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Journal articles on the topic 'Afghanistan Afghanistan USA'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Mushair, Hasibullah, D. Murugananthi, A. Rohini, and R. Vasanthi. "Export performance and direction of trade of dried apricot from Afghanistan." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 11, no. 2 (2020): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/11.2/132-136.

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Apricot is one of the most delicious refreshing and nourishing fruits. Afghanistan produces 1.09 lakh tonnes of apricot during 2018 (Afghanistan statistical year book). It is one of the important commodities in export basket of Afghanistan. The major export markets for Afghan dried apricot are India and USA. The present study aims to quantify the export performance and changing structure of dried apricot exports from Afghanistan. Secondary data on area, production and country wise quantity of exports of dried apricot was collected from FAO statistics, ITC and APEDA for a period of 13 years fro

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Samay, M. Ali. "Afghanistan and Pakistan between the US new Strategy and Eurasian Great Powers." Köz-gazdaság 15, no. 3 (2020): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/retp2020.03.14.

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One of the most intricate matters when it comes to fighting against terrorism in Afghanistan and South Asia is the perpetual conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The role of Pakistan is a central debate in all security, political and economic subjects of discussion in Afghanistan since its dawn of existence as a country. Mohammad Ashraf Ghani, as the President of Afghanistan, believes his country is in a state of an undeclared war with Pakistan. The reason for this is that Pakistan plays a double-standard policy towards Afghanistan by having diplomatic relations with Kabul while actively

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3

Ramazaniandarzi, Ali Akbar, and Mehrzad Javadikouchaksaraei. "US Presence and Grounds for Cooperation between the Islamic Republic of Iran and United States in Afghanistan." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 2, no. 2 (2015): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v2i2.2.

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To date, USA has not designed a policy to deal with Afghanistan and Iraq without Iran. One of the fundamental strategies of USA is to cooperate with the European Union, the Pacific, Russia, the Balkan Area, as well as the Caucasus the Middle East, North Africa, and Middle Asia. All of the countries relate to Iran in saving the Pacific. Iran is the most influential country in the area surrounding Afghanistan, the Middle East, and Northern Africa and Middle Asia. USA has to face Iran in the Middle East to meet the benefits of this relation. Therefore, such situation leads to the main question: d

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4

Khitab, Tayyab Ur Rahman. "Media Framing of Bilateral Security Agreement between Afghanistan and USA." Global Mass Communication Review III, no. I (2018): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2018(iii-i).02.

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Security in the region is one of the most important matters in international studies because it had many ups and downs during last decades. Although International Society leading U.S. sent troops to Afghanistan in order to fight against international terrorism, but still security challenges are remained the same. However, currently there is more consideration on roots of terrorism in Pakistan, but they are going to withdraw troops from Afghanistan after 2014. Some countries were pessimistic on presence of U.S. because they think U.S. has interests in Asia, controlling China, Russia and Iran. B

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Connah, Leoni. "US intervention in Afghanistan: Justifying the Unjustifiable?" South Asia Research 41, no. 1 (2020): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728020964609.

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This article argues that the USA and its Western allies have misused ‘Just War’ narratives to legitimise an external intervention in Afghanistan and their use of force during the War on Terror. It explores the extent to which such external interventions, military strategies, narratives and justifications by the USA may have contributed to state failure in Afghanistan. As the legitimacy of earlier external interventions is called into question, while the road ahead for Afghanistan remains precarious, thinking about a new paradigm of post-war reconstruction becomes important for the country and

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6

Uddin, Syed Shuja. "‘SECURITY DILEMMA’ OF PAKISTAN IN THE CONTEXT OF AFGHANISTAN: A REGIONAL TRILATERAL SOLUTION." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 55, no. 2 (2016): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v55i2.85.

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Three inevitable realities instigate this study. Primarily, the goal of security in the region will most likely be accomplished just if as a minimum some level of cooperation is achieved between the major countries of the region. Second, Afghanistan cannot advance economically or enhance its security and administration independently without some cooperation from India and Pakistan. Third, although many strategists view the idea of Pak-India cooperation with distrust, there are many common grounds where both can gain considerable security, governance, and economic advantages. Most of the existi

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Shah, Muhammad Naveed Ul Hasan, Muhammad Irfan Mahsud, and Azadar Ali Hamza. "A brief history of Pakistan–USSR bilateral relations 1947–1991." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 01 (2021): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202101statyi24.

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Pakistan, since 1947 remains under the umbrella of US, as a result, relations of Pakistan were not smooth with anti US states including USSR. The US was to increase its role in the region in order to make secure the largest petroleum reserves in the Persian Gulf. Pakistan’s alignment with the western world was mainly to counter possible Indian aggression, not to lessen the Soviet influence in the region, but the approach was more or less thwarting Soviet interests in the region. Over 3 million Afghan refugees had travelled to Pakistan in the 1st year of Soviet intervention in Afghanistan. The

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Rooh ul Amin, Dr. Ghulam Muhammad Awan, and Afzal Mahmood. "PAK–US Relations: Paradoxes & Enigmas during War on Terror." sjesr 3, no. 3 (2020): 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss3-2020(408-414).

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Pakistan –USA relations with the punctuated history of over seventy years roller-coaster motion have passed through phases of intense engagement to era of sanctions and betrayal during the Cold war, followed by spells of distrust, suspicions, and discord during the War against Terror. The intensity of close relations of the 50s and 60s shifted from one extreme to that of complete ignorance in the 70s, followed by urgent marrying up during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and turning in to a most sanctioned Ally after soviet withdrawal. 9/11 served as another anchorage once again for the two

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Ishaque, Waseem, Muhammad Bilal, and Muhammad Usman. "EXPLORING OPTIONS OF RAPPROCHEMENT WITH TALIBAN ON THE PERPETUAL STATE OF WAR IN AFGHANISTAN." Global Political Review 1, no. 1 (2016): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2016(i-i).02.

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Afghanistan since the Soviet Invasion in 1979 and later by the USA in 2001 on the pretext of Global War on Terrorism (WoT) has remained in a perpetual state of war even after the collapse of the USSR and before US invasion. The fragile state with a lack of central government and dysfunctional state institutions has created serious international and regional security issues with an influx of refugees, drugs, and above all terrorism. The instability in Afghanistan has created national security problems for Pakistan and despite enormous sacrifices and instability, Pakistan is in the eye of storms

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10

Scholtz, W. "The changing rules of jus ad bellum : conflicts in Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 7, no. 2 (2017): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2004/v7i2a2853.

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This article focuses on three instances of the use of armed force in international relations. The three instances that are explored are the intervention by NATO in Kosovo, the armed attack by mainly the USA and the UK against Afghanistan and the war against Iraq in 2003. The purpose of this investigation is to examine the legality of the coercive measures in order to ascertain the effects that these actions had in relation to article 2(4) of the UN Charter. The proposed justifications for the attacks differ and these are carefully scrutinized against the jus ad bellum as to determine the legal

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Saba, Sahar, and Farooq Sulehria. "Afghan Women." South Asian Survey 24, no. 1 (2017): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971523118783155.

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In the mainstream narratives on the Afghan conflict, primacy is assigned to a binary of ‘Mujahedeen’ and People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) regime. The struggle of organisations, beyond this binary, such as the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) against and during the communist rule, belies these narratives. Consequently, this article argues that women’s liberation is not possible when a state/society is run by an autocratic regime denying democratic freedoms in general. This is equally true about present-day Afghanistan despite the staging of a mainstrea

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Junaid, Aamir. "External Invasions in Afghanistan: A Comparative Analysis of USSR and USA." Journal of Development and Social Sciences 2, no. III (2021): 1–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2021(2-iii)01.

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Sabawoon, Mirza. "The European Union’s strategy on Afghanistan. Selected Issues." Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne, no. 3 (October 2, 2019): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssp.2019.3.9.

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Zamach na World Trade Center z 11 września 2001 roku był dowodem na zwiększające się zagrożenie terrorystyczne dla USA, ale również dla Unii Europejskiej. Nie dziwi zatem, że UE zaczęła walczyć z terroryzmem również poza jej własnym obszarem. Afganistan stanowił na tyle duże zagrożenie, że wspólnota europejska zdecydowała się na czynny udział najpierw w wojnie z talibami, a następnie w misji pokojowej na tamtym terenie. Artykuł pozwala prześledzić ewolucję zaangażowania Unii Europejskiej w pomoc Afganistanowi, w sprawę demokratyzacji, odbudowy kraju i jego struktur, stworzenia społeczeństwa ob

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14

Saldanha-Alvarez, Jose Mauricio. "War in Afghanistan: Europe and America, between Films and Documentaries. 1979-2014." Asian Culture and History 9, no. 1 (2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v9n1p26.

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This research looks at the Afghanistan War from the Soviet invasion of 1979 until the withdrawal of North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 2014 through films chosen. This research demonstrates how the Soviets, supported by the USA and the Muslim world, operated on misconceptions during an insurrectional conflict against the Mujahedin. After September 11, the Bush-Cheney administration invaded Afghanistan, restricting the informative role of the corporate media system. According to Kellner, this action triggered a creative revolution in American cinema. Turning to the production of documentaries

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Al Hammoud, Roukaya, James R. Murphy, and Michael L. Chang. "Plasmodium vivax Infection in Multiple Family Members in Texas, USA." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2019 (June 9, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8568710.

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We report a cluster of 6 pediatric residents of Houston, Texas, USA, who presented with Plasmodium vivax infection within an eight-week period. All had immigrated to the United States from Afghanistan within the previous year. The clustering raises the possibilities of local mosquito vectored infection and/or synchronous relapses. Molecular typing and local mosquito testing are crucial in delineating the source of similar clusters in nonendemic regions. Single-dose hypnozoite eradication treatment may be considered in emigrating children to malaria nonendemic countries.

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Krajewski, Markus. "Terroranschläge in den USA und Krieg in Afghanistan - Welche Antworten gibt das Völkerrecht?" Kritische Justiz 34, no. 4 (2001): 363–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0023-4834-2001-4-363.

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17

Mustafa, Ghulam, and Adil Khan. "Afghanistan: A Study in Internal Conflict and National Cohesion." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 2, no. 4 (2015): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v2i4.18.

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Conflicts are caused by various reasons. When competing groups’ goals, objectives, needs or values clash the aggression and violence is a result. Afghanistan as multi ethnic state enjoyed internal flexibility till socialist revolution (1978) that changed its social fabric due to ideological clash. In bipolar world this conflict invited the involvement of external actors (USSR & USA). Even after the withdrawal of Soviet troops this conflict sustained till 1992. The Mujahidin who had become new masters of the war torn country added fuel to the fire by converting an ideological clash into an

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18

Ghosh, Sourish. "“Enemy at the Gates”: An Analysis on India’s Experiences with the Taliban." Jadavpur Journal of International Relations 24, no. 2 (2020): 152–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973598420913656.

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India’s long history of relations with Afghanistan dates back to the time of the Mauryans. It became even stronger after India’s independence in 1947. Since 1947, India has always maintained the policy to support whosoever comes to power in Kabul, but in 1996, there was a shift from that policy as the Taliban, a radical Islamist group, captured power. Pakistan has always been paranoid about India–Afghanistan relations as it never wanted hostile neighbours on both sides of its borders. Its urge for a friendly government in Kabul got satiated when the Taliban came to power, with its support. New

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19

Malkin, Stanislav Gennadyevich. "Legacy of empires: academic expertise and USA policy in Afghanistan and Iraq in 2001-2014." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 2 (2019): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201982232.

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The heritage of the European colonial empires should be perceived as missing dimension while studying the history of the USA foreign policy at the beginning of the XXI century. The comparative-historical analysis as well as transfers of colonial experience of the European powers should be discussed. It promotes making a fuller picture of imperialism as a phenomenon in the history of international relations as well as a certain style of thinking during a decolonization era. At the same time the American case became the most striking example of reception of the European powers colonial experienc

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20

Mitton, John Logan. "Rivalry intervention in civil conflicts: Afghanistan (India–Pakistan), Angola (USSR–USA), and Lebanon (Israel–Syria)." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 23, no. 3 (2017): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2017.1348957.

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21

Saeed, Ahmad, Syed Inam ur Rahman, and Mohammad Qaim Mahmoodi. "Analysis of War and Peace Related Photographs in Afghanistan Print Media." Journal of Peace, Development & Communication Volume 5, no. 1 (2020): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v05-i01-04.

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The researcher investigates the conflict in photographs of two Afghani newspapers daily Kabul Times and daily Weesa related to Afghanistan war in this research. The time period assigned for the study was six months — from July l, 2018 to December 31, 2018. This quantitative content analysis of the photographs, on one hand, depicted the current war in the country; it helped to determine whether the photographs conform to the perspective of peace and war journalism approaches, on the other. Such an approach seemed significant for know how the visual depictions of Afghanistan war were conducted a

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22

Schauer, Steven G., Michael D. April, Erica Simon, Joseph K. Maddry, Robert Carter, and Robert A. Delorenzo. "Prehospital Interventions During Mass-Casualty Events in Afghanistan: A Case Analysis." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 4 (2017): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x17006422.

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AbstractBackgroundMass-casualty (MASCAL) events are known to occur in the combat setting. There are very limited data at this time from the Joint Theater (Iraq and Afghanistan) wars specific to MASCAL events. The purpose of this report was to provide preliminary data for the development of prehospital planning and guidelines.MethodsCases were identified using the Department of Defense (DoD; Virginia USA) Trauma Registry (DoDTR) and the Prehospital Trauma Registry (PHTR). These cases were identified as part of a research study evaluating Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) guidelines. Cases th

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23

Raza, Syed Sami. "Introduction 2-1." Review of Human Rights 2, no. 1 (2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.35994/rhr.v2i1.73.

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With this volume, the Review of Human Rights has successfully entered its second year of publication. We have become more confident about its regular publication as well as about success of the overall academic initiative. In this volume we were able to attract five original articles and three book reviews. These articles focus on human rights in the backdrop of global concerns for security. A number of countries make the subject of discussion, especially Pakistan, Germany, USA, Myanmar, and Afghanistan. It is also worth mentioning that this volume introduces at least two new concepts: “necro-

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Каzаntsev, A. A. "Politics of the USA in Post-Soviet Central Asia: character and prospects." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(25) (August 28, 2012): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2012-4-25-155-164.

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Four main periods can be distinguished in US policy in Central Asia. In the first half of the 1990-s the relations with Russia were a priority, and the region was perceived as a «Russia's backyard». In the second half of the 1990-s US policy in the region has become more active and strategic competition with Russia started to grow. However, Russia's strategic priority in the region was contested only partially. After 9/11 American strategy in the region has become quite aggressive, geopolitical competition with Russia (and, partially, with China) has peaked during the «color» revolutions and t

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Ali, Ahmad, Tajwer Ali, and Haseena Sultan. "SINO-RUSSIA NEXUS AND NEW COLD WAR IN EURASIA." Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research 3, no. 01 (2020): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.3.1.2.

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Cold war between US and Soviet Union ended in 1989 but Cold War between Russia and USA is still there. US-Soviet Cold war was in fact an indirect clash of ideologies, while the New Cold War between US and Russia is an indirect clash of hegemony and influence. USA considers itself the master of the Globe after the end of First Cold War and Russia does not accept the superiority of USA and practise all those Activities, which are mainly punished by super powers. Without the consent of US, Russia is cooperating with rogue states, it makes alliances, and it attacks small countries like Georgia and

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Yousufi, Musab. "A Critical Analysis of Terrorism and Military Operations in Malakand Division (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) after 9/11." Global Social Sciences Review II, no. II (2017): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2017(ii-ii).06.

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The 9/11 was a paradigm shifting event in the international and global politics. On September 11, 2001, two jet planes hit the twin's tower in United States of America (USA). US official authorities said that it is done by alQaeda. This event also changes Pakistan's internal and foreign policies. The government of United States compel Afghan Taliban government to handover the master mind of 9/11 attack and their leader Osama bin Laden but the talks failed between the both governments. Therefore US government compel the government of Pakistan to give us Military bases and assistance against Afg

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Mutonyi, Gerald Peter. "Pursuing National Security by Iran is Not Equal to Being Paranoid about the USA." Path of Science 7, no. 3 (2021): 1008–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.68-6.

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In most countries of the world where there is a strong western influence, there has been a persistent narrative that Iran is paranoid about the United States of America. It will not spare any grain to ensure the destruction of the mighty American nation. But according to the leaders of Iran, their actions are about the safeguarding of their country national security interest. Yet, there have been limited studies to respond to whether Iran is paranoid about the USA or if it is all about national security. Hence this study sought to illustrate the dangers of appeasing the USA when your national

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Wall, Tyler, and Torin Monahan. "Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes." Theoretical Criminology 15, no. 3 (2011): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480610396650.

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As surveillance and military devices, drones—or ‘unmanned aerial vehicles’—offer a prism for theorizing the technological politics of warfare and governance. This prism reveals some violent articulations of US imperialism and nationalism, the dehumanizing translation of bodies into ‘targets’ for remote monitoring and destruction, and the insidious application of militarized systems and rationalities to domestic territories and populations. In this article, we analyze the deployment of drones within warzones in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan and borderzones and urban areas in the USA. What we

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Ishaque, Waseem, Rizwana Karim Abbasi, and Usha Rehman. "Comparative Analysis of the US and Chinese Foreign Policy Towards South Asia; Implications for Pakistan." Global Regional Review V, no. IV (2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(v-iv).01.

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South Asia has its geopolitical significance due to its proximity with the oil-rich Middle Eastern States, natural resourcerich Central Asia and economically developed states of South-East Asian States. South Asia has two nuclear states; Pakistan and India. Since the end of 2nd World War, the USA has been present which has provided stability to this region. The USA had extended its investment and aid to Pakistan in during cold war which had maintained a Balance of Power between India and Pakistan. U.S. articulated response against Soviet invasion in 1979 and later entered in Afghanistan in 200

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Fozia, Abida Yousaf, and Imran Ashraf. "The Impacts of International Structure on the Foreign Policy of Pakistan." Global Foreign Policies Review II, no. I (2019): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2019(ii-i).03.

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Foreign policy is one of the key tools to maintain the affairs of international relations. Foreign policy of a state is mainly shaped by domestic environment and international system. This study highlights the impacts of international structure on the foreign policy behaviour of Pakistan since 1947. During cold war period, the bi-polar world order mainly shaped the foreign policy of Pakistan. After independence, the economic, political and security challenges pushed Pakistan towards western bloc to protect its interests. Being an ally of west, Pakistan supported USA to contain the spread of co

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Dr. Faiz Muhammad Shaikh, Ali Raza Memon, and Kashaf Shaikh. "Impact of COVID-19 caronavirus on poverty in Pakistan: a case study of Sindh." International Journal on Integrated Education 3, no. 6 (2020): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i6.415.

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The current research investigated the COVID-19 is spread vigorously in China, USA, France, Italy, Germany, and European countries and Iran Pakistan being as a neighbor country of china & IranOne was for the incoming Pakistani from various countries, such as Iran, China, Afghanistan, and India. The other was arranged inside various hospitals for COVID-19 positive cases. As hundreds and thousands of Pakistani were in Iran for religious purposes, they were. Most of the students and businessmen, inside China, were not allowed to come back. Handling of large scale influx from Iran was the main

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Bair, Edward H., Andre Abreu Calfa, Karl Rittger, and Jeff Dozier. "Using machine learning for real-time estimates of snow water equivalent in the watersheds of Afghanistan." Cryosphere 12, no. 5 (2018): 1579–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1579-2018.

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Abstract. In the mountains, snowmelt often provides most of the runoff. Operational estimates use imagery from optical and passive microwave sensors, but each has its limitations. An accurate approach, which we validate in Afghanistan and the Sierra Nevada USA, reconstructs spatially distributed snow water equivalent (SWE) by calculating snowmelt backward from a remotely sensed date of disappearance. However, reconstructed SWE estimates are available only retrospectively; they do not provide a forecast. To estimate SWE throughout the snowmelt season, we consider physiographic and remotely sens

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Jablonski, Daniel, Addison Wynn, Rafaqat Masroor, Theodore Papenfuss, Spartak N. Litvinchuk, and Glib Mazepa. "The genus Pelophylax (Amphibia, Ranidae) in Pakistan: museum collections and possible distribution." Herpetozoa 34 (July 27, 2021): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.34.e64955.

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We provide the first comprehensive data on the questionable distribution of the genus Pelophylax and the family Ranidae from Pakistan. Based on a literature review and two specimens of the genus from Tasp, Panjgur District in Pakistani Balochistan (USNM 26194–95), stored in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA, we discuss the possible occurrence and affiliation of these frogs in the context of Central Asia. Our comparison shows that the nearest records of Pelophylax in relation to the Tasp specimens are reported from more than 280 km (air-line) away in Iran a

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Fahmy, Walid. "The measures against the International Criminal Court (USA v. ICC): the perspective of International Law." RUDN Journal of Law 25, no. 1 (2021): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2021-25-1-309-332.

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Since its creation, the International Criminal Court has faced the refusal of the United States to cooperate, which, in addition to staying outside the Rome Statute, has undertaken a real strategy of weakening the Criminal Code. The argument put forward by the US Government against the Rome Statute is that an international treaty cannot create obligations for a non-party state and therefore the United States denies any jurisdiction of that jurisdiction over its nationals. As early as 2000, that country had unsuccessfully introduced a proposal before the Preparatory Commission to prevent bringi

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Izteleuova, Ye A., A. S. Shenin, and A. N. Ospanova. "USA IN CENTRAL ASIA AND AFGHANISTAN: UNCLEAR PERSPECTIVES AND LACK OF CONSENSUS WITHIN THE AMERICAN ESTABLISHMENT." BULLETIN Series Historical and socio-political sciences 64, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-1.1728-5461.33.

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In this article, the authors explore the polarity of views within the American political establishment on the problem of US participation in the war in Afghanistan, as well as relations with the countries of Central Asia. Each of these groups has its own vision on the future of U.S. military campaign offering various solutions for the dialog with Taliban, increase U.S. troops, support of Afghanistan government, and role of regional powers such as Uzbekistan, China, Russia, India and even Iran in Afghanistan’s domestic affairs. Also, some of these groups offers to find a mediator among Central

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Ramez, Sayed, and Valliappan Raju. "Exploring Consequences of U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan: An Overview and Perspective on Economy." Global Journal Of Emerging Sciences, 2020, 05–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37187/gjoes.0320.0201.02.

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Since 2003, the economic situation, life expectancy, and per capita income of Afghanistan were increasing. This was mainly due to foreign aid reported $83 billion from 2003 to 2016. 90% of Afghanistan's military budget was also coming from international donors. The role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces was strengthening the Afghan government. However, recently the USA has decided to withdraw its troops. It is expected that the rest of NATO forces will also evacuate Afghanistan. The whole process of withdraw of USA of Afghanistan is mainly discussed in the military perspe

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Ambreen Sikander, Dr. Rubab Hasan. "The Core Issue of Stability in Afghanistan: Envisioning the Future of Peace Deal." Pakistan Journal of International Affairs 3, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v3i2.89.

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Afghanistan has been a battleground to the world’s largest powers. From USSR to NATO, through the Taliban, and now to the peace deal, Afghanistan holds a remarkable and yet chaotic history. Amidst the wars, some have succeeded for a limited time while others have failed. NATO has a history with Afghanistan after the 9/11 attacks in the USA. The crucial matter is how to guarantee that states budding from divergence are set with the basics on which to assemble a robust peace. The keen and incisive analysis in serenity and the Public Purse provides a precious involvement to this attempt. This art

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Mushair, Hasibullah, D. Murugananthi, and A. Rohini. "Export Performance and Trade Direction of Fresh and Dried Grapes (Raisin): Evidence from Afghanistan." Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, June 24, 2020, 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2020/v26i430246.

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Grapes are one of the most delicious refreshing and nourishing fruits. Afghanistan produces 9.84 lakhtonnes of Grapes during 2018 (FAO statistics). It is one of the important commodities in the export basket of Afghanistan. The major export markets for Afghan’s fresh grapes are Pakistan and India. The major export markets for dried grapes (raisin) are India, Russia, Belarus, USA, Pakistan and UK. The present study aims to quantify the export performance and changing the structure of Grapes and raisin exports from Afghanistan. Secondary data on area, production and country-wise quantity exports

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"AFGHANISTAN: US-TALIBAN PEACE TALK: CPEC PERSPECTIVE." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 32 (July 5, 2020): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.32.4.

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The US policy makers attempted the political settlement of the Afghan conflict for the first time in 2011. This study finds the US policy shift in 2017 along with the strain of the conflict on the US economy, rise of ISKP and the war fatigue among the Taliban fighters have enabled the success of US Taliban negotiations. Now that a tentative Peace Agreement has been signed between the two parties, a more complex phase of intra Afghan dialogue has begun. USA, China and Pakistan have extended their support for all Afghan stakeholders to engage in a meaningful dialogue for a political settlement o

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Nevin, Remington L., Paul P. Pietrusiak, and Jennifer B. Caci. "Prevalence of contraindications to mefloquine use among USA military personnel deployed to Afghanistan." Malaria Journal 7, no. 1 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-7-30.

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Khan, Asghar, Ayaz Ahmad, and Amjad Ali Dadda. "Pak-US Relations: Understanding of the Misunderstandings." Global Social Sciences Review, December 30, 2017, 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2017(ii-ii).01.

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This paper critically analyses the US and Pakistan relations in historical context and thereby comprehends the causes of misunderstandings between them, especially under the new administration of Donal Trump. Like other states in our world both Pakistan and USA have priorities to secure their national interests as both have their own way of protecting their interest in short, medium or long terms. The paper finds that unlike the US which makes a policy that focuses only on the current scenarios, Pakistan keeps in view the lessons from past betrayals from US and her future needs arising from he

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"Tilletia indica. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 5) (August 1, 1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20046500173.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Tilletia indica Mitra. Hosts: Wheat (Triticum spp.), rye (Secale cereale). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Afghanistan, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, India, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Iraq, Kenya, Lebanon, Mexico, Nepal, Pakistan, Poland, Sweden, Syria, Turkey, USA, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, USSR (former).

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"Tilletia indica. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October (August 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20163365135.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Tilletia indica Mitra. Exobasidiomycetes: Tilletiales: Tilletiaceae. Host: wheat (Triticum spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (Afghanistan, India, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Iraq, Nepal and Pakistan), Africa (South Africa), North America (Mexico, USA, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas) and South America (Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul).

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M, Idrees, and Anwar K. "Afghanistan a Battle Ground for the Interests of Super Powers: A Special Reference to USA." Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs 05, no. 02 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000245.

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"Heterodera zeae. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April (August 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20143156819.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Heterodera zeae Koshy et al. Tylenchida: Heteroderidae. Hosts: Poaceae, especially maize (Zea mays). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Greece and Portugal), Asia (Afghanistan, India, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab (India), Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Nepal, Pakistan and Thailand), Africa (Egypt) and North America (USA, Maryland and Virginia).

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"Alternaria sesami. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 3) (August 1, 1986). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20056500410.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Alternaria sesami (Kawamura) Mohanty & Behera. Hosts: Sesame (Sesamum indicum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, ASIA, Afghanistan, Cambodia (now Kampuchea), China, India, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Japan, Pakistan, Turkey, EUROPE, Greece, USSR (N. Caucasus, Ukraine), NORTH AMERICA, USA (Iowa, Florida, Maryland, Mississippi, South Carolina), CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, El Salvador, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina (Buenos Aires), Brazil (Bahia), Venezuela.

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"Mycovellosiella concors. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 4) (August 1, 1991). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20046500112.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Mycovellosiella concors (Casp.) Deighton. Hosts: Potato (Solanum tuberosum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Togo, Uganda, Asia, Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Henan, India, Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Indonesia, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey, USSR, Siberia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, White Russia, Ukraine, Europe, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugos

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"Rathayibacter rathayi and Rathayibacter tritici. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 43) (August 1, 1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20046500156.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Rathayibacter rathayi (Smith) Zgurskaya, Evtushenko, Akimov & Kalakoutskii and Rathayibacter tritici (ex Hutchinson 1917) Zgurskaya, Evtushenko, Akimov & Kalakoutskii. Hosts: cocksfoot (Dactylis), rye (Secale), wheat (Triticum), weed grasses, etc. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Zambia, Asia, Afghanistan, China, Hebei, Guizhou, India, Delhi, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Australiasia & Oceania, Australia, Western Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Austria, Cyrpus, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Roman

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"Uromyces ciceris-arietini. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, April (August 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20203227947.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Uromyces ciceris-arietini Jacz. Pucciniomycetes: Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae. Main host: chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Corsica, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Sicily, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Spain), Asia (Afghanistan, India, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen), Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia), North America (Mexi

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David, J. C. "Ulocladium consortiale. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 123 (July 1, 1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401226.

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Abstract A description is provided for Ulocladium consortiale. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wood, seeds, stems, leaves of many different plants, soil, leaf litter and cattle feed. It is also isolated from air and water. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: South Africa. America: Panama, USA. Asia: Afghanistan, India, Israel, Iraq, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey. Australasia: Australia, New Zealand. Europe: Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, UK. TRANSM

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