Academic literature on the topic 'Afghanistan. Agricultural extension work Afghanistan'
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Journal articles on the topic "Afghanistan. Agricultural extension work Afghanistan"
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Wilcox, Clair Sophia, Stephanie Grutzmacher, Rebecca Ramsing, Amanda Rockler, Christie Balch, Marghuba Safi, and James Hanson. "From the field: Empowering women to improve family food security in Afghanistan." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 1 (June 16, 2014): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170514000209.
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AbstractKitchen gardens may improve family food security and nutrition. While these gardens are the domain of women in Afghanistan, women face unique challenges accessing training and resources to maximize small-scale agricultural output. The University of Maryland's Women in Agriculture Project builds capacity among female extension educators to work with vulnerable women to implement and maintain kitchen gardens. Extension educators use experiential methods to teach vegetable gardening, apiculture, small-scale poultry production, post-harvest handling and processing, nutrition and marketing through workshops, demonstration gardens and farmer field schools. This paper explores contextual factors related to women's food security and agricultural opportunities, describes key project activities and approaches and discusses project success and challenges, sustainability and implications for future programs.
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Moahid, Masaood, Ghulam Dastgir Khan, Yuichiro Yoshida, Niraj Prakash Joshi, and Keshav Lall Maharjan. "Agricultural Credit and Extension Services: Does Their Synergy Augment Farmers’ Economic Outcomes?" Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 28, 2021): 3758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073758.
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Access to credit is essential for sustainable agricultural development. This paper evaluates the impact of formal and informal agricultural credit, access to extension services, and different combinations of agricultural credit and extension services on the economic outcomes of farming households in Afghanistan. This study applies a quasi-experimental approach (propensity score matching) and inverse-probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) analysis. The data comes from a survey of 277 randomly selected farming households in the three districts of rural Afghanistan. The results show that having access to formal agricultural credit has a positive and differentiated impact on the farming costs and net revenue of farming households. However, the effects increase when a farming household has access to both formal credit and extension services. The results also reveal that credit constraints affect farming costs and net revenue. The study provides some practical implications for agricultural development policymakers. First, formal agricultural credit affects farm revenue in rural Afghanistan. Second, the impact of credit bundled with agricultural extension services on farm revenue is higher than the impact of the provision of each service separately. Therefore, a more sustainable agricultural credit arrangement should be supplemented by extension services for farmers in Afghanistan.
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Moahid, Masaood, and Keshav Lall Maharjan. "Factors Affecting Farmers’ Access to Formal and Informal Credit: Evidence from Rural Afghanistan." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031268.
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Adequate access to credit is necessary for the sustainable development of agriculture. This study uses a double hurdle model to investigate what affects farming households’ credit participation and amount, and a Probit model to find out credit constraints. For this purpose, the data from a survey of 292 farming households in Afghanistan was utilized. The study finds that households obtain credit for their agricultural activities from various formal and informal sources. The results of the double hurdle model reveal that the financial activities of the households were positively determined by crop diversity, education, number of adults in a household, size of land, and access to extension. Non-agricultural income decreases the likelihood of participation. The results of the analysis of credit constraints indicate that formal credit did not help small-scale and remoter farming households; however, these households relied on informal credit, especially when they faced income shock. Furthermore, religious belief increased the chances of avoiding formal credit but not informal credit. It is suggested that formal credit should be expanded to rural areas, especially to small-scale farming households. Policy makers should also consider increasing access to extension. Formal financial institutions should provide Sharia-compliant credit, which increases the confidence level of households in using formal credit in Afghanistan.
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Elham, Hamidullah, Jiajun Zhou, Mouhamadou Foula Diallo, Shakeel Ahmad, and De Zhou. "Economic Analysis of Smallholder Maize Producers: Empirical Evidence From Helmand, Afghanistan." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 3 (February 15, 2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n3p153.
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Since war started at the end of 2001, the economy was severely devasted in Afghanistan, especially for the agriculture sector. Maize is the third most important cereal crop in Afghanistan, but the productivity of maize has a declining trend which may be caused by low efficiency of maize farmers nowadays. This study examines the production efficiency of maize producers and its important factors with the cross-sectional data form a multi-stage sampling survey of 250 maize producers in Helmand province in 2019. With the adoption of stochastic production frontier (SPF) model and production cost function, the paper gets the estimations of the average technical efficiency (0.737), allocative efficiency (0.65) and economic efficiency (0.568). The inputs, including land, labor, seed, fertilizer and pesticide/weedicides, have significant impacts on maize production and most of the farms exhibit an increasing return to scales. In addition, Tobit regression was applied to identify the influential factors of the production efficiencies for maize producers and the results indicate that education, family size, farm size, farming experience, contact to extension services and access to credit have significantly influence on the efficiency level. Finally, the study suggests that government should take some initiatives, such as extending the agricultural extension service, ensuring supply of high quality seeds and sufficient fertilizer with affordable prices and economical provision of mobile internet facility in remote areas, which will enhance the productivity and efficiency of the farmers and ultimately boost up their economic welfare and livelihood.
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Groninger, John W., and Seburn L. Pense. "Expectations of Agricultural Extension Programmes among Local Agents and International Support Personnel in South-Eastern Afghanistan." Outlook on Agriculture 42, no. 1 (March 2013): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/oa.2013.0116.
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Tavva, Srinivas, Aden Aw-Hassan, Javed Rizvi, and Yashpal Singh Saharawat. "Technical efficiency of wheat farmers and options for minimizing yield gaps in Afghanistan." Outlook on Agriculture 46, no. 1 (January 24, 2017): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727016689632.
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Afghanistan is a net importer of wheat which is the staple food in the country. In order to improve the levels of food sufficiency, prevailing large yield gaps in wheat need to be reduced. This study assessed the reasons/factors influencing low wheat productivity and/or large yield gaps in different production systems in five major wheat-producing provinces in Afghanistan using a stochastic frontier production function model. The results indicated that the mean technical efficiency of wheat farmers was 0.67, and there was clear scope to improve wheat production by 33% in the short run with the same level of inputs. The potential yield gap could be reduced if adoption of good agricultural practices such as the use of improved wheat varieties with recommended seed rates was promoted through more effective transfer of technologies (training and extension) in the target provinces. Such efforts would help improve domestic wheat production and reduce dependency on wheat imports.
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Trainor, Bradley. "Mitigating Kuchi Settlement Issues in Kandahar [or] Reflections on Ethnic Group Identities and the Confound of Emotion." Practicing Anthropology 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.35.2.353298m771234502.
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My work with displaced Kuchi nomads in Afghanistan has obliged me to give considerable reflection to the above insight. My experience revealed what I have come to consider unwarranted theoretical assumptions in the anthropological literature that flow naturally from notions about reason deeply ingrained in our cultural orientations and the vernacular forms that express it. I believe that evading the bounds of such assumptions may well require cultural and linguistic extensions that consider emotion every bit as important as thought, an extension that assumes the two as inextricably one.
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Aksoy, Adem, and Aziz Ahmad Arsalan. "Determining the Socio-Economic Importance of Saffron as an Alternative Product to Opium Production in Afghanistan." Empirical Economic Review 2, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29145/eer/22/020101.
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The objective of this work is to determine the socio-economic importance of saffron production as an alternative to opium production in Afghanistan, and to determine if saffron production could influence farmers’ incomes. The primary data for the survey was obtained via direct interviews with farmers of 4 saffron leader districts in Herat, where 95% Saffron production was noted during 2016-2017. Factor analysis was used to determine the factors that influence saffron producers. Cluster analysis was used further, to separate farmer income groups. According to the first cluster, the most important factors affecting agricultural production were: negative climatic conditions while market instability was the second factor. Saffron producers’ annual average yield is 6.6 kg/ha in results that showed that if opium production is permitted, saffron farmers would produce opium due to the high revenue associated with opium production in Afghanistan.
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Jamal, Aamir, and Clive Baldwin. "Angels of mercy or smiling western invaders? Community’s perception of NGOs in northwest Pakistan." International Social Work 62, no. 1 (June 22, 2017): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872817711239.
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Using a qualitative Delphi method, this study explored how the Pashtun community, living across the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan, perceives the role and significance of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The study also examined deep-rooted causes of the resistance to NGO-based development and suggested best practice strategies. Analysis of the Delphi finding showed consensus that most NGOs are perceived with deep suspicions and fear among the Pashtun society. Most of these suspicions and elements of mistrust were echoed in terms of an extension of western imperialism, violations of local cultures, spreading immorality, corruption and lack of credibility, and transparency. We discuss the implications for social work practice.
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Hotak, Shafiq Rahman. "Ways to Improve the Organizational and Economic Framework for the Use of Marketing in Agriculture in the Context of Modernization of the Economy." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35520.
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After 20 years of neglect by international patrons, agriculture is now again in the headlines because high food prices are increasing food anxiety and poverty. In the coming years, it will be important to increase food productivity and production in developing countries, expressly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asian countries like Afghanistan with smallholders. This, however, wants finding viable solutions to a number of complex procedural, institutional, and policy issues, including land markets, research on seeds and inputs, agricultural extension, credit, rural organization, connection to markets, rural non-farm employment, trade policy and food price stabilization. This paper reviews what the economic poetry has to say on these topics. It debates in turn the role played by agriculture in the development course and the interactions between agriculture and other economic sectors, the determinants of the Green Revolt and the foundations of agricultural growth, issues of income diversification by farmers, approaches to rural growth, and issues of international trade policy and food security, which have been at the root of the crisis in agricultural commodity instability in recent years.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Afghanistan. Agricultural extension work Afghanistan"
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Wesa, Tooryalai. "The Afghan agricultural extension system : impact of the Soviet occupation and prospects for the future." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13579.
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The Soviet Union occupied her southern neighbor Afghanistan on Thursday,
December 27, 1979. Soon after the occupation, significant impacts were felt on
agriculture and other sectors of the economy. Agriculture was affected in many ways
from the integrity of irrigation systems to the cultivation of opium poppies. Agricultural
extension, as the main department within the Ministry of Agriculture, was severely
affected in terms of programs, organization, personnel, budget, methods, relations with
farmers, and transfer of improved technologies.
This study was designed to assess the impacts of the occupation and identify
recommendations for the future development of the system. A survey design was used.
Sixty-two Afghans with detailed knowledge about the Soviet occupation and agriculture
participated in the study. The survey included 34 mostly open-ended questions,
covering three areas: demographic characteristics of respondents, impacts of the
occupation, and prospects for the future of the Agricultural Extension System of
Afghanistan.
The majority of participants were highly educated and lived in North America after
departing Afghanistan. The results also showed that during the occupation many
participants were assigned to passive positions or lost their jobs. The occupation affected
the attitudes of the farmers, reduced the cultivation of agricultural land, destroyed the
infrastructure for delivering agricultural services, altered the types of crops grown and
reduced the number of people working in agriculture. Millions of landmines remain a
serious threat to those who return to farming.
Recommendations are made for the Government, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of
Higher and Vocational Education, Agricultural Extension System, Non-governmental
Organizations (NGOs), and International Aid Agencies.
Agricultural extension rehabilitation should be given high priority to meet the
emerging challenges of increasing agricultural production by adopting modern
technology, generating suitable marketing channels for surplus agricultural products,
providing equal development and working opportunities for Afghan women, protecting
natural resources, utilizing professional returnees, and replacing poppy cultivation with
regular food crops. Perceptual and structural obstacles may militate against providing
proper support for agricultural development in Afghanistan. The overall reconstruction
and development of the Afghan Agricultural Extension System is a prerequisite for the
future development of the Afghan agriculture sector. Establishing a stable Afghan
government and support from the international coalition are essential to rebuilding this
important sector of the economy.
Conference papers on the topic "Afghanistan. Agricultural extension work Afghanistan"
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Wong, Kaufui V., and Sarmad Chaudhry. "Climate Change Aggravates the Energy-Water-Food Nexus." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36502.
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There are regions in the world experiencing the energy-food-water nexus problems. These regions tend to have high population density, economy that depends on agriculture and climates with lower annual rainfall that may have been adversely affected by climate change. A case in point is the river basin of the Indus. The Indus River is a large and important river running through four countries in East Asia and South Asia: China, India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The region is highly dependent on water for both food and energy. The interlinkage of these three components is the cause for the energy-water-food nexus. The difficulty in effectively managing the use of these resources is their very interdependence. For instance, water availability and policies may influence food production, which is governed by agricultural policies, which will further affect energy production from both water and biofuel sources, which will in turn require the usage of water. The situation is further complicated when climate change is taken into account. On the surface, an increase in temperatures would be devastating during the dry season for a region that uses up to 70% of the total land for agriculture. There are predictions that crop production in the region would decrease; the Threedegreeswarmer organization estimated that crop production in the region could decrease by up to 30% come 2050. Unfortunately, the suspected effects of climate change are more than just changes in temperature, precipitation, monsoon patterns, and drought frequencies. A huge concern is the accelerating melting of glaciers in the Himalayas. Some models predict that a global increase in temperature of just 1°C can decrease glacial volume by 50%. The loss of meltwaters from the Himalayan glaciers during the dry season will be crippling for the Indus River and Valley. In a region where up to 90% of accessible water is used for agriculture, there will be an increased strain on food supply. This will further deteriorate the current situation in the region, where almost half of the world’s hungry and undernourished people reside. While the use of hydropower to generate electricity is already many times lower than the potential use, future scarcity of water will limit the potential ability of hydropower to supply energy to people who already experience less than 50% access to electricity. In the current work, suggestions have been put forward to save the increased glacier melt for current and future use where necessary, improve electricity generation efficiency, use sea water for Rankine power cycle cooling and combined cycle cooling, and increase use desalination for drinking water. Energy conservation practices should also be practiced. All of these suggestions must be considered to address the rising issues in the energy-water-food nexus.