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Journal articles on the topic 'Afghanistan war 1978'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Rabush, Taisiуa. "Involvement of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia in the Events in Afghanistan in the Late 1970s." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 1 (2021): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.12.

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Introduction. In this article, the author examines the position of the countries of the Middle East region in the late 1970s with regard to the armed conflict in Afghanistan. The emphasis is on the period on the eve of the entry of the Soviet troops to Afghanistan – from the April Revolution of 1978 until December 1979. The author’s focus is on two states: Pakistan directly bordering on Afghanistan, and Saudi Arabia, which is a major geopolitical actor in the region. Methods and materials. The author relies on documentary sources such as “Department of state bulletin”, documents of secret corr

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Khalidi, Noor Ahmad. "Afghanistan: Demographic consequences of war, 1978–1987." Central Asian Survey 10, no. 3 (1991): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634939108400750.

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Rabush, T. V. "The Question of Increased Growth of Soviet Military Assistance in Afghanistan between 1978–1979." History 17, no. 8 (2018): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-8-127-135.

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The article examines the issue of increased volume of military and military-technical assistance of the USSR to Afghanistan for about a year and a half – from the end of spring of 1978, when the April Revolution took place in Afghanistan, until the end of 1979 – up until the date of the entry of a limited contingent of Soviet troops into Afghanistan. Based on released top secret Soviet documents, the Soviet Union increased its military and military-technical assistance to Afghanistan becoming increasingly involved in its internal events. During the course of a year from spring 1978 until the s

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SIDKY, H. "War, Changing Patterns of Warfare, State Collapse, and Transnational Violence in Afghanistan: 1978–2001." Modern Asian Studies 41, no. 4 (2007): 849–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0600254x.

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The war in Afghanistan was one of the most brutal and long lasting conflicts of the second half of the twentieth century. Anthropologists specializing in Afghanistan who wrote about the war at the time reiterated the United State's Cold War rhetoric rather than provide objective analyses. Others ignored the war altogether. What happened in Afghanistan, and why, and the need for objective reassessments only came to mind after the September 11th attacks. This paper examines the genesis and various permutations of the Afghan war in terms of causal dynamics embedded in the broader interstate relat

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Meharry, J. Eva. "The archaeology of Afghanistan revisited." Antiquity 94, no. 376 (2020): 1084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.96.

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The discipline of archaeology in Afghanistan was at a turning point when the original editions of The archaeology of Afghanistan and the Archaeological gazetteer of Afghanistan were published in 1978 and 1982, respectively. The first three decades of modern archaeological activity in Afghanistan (1920s–1940s) were dominated by French archaeologists who primarily focused on the pre-Islamic past, particularly the Buddhist period. Following the Second World War, however, Afghanistan gradually opened archaeological practice to a more international community. Consequently, the scope of archaeologic

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Bishku, Michael B. "Turkey and Afghanistan: Culture, Security and Economics." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 7, no. 3 (2020): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347798920921662.

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This is an examination of political, military, economic and cultural relations between Turkey and Afghanistan since 1919. While cultural connections, Turkish security and technical assistance, and bilateral trade have been emphasized throughout this relationship, the closest ties were during the leadership of Turkey’s Kemal Atatürk and the reign of Afghanistan’s King Amanullah when modernization reforms were in vogue in both countries, and more recently since 2002 during the rule of Turkey’s Islam-oriented Justice and Development (AK) Party, which developed an affinity with the leaders of Afgh

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Gopalakrishnan, R. "Afghanistan'S Foreign Policy: Patterns And Problems." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 44, no. 3-4 (1988): 226–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848804400303.

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Soviet intervention in Afghanistan clearly indicates the strategic implications of its location. The political instability in the region (rise of fundamentalism in Iran, Iran-Iraq War and so on) has added to this significance. Be that as it may, Afghanistan's situation can be expressed in terms of its susceptibility to external pressures and intense factionalism within the land-locked state's dynamic populations. This latter aspect had divided the country several times over. Afghan foreign policy, therefore, has been viewed in this perspective. The present article reviews the stated facts to h

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Khan, Asghar, Irfan Khan, and Noor Ullah Khan. "War, refugees and regional implications: The impact of Afghan refugees on local society of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 2, no. 1 (2021): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/2.1.11.

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The migration of Afghan refugees into Pakistan started in the wake of Saur (Red) Revolution in 1978, as a result of reforms introduced by the communist regime in Kabul, Afghanistan. However the large influx of refugees to Pakistan took place soon after the invasion of Soviet Union in 1979. Pakistan provided asylum for the approximately 4.2 million refugees. They were settled in 386 camps mostly in rural as well as in urban areas of the country. But the most populous province that has large number of Afghan refugees was Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) (that time N.W.F.P), which has long border (Durand

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Muhammad, Rehan Khan. "International Forced Migration and Pak- Afghan Development Concerns: Exploring Afghan Refugee Livelihood Strategies." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 2, no. 4 (2011): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v2i4.667.

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This study investigates the livelihood strategies employed by Afghan refugees residing in Pakistan. These refugees were forced to take refuge in Pakistan after Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1978. Three decades after their migration, and after repeated Pakistani government attempts to resettle them in Afghanistan, scores of Afghan refugees still reside in Pakistan. This paper discusses the evolving relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan over the years and their respective implications. Researching the various livelihood strategies that Afghan refugees pursued their impact on the Pa

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Mustafa, Ghulam, and Adil Khan. "Afghanistan: A Study in Internal Conflict and National Cohesion." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 2, no. 4 (2015): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v2i4.18.

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Conflicts are caused by various reasons. When competing groups’ goals, objectives, needs or values clash the aggression and violence is a result. Afghanistan as multi ethnic state enjoyed internal flexibility till socialist revolution (1978) that changed its social fabric due to ideological clash. In bipolar world this conflict invited the involvement of external actors (USSR & USA). Even after the withdrawal of Soviet troops this conflict sustained till 1992. The Mujahidin who had become new masters of the war torn country added fuel to the fire by converting an ideological clash into an

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Stanikzai, A. N., F. Ali, and N. H. Kamarulzaman. "Vulnerabilities of wheat crop farmers in war zone." Food Research 5, no. 2 (2021): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(2).506.

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Wheat is the staple food crop in Afghanistan and maintaining its production plays important role in ensuring food security and food self-sufficiency. Wheat and its products are accounted for almost 60% to 75% of calories intake. However, being a country that has been facing war since 1978, it has been challenging for the wheat production industry to maintain its production to feed its people. Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate wheat crop industry players’ vulnerabilities in the production of the wheat crop in a prolonged war zone. The study is conducted through the case study a

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Kovalkov, Oleksandr. "Support of the Afghan Resistance Movement by the Administration of US President J. Carter (1978–1980)." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 3, no. 1 (2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26200114.

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The aim of the article is to investigate, on the basis of American sources, the forms and means of support provided by the United States of America (both unilateral and mediated by the Allies) to the Afghan Resistance Movement in 1978–1980, as well as the factors that influenced the nature of that support. At the core of the research methodology is the method of a content analysis of historical sources, problem-chronological, typological and comparative methods. Main results and conclusions. The US support for the Afghan opposition from 1978 to 1980 in the USSR was exaggerated and became only

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MONSUTTI, ALESSANDRO. "ANTONIO GIUSTOZZI: War, politics and society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992. xiv, 320 pp. London: Hurst & Company, 2000. £45." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 65, no. 1 (2002): 140–262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x02390074.

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Hoodfar, Homa. "Families on the Move: The Changing Role of Afghan Refugee Women in Iran." Hawwa 2, no. 2 (2004): 141–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569208041514707.

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AbstractIn their attempts to "modernize" and bring about socio-economic change, Afghan governments have been preoccupied with restructuring the institutions of marriage and family, and women's role within them, since the 1880s. Serious commitment to introduce legal reform and democratize the family and gender roles cost King Amanullah his throne (1919–1929). From 1930 to 1976 the government attempted a gradual approach introducing reforms piecemeal which had little impact beyond the capital and major cities. After the coup d'état in 1973 and the installation of socialism, the regime introduced

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Khaydarov, Abdusamat Akhatovich. "Muslim Clergy vs. Authority in Contemporary Afghanistan: View from Uzbekistan." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 4 (2020): 747–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-4-747-762.

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Significant geopolitical changes taking place in the modern world in recent decades urge us to take a fresh look at the role of Islam and the clergy in the political processes of a number of countries of the Muslim world. This perspective is especially relevant vis--vis Afghanistan where a fierce war is being waged under the slogans of Islam for more than four decades. The purpose of this research is an in-depth study of the relationship between the state and the Muslim clergy, Islamic institutions in the development of political processes in Afghanistan since the mid-70s of the last century.

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Harvey, Frank P. "The Homeland Security Dilemma: Imagination, Failure and the Escalating Costs of Perfecting Security." Canadian Journal of Political Science 40, no. 2 (2007): 283–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423907070163.

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Abstract. Besieged by insurgencies in Afghanistan and Iraq and gripped by mounting pressure to enhance security and public safety at home, officials in Washington and Ottawa are now confronted with a serious homeland security dilemma: the greater the financial costs, public sacrifice and political capital invested in security, the higher the public's expectations and corresponding standards for measuring performance, the more significant the public's sense of insecurity after each failure, and, paradoxically, the higher the pressure on governments and citizens to sacrifice even more to achieve

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Pavlyuk, Olesya. "The US policy toward the Islamic Republic of Iran during the Reagan administration." European Historical Studies, no. 4 (2016): 176–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2016.04.176-191.

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The foreign policy approaches and methods of establishing bilateral relations between Washington and Tehran and the actual implementation of the US “containment” policy towards Iran are analyzed in the article. The author argues that the Middle Eastern vector of US foreign policy was formed according to the three security challenges in the region and Iranian involvement in them: the Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988, the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and the kidnapping of American hostages in Beirut 1982. Background and progress of Iran-Iraq war were the result of striking contradictions between r

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Farhoumand-Sims, Cheshmak. "With All Our Strength." American Journal of Islam and Society 22, no. 1 (2005): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v22i1.1738.

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Anne Brodsky’s With All Our Strength provides an ethnographic study ofthe Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA). Thisorganization was founded in 1977 by the enigmatic Meena as “the firstindependent feminist women’s organization in Afghanistan, whose solepurpose and aim was the advancement and equality of Afghan women” (p.43). RAWA’s main vehicle of empowerment is education, through literacyand political consciousness, and its vehicles for promoting these tasks are literacy classes and Payam-e-Zan, a quarterly political magazine (publishedin Dari and Pashtu) that includes

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Siekmann, Robert. "The Development of the United Nations Law Concerning Peace-Keeping Operations." Leiden Journal of International Law 5, no. 2 (1992): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215650000251x.

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Especially as a consequence of the termination of the Cold War, the détente in the relations between East en West (Gorbachev's ‘new thinking’ in foreign policy matters) and, finally, the disappearance of the Soviet Union, the number of UN peace-keeping operations substantially increased in recent years. One could even speak of a ‘proliferation’. Until 1988 the number of operations was twelve (seven peace-keeping forces: UNEF ‘I’ and ‘II’, ONUC, UNHCYP, UNSF (West New Guinea), UNDOF AND UNIFIL; and five military observer missions: UNTSO, UNMOGIP, UNOGIL, UNYOM and UNIPOM). Now, three forces and

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Skupniewicz, Patryk, and Katarzyna Maksymiuk. "The Warrior on Claps from Tillya Tepe." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 2 (2021): 567–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.215.

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Among the objects excavated in 1978 at the site of Tillya Tepe (Northern Afghanistan) by the Soviet-Afghan archaeological expedition led by Victor I. Sarianidi, the twin golden clasps from Burial III attract special and instant attention of any military historian or a researcher of ancient arms and armour. The identity of the personage(-s) on the Tillya Tepe clasps has quite rarely been studied. Scholars are usually satisfied with a generic term a “warrior”. Kazim Abdullaev has identified the personage as Ares-Alexander. Jeannine Davis-Kimball has identified the personage as Enaree, the castra

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Milani, Mohsen M. "Iran's Policy Towards Afghanistan." Middle East Journal 60, no. 2 (2006): 235–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/60.2.12.

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Since 1979, Iran's objectives in Afghanistan have changed as Afghanistan's domestic landscape changed. Still, Iran has consistently sought to see a stable and independent Afghanistan, with Herat as a buffer zone and with a Tehran-friendly government in Kabul, a government that reflects the rich ethnic diversity of the country. Toward those and other goals, Iran has created “spheres of influence” inside Afghanistan. During the Soviet occupation (1979-88), Iran created an “ideological sphere of influence” by empowering the Shi'ites. Iran then created a “political sphere of influence” by unifying

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Ali, Imran, and Xiaochuan Dong. "The New Battlefield: The Hidden History of U.S Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan." Asian Social Science 12, no. 8 (2016): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n8p18.

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<p class="a"><span lang="EN-US">The United States foreign policy has been characterized as a long and zigzag history since the beginning of America in the late eighteenth century. This vital study is a part of this long history. During 1979 Soviets invaded Afghanistan and a Soviet-Afghan War was born, American’s major influence was to be towards this region and reforms in their foreign policy to expel the Soviets from Afghanistan. It took place between 1979 and 1989 about a decade. This study seeks to answer the following questions: “Which were the U.S key foreign policy in the con

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AL-MUGHAIRI, Alghalia Salim. "POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE SOVIET UNION AND AFGHANISTAN SOVIET OCCUPATION OF AFGHANISTAN 1979-1989 AD AS A MODEL." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 07 (2021): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.7-3.19.

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The research deals with the study of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan during the period from 1979 to 1989 as an example of the political relations between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan, where the world witnessed the outbreak of the Cold War between the two poles: the Soviet Union and the United States of America after the end of World War II in 1945 AD, and both of these two great powers were keen to highlight Its dominance in various aspects, especially the military, and this war received strong and strict international reactions, and the United States of America was one of the most pr

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Fatima, Noor, and Iqra Jathol. "Afghanistan Factor in Pak-US Relations." Global Foreign Policies Review I, no. I (2018): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2018(i-i).05.

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Afghan's interference of the Soviet Union in 1979 made anger worldwide and demonstrated a definitive minute in the universal political situation. Soviet imperialism strategy when tested the security of Pakistan, it showed up as a front - line nation and the primary course to give help to Afghan Mujahedin. This paper has logically surveys the Pakistan's choice to join 1979 Afghan war and assessed how it profited financial and barrier states of Pakistan. All the while, the article exhibits how this Afghan war postured grave dangers to security (inside and additionally outer) of the nation becaus

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Leaning, Jennifer. "Disasters and Humanitarian Crises: A Joint Future for Responders?" Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 23, no. 4 (2008): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00005884.

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In the last 35 years, the disaster and humanitarian communities have evolved rapidly in two parallel cohorts. The disaster enterprise in the US and Latin America grew up in the 1970s in response to a series of major earthquakes, hurricanes, and forest fires, culminating with the nuclear disaster at Three Mile Island and the formation of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in 1979/80. The Disaster Program at the Pan-American Health Organization also took form in the 1980s.The humanitarian enterprise can be traced to the Biafran War of 1968/69, where a range of international, non-gove

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Ali, Mubbshar, Muhammad Imran Ashraf, and Iqra Jathol. "Pakistan – U.S. Relations and its Impact on Afghanistan." Global International Relations Review III, no. I (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2020(iii-i).01.

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Afghan's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1979 created panic worldwide and proved a decisive moment in the international political scenario. Soviet expansionism policy when challenged the security of Pakistan, it appeared as a front - line country and the main route to provide aid for Afghan Mujahedin. This paper has analytically reviews the Pakistan's decision to join 1979 Afghan war and evaluated how it benefited economic and defense conditions of Pakistan. Simultaneously, the article presents how this Afghan war posed grave threats to security (internal as well as external) of the country du

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Arakelova, Victoria, and Nelli Khachaturian. "A Struggle for Identity: The Ismailis in the Afghan War (1979-1989)." Iran and the Caucasus 25, no. 2 (2021): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20210206.

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The paper is a part of a wider research on the Ismaili identity, peculiarities of the Ismailis’ self-identification in various parts of the world under different historical circumstances. The ambiguous status of the Ismailis in Afghanistan turned to be particularly problematic by the end of the 19th century when the Pashtuns became dominant in the traditionally Ismaili-inhabited areas. In a hostile milieu, under severe persecutions, the local Ismaili identity acquired a tendency of unification with other ethno-religious identities, the principle of taqiyya having been widely spread. Since then

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Hill, Alexander. "Afghanistan 1979: The War That Changed the World. [DVD]." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 32, no. 4 (2019): 593–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2019.1684011.

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Dziwisz, Marcin. "Elementy kultury trzeciej oraz realia wojny afgańskiej w rosyjskim w przekładzie utworu Żmija Andrzeja Sapkowskiego." Acta Polono-Ruthenica 3, no. XXIV (2019): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/apr.4665.

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This text focuses on the issue of war in Afghanistan from 1979–1989 and its realities. The lexicon associated with the everyday life of Afghanistan civilians and Soviet soldiers was analysed. The observations indicate that additional information appears more often in the translated text, which makes it much more transparent for the final recipient. This fact was confirmed by the statistical data, only one footnote can be found in the Polish text and 173 in the Russian text.

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Saldanha-Alvarez, Jose Mauricio. "War in Afghanistan: Europe and America, between Films and Documentaries. 1979-2014." Asian Culture and History 9, no. 1 (2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v9n1p26.

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This research looks at the Afghanistan War from the Soviet invasion of 1979 until the withdrawal of North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 2014 through films chosen. This research demonstrates how the Soviets, supported by the USA and the Muslim world, operated on misconceptions during an insurrectional conflict against the Mujahedin. After September 11, the Bush-Cheney administration invaded Afghanistan, restricting the informative role of the corporate media system. According to Kellner, this action triggered a creative revolution in American cinema. Turning to the production of documentaries

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Bromley, Simon. "Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 6, no. 1-3 (2007): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914907x207685.

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AbstractDuring the Cold War, United States (US) policies towards the Middle East and towards Afghanistan and Pakistan were largely unrelated. India's non-alignment and relations with the Soviet Union were reasons for close US-Pakistani relations, but the Chinese success in the war with India in 1962 also highlighted the importance to the West of India's position. 1979 marked a major turning point in US foreign policy towards the Middle East and Central Eurasia (CEA) because of the two events which were to shape so much of politics and geopolitics in those regions as well as in the wider intern

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Ishaque, Waseem, Muhammad Bilal, and Muhammad Usman. "EXPLORING OPTIONS OF RAPPROCHEMENT WITH TALIBAN ON THE PERPETUAL STATE OF WAR IN AFGHANISTAN." Global Political Review 1, no. 1 (2016): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2016(i-i).02.

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Afghanistan since the Soviet Invasion in 1979 and later by the USA in 2001 on the pretext of Global War on Terrorism (WoT) has remained in a perpetual state of war even after the collapse of the USSR and before US invasion. The fragile state with a lack of central government and dysfunctional state institutions has created serious international and regional security issues with an influx of refugees, drugs, and above all terrorism. The instability in Afghanistan has created national security problems for Pakistan and despite enormous sacrifices and instability, Pakistan is in the eye of storms

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Behrends, Jan Claas. "“Some call us heroes, others call us killers.” Experiencing violent spaces: Soviet soldiers in the Afghan War." Nationalities Papers 43, no. 5 (2015): 719–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2015.1048674.

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Using memories of and interviews with Soviet soldiers, the article discusses their experience of combat and physical violence during the Soviet War in Afghanistan (1979–1989). With Afghan statehood rapidly dissolving and little interest on the side of the Soviet military to enforce international law, Afghanistan quickly turned into a space where violence became the most important social resource. The soldiers and other Soviet personnel had to adapt to these conditions, which differed immensely from the late socialist society in the USSR. The article traces their immersion into the violent spac

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Matthiesen, Toby. "The Cold War and the Communist Party of Saudi Arabia, 1975–1991." Journal of Cold War Studies 22, no. 3 (2020): 32–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00950.

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The Communist Party of Saudi Arabia was a pro-Soviet Marxist-Leninist party that existed from 1975 until the early 1990s. Its roots lay in the labor movement of the 1950s in the oil-producing Eastern Province. The history of this province is a hitherto almost unknown aspect of modern Saudi history, Arab Marxism, and the broader Cold War. The Saudi Communist Party helped to launch an uprising in 1979 in the Eastern Province and was particularly active in propagating its ideas throughout the 1980s as the Soviet Union and Saudi Arabia fought a proxy war in Afghanistan. Despite opposing the monarc

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Bazan, Yuliia. "Diplomatic Settlement Projects of the “Afghan Issue” (1980–1981)." Kyiv Historical Studies 12, no. 1 (2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2021.14.

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The Soviet war in Afghanistan lasted for over nine years, from December 1979 to February 1989. The Afghan conflict became the largest military campaign of the Cold War. The continuing war in Afghanistan actually began to threaten peace and stability not only in Central Asia but in the whole world. It became a dead end for the occupiers, too. The international community perceived Soviet aggression as a significant threat to international peace and security. In the early 1980s the search for a diplomatic settlement to the situation around Afghanistan began. The purpose of the article is to inves

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Ali, Imran, and Xiaochuan Dong. "The Revenge Game: U.S Foreign Policy During Afghan-Soviet War and Afghan-Pakistan Falling Into Hell." Asian Social Science 11, no. 27 (2015): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n27p43.

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<p>The U.S Foreign policy during the Soviets encroachment of Afghanistan at the height of Cold War has been evaluated, as well as its negative effects in Afghanistan-Pakistan (Af-Pak). During 1979, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R) landed on Afghanistan in order to secure Warm Water Ports and Persian Gulf Oil. (This was called as the “Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan”). By having this situation, The U.S government established a mission in Afghanistan which consisted on two main purposes. One of them was to stand against the invasion of Afghanistan provoked by U.S.S.R. and the s

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Mirdad, Mohammad Ayub. "Taliban insurgency and transnational organized crime nexus." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 33, no. 3 (2020): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v33i32020.266-277.

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Afghanistan has been demolished by more than three decades of the ongoing war since the war against the Soviet Union started in 1979. The Afghanistan-Pakistan region provides a geographically secure location and a space of opportunity for organized crime and terrorist groups. This paper aims at exploring the Taliban nexus with organized crime groups in Afghanistan and the region through Makarenko’s crime-terror continuum theory. The method of this study is qualitative through the descriptive-analytical approach. The growing connection between insurgents and organized crime poses essential chal

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Kostenko, Yurii. "Radiological Weapons (Excerpts from the History of Ban Talks)." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XXI (2020): 184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2020-9.

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Abstract. The article highlights the history of radiological weapons ban negotiations. In 1948, the United Nations Commission on Conventional Armaments identified radiological weapons as WMD. Since as early as the 1960s, some states have put forward proposals to ban radiological weapons at the international level as potentially threatening human lives and the environment. In 1977 to 1979, a treaty banning radiological weapons was approved on the basis of a draft developed at bilateral Soviet-American negotiations in Geneva, which could have become an important impetus for further actions in li

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Aslam, Muhammad. "Pak-US Collaboration on Afghanistan and USSR War 1979 to 1988." Pakistan Social Sciences Review 3, no. I (2019): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-i)22.

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Sujata. "Guilt and Redemption : A Critical Study of the Kite Runner by Khalid Housseini." History Research Journal 5, no. 4 (2019): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/hrj.v5i4.7502.

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The literature of Afghanistan speaks the voice of every violated soul either it is male or female. Specially, it speaks the voice of violence, taking place towards every male, female and child. Violence is not only a harsh threat to our life but it blocks our happiness. Violence totally kills our ambition, and simultaneously our every future positivity by which we can face the bold incidents coming in front of us. Actually violence has no clear cut definition and explanation. A process of creative fiction has always been a segment of the creative evolution of the society itself. Afghan fiction

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Payind, Alam. "Soviet – Afghan Relations From Cooperation to Occupation." International Journal of Middle East Studies 21, no. 1 (1989): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380003213x.

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In the field of international relations, the 1979 Soviet occupation of Afghanistan has raised major issues concerning regional security and superpower relations. By introducing Soviet military forces in a traditionally nonaligned country, the Kremlin initiated a more aggressive pattern in its foreign policies. This occupation was the Soviet Union's first territorial expansion by direct use of military power since World War II.

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Kovalkov, Oleksandr Leonidovych. "Institute of the Soviet Advisors in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan." Dnipropetrovsk University Bulletin. History & Archaeology series 25, no. 1 (2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/261715.

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А role and place of soldiery and civil advisers as an important instrument of soviet politics in the Democratic republic of Afghanistan are investigated in the article. It is well-proven that on a quantity, scales of activity and sphere of plenary powers the institute of soviet advisers in Afghanistan did not have analogues in history of the "cold war". The attempt of determination of degree of efficiency of realization of orders of soviet guidance by advisers is realizable. Factors that influenced on their activity are found out. Question about responsibility of soviet advisers for the failur

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HALLIDAY, FRED. "Soviet foreign policymaking and the Afghanistan war: from ‘second Mongolia’ to ‘bleeding wound’." Review of International Studies 25, no. 4 (1999): 675–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210599006750.

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The Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, lasting from 1979 to 1989, was one of the major chapters in the Cold War. Analysis of how Soviet policy was made has, hitherto, focused on the decision to intervene, in December 1979. Equally important, however, as an episode in the final stages of the Cold War, and as an example of Soviet policy formulation, was the decision to withdraw. Basing itself on declassified Soviet documents, and on a range of interviews with former Soviet and Afghan officials, this article charts the protracted history of the Soviet decision and sets it in context: as with the

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Domanskaitė-Gota, Vėjūnė, Danutė Gailienė, and Evaldas Kazlauskas. "POTRAUMINIO STRESO SUTRIKIMĄ TURINČIŲ LIETUVOS AFGANISTANO KARO VETERANŲ TRAUMINĖS PATIRTIES IR POTRAUMINĖS SIMPTOMATIKOS RYŠYS." Psichologija 39 (January 1, 2009): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2009.0.2598.

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Šio straipsnio tikslas yra nustatyti, su kokiais potencialiai trauminiais gyvenimo įvykiais ir patirtimis susijęs didesnis potrauminio streso sutrikimo (PTSS) pasireiškimas Lietuvos Afganistano karo veteranų grupėje (N = 174). Lietuvos Afganistano karo veteranų, kuriems buvo nustatytas potrauminio streso sutrikimas, ir veteranų, kuriems toks sutrikimas nebuvo nustatytas, karo veiksmų ir mūšių patirtis yra labai panaši, jų tarnybos trukmė taip pat nesiskiria. Afganistano karo veteranai, turintys potrauminio streso sutrikimą ir subklinikinio lygio potrauminio streso sutrikimą, yra patyrę daugiau

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Rabush, Taisiya V. "Regional Russian Books of Memory as a Form of Preservation and Transfer of Cultural-Historical Memory about the Afghanistan War of 1979-1989." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 2 (2021): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-2-247-257.

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The historical memory of the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan (1979-1989) is studied through the prism of memory books dedicated to the participants of the war and those who died in it. The present paper is the first study of the Afghan books of memory that were published over the past decades in different regions of Russia. The first part of this paper analyzes the regional books of memory published in various regions of the Russian Federation from 1991 to the present day; the second part analyzes the books of memory published in small cities of Russia as a separate cultural phenom

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Marwat, Faisal Ameer. "Pakistan - United States of America Relations: Impediments and way forward." Journal of Law & Social Studies 3, no. 1 (2021): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.03.01.6772.

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During the past seven decades, the relations among America and Pakistan have seen such a significant number of ups and downs. Hindered by different commitment, solid and particular irritation, both of states have attempted to impact each other, but have been unsuccessful at significant number of stages. Pakistan once saw, as the most associated partner when fits to United States of America interests in 50s, twisted hooked on utmost endorsed companion of America in 90s. The centralization of relations fluctuated from one perilous to that of totally overlooking the different as in 1971, to that

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Khan, Surat, Tayyab Wazir, and Arif Khan. "The Effects of Militancy and Military Operations on Pashtun Culture and Religion in FATA." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 3, no. 1 (2019): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/3.1.7.

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Two events in the last five decades proved to be disastrous for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), now part of KP province: the USSR invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and ‘War on Terror' initiated by the US against militants in Afghanistan in 2001. After the incident of 9/11, FATA became the centre of global terrorism and emerged as the most dangerous place. Taliban’s rule was overthrown in Kabul, and they escaped and found refugees across the eastern border of Afghanistan with Pakistan. This paper aims at studying the emergence of Talibanization in FATA and its impacts on the local

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Hassoon, Salam Fadhil, and Naeem Abed Joudah. "The American role in the Anti-Soviet Afghan War (1977- 1980)." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 5 (2021): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.954.

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Purpose of the study: This study aims to discuss the American role in the anti-Soviet Afghan war and disclose the reasons for the Soviet worry about the growth of the fundamentalist terrorist groups inside Afghanistan. Methodology: This is library-based research work. Results: The article has come up with some main points on that severe war. One of these was that the American President Jimmy Carter's Doctrine in 1980. Carter's Doctrine could be considered a sort of policy that allows the use of military force in case American interests are exposed to Soviet threats. As a result, th

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Dolanbay, Hadjer. "Modern world history:a look at world events 1975-1984." SCIENTIFIC WORK 61, no. 12 (2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/61/18-23.

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In this study, the events that shaped the recent world history were evaluated together with their impact on the foreign political life of Turkey. In the study field, literature was scanned with document analysis. The data collected are presented in a meaningful whole, in a controversial manner. In these years, the oil crisis caused by the Arab-Israeli war has left the countries of the world, especially Turkey, in economic difficulties. In relations with the Middle East, the Camp David treaty, the Israel - Egypt treaty and, the Golan Heights issue are among the important events of the period. I

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Tariq, Muhammad, Manzoor Khan Afridi, and Ahmed Saeed Minhas. "An Analysis of Insurgency in Afghanistan (2001- 2016)." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. II (2018): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-ii).09.

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Afghanistan has been wrapped in insurgency since the Russian withdrawal in 1979, followed by civil war. The emergence of Taliban to power with their self-styled type of imposition of Islamic law compelled the great powers to interfere in the internal affairs of Afghanistan. September 2001 was a turning point in the history of Afghanistan as the NATO forces made their entry under the garb of security. The establishment of a democratic government in the country could not help in uprooting terrorism and insurgency from the country. Since the period of Russian Withdrawal, the country witnessed dif

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