the non-existence of dedicated regulation of radioactive waste based on law has become an obstacle to the development of nuclear energy in Europe and the USA. A European survey of public opinion carried out at the request of the European Commission revealed that three-quarters of the respondents to sixteen thousand interviews believed that ‘all radioactive waste is very dangerous’. The public perception of threat has been fostered by the general lack of appreciation of the cautious system of radiation protection that has evolved from scientific observation and prediction of the risk of cancer from exposure to low level radiation. The concept of collective dose based on the system of radiation protection and applied to accident scenarios with remote possibilities, but in the absence of scientific assessment of the balance afforded by the pragmatism that man applies to everyday risks including the risk of cancer from the ever-present background of natural radiation, has added a measure of dread to the public sense of threat. That dread has been exacerbated by the emergence since September 2001 of the possibility of the use of radioactive waste as a terrorist weapon and for radioactive waste storage facilities to be seen as terrorist targets. International policy has moved from the comprehensive coverage of nuclear regulation with radioactive waste as an integral, but minor player, in the nuclear energy process to particular consideration with radioactive waste requiring specific regulation. This paper identifies the vectors that determine the direction of the policy governing radioactive waste, the moves toward consolidation of international policy separate from the body of existing nuclear law and future direction that will clear the way for a sustained, appropriate use of nuclear energy.
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Na, Xue, Lin Hongtao, Liu Xinjian, Mao Yawei, and Qiu Lin. "Impact of Switching Time Interval for Dual Intakes on Workers in Main Control Room During Accidents." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67742.
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The main control room (MCR) ventilation system has been designed to maintain habitability of the control room envelope both under normal condition and accident condition. The system adopting dual air intakes adds one more air intake for accidents at suitable position. During accidents, the air intake with lower contamination will be selected and the other with higher contamination will be isolated, to reduce the amount of radioactive substances entering MCR extremely and enhance the habitability of MCR envelop. This paper is devoted to research on the impact of switching time interval (STI) for dual intakes on workers in main control room during accidents. As the contamination condition varies, the switching action will be happened. Switching time interval (STI) referred in this paper means the time between two switching actions. When accidents occur, the air intake will operate and switch between two intakes automatically. The action of switching will be influenced by several parameters: the meteorological conditions of the site, the response features of the monitoring instruments and the source term released to the environment after accidents. Analysis of these parameters and their sensitivity analysis are performed, which show that the ventilation system cannot afford too frequent switching actions resulted from instantaneous sudden changes of intake’s activity. That’s the reason why it is necessary to set a minimum STI which means the contamination of one intake have to be lower than the other intake and this dominant position should be kept longer than the minimum STI, if not, the switching action will not be happened. As it is essential to set a minimum STI to prevent frequent switching of system, the analysis of its impact on the atmospheric relative concentrations and the doses of the workers in main control room are performed on basis of specific site meteorological condition and the response characteristic of dose monitoring instruments. Three kinds of accident release conditions are considered, which are relief valve release, containment leakage and elevated funnel release. The atmospheric relative concentrations and the doses of the workers in MCR are evaluated for every case and compared with the dose limits. Finally an acceptable minimum STI of dual air intakes is recommended.
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Kimbrough, Scott. "Monte Carlo Analysis of Safe Following Distances Under Different Road Conditions." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42865.
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In order to avoid accidents drivers must maintain an adequate amount of separating distance between themselves and vehicles in front of them. If the driver of the lead vehicle suddenly applies his brakes, the driver of the following vehicle needs sufficient time and space to react and apply his brakes to come to a stop. If all vehicles and drivers had the same brake performance, then the required separating distance would simply be the distance traveled while reacting; basically the product of the speed being traveled times the reaction time of the driver. This simple rule would guarantee that a following driver would be able to apply his brakes before arriving at the place on the road where the lead driver applied his brakes. In real life though, all vehicle and drivers do not have the same stopping performance. There are variations due to the different tires on the vehicles, the brake balance of the vehicles, the reaction rates of the drivers, the skills of the drivers, and the traction afforded by the particular wheel paths followed by the vehicles. One way to deal with these variations is to use probability theory [2–6]. In this paper probability theory is used to determine how following distance should vary as a function of speed, average road friction, and variation of the road friction, so that the probability of a collision remains below a desired threshold.
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Sverdlov, Vyacheslav V., and Alexey V. Sverdlov. "Experience in Modelling the Zaporozh’ye Nuclear Power Plant Using RELAP5." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22144.
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Unit 5 of the Zaporozh’ye Nuclear Power Plant (ZNPP5), equipped with a VVER-1000/320 4-loop reactor, has been modelled in detail using the RELAP5/MOD3.2 thermal-hydraulic system code (Ref. 1). The 4-loop model affords a fidelity with ZNPP5 in terms of the system geometry such as the point of emergency core cooling (ECC) injection, for example. Both the reactor vessel and steam generators were nodalized in a quasi 3-dimensional (3-D) fashion thus allowing to capture asymmetric effects in the main reactor system components and realistic heat transfer distribution in the steam generators. Besides its use for accident analysis, the present model is intended to closely simulate operational events such as pre- and post calculations of anticipated transients and tests. At present, the model is used to support justification of the new — symptom-oriented — set of emergency operating instructions. ZNPP5 makes use of both digital and analog controls. They have been modelled in the RELAP5 model allowing to analyse in detail workings of various plant equipment. The present model was validated using three ZNPP5 transient events.
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Gros, Laurent, Anthony Couzinet, Daniel Pierrat, and Luc Landry. "Complete Pump Characteristics and 4-Quadrant Representation Investigated by Experimental and Numerical Approaches." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-06067.
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The hydraulic performances of the centrifugal pumps are well-known as long as considering normal pump operating conditions but the abnormal operating conditions as energy dissipators or as turbines are less studied. The complete pump characteristics can be reported on a single four-quadrant representation and can be used to predict the behaviour of the machine during the transient operations or to explain the accidental scenarios. This study which is supported by the French manufacturers aims to explore the four quadrant operating conditions of a testing centrifugal pump using experimental and numerical approaches. In the one hand, the experimental test rig afford to perform a series of constant-speed runs varying from negative to positive values in the normal or reverse direction. The range of flowrates is included between −200 to +300 per cent and differs following the rotational speeds. Head, efficiency and torque are measured for all cases, negative or positive discharges. On the other hand, numerical modelling of the same centrifugal pump is performed. CFD computations for a large range of flow rates are analysed. According to the operating conditions, steady state or transient rotor-stator approaches are used to obtain realistic predictions and a discussion concerning the domain of validity of steady state modelling is proposed. Finally, the pump behaviour in the four quadrants obtained by the transient numerical simulations based on two equation turbulence models are in good agreement with the experimental results.
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De Los Santos, Nancy, Robert Jones, Constantine M. Tarawneh, Arturo Fuentes, and Anthony Villarreal. "Development of Prognostic Techniques for Surface Defect Growth in Railroad Bearing Rolling Elements." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2262.
Full textAbstract:
Prevention of bearing failures which may lead to catastrophic derailment is a major safety concern for the railroad industry. Advances in bearing condition monitoring hold the promise of early detection of bearing defects, which will improve system reliability by permitting early replacement of failing components. However, to minimize disruption to operations while providing the maximum level of accident prevention that early detection affords, it will be necessary to understand the defect growth process and try to quantify the growth speed to permit economical, non-disruptive replacement of failing components rather than relying on immediate removal upon detection. The study presented here investigates the correlation between the rate of surface defect (i.e. spall) growth per mile of full-load operation and the size of the defects. The data used for this study was acquired from defective bearings that were run under various load and speed conditions utilizing specialized railroad bearing dynamic test rigs operated by the University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV). Periodic removal and disassembly of the railroad bearings was carried out for inspection and defect size measurement and documentation. Castings were made of spalls using low-melting, zero shrinkage Bismuth-based alloys so that a permanent record of the full spall geometry could be retained. Spalls were measured using optical techniques coupled with digital image analysis and also with a manual coordinate measuring instrument with the resulting field of points manipulated in MatLab™ and Solidworks™. The spall growth rate in area per mile of full-load operation was determined and, when plotted versus spall area, clear trends emerge. Initial spall size is randomly distributed as it depends on originating defect depth, size, and location on the rolling raceway. The growth of surface spalls is characterized by two growth regimes with an initial slower growth rate which then accelerates when spalls reach a critical size. Scatter is significant but upper and lower bounds for spall growth rates are proposed and the critical dimension for transition to rapid spall growth is estimated. The main result of this study is a preliminary model for spall growth which can be coupled to bearing condition monitoring tools to permit economical scheduling of bearing replacement after the initial detection of spalls.