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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Afghans Refugees Refugees Afghanistan'
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Malik, Abdul Hamid Masood Alauddin. "Impelled Afghan migration to Pakistan, 1978-1984." Peshawar : Area Study Centre, 2000. http://books.google.com/books?id=8vttAAAAMAAJ.
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Khan, Yasir. "A calculus of new refugee culture : identity, Afghans, and the medical dialect of suffering." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29511.
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In recent decades the ongoing rise of refugee populations around the world has provided a unique opportunity to study the impact of forced migrations on the identities of individuals and collectivities. The simultaneous emergence of the novel social phenomenon of 'refugee societies' has captured anthropological interest in the way in which 'refugee identity' is currently imagined and represented. A useful entry point for exploring representations of 'refugee' identity within a new culture of refugees is found in the recurrent notion of suffering. 'Suffering' is conceptualized here as an ideological grammar that characterizes a variety of language games contained in a broader 'language of suffering'. Focus is directed towards the 'medical dialect of suffering' and its role in articulating the identities of refugees and representing their experiences of suffering. Medical discourse, practices, and technologies can drive the transformation of the categorical 'refugee' identity into a 'medicalized' and 'traumatized' identity: revealing how medicine not only reflects cultural meanings of suffering, but can also project new cultural meanings of suffering. The relevant case of Afghan refugees illustrates how cultural identities can be conceptualized as shifting, strategic, and multiplicitous---realities that can be a blend of both coherency and contradiction.
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Ames, Todd Trowbridge. "Factors affecting the repatriation of the Afghan refugees." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4274.
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Moravej, Masuma. "Cross-Cultural Adaptation Among Young Afghan Refugees Returning from Iran to Afghanistan." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30364.
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This study investigated certain aspects of the cross-cultural adaptation process of Afghan returnees who have repatriated from Iran to Afghanistan. The study’s particular focus is the issue of cross-cultural adaptation in the current context of Afghanistan; that is, what challenges face Afghans returning from Iran to their country of origin following years of exile in Iran. Afghan immigration to Iran has a long history. Using Young Yun Kim’s cross-cultural adaptation theory as the leading theoretical framework, the researcher investigated the cultural adaptation of those who have lived in Iran for more than 10 years and have repatriated voluntarily to Afghanistan at least three years before the data for this thesis were gathered.
Semi-structured interviews were conducted for collecting primary data from participants for the thesis. Twelve young returnees from Kabul City, aged 18 to 40, volunteered to take part in the interviews. Results revealed that language barriers, cultural knowledge and environmental challenges were some of the dominant difficulties that returnees experienced after their repatriation. Furthermore, the findings showed that the three main strategies used by the young returnees to adapt to their unfamiliar, new environment of Kabul City included social interaction, using mass media, and keeping an open mind on current issues. The findings of the interviews revealed the ongoing changing nature of identity formation of the returnees after their repatriation to Afghanistan and, also the majority of participants (9 out of 12) voiced a strong sense of belonging and attachment to Afghanistan.
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Fischer, Carolin. "Relations and agency in a transnational context : the Afghan diaspora and its engagements for change in Afghanistan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:77d0ecf1-5f8d-4ad7-a5fa-1a5378c90940.
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This thesis is about the lives and civic engagements of Afghans in Germany and the UK. It shows how Afghans living in these two countries relate to Afghanistan, and to what extent they engage in transnational action aimed at promoting change there. In particular, it explores the emergence of diasporic communities and how members exercise agency as development actors in Afghanistan. The research rests on a qualitative case study conducted among Afghan populations in Germany and the UK. Semi-structured interviews and participant observation were primary methods of data collection. Relational sociology is used to capture emerging social identities, patterns of social organisation and forms of social engagement. A first notable finding is that Afghan populations abroad are fractured and cannot be seen as a united diaspora. People tend to coalesce in narrowly defined subgroups rather than under a shared national identity. Second, Afghanistan remains a crucial reference point, notwithstanding fragmented social organisation. Home country attachments tend to be tied to a desire for change and development in the country. Third, despite these shared concerns, transnational engagements are typically carried out by small groups and directed towards confined social spheres. Although people may take action in the name of an imagined Afghan community or an imaginary Afghanistan, this imagined community does not provide a basis for social mobilisation. Thus Afghans do not act as a cohesive diaspora. Fourth, transnational engagements are often a response to the specificities of the social environments in which people are embedded, notably their host countries. The findings show that a relational approach can specify how different dimensions of people’s social identities drive social action and are shaped in interaction with various elements of their social context. Such an actor-centred perspective helps to improve our understanding of how members of diasporas come to engage with their countries of origin.
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Bergman, Jonny. "Seeking empowerment : asylum-seeking refugees from Afghanistan in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-36405.
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The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of how asylum-seeking refugees manage their lives in the situation they are in, a situation in which they are dependent and have to wait for decisions on whether or not they will get to stay in the country in which they have made their application for asylum. The elaboration upon these questions and the purpose of the study is approached through a field study of asylum-seeking refugees from Afghanistan in Sweden. The thesis presents a background of international migration, refugee migration, refugee migration from Afghanistan and the reception of asylum seekers and refugees in the EU and Sweden, which tells us both that asylum seekers and refugees are not welcome in the countries of the ‘North’, where policies of containment and repatriation are the most common features of treating the refugee ‘problem’ and that the long period of waiting and uncertainty creates a situation of passivity and ill-health among the asylum seekers. Employing grounded theory methodology in different forms based in data from fieldwork, including participant observations and informal conversations, the study applies a constructionist grounded theory approach in the analyses of the situation and the management thereof. Steered by this constructionist grounded theory approach, strengthened by a situational analysis, the thesis presents a situational frame pointing to the situation for the asylum-seeking refugees as temporal and dependent on Swedish national discourse, racism and paternalism. With this background and frame and generated by data from the field study, the thesis goes on to present the situation as disempowering. The disempowering processes are illustrated through looking at dependence and inhospitality, and are characterised by the asylum-seeking refugees’ oscillation between feelings of hope and despair. It becomes, however, also evident that the asylum-seeking refugees take action and that they are supported by latent empowering processes. The actions taken are categorised as actions of empowering in opposition to the processes presented as disempowering. The actions of empowering are connected to keeping oneself occupied, searching for and maintaining social contacts and in the asylum-seeking refugees’ representations of themselves. From the presentation of the situation as disempowering and the actions taken by the asylum-seeking refugees in response to this situation as actions of empowering, a process characterised as seeking empowerment is presented. In this process empowerment is discussed as the establishment of power to resist. During the discussion of the concept of seeking empowerment it is shown how the asylum-seeking refugees in this study, through their actions of empowering, try to resist the disempowering situation. By seeking to establish power to resist, they are seeking empowerment.
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Sanchez, Laura. "A comparative study of refugees and idps." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/506.
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There is a grave concern for the life, liberty and security of individuals who have been forced to leave their homes and have become dispersed within their native countries and throughout the Asian continent. These internally displaced persons and refugees are the subject of this study. Some of the themes that will be discussed include: civil war, human rights violations and the economy, since these are the problems affecting the populations of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Myanmar. These case studies are of particular interest because Afghanistan is where most refugees come from, Myanmar has the longest-running military regime and Pakistan hosts the most refugees in the world. All three case studies are currently in a state of civil war, are breeding grounds for violations of human rights and have corrupt economies. Thus, the goal is to end armed conflict, to put an end to the human rights violations that come with it and to restructure the economies in each of these nation states so that the internally displaced persons and refugees can be repatriated, since displacement has become too much of a burden for Afghanistan, Pakistan and Myanmar's neighboring countries, who have been taking in all of the refugees from said countries. Theoretically, if the issues causing displacement were to be solved, then the countries that host refugees would be able to concentrate on their own populations. This study can potentially address the gap between knowledge, policy formation, and policy implementation to realize the goals of the international community in dealing with the displacement crisis.B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science
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Willner-Reid, Matthew. "Mercenaries, missionaries and misfits : competition in the 'aid marketplace' in Afghanistan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3fea436f-50d7-4649-8c06-ffbf8efa5214.
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Both practitioners and academics have recently begun referring to humanitarian agencies operating within an active 'aid marketplace' in which limited funding pits actors against each other in pursuance of their own projects and wider aims. This thesis seeks to explore how the pressures of a competitive environment impact on the motivations and actions of aid actors at an individual and organizational level. Based on the common saying that aid workers are 'mercenaries, missionaries and misfits', I construct a typology of pressures (interest-based, altruistic, and bureaucratic), which, it is argued, can be used to explain and understand much of this competitive and collaborative behaviour. A particular focus of the thesis is the impact of these various influences on the process and politics of information transfer and discourse creation regarding the process of needs assessment, monitoring and evaluation. I explore all of these issues through the medium of a case study of UNHCR's interventions in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2015, and seek to provide a detailed history of the agency's activities, politics and challenges during this period. In particular I am interested in the motivations driving the agency's actions; the strategies it has employed to achieve its aims; the calculated narratives that it has crafted to justify its interventions and attract greater support; and the very different ways in which it has approached the needs of different categories of displaced people.
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Melnyk, Alona. "Information Practices of the Refugees and Communication Strategies in the Integration System: The Case of Afghans in Kronoberg County, Sweden." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65747.
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After Sweden, among other European countries, received a record number of asylum seekers in 2015 and 2016, the public discussion on integration of newcomers to the Swedish society intensified. One of the important means of such integration, as well as one of the fundamental human rights, is access to relevant information – knowledge refugees need to settle at a new place. This study looks into the information practices of one of the largest group of newcomers to Europe – the Afghans – based on the case of Kronoberg County in the Southern Sweden. Grounded on Reijo Savolainen’s (2008) theory of everyday information practices, this study applies the combination of McKenzie’s (2003), Mwarigha’s (2002), and Berlo’s (1960) analytical models to explore the informational behavior of asylum seekers and check if it is accommodated in the communication strategies of different agencies involved in the integration process. To reach these objectives, a set of interviews was conducted with both Afghan newcomers and representatives of different governmental and non-governmental organizations. The results of the conducted research and analysis may be summed up to one major topic. While Swedish reception and integration system is effective in reaching out to the newcomers and providing them with task-related information, the structure of the system impedes the provision of general orienting information and guidance, which is in great demand among the asylum seekers. Therefore, development of a parallel system of information can be noticed, with personal relations and authority of the local opinion leaders in the core of it. It is concluded that such division should not be seen as a threat to the integration of newcomers, rather as a supportive mechanism on its intermediate stage. Still, it is important to promote policies that foster active personal contacts between Swedes and newcomers – for example, mentorship programmes.
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Abdullah, Arya. "Barnen som flyr ensamma är de mest utsatta : En kvalitativ studie av fyra ensamkommande afghanska flyktingbarns upplevelse av integrationsprpcessen i Sverige." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för hälsa och välfärd, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-29502.
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Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelse för hur fyra ensamkommande flyktingbarn upplever det nya samhället, samt det som görs för att underlätta deras integrering i Sverige. Att lämna sitt hemland och vara på flykt för en bättre framtid är ett beslut som varje ensamkommande flyktingbarn har tvingats möta, och lämna sin komfort zon. Denna forskning utvärderar effekterna av påtvingad invandring och de copingmekanismer som fyra ensamkommande barn använde när de påbörjar sin resa till frihet och en fristad i Sverige. Dessutom så undersöker denna uppsats det mottagandelandet Sverige, och tillgången till resurser för att underlätta deras integration i det svenska samhället, både på kommunal och nationell nivå. Fokus i denna uppsats är delvis på de svårigheter dessa ungdomar genomgår i hemlandet och den kulturchock och det tryck att anpassa sig som de möter i det nya landet. En kvalitativ forskningsmetod används i denna uppsats, som undersöker subtila nyanser av bilden på ensamkommande flyktingbarn. I denna uppsats används semi-strukturerade intervjuer för att samla in kvalitativa data, vilket gör att de svarande får tid och utrymme att dela sina känslor. Fokus i intervjun bestäms av forskaren då det finns områden som bedöms behöva en djupgående undersökning. Berättelserna analyseras med hjälp av kristeori och teorier om invandrings- och flyktingprocesser som en ämnesteori, och vi skiljer på två olika faktorer, 1. Resan bestående av dramatiska konsekvenser, såsom trauma, frustration, förföljelse, och sist men inte minst ”separationsångest". 2. Stress till följd av den nya kulturen och trycket för snabb anpassning och förändring.The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of how four unaccompanied refugees experience their new society and what is being done to facilitate their integration in Sweden. To leave and escape a homeland to try to find a better future is a decision that every unaccompanied minor refugee has been forced to face, leaving his/her comfort zone. This research evaluates the impact of forced migration and the coping mechanisms that four unaccompanied minors use as they embark on their journey to freedom and a safe haven in Sweden. Additionally, this essay examines the host country Sweden, and its availability of resources to better facilitate the integration of migrants to Swedish society both at the municipal and national level. The focus of this essay is partly on the difficulties these youngsters undergo in their home country and the culture shock and pressure to adapt they face when living in their new country. Furthermore, by choosing qualitative research method for this essay, we examine subtle nuances of the image of unaccompanied refugee children, both as a concept and as a denominator that creates an identity crisis for them. In this essay semi-structured interviews are utilized to collect qualitative data, allowing respondents the time and scope to examine and share their sentiments. The researcher who directs the conversation to areas deemed to require closer in depth exploration decides the focus of the interview. Analyzing stories using the crisis theory and theories about immigration and refugee processes we distinguish two distinct denominators, 1. A journey with dramatic consequences, such as trauma, frustration, persecution, and, last but not least, ‘separation anxiety’. 2. Stress arising from the new culture and pressure for quick adaptation and change.
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Lund, Matilda. "What are the barriers for integration in Sweden? : A study of the perceptions of male refugees from Afghanistan." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388001.
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In 2015, the number of unaccompanied children that fled to Sweden and applied for asylum was 35 369, more than ever before. The great majority of them, 22 806, were young male refugees from Afghanistan, often with very small chances of returning back to their countries mainly due to war, oppression and poverty. For any society to become sustainable, integration of new citizens is essential. However, right-wing populist parties and nationalism is growing in Europe, including Sweden. The fundamental socioeconomic and cultural flourishing needed for individuals to get integrated is lacking and thus causing a segregated Sweden. The question is why. Hence, the purpose of this master thesis was to examine what barriers that exist for economic-, social- and cultural integration in Sweden based on the perceptions of young male refugees from Afghanistan. This was studied through ten qualitative semi-structured interviews with young male Afghan refugees between 19 and 25 years’ old in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, in April 2019. The results were analysed through a conceptual framework of economic-, social- and cultural integration. The results revealed that language was perceived to be the main barrier for both economic-, social- and cultural integration, which in turn impacted the other perceived barriers of attaining an employment, lack of governmental support, difficulties in interacting with Swedes and crash of cultures. Experienced discrimination was mentioned throughout all societal spheres. To overcome these barriers, interactions with Swedes was believed to be essential. Factors that showed to enable this were improved language skills, active societal participation and living with host families.
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Godfrey, Nancy. "Getting in on the act : the multiplicity of agencies promoting the health of refugees, with a case study of the Afghans in Pakistan, 1978-1988." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2437/.
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Over the past century and a half, an international system to assist refugees has evolved, which gives priority to health. This thesis looks at the processes by which policies for the health of refugees have been formulated and implemented in three historical periods. It begins with the Red Cross movement of the late 1800s when medical care was first organised for those wounded in war. Provision of basic medical care for entire populations affected by the World Wars is then reviewed, highlighting the creation of organizations by governments collectively for relief and aid. The bulk of the analysis, however, focuses on the past forty years when western charities and inter-governmental organizations increasingly made medical and public health interventions available for refugee relief in poorer countries. Organizational policies, mandates and structures of the specialised agencies of the United Nations and the charitable agencies based in Europe and North America are examined. This places existing policies for the health of refugees within the context of the cultural and political environment in which they originate. It also identifies more general patterns in institutional responses, allowing their roles in particular relief operations to be anticipated. Health policies for the Afghan refugees in Pakistan during the 1980s are then analyzed. Not only does this analysis validate earlier conclusions about international policies for refugee health, it reveals unbalanced relationships of power between internationally- and nationally-based organizations. In so doing, cultural dimensions of the policy process and the complexity of vested interests within national societies arc found lo have been neglected. Although recommendations can be made, the policy process indicates that they are unlikely to be put into practice. Consequently, more general conclusions about the policy process, key policy issues and characteristics of existing policies for the health of refugees bring the analysis to a close. In particular, this research indicates that there is a coherent system through which health relief is provided. Health relief is not, however, promoted as a human right; instead it is provided as a humanitarian activity by powerful groups within national societies and globally. Sadly, many of the activities carried out under the aegis of relief appear to be symbolic since they do not alter existing balances of power. The intention of these policies to promote the health of refugees is, therefore, subject to debate.
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Amiri, Amir Mohammad. "Entre Inclusion et Exclusion des Immigrés : le cas des afghans en Iran-Facteurs démographiques, sociaux et politiques." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0077.
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Cette recherche porte sur l’inclusion/exclusion des immigrés afghans en Iran.La situation et la place des immigrés et de leurs descendants étant soumises àdes logiques d’inclusion/d'exclusion, cette thèse a été construite autour de cetteproblématique. Elle se fonde sur une approche « mixte », à la fois quantitative etqualitative en s’appuyant en premier lieu sur une étude qualitative de terrainqui interroge leurs conditions de vie alors qu’ils sont dans une situationprovisoire et incertaine, en tentant de comprendre leurs expériences et leurstentatives et possibilités d'accéder au marché du travail et aux services sociaux.En second lieu, les données quantitatives issues du recensement iranien ont étéexploitées et la grande partie des informations sur la répartition géographique,le séjour et les caractéristiques démographiques, sociales et économiques desimmigrants ont été obtenues à partir de ces données. Cette analyse met enévidence une politique officielle fondée sur la mise au premier plan de laquestion du retour et non de celle de la naturalisation et l’intégration, malgréune présence durable des Afghans sur le sol irainien. De plus l’agentivité desimmigrés et les efforts qu’ils ont fournis pour s’incorporer dans la société seheurtent aux facteurs structurels et institutionsThe following doctoral thesis focuses on the inclusion / exclusion of Afghanimmigrants in Iran by analyzing the extent to which the status and place ofimmigrants and their descendants are subject to rationales of inclusion /exclusion. This study makes use of a mixed method approach, both quantitativeand qualitative, and is initially based on a qualitative field study that examinesthe living conditions experienced by Afghan immigrants throughout the durationof their temporary and uncertain situation in an effort to understand theirexperiences as well as their attempts and opportunities to enter the labor marketand access social services. Following this qualitative analysis, quantitative datafrom the Iranian census were also used and the majority of the information onthe geographic distribution and residence of immigrants as well as theirdemographic, social and economic characteristics were derived from these data.The results of the analysis show that despite the sustainable migration ofAfghans, official policy is based primarily on the issue of return, therebyobscuring competing perspectives on naturalization and integration. Moreover,structural and institutional obstacles handicap the immigrants’ political agencyand efforts to integrate themselves into the host society
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Sater, Joe Hassib Abdul. "A comparative analysis on the European Union's policies towards refugees : policies, strategies and discrepancies the case of Bosnia, Syria and Afghanistan." Master's thesis, FEUC, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/29709.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Roads to Democracy(ies) - Democracia e Governação, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação de Silvía Ferreira.A questão dos refugiados continua a ser um problema por excelência para tomadores de decisões que tendem a moldar políticas quer em esfera local, regional ou mesmo internacional, a fim de resolver essa situação de acordo com os melhores interesses de seus países.. Eventualmente isto levou a disparidades em termos de lidar com essas pessoas dependendo da localização geográfica afetada pela crise. Focando-se nas políticas da União Européia, esta dissertação procura saber porque a U.E. reage de forma diferente a diversas crises de refugiados. Para responder a essa questão, esta tese examina a progressão gradual das políticas asilo da U.E. e seu comportamento em relação a três crises de refugiados distintas. A primeira é o caso bósnio, que ocorreu durante os primeiros estágios da formação da U.E., enquanto o segundo e o terceiro casos são crises Sírias e Afegãs. Após a análise destes casos, este estudo vai determinar que a U.E. não age de acordo com uma abordagem unificada ao tratar deste assunto. O caso bósnio foi o primeiro caso de crise de refugiados que a U.E. teve de enfrentar, e aconteceu dentro de fronteiras européias. Desta forma, a sua comparação com outros casos como a Síria fornecerá mais luz sobre o comportamento da UE em relação aos refugiados. Em relação ao caso Afegão, este foi tipificado como o pior situação humanitária em décadas, sua análise e comparação com o caso sírio, nos permitirá compreender melhor a evolução das políticas da UE que se ocupam com os refugiados e requerentes de asilo.
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Zunzer, Wolfram. "Diaspora Communities and Civil Conflict Transformation." Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4186.
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YesThis working paper deals with the nexus of diaspora communities living in European host countries, specifically in Germany, and the transformation of protracted violent conflicts in a number of home countries, including Sri Lanka, Cyprus, Somalia and Afghanistan. Firstly, the political and social role and importance of diaspora communities vis-à-vis their home and host countries is discussed, given the fact that the majority of immigrants to Germany, as well as to many other European countries, over the last ten years have come from countries with protracted civil wars and have thus had to apply for refugee or asylum status. One guiding question, then, is to what extent these groups can contribute politically and economically to supporting conflict transformation in their countries of origin. Secondly, the role and potentials of diaspora communities originating from countries with protracted violent conflicts for fostering conflict transformation activities are outlined. Thirdly, the current conflict situation in Sri Lanka is analyzed and a detailed overview of the structures and key organizations of the Tamil and Sinhalese diaspora worldwide is given. The structural potentials and levels for constructive intervention for working on conflict in Sri Lanka through the diasporas are then described. Fourthly, the socio-political roles of diaspora communities originating from Cyprus, Palestine, Somalia and Afghanistan for peacebuilding and rehabilitation in their home countries are discussed. The article finishes by drawing two conclusions. Firstly, it recommends the further development of domestic migration policies in Europe in light of current global challenges. Secondly, it points out that changes in foreign and development policies are crucial to make better use of the immense potential of diaspora communities for conflict transformation initiatives and development activities in their home countries. How this can best be achieved in practice should be clarified further through intensified action research and the launch of more pilot projects.
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Rami, Ali. "Beyond the dichotomies of a coercion and voluntary recruitment Afghan unaccompanied minors unveil their recruitment process in Iran." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för mellanösternstudier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-167729.
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Ali, Rami. "Beyond the dichotomies of a coercion and voluntary recruitment, Afghan unaccompanied minors unveil their recruitment process in Iran." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för mellanösternstudier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-167730.
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By shedding light on accounts from unaccompanied Afghan asylum-seeking minors in Sweden who were child soldiers in Syria, this thesis explores and examines their narratives and their involvement in the civil war in Syria. The research aims to create a deeper understanding of how these children themselves made sense of their participation in the war by answering the following questions: How were the children approached by the recruiters? What kind of reasons for joining the war are put forward by the recruiters and what strategies do the children encounter: a) economic; b) identity formation; c) social deprivation; d) feeling of vulnerability; e) militarization; f) mental development; g) ideology/ religious-sectarian; or all together? How do the children perceive these encounters and make sense of their recruitment to the Shiite Fatemiyoun Brigade? To which extent has the ideology of Shi’ism played an important role for them in joining the Syrian War? This is a qualitative study based on in-depth interviews which combines procedures from two approaches and techniques: an ethnographic approach and a narrative approach that explores the interviewees’ experiences in a period of time and also generates detailed insights. Despite the fact that none of the respondents testified for being recruited at gunpoint or having been ill-treated, the respondents emphasized that they were forced to join due to the bad circumstances they were living in. In addition, many similarities with other cases regarding child soldiering in several countries have been explored in this thesis, for instance factors related to the socio- economic context and the experiences that are related to the children’s development processes. Differences can be located in various details regarding ideologies and indoctrination since the respondents did not share the politico-religious purposes of the recruiters.
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Martineau, Jean-Luc. "L'Union européenne et la reconstruction post-conflit de l'Etat : contribution à la formation d'un droit international de la reconstruction de l'Etat." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL20027.
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La reconstruction post-conflit de l’Etat est un enjeu majeur et actuel des relations internationales. L’Union européenne, sous les auspices des Nations Unies contribue à restaurer ou instaurer un ordre étatique qui doit donner sa chance à une paix durable fondée sur des valeurs respectueuses des droits de l’homme. Toutefois, l’Union européenne reste maitre de ses interventions. Il n’existe pas véritablement pour les Etats post-conflits un droit à la reconstruction. Un complexe d’acteurs institutionnels européens décide et organise la réponse européenne à la déliquescence des Etats au sortir des conflits. Cette réponse n’est pas isolée, elle s’inscrit dans un ensemble de partenariats.L’organisation régionale déploie un ensemble de mécanismes juridiques ou opérationnels, militaires ou civils de gestion du relèvement des Etats en sortie de conflit. L’engagement européen peut prendre des formes très intrusives, et s’apparente parfois à une tutelle européenne sur des Etats victimes de conflits. Au final, l’Union européenne participe à la définition et à la réalisation d’un droit international de la reconstruction de l’Etat. Elle consacre des normes et des standards internationaux. Elle inaugure des normes et des standards européens adaptées au relèvement des Etats. De ce point de vue, l’offre européenne en matière de reconstruction post conflit de l’Etat est globale. C'est-à-dire que l’Europe propose de reconstruire l’Etat sous ses trois composantes traditionnelles : la population, le territoire et l’appareil d’EtatIn the framework of International Relations, Post Conflict Reconstruction of the State is a major and actual stake. European Union under the auspices of United Nations, supports all initiatives to restore or build a state order which give a chance for a stable peace based on human values. Nevertheless, European Union defines his interventions in function of his own interests. Post-conflicts States don’t have a right to reconstruction. A mix of european institutional actors decide and design the european response dedicated to failed Post-conflict States. This response is not isolated, she is included in a network of parternship.After a conflict, the regional organization set up a mix of legal or operational mechanisms, and military or civilian capacities. The european activism in this domain can be very strong. Sometimes, it seems as a trusteeship of EU on Post conflicts States. Consequently, European Union contributes to design and implement the international law of the State reconstruction. EU promotes norms and international standards. It initiates european norms and standards dedicated to the recovery of states. Consequently, European Union possess global capacities in the matter of post-conflict reconstruction. That is to say that Europe is proposing to rebuild the state in its three traditional components: population, territory and state apparatus
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Latendresse, Simon. "La frontière et les ombres : les clandestins afghans de Peshawar, Pakistan." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21686.
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Irfan, Muhammad. "Developing and testing of culturally adapted CBT (CaCBT) for common mental disorders of Pashto speaking Pakistans and Afghans." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19664.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis carried out between January 2015 and July 2016, describes the process of adaptation of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for common mental disorders (CMDs) and evaluation of its effectiveness through a pilot project in Pashto-speaking Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA area of Pakistan and Afghanistan. This region has faced multiple traumas and difficulties including severe floods, earthquakes, Pak-Afghan-Russian war (1979-1989), the burden of Afghan refugees in Pakistan, civil war in Afghanistan, as well as terrorist attacks and bombing in the aftermath of 9/11. This brought destruction to the region and the rates of mental health problems, especially CMDs are considered to be fairly high in this region. Adapting a cost-effective intervention such as CBT, which is an effective treatment for the treatment of CMDs, might, therefore, be of enormous help in reducing CMDs in the region. However, CBT would need adapting for its use in non-western cultures.
This thesis is divided into 12 chapters. The first chapter gives an overview of the problem, i.e. CMDs around the globe. This chapter includes Prevalence, Risk Factors, Presentation and Aetiology of CMDs and moves on to focusing on different treatment options. Chapter 2 describes CBT with the emphasis on its use in CMDs. Since CBT was developed in the west (as
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highlighted in Chapter 2) and therefore might have been heavily influenced by the underlying cultural values, Chapter 3 discusses the link between culture and CBT. This chapter also encompasses discussion on Sufism (Islamic version of mindfulness). The next two chapters focus on mental health in the region under study in general but CMDs in specific. Chapter 4 describes health system of the region, the state of mental health as well as traditional healing practices in the region, while chapter 5 discusses current status of CMDs in the region.
Chapter 6 is an introduction to the project which discusses the need for the project, methodology used, the reasons for choosing CBT, and a brief description of qualitative methods to be used. Chapter 7 describes the beginning of the qualitative research of the study. It describes exploration of the patients’ views about their illness and its treatment and to see what they think about CBT. A similar approach is used in Chapter 8 to explore the views of the carers about the illness and treatment of their patients. Chapter 9 describes the interviews with the mental health professionals. It also highlights the methods adopted and the results of the qualitative analyses, similar to Chapter 7 and 8. It was also considered necessary to translate the terminologies used in CBT and for this, students were interviewed. This is described in Chapter 10. On the basis of all the qualitative work, we developed a study manual and Chapter 11 describes
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the pilot project which was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the adapted therapy based on the manual prepared for patients with CMDs, using a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) design.
The final chapter (chapter 12), summarizes the thesis and discusses some of the key findings. It also describes the lessons learnt from this project and elaborates the way forward for implementation of culturally adapted CBT in the region.
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Waxman, Peter. "The initial post-arrival adjustment process of recently arrived humanitarian entrants : a case study of entrants from Bosnia, Iraq and Afghanistan in Sydney, Australia." 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/551.
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University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building.The purpose of this research is to examine the initial post-arrival process of recently arrived humanitarian entrants into Sydney, Australia from three non-traditional source countries, Bosnia, Iraq and Afghanistan. Resettlement was examined from social, economic and health perspectives, with the determinants influencing the settlement process being identified as a precursor to understanding the long-term adjustment process. A literature review on settlement adjustment from a multidisciplinary approach confirmed the dearth of research on early refugee settlement experience in Australia and overseas for groups other than the Indochinese. Such research has tended to concentrate on one of the specific aspects of settlement rather than attempting a holistic approach to understanding adjustment patterns. Subsequently, 44 key informants, representing over 25 different organisations providing services (both government and non-government) to humanitarian entrants, were individually surveyed to gather information on their clients' needs, perceptions and problems. Issues emerging from both the literature review and key informants' survey formed the basis of a survey of 172 recently arrived Bosnian, Iraqi and Afghan humanitarian entrants. Among the statistical tools used to analyse the entrants' surveys were Pearson's correlation coefficient, analysis of variance, Kendall's tau correlation, Spearman's rho correlation and Cronbach's alpha. Results indicated that during the initial settlement stage, the former socio-economic background of the entrants has little impact on their economic, social or health adjustment. Instead, the conditions of departure, such as the loss of property, long-term incarceration, torture and trauma, were found to have a far reaching influence on the entrants' social and health experiences in their new country; however, despite the variety of traumatic pre-departure experiences, the resilience of the entrants reinforced their determination to participate in the workforce. Although commonalities were found among the three groups in settlement outcomes, there were also distinct differences. The groups shared difficulties such as post-arrival unemployment, lack of suitable accommodation and family reunion concerns. However, the Bosnians, for example, experienced the greatest degree of health-related problems, the Iraqis expressed the greatest interest in sponsoring family members and the Afghans were the most well-adjusted of the three groups. Detailed policy implications are also presented; these emphasise that humanitarian entrants may experience adjustment difficulties qualitatively different from those of traditional migrants and argue for improved support services.