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Lai, Courtney C. H., Julian A. Feller, and Kate E. Webster. "Fifteen-Year Audit of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions in the Australian Football League From 1999 to 2013: Return to Play and Subsequent ACL Injury." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 14 (November 2, 2018): 3353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518803932.
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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury has been a major cause of missed game time among Australian Football League (AFL) players. Return to play after ACL reconstruction is not always achieved, even among elite athletes. The rate of subsequent ACL injury in the AFL from 1990 to 2000 was high as compared with that of other elite sports. Purpose: To determine the rates of return to play and subsequent ACL injury after ACL reconstruction among AFL players from 1999 to 2013 and to explore factors associated with differing rates of return to play and subsequent ACL injury. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 158 AFL players who underwent ACL reconstruction were identified from a prospectively maintained registry of AFL player injuries. Further data were gathered from official playing statistics, surgical records, and structured phone interviews. Results: The rate of return to play after an initial ACL injury was 77% (121 of 158 players). Greater preinjury playing experience and earlier selection in the AFL draft were associated with higher rates of return to play. The rate of subsequent ACL injury to either knee was 30% (48 of 158 players) and was especially high among players aged <21 years (23 of 46 players, 50%). After subsequent ACL injury, 34 of 48 players (71%) returned to play. In primary ACL reconstruction, the use of Ligament Augmentation and Reconstruction System grafts resulted in a faster return to play ( P = .001) but had a higher risk of subsequent revision reconstruction (risk ratio = 2.8, P = .048). Family history of ACL injury was associated with an increased risk of subsequent contralateral ACL injury (risk ratio = 3.8, P = .002). Conclusion: Most AFL players who underwent ACL reconstruction returned to play at least 1 AFL match. The high rate of subsequent ACL injury among AFL players demonstrates the highly demanding nature of Australian football, particularly at the elite level. The risk factors for subsequent ACL injury should be considered carefully when treatment and rehabilitation decisions are made for these high-demand athletes.
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Ferrer, Justine, and Paul Turner. "Indigenous player inclusion in the Australian Football League." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 36, no. 6 (August 21, 2017): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-03-2017-0063.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to audit the efforts made around the support of indigenous players within the Australian Football League (AFL). Design/methodology/approach Content analysis of the publicly available information on websites of organizations associated with the AFL was undertaken to identify the extent of programs and policies around indigenous representation, inclusion, and development. Findings The AFL, as an organization, has a high percentage of indigenous players (employees) in comparison to the wider Australian workforce representation. Largely, indigenous representation within the AFL is merit based, prioritized on an individual’s ability to play football at an elite level. The website audit identified a number of inconsistencies in the public personas portrayed by the AFL and organizations aligned to it such as the AFL Players Association and clubs. The findings raise a number of questions for future research. Research limitations/implications The main limitation is that the website audit represents a very small insight into the current situation and does not provide a depth of analysis into the circumstances around indigenous inclusion within the AFL. The audit also is very focused on one sporting organization which may or may not be representative of the sport industry. Originality/value The research introduces a number of questions for future discovery.
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Fahey-Gilmour, J., J. Heasman, B. Rogalski, B. Dawson, and P. Peeling. "Can Elite Australian Football Player’s Game Performance Be Predicted?" International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijcss-2021-0004.
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Abstract In elite Australian football (AF) many studies have investigated individual player performance using a variety of outcomes (e.g. team selection, game running, game rating etc.), however, none have attempted to predict a player’s performance using combinations of pre-game factors. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the ability of commonly reported individual player and team characteristics to predict individual Australian Football League (AFL) player performance, as measured through the official AFL player rating (AFLPR) (Champion Data). A total of 158 variables were derived for players (n = 64) from one AFL team using data collected during the 2014-2019 AFL seasons. Various machine learning models were trained (cross-validation) on the 2014-2018 seasons, with the 2019 season used as an independent test set. Model performance, assessed using root mean square error (RMSE), varied (4.69-5.03 test set RMSE) but was generally poor when compared to a singular variable prediction (AFLPR pre-game rating: 4.72 test set RMSE). Variation in model performance (range RMSE: 0.14 excusing worst model) was low, indicating different approaches produced similar results, however, glmnet models were marginally superior (4.69 RMSE test set). This research highlights the limited utility of currently collected pre-game variables to predict week-to-week game performance more accurately than simple singular variable baseline models.
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Coad, Sam, Bon Gray, George Wehbe, and Christopher McLellan. "Physical Demands and Salivary Immunoglobulin A Responses of Elite Australian Rules Football Athletes to Match Play." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 5 (July 2015): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0493.
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Purpose:To examine the response or pre- and postmatch salivary immunoglobulin A concentration ([s-IgA]) to Australian Football League (AFL) match play and investigate the acute and cumulative influence of player workload and postmatch [s-IgA] after repeated participation in AFL match play.Methods:Eleven elite AFL athletes (21.8 ± 2.4 y, 186.9 ± 7.9 cm, 87.4 ± 7.5 kg) were monitored throughout 3 matches during the preseason that were separated by 7 d. Saliva samples were collected across each AFL match at 24 h and 1 h prematch and 1, 12, 36, and 60 h postmatch to determine [s-IgA]. Global positioning systems (GPS) with integrated triaxial accelerometers were used to determine total player workload during match play. Hypothesis testing was conducted for time-dependent changes in [s-IgA] and player load using a repeated-measures ANOVA.Results:Player load during match 3 (1266 ± 124.6 AU) was significantly (P < .01) greater than in match 1 (1096 ± 115.1 AU) and match 2 (1082 ± 90.4 AU). Across match 3, [s-IgA] was significantly (P < .01) suppressed at 2 postmatch measures (12 and 36 h) compared with prematch measures (24 and 1 h), which coincided with significantly (P < .01) elevated player load.Conclusion:The findings indicate that an increase in player load during AFL preseason match play resulted in compromised postmatch mucosal immunological function. Longitudinal assessment of AFL-match player load and mucosal immunological function across the first 60 h of recovery may augment monitoring and preparedness strategies for athletes.
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Schwab, Laura, Sarah Warby, Katherine Davis, Peter Campbell, Simon Hoy, Robert Zbeda, and Gregory Hoy. "Video Analysis of Pectoralis Major Injuries in Professional Australian Football Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 232596712211178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221117826.
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Background: There is little evidence regarding the mechanisms of pectoralis major (PM) injury and player outcomes in Australian Football League (AFL) players. Purposes/Hypothesis: The study aims were to investigate (1) the mechanisms of PM muscle injury in elite AFL players via video analysis and (2) the player profile, method of management, and clinical outcomes of the PM injuries sustained. We hypothesized that the majority of PM tears would occur in outer-range PM positions (hyperextension of the glenohumeral joint). Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: We analyzed video of the precipitating event for traumatic PM injuries during AFL competition or training over a 20-year period (2002-2021). The footage was analyzed by 4 experienced assessors, and the following were evaluated: mechanism of injury, injury variables (arm position, initial contact point, visual awareness, and use of taping), player characteristics (age at the time of injury, hand dominance, and history of injury), injury profile (location and size of tear), method of management (operative vs nonoperative), patient outcomes (time to return to full senior training/match play), and complication rates. Results: The mean ± standard deviation age of the players was 26.5 ± 3.1 years (range, 21-32 years). Overall, 22 PM injuries were identified in the AFL injury database for a rate of 1.1 per year; 16 of these injuries had accompanying video footage. We identified 3 mechanisms for PM injury: horizontal hyperextension (62.5%), hyperflexion-abduction (25.0%), and horizontal adduction (sustained tackling; 12.5%). The most common site of the tear was the insertion point of the sternocostal head (91.0%). Twenty players (91.0%) required surgical repair, with 75% undergoing surgery within 1 week (range, 0-26 weeks). The mean return to competition for the surgical repair group was 11.1 weeks (range, 8-15 weeks). The rerupture rate was 5.0% (1 repair; <4 weeks postoperatively in 2004). Conclusion: PM tears in elite male AFL players were due to 1 of 3 distinct mechanisms: horizontal hyperextension, hyperflexion-abduction, and horizontal adduction (sustained tackling). Players returned to play on average 11 weeks after injury. Knowledge regarding mechanisms of injury, player profile, and return-to-sport timelines is important for appropriate medical management and provides potential areas to target for prevention of PM injuries.
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Sullivan, Courtney, Thomas Kempton, Patrick Ward, and Aaron J. Coutts. "Career Performance Trajectories of Professional Australian Football Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 10 (November 1, 2020): 1363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0799.
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Purpose: To develop position-specific career performance trajectories and determine the age of peak performance of professional Australian Football players. Methods: Match performance data (Australian Football League [AFL] Player Rank) were collected for Australian Football players drafted via the AFL National Draft between 1999 and 2015 (N = 207). Players were subdivided into playing positions: forwards (n = 60; age 23 [3] y), defenders (n = 71; age 24 [4] y), midfielders (n = 58; age 24 [4] y), and ruckmen (n = 18; age 24 [3] y). Linear mixed models were fitted to the data to estimate individual career trajectories. Results: Forwards, midfielders, and defenders experienced peak match performance earlier than ruckmen (24–25 vs 27 y). Midfielders demonstrated the greatest between-subjects variability (intercept 0.580, age 0.0286) in comparison with ruckmen, who demonstrated the least variability (intercept 0.112, age 0.005) in AFL Player Rank throughout their careers. Age had the greatest influence on the career trajectory of midfielders (β [SE] = 0.226 [0.025], T = 9.10, P < .01) and the least effect on ruckmen (β [SE] = 0.114 [0.049], T = 2.30, P = .02). Conclusions: Professional Australian Football players peak in match performance between 24 and 27 years of age with age, having the greatest influence on the match performance of midfielders and the least on ruckmen.
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Pimley, D. "The relationship between player wellbeing and training loads in elite female AFL players." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 16 (December 2013): e55-e56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.133.
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Borland, Jeff, Leng Lee, and Robert D. Macdonald. "Escalation effects and the player draft in the AFL." Labour Economics 18, no. 3 (June 2011): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2010.12.004.
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Davies, Michael J., Warren Young, Damian Farrow, and Andrew Bahnert. "Comparison of Agility Demands of Small-Sided Games in Elite Australian Football." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, no. 2 (March 2013): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.2.139.
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Purpose:To compare the agility demands of 4 small-sided games (SSGs) and evaluate the variability in demands for elite Australian Football (AF).Methods:Fourteen male elite Australian Football League (AFL) players (mean ± SD; 21.7 ± 3.1 y, 189.6 ± 9.0 cm, 88.7 ± 10.0 kg, 39.4 ± 57.1 games) completed 4 SSGs of 3 × 45-s bouts each with modified designs. Video notational analysis, GPS at 5 Hz, and triaxial accelerometer data expressed the external player loads within games. Three comparisons were made using a paired t test (P < .05), and magnitudes of differences were reported with effect size (ES) statistics.Results:Reduced area per player (increased density) produced a small increase in total agility maneuvers (SSG1, 7.2 ± 1.3; SSG2, 8.8 ± 4.1), while a large 2D player load was accumulated (P < .05, ES = 1.22). A reduction in players produced a moderate (ES = 0.60) total number of agility maneuvers (SSG 3, 11.3 ± 6.1; SSG 2, 8.3 ± 3.6); however, a greater variability was found. The implementation of a 2-handed-tag rule resulted in a somewhat trivial decline (P > .05, ES = 0.16) in agility events compared with normal AFL tackling rules (SSG 2, 8.3 ± 3.6; SSG 4, 7.8 ± 2.6).Conclusions:SSG characteristics can influence agility-training demand, which can vary considerably for individuals. Coaches should carefully consider SSG design to maximize the potential to develop agility for all players.
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Hoffman, Daniel Tyler, Dan Brian Dwyer, Steven J. Bowe, Patrick Clifton, and Paul B. Gastin. "Is injury associated with team performance in elite Australian football? 20 years of player injury and team performance data that include measures of individual player value." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 8 (June 26, 2019): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100029.
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ObjectivesTo determine whether specific injury measures were associated with team performance in the Australian Football League (AFL).Methods15 289 injuries caused players from 18 teams to miss 51 331 matches between 1997 and 2016. Data were aggregated to the team level. We analysed the associations among injury measures and team performance (reaching finals/playoffs and specific ladder/table position). Injury measures per team included: injury incidence, injury severity, injury burden, player match availability and percentage of the full player roster injured. We also weighted injury measures by five measures of player value.ResultsAFL teams’ injury burden and player match availability were associated with final table position (r2=0.03, p<0.05). Player value weighted injury burden was different between finalists and non-finalists (mean difference=−8, p<0.001) and explained 12% of the variation in the table position of teams (p<0.001). For a team, nine missed matches due to injury (burden weighted by a best and fairest player rating system) was associated with one lower table position. Player match availability weighted by player value was higher for finalists than non-finalists (mean difference=1.7, p<0.01) and explained 7% of the variation in the table position of teams (p<0.001).Discussion and potential implicationsThe impact of injury (burden weighted by best and fairest) explained up to 12% of the variation in final table position—this is particularly relevant to making/not making playoffs as well as home ground/travel advantages for those teams that make the one-game format of AFL playoffs (not home-away or best of seven format).
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Chandrakumaran, Jemuel. "The AFL Pick Trading Market as a Coasian Utopia." Journal of Sports Economics 22, no. 1 (August 7, 2020): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002520948108.
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Sporting leagues have various competitive balance measures including player drafts, where teams are awarded picks based on prior performance. Teams, however, have the option to either exercise this pick or trade it as they see fit. An analysis of this trading market in the NFL stated that players obtained through traded picks contributed more to their recruiters in comparison to their counterparts. This paper retested this within the AFL and disproved this fact, establishing the Coasian notion of the efficient allocation of resources, based on some differences between the list management systems between the two leagues.
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Anderson, Darren, Ray Breed, Michael Spittle, and Paul Larkin. "Factors Affecting Set Shot Goal-kicking Performance in the Australian Football League." Perceptual and Motor Skills 125, no. 4 (June 9, 2018): 817–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512518781265.
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Set shot goal-kicking is recognized as an important skill in Australian Football (AF), accounting for over half of all goals kicked in the Australian Football League (AFL). However, as knowledge surrounding its performance is limited, this study described the frequency, types, and outcomes of set shots in the AFL and investigated the impact of task, personal, and environmental constraints on goal-kicking performance. We analyzed video footage of set shots from all 198 matches of the 2012 season, collecting data for kick distance, kick angle, player position, player experience (i.e., general and specific), kick outcome, and weather status. We found an average of 23.0 (standard deviation [ SD] = 4.5) set shots/match, with a mean accuracy of 55.0% ( SD = 0.7%). Kicking accuracy decreased with incremental increases in kick distance, with accuracy ranging from 97% (0–15 m) to 36% (≥50 m). Key forwards were more accurate kickers than other players. There was no significant effect of player experience. The number of set shots taken decreased by 13% in wet weather conditions. The primary determinant of elite set shot goal-kicking performance was the interaction of kick distance and angle (task difficulty). This research adds to an understanding of how personal, environmental, and match constraints influence this closed skill performance in AF match play.
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Stewart, Mark F., Constantino Stavros, Pamm Phillips, Heather Mitchell, and Adrian J. Barake. "Like Father, Like Son: Analyzing Australian Football’s Unique Recruitment Process." Journal of Sport Management 30, no. 6 (November 2016): 672–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0254.
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In 1949 the Australian Football League (AFL) introduced a distinctive father–son rule, which allows its member teams to prioritize the recruitment of the sons of former players who had played in a minimum number of games with that team. This paper reveals that some teams have been able to access a statistically significant advantage via this rule, confirming and quantifying that this unique exception compromised the AFL’s reverseorder player draft. In more recent times, through complex reforms, this advantage has been significantly dissipated. Discussion presents this rule as a conundrum for managers as despite potentially compromising the draft, it provides opportunities for off-field marketing communications strategies.
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Hides, Julie A., Jazmin C. Walsh, Melinda M. Franettovich Smith, and M. Dilani Mendis. "Self-Managed Exercises, Fitness and Strength Training, and Multifidus Muscle Size in Elite Footballers." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.3.13.
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Context: Low back pain (LBP) and lower limb injuries are common among Australian Football League (AFL) players. Smaller size of 1 key trunk muscle, the lumbar multifidus (MF), has been associated with LBP and injuries in footballers. The size of the MF muscle has been shown to be modifiable with supervised motor-control training programs. Among AFL players, supervised motor-control training has also been shown to reduce the incidence of lower limb injuries and was associated with increased player availability for games. However, the effectiveness of a self-managed MF exercise program is unknown.Objective: To investigate the effect of self-managed exercises and fitness and strength training on MF muscle size in AFL players with or without current LBP.Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: Professional AFL context.Patients or Other Participants: Complete data were available for 242 players from 6 elite AFL clubs.Intervention(s): Information related to the presence of LBP and history of injury was collected at the start of the preseason. At the end of the preseason, data were collected regarding performance of MF exercises as well as fitness and strength training. Ultrasound imaging of the MF muscle was conducted at the start and end of the preseason.Main Outcome Measure(s): Size of the MF muscles.Results: An interaction effect was found between performance of MF exercises and time (F = 13.89, P ≤ .001). Retention of MF muscle size was greatest in players who practiced the MF exercises during the preseason (F = 4.77, P = .03). Increased adherence to fitness and strength training was associated with retained MF muscle size over the preseason (F = 5.35, P = .02).Conclusions: Increased adherence to a self-administered MF exercise program and to fitness and strength training was effective in maintaining the size of the MF muscle in the preseason.
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Perret, Michael, Sarah Warby, Godefroy Brais, Stephanie Hinse, Sophie Hoy, and Gregory Hoy. "Return to Professional Australian Rules Football After Surgery for Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 11 (August 16, 2021): 3066–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465211029022.
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Background: The treatment of traumatic anterior shoulder instability in professional Australian Football League (AFL) players is challenging, with an emphasis on early return to play and avoidance of instability recurrence. Purpose: To investigate return-to-sport (RTS) outcomes and complications after 2 different procedures for traumatic anterior shoulder instability in professional AFL players. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our surgical database for professional AFL players who underwent capsulolabral stabilization or open Latarjet procedure by a single surgeon between 2006 and 2017. Outcomes included RTS, on-field performance, and complications. Between-group analyses for RTS and complications were estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. Within-group analyses for on-field performance data were performed using paired t tests with significance set at .05. Results: A total of 58 capsulolabral stabilization procedures in 54 players and 32 Latarjet procedures in 29 players were included in the analysis; 93.1% of capsulolabral patients and 96.9% of Latarjet patients returned to professional AFL. The median RTS time was 6.8 months for the capsulolabral group and 7.3 months for the Latarjet group. There was no significant difference in RTS rates between the 2 groups ( P = .270). Of those undergoing surgery early in the season, 75% of the capsulolabral and 71% of Latarjet group were able to RTS within the same season, at a mean time of 16.9 weeks and 18.8 weeks, respectively. There was a significant difference in instability recurrence, with 19% for the capsulolabral group and no recurrence in the Latarjet group ( P = .017). There was no significant reduction in player on-field performance in either group ( P < .05). Conclusion: In this study, the median RTS in AFL players was approximately 7 months after capsulolabral and Latarjet surgery with no compromise to on-field performance. Instability-related complications occurred only in the capsulolabral group, and the incidence increased with time.
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Burgess, Darren, Geraldine Naughton, and Kevin Norton. "Quantifying the Gap Between Under 18 and Senior AFL Football: 2003 and 2009." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 7, no. 1 (March 2012): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.7.1.53.
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Purpose:The understanding of the gap between Under 18 y (U18) and senior-level competition and the evolution of this gap in Australian Football lack a strong evidence base. Despite the multimillion dollars invested in recruitment, scientific research on successful transition is limited. No studies have compared individual players’ movement rate, game statistics and ball speed in U18 and senior competition of the Australian Football League across time. This project compared differences in player movement and ball speed between matches from senior AFL competitive matches and U18 players in the 2003 and 2009 seasons.Methods:TrakPerformance Software and Global Positioning System (GPS) technology were used to analyze the movement of players, ball speed and game statistics. ANOVA compared the two levels of competition over time.Results:Observed interactions for distance traveled per minute of play (P = .009), number of sprints per minute of play (P < .001), time spent at sprint speed in the game (P < .001), time on field (P < .001), and ball speed (P < .001) were found. Subsequent analysis identified increases in movement patterns in senior AFL competition in 2009 compared with the same level of competition in 2003 and U18 players in 2003 and 2009.Conclusions:Senior AFL players in 2009 were moving further, sprinting relatively more frequently, playing less time and playing at game speeds significantly greater than the same senior competition in 2003 as well as compared with both cohorts of U18 players.
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Coad, Sam, Bon Gray, and Christopher McLellan. "Seasonal Analysis of Mucosal Immunological Function and Physical Demands in Professional Australian Rules Footballers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 5 (July 2016): 574–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0242.
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Purpose:To assess match-to-match variations in salivary immunoglobulin A concentration ([s-IgA]) measured at 36 h postmatch throughout an Australian Football League (AFL) premiership season and to assess the trends between 36-h-postmatch [s-IgA] and match-play exercise workloads throughout the same season.Methods:Eighteen elite male AFL athletes (24 ± 4.2 y, 187.0 ± 7.1 cm, 87.0 ± 7.6 kg) were monitored on a weekly basis to determine total match-play exercise workloads and 36-h-postmatch [s-IgA] throughout 16 consecutive matches in an AFL premiership season. Global positioning systems (GPS) with integrated triaxial accelerometers were used to measure exercise workloads (PlayerLoad) during each AFL match. A linear mixed-model analyses was conducted for time-dependent changes in [s-IgA] and player load.Results:A significant main effect was found for longitudinal postmatch [s-IgA] data (F16,240 = 3.78, P < .01) and PlayerLoad data (F16,66 = 1.98, P = .03). For all matches after and including match 7, a substantial suppression trend in [s-IgA] 36-h-postmatch values was found compared with preseason baseline [s-IgA].Conclusion:The current study provides novel data regarding longitudinal trends in 36-h-postmatch [s-IgA] for AFL athletes. Results demonstrate that weekly in-season AFL match-play exercise workloads may result in delayed mucosal immunological recovery beyond 36 h postmatch. The inclusion of individual athlete-monitoring strategies of [s-IgA] may be advantageous in the detection of compromised postmatch mucosal immunological function for AFL athletes.
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Chandrakumaran, Jemuel. "How Did the AFL National Draft Mitigate Perverse Incentives?" Journal of Sports Economics 21, no. 2 (September 8, 2019): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002519873128.
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Similar to the National Basketball Association and the National Hockey League, the reverse-order nature of the Australian Football League (AFL) national player draft has often times been speculated to induce tanking. However, a prior study found that there is no evidence of tanking within the AFL. This study tests this assumption under four periods, namely, pre-2006, 2006-2011, 2012-2014, and post-2014, to reflect the changes in rules. While the results concur with the previous study, the behavior of teams in the priority pick era of the draft finds evidence to the contrary.
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Kelly, Peter, and Christopher Hickey. "Professional identity in the global sports entertainment industry." Journal of Sociology 46, no. 1 (September 21, 2009): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783309337671.
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In this article we discuss the ways in which the professional identity of Australian Football League (AFL) footballers — in a physical, high body contact sport — is shaped by concerns to develop different aspects of the body, mind and soul of the young men who want to become AFL footballers. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s later work on the care of the self we argue that narratives of identity necessarily involve a struggle for the body, mind and soul of these young men. Foucault’s work enables us to identify and analyse how relations of power, forms of regulation and arts of governing interact in ongoing attempts to develop the professional footballer. The article explores these issues via an analysis of the rationalities and techniques that inform talent identification and player management practices; and risk management in relation to these practices and processes in the AFL.
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Marovic, Paul, Paul Edmond Smith, and Drew Slimmon. "Isolated Tibialis Posterior Muscle Strain: A rare sporting injury." International Journal of Sport, Exercise and Health Research 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/sportmed.4202.
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We present the case of an isolated tibialis posterior muscle strain in an Australian Rules Football (AFL) player, an injury not previously described in the medical literature. The elite footballer presented with calf tightness following a game of AFL. The clinical history, examination findings and treatment regime followed a course similar to more typical “calf strains” involving the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, however Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed a low grade isolated muscle strain of tibialis posterior. The only inciting factor was the use of new football boots. This novel case will alert radiologists and sports physicians to a new potential source of calf pain in athletes.
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Cover, Rob. "Transforming Scandal: The ‘St Kilda Schoolgirl’, Digital Media Activism and Social Change." Media International Australia 143, no. 1 (May 2012): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1214300107.
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Between May 2010 and March 2011, a sex scandal involving members of the St Kilda Football Club, other AFL stakeholders and a young woman was played out in both traditional media and online sites. The scandal involved claims of pregnancy to a player, the online distribution of nude and sexual images of several footballers, and an affair with a much older player-manager. This article examines the series of incidents comprising the scandal with a view to demonstrating that the young woman's use of digital media not only allowed her to maintain a media focus on herself as complainant rather than through the traditional victim narrative of sex scandals, but that her actions can be read as a tactical form of digital media activism over gender relations in the celebrity social world of Australian Rules Football.
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Alexander, Jeremy P., Karl B. Jackson, Timothy Bedin, Matthew A. Gloster, and Sam Robertson. "Quantifying congestion with player tracking data in Australian football." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 8, 2022): e0272657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272657.
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With 36 players on the field, congestion in Australian football is an important consideration in identifying passing capacity, assessing fan enjoyment, and evaluating the effect of rule changes. However, no current method of objectively measuring congestion has been reported. This study developed two methods to measure congestion in Australian football. The first continuously determined the number of players situated within various regions of density at successive time intervals during a match using density-based clustering to group players as ‘primary’, ‘secondary’, or ‘outside’. The second method aimed to classify the level of congestion a player experiences (high, nearby, or low) when disposing of the ball using the Random Forest algorithm. Both approaches were developed using data from the 2019 and 2021 Australian Football League (AFL) regular seasons, considering contextual variables, such as field position and quarter. Player tracking data and match event data from professional male players were collected from 56 matches performed at a single stadium. The random forest model correctly classified disposals in high congestion (0.89 precision, 0.86 recall, 0.96 AUC) and low congestion (0.98 precision, 0.86 recall, 0.96 AUC) at a higher rate compared to disposals nearby congestion (0.72 precision, 0.88 recall, 0.88 AUC). Overall, both approaches enable a more efficient method to quantify the characteristics of congestion more effectively, thereby eliminating manual input from human coders and allowing for a future comparison between additional contextual variables, such as, seasons, rounds, and teams.
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Foreman, K., and G. Wigley. "The correlation between player feedback and performance: A comparison between the AFL and NRL." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 13 (December 2010): e83-e84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2010.10.638.
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Jacob, Ysabel, Ryan S. Anderton, Jodie L. Cochrane Wilkie, Brent Rogalski, Simon M. Laws, Anthony Jones, Tania Spiteri, and Nicolas H. Hart. "Association of Genetic Variances in ADRB1 and PPARGC1a with Two-Kilometre Running Time-Trial Performance in Australian Football League Players: A Preliminary Study." Sports 9, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9020022.
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Genetic variants in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (rs4343), alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) (rs1815739), adrenoceptor-beta-1 (ADRB1) (rs1801253), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A) (rs8192678) genes have previously been associated with elite athletic performance. This study assessed the influence of polymorphisms in these candidate genes towards endurance test performance in 46 players from a single Australian Football League (AFL) team. Each player provided saliva buccal swab samples for DNA analysis and genotyping and were required to perform two independent two-kilometre running time-trials, six weeks apart. Linear mixed models were created to account for repeated measures over time and to determine whether player genotypes are associated with overall performance in the two-kilometre time-trial. The results showed that the ADRB1 Arg389Gly CC (p = 0.034) and PPARGC1A Gly482Ser GG (p = 0.031) genotypes were significantly associated with a faster two-kilometre time-trial. This is the first study to link genetic polymorphism to an assessment of endurance performance in Australian Football and provides justification for further exploratory or confirmatory studies.
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BOOTH, ROSS, ROBERT BROOKS, and NEIL DIAMOND. "THE DECLINING PLAYER SHARE OF AFL CLUBS AND LEAGUE REVENUE, 2001–2009: WHERE HAS THE MONEY GONE?" Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work 22, no. 4 (August 2012): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2012.10669450.
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McCaskie, Callum J., Warren B. Young, Brendan B. Fahrner, and Marc Sim. "Association Between Preseason Training and Performance in Elite Australian Football." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0076.
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Purpose: To examine the association between preseason training variables and subsequent in-season performance in an elite Australian football team. Methods: Data from 41 elite male Australian footballers (mean [SD] age = 23.4 [3.1] y, height =188.4 [7.1] cm, and mass = 86.7 [7.9] kg) were collected from 1 Australian Football League (AFL) club. Preseason training data (external load, internal load, fitness testing, and session participation) were collected across the 17-wk preseason phase (6 and 11 wk post-Christmas). Champion Data© Player Rank (CDPR), coaches’ ratings, and round 1 selection were used as in-season performance measures. CDPR and coaches’ ratings were examined over the entire season, first half of the season, and the first 4 games. Both Pearson and partial (controlling for AFL age) correlations were calculated to assess if any associations existed between preseason training variables and in-season performance measures. A median split was also employed to differentiate between higher- and lower-performing players for each performance measure. Results: Preseason training activities appeared to have almost no association with performance measured across the entire season and the first half of the season. However, many preseason training variables were significantly linked with performance measured across the first 4 games. Preseason training variables that were measured post-Christmas were the most strongly associated with in-season performance measures. Specifically, total on-field session rating of perceived exertion post-Christmas, a measurement of internal load, displayed the greatest association with performance. Conclusion: Late preseason training (especially on-field match-specific training) is associated with better performance in the early season.
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Lai, Courtney C. H., Julian A. Feller, and Kate E. Webster. "Playing Performance After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Among Australian Football League Players From 1999 to 2013." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 7 (May 14, 2019): 1550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519843908.
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Background: Achieving preinjury levels of athletic performance has been challenging for elite athletes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Although a recent study found that 77% of Australian Football League (AFL) players who underwent ACL reconstruction from 1999 to 2013 returned to play at the highest level, the study did not indicate how consistently or well they were able to play. Purpose: To identify the number of AFL players who returned to play consistently over 2 seasons after ACL reconstruction, compare their playing performance in these seasons with preinjury performance, and evaluate factors associated with returning to preinjury levels of performance. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Analysis included 104 AFL players who underwent ACL reconstruction between 1999 and 2013. All had played at least 10 AFL matches in 1 season before ACL injury. Ranking points, as devised by AFL statisticians, were used to measure individual playing performance. Results: Of the 104 players who played at least 10 matches in 1 season before ACL injury, 53 (51%) returned to play at least 10 matches in 2 seasons after surgery. Of these 53 players, 36 (68%) returned to their preinjury levels of performance. The 17 remaining players who did not return to their preinjury performance still performed comparably to the AFL average level after surgery. Players <25 years old (odds ratio = 2.9, P = .01) or <90 kg (odds ratio = 2.7, P = .03) had greater odds of returning to their preinjury levels of performance. Conclusion: Returning to play on a consistent basis was a substantial challenge for AFL players after ACL reconstruction. However, among players who did return to play consistently over 2 seasons, their postsurgery average performance was comparable with the AFL average level of performance, and two-thirds returned to their preinjury levels of performance. Younger and lighter players were more likely to return to their preinjury levels of performance, possibly given the nature of AFL club playing list management decisions.
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Hoffman, Daniel T., Dan B. Dwyer, Jacqueline Tran, Patrick Clifton, and Paul B. Gastin. "Australian Football League Injury Characteristics Differ Between Matches and Training: A Longitudinal Analysis of Changes in the Setting, Site, and Time Span From 1997 to 2016." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 232596711983764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119837641.
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Background: Injury surveillance has been used to quantify the scope of the injury burden in Australian football. However, deeper statistical analyses are required to identify major factors that contribute to the injury risk and to understand how these injury patterns change over time. Purpose: To compare Australian Football League (AFL) injury incidence, severity, prevalence, and recurrence by setting, site, and time span from 1997 to 2016. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A total of 15,911 injuries and medical illnesses recorded by team medical staff at each club were obtained from the AFL’s injury surveillance system and analyzed using linear mixed models with 3 fixed effects (setting, time span, site) and 1 random effect (club). All types of injuries and medical illnesses were included for analysis, provided that they caused the player to miss at least 1 match during the regular season or finals. Five-season time spans (1997-2001, 2002-2006, 2007-2011, and 2012-2016) were used for comparisons. Incidence rates were expressed at the player level. Recurrences were recoded to quantify recurrent injuries across multiple seasons. Results: Compared with training injuries, match injuries had a 2.8 times higher incidence per season per club per player (matches: 0.070 ± 0.093; training: 0.025 ± 0.043; P < .001). Match injuries resulted in 1.9 times more missed matches per club per season (matches: 17.2 ± 17.0; training: 9.1 ± 10.5; P < .001). and were more likely to be recurrences (matches: 11.6% ± 20.0%; training: 8.6% ± 21.8%; P < .001). From the 1997-2001 to 2007-2011 time spans, overall injury severity increased from a mean of 3.2 to 3.7 missed matches ( P ≤ .01). For the most recent 2012-2016 time span, injuries resulted in 3.6 missed matches, on average. Hip/groin/thigh injuries had the highest incidence (0.125 ± 0.120) and prevalence (19.2 ± 16.4) rates, and recurrences (29.3% ± 27.9%) were 15% more likely at this site than any other injury site. Conclusion: The risks of match injuries are significantly higher than those of training injuries in the AFL. Compared with the 1997-2001 time span, injuries became more severe during the 2007-2011 time span.
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Fahey-Gilmour, J., B. Dawson, P. Peeling, J. Heasman, and B. Rogalski. "Multifactorial analysis of factors influencing elite Australian football match outcomes: a machine learning approach." International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 18, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 100–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijcss-2019-0020.
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Abstract In Australian football (AF), few studies have assessed combinations of pre- game factors and their relation to game outcomes (win/loss) in multivariable analyses. Further, previous research has mostly been confined to association-based linear approaches and post-game prediction, with limited assessment of predictive machine learning (ML) models in a pre-game setting. Therefore, our aim was to use ML techniques to predict game outcomes and produce a hierarchy of important (win/loss) variables. A total of 152 variables (79 absolute and 73 differentials) were used from the 2013–2018 Australian Football League (AFL) seasons. Various ML models were trained (cross-validation) on the 2013–2017 seasons with the–2018 season used as an independent test set. Model performance varied (66.5-73.3% test set accuracy), although the best model (glmnet – 73.3%) rivalled bookmaker predictions in the same period (70.9%). The glmnet model revealed measures of team quality (a player-based rating and a team-based) in their relative form as the most important variables for prediction. Models that contained in-built feature selection or could model non-linear relationships generally performed better. These findings show that AFL game outcomes can be predicted using ML methods and provide a hierarchy of predictors that maximize the chance of winning.
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Foreman, K., and G. Wigley. "Are GPS devices creating a higher and unnecessary amount of rotations within the AFL or just looking after player welfare?" Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 13 (December 2010): e15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2010.10.492.
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Agnew, Deborah, Kathryn Jackson, Shane Pill, and Christine Edwards. "Life Skill Development and Transfer beyond Sport." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 84, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2019-0025.
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AbstractThe aim of this research was to investigate the current life skills education programs offered by the Australian Football League (AFL) for elite footballers in order to determine the retention of life skill knowledge and transfer beyond sport. Life skill education in sport is an increasing phenomenon. Life skills sport programs are capable of delivering positive outcomes when nurtured through a deliberately designed curriculum and purposeful teaching strategies. However, it is not known how life skills are learned and importantly what the impact of life skills education on long term behavioural changes is. It is apparent from the literature that there is a need to identify how knowledge is acquired and importantly retained through life skills education programs. This was a qualitative research project from a life history perspective. Twenty footballers who had been delisted from an elite Australian football club and had subsequently returned to a South Australian state-based football club took part in semi-structured interviews. The data was analysed through an inductive thematic analysis. Two themes emerged from the data: football related development and holistic development. It was clear that football clubs placed importance on the development of life skills that transfer beyond the sport. However, given the footballers in this research have not fully transferred into life after sport, their perception of the broader transferability of their life-skill development beyond sport is limited. This research concludes that the current format of life skill education (delivering content) that the players in this study were exposed to was not effective because the players failed to be able to make connections from the program to life outside of football. Therefore, the programs are unlikely to have any long-term benefit to player health and well-being during their post-elite football life.
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Zellen, Jody. "Player vs. Played." Afterimage 39, no. 3 (November 1, 2011): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.2011.39.3.19.
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Tramer, Joseph S., Lafi S. Khalil, Alexander Ziedas, Nima Mehran, and Kelechi R. Okoroha. "Return to Play and Performance in the Women’s National Basketball Association After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 232596712094707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120947078.
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Background: The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) athletes continues to increase. There is a paucity of data regarding return-to-play (RTP) rates and performance after ACL reconstruction in these athletes. Purpose: To quantify RTP rates and performance after ACL reconstruction in WNBA athletes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: All ACL tears sustained in the WNBA from 1997 through 2018 were identified. Body mass index (BMI), age, and position at the time of injury were collected for each player. RTP rates were calculated, and performance data were collected for each player before and after injury to determine changes in playing time and statistical performance. Players who successfully returned to play after ACL reconstruction were compared with a group of healthy controls who were matched by age, years of experience, position, height, and BMI. Statistics at 1 and 3 years after injury were compared to assess acute and longitudinal changes in performance relative to preinjury baseline. Results: A total of 59 WNBA players sustained ACL tears during the study period, and 41 (69.5%) were able to successfully RTP. Players played a mean of 7.5 ± 12.8 fewer games, played 5.0 ± 9.2 fewer minutes per game, and scored 3.7 ± 5.0 fewer points per game in their first year after RTP compared with the year before injury. Athletes with ACL reconstruction demonstrated significantly decreased performance measures regarding games played, games started, minutes, rebounds, assists, and blocks per game in their first season after RTP compared with control athletes in the same indexed year; however, these differences resolved by year 3 after surgery. Conclusion: WNBA athletes have a high RTP rate after ACL reconstruction. Players may experience an initial decrease in playing time and performance when returning to play; however, these variables were found to return to baseline over time.
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Tramer, Joseph S., Lafi S. Khalil, Toufic R. Jildeh, Mohammad Sattar, Alexander Ziedas, Muhammad J. Abbas, Patricia A. Kolowich, and Kelechi R. Okoroha. "Association of Prior Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear With Decreased Career Longevity in Women’s National Basketball Association." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 232596712110092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211009248.
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Background: The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in women’s basketball exceeds that of men. There is a paucity of data regarding career performance in Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) athletes with a history of ACL reconstruction. Purpose: To determine whether WNBA athletes with a history of ACL injury prior to professional play have reduced career game utilization, defined as games played and started and minutes per game (MPG), as well as statistical performance, defined by player efficiency rating (PER). Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Included were 42 WNBA players from 1997 to 2018 who had a history of ACL reconstruction before entering professional leagues. Body mass index (BMI), age, and position were collected for each player. Career data and performance statistics were likewise collected for each player’s entire WNBA career. A control group of WNBA players with no history of ACL injury were matched by position, BMI, and age at the time of WNBA debut. Statistics compared game utilization and performance to assess the impact of ACL reconstruction. Results: Athletes who sustained an ACL tear before entering the league played in fewer games per season in their first 3 professional seasons compared with healthy controls (24.2 ± 8.4 vs 28.2 ± 6.1; P = .02). Among athletes with a history of ACL reconstruction, 11 (26.2%) played only a single WNBA season, while no control athletes played in just 1 season. Additionally, athletes who had a previous ACL tear started significantly fewer games per season (9.0 ± 9.4 vs 14.0 ± 9.0; P < .01) and played fewer MPG (15.5 ± 7.2 vs 20.7 ± 5.5; P < .01) during their WNBA career. Athletes with a history of ACL tear had significantly shorter WNBA careers (4.8 ± 4.1 vs 8.1 ± 3.3 seasons; P < .001). Total professional play duration (WNBA + overseas) was significantly reduced in players with an ACL tear compared with controls ( P < .05). PER was not significantly different between cohorts at any time point. Conclusion: WNBA athletes with a history of an ACL tear before professional play had decreased career game utilization and workload throughout their career despite having similar PER compared with healthy controls.
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Forsythe, Brian, Ophelie Z. Lavoie-Gagne, Enrico M. Forlenza, Connor C. Diaz, and Randy Mascarenhas. "Return-to-Play Times and Player Performance After ACL Reconstruction in Elite UEFA Professional Soccer Players: A Matched-Cohort Analysis From 1999 to 2019." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 232596712110088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211008892.
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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is one of the most common injuries afflicting soccer players and requires a lengthy recovery processes after reconstructive surgery. The impact of ACL reconstruction (ACLR) on return to play (RTP) time and player performance in professional soccer players remains poorly studied. Purpose/Hypothesis: To determine player performance and RTP rate and time after ACLR in elite professional soccer players with a retrospective matched-cohort analysis. We expected that the RTP time and rate will be similar to those of other professional-level athletes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Included were 51 players from 1 of the 5 elite Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) soccer leagues who suffered a complete ACL rupture between 1999 and 2019. These athletes were matched by position, age, season of injury, seasons played, and height and compared to uninjured control players. Change in performance metrics for the 4 years after the season of injury were compared with metrics 1 season before injury. Univariate 2-group comparisons were performed using independent 2-group t tests; Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used when normality of distributions was violated. Results: Overall, 41 players (80%) returned to play after ACL rupture, with 6 (12%) experiencing a subsequent ipsilateral or contralateral ACL tear. The mean (±SD) RTP time for soccer players after ACLR was 216 ± 109 days (26 ± 18 games). Injured athletes played significantly fewer games and minutes per season and recorded inferior performances for 2 seasons after their injury ( P < .001). However, the game performance of injured players equaled or exceeded that of their matched controls by season 3 after injury, with the exception of attackers, who demonstrated a continued decline in performance ( P < .001). Conclusion: Results indicated that the mean RTP time for soccer players after ACLR is short in comparison with other major sports leagues (216 days). However, RTP rates were high, and rerupture rates were comparable with those of other sports. With the exception of attackers, player performance largely equaled or exceeded that of matched controls by the third postinjury season.
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Vaudreuil, Nicholas J., Carola F. van Eck, Stephen J. Lombardo, and F. Daniel Kharrazi. "Economic and Performance Impact of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in National Basketball Association Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 232596712110266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211026617.
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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are one of the most devastating injuries seen in the National Basketball Association (NBA). No previous studies have examined the economic impact of ACL tears in the NBA. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to examine the economic impact of ACL tears on NBA players and teams by calculating the costs of recovery (COR) and classifying players based on preinjury success level (All-Star or equivalent, starter, or reserve) and salary (in US$ million: <1.5, 1.5-4, or >4 per season). It was hypothesized that players with a lower preinjury salary or primarily a reserve role would have decreased costs, lower rates of return to play (RTP), and shorter careers. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: We reviewed the publicly available records of NBA players treated with ACL reconstruction from 2000 to 2015. Data collected included player demographics, player salaries, statistical performance using player efficiency rating (PER), and specifics regarding time missed and RTP rate. Results: A total of 35 players met the study inclusion criteria. The cumulative economic loss from ACL injuries in the NBA from 2000 to 2015 was $99 million. The average COR was $2.9 million per player. RTP rate was 91% overall, with 70% retention at 3 years. Players that made a salary of less than $1.5 million per season before the injury had a significant drop in PER (difference of –7), RTP rate of 63%, and only 37% retention at 3 years. Conversely, recovering All-Star players also had a significant drop in PER (–6.2), and no players repeated as All-Stars in the season after ACL reconstruction (0%), although they did have a 100% RTP rate and an average career length of 5.6 seasons postinjury. Conclusion: While the RTP rate in NBA athletes remained high, ACL reconstruction can result in decreased statistical performance and/or inability to return to prior levels of play. Players who made less than $1.5 million preinjury or played primarily in a reserve role were associated with lower RTP and retention in the NBA at 3 years.
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Tramer, Joseph, Lafi Khalil, Alexander Ziedas, Muhammad Abbas, Nima Mehran, and Kelechi Okoroha. "Return to Play (RTP) and Performance in the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction (194)." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 10_suppl5 (October 1, 2021): 2325967121S0030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00305.
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Objectives: The incidence of ACL injuries in WNBA athletes has been on the rise, despite the high rates of ACL injury there is a paucity of recent research examining the effect of ACL reconstruction on RTP and performance in these athletes. This cohort study seeks to quantify the effect of ACL reconstruction on RTP and performance on WNBA athletes. Methods: All ACL tears sustained in the WNBA from 1997-2018 were identified. BMI, age and position at the time of injury were collected for each player. RTP rates were calculated and performance data was collected for each player before and after injury to determine changes in playing time and statistical performance. Players who successfully RTP after ACL reconstruction were compared to a group of healthy controls who were matched by age, years of experience, position, height, and BMI. Statistics at one year and three years’ post-injury were compared to assess acute and longitudinal changes in performance relative to pre-injury baseline. Results: A total of fifty-nine WNBA players sustained an isolated ACL tear during the study period. Forty-one (69.5%) were able to RTP. There was no difference in demographic characteristics between forty-one players and matched controls. Following RTP athletes played an average of 7.5±12.8 fewer games, 5.1±9.2 fewer minutes per game, and scored 3.7±5.0 less points per game in their first year compared to the year prior to injury. (Table1) When compared to matched controls, WNBA players returning from ACL reconstruction demonstrated a significant decline in games played, games started, minutes per game, rebounds, assists, and blocks per game in their first season after RTP. These differences resolved by year three post-surgery (Table 2). Conclusions: There is a high RTP rate following ACL reconstruction in WNBA athletes. Players may experience a decrease in playing time and performance initially when returning to play, however these variables were found to return to baseline over time.
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Provencher, Matthew, Pier Mariani, Daniel Haber, Annalise Peebles, Justin Arner, Kaare Midtgaard, Liam Peebles, Alexander Kures, Torre Guglielmo, and Michael Battaglia. "Paper 28: Early Versus Standard Return to Sport Following ACL Reconstruction. Impact on Volume of Play and Career Logevity in 180 Professional European Soccer Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 7_suppl5 (July 1, 2022): 2325967121S0059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00592.
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Objectives: To retrospectively evaluate the impact of early(<6 months) vs standard(>6months) return to play(RTP) on the rate of failure, volume of play, and career longevity following ACL reconstruction in a cohort of professional European soccer players. It was hypothesized that athletes returning to professional competition earlier than 6 month after ACL reconstruction would not have an increased risk of failure, volume of play, and a shorter professional career. Methods: Professional soccer players treated for anterior cruciate ligament tear by a single surgeon were included in this retrospective study. The study was approved by the institutional review board. The inclusion criteria were that the patient was a (1) male, (2) professional soccer player with an (3) injury of the anterior cruciate ligament. Exclusion criteria were revision ACL, extra-articular ligamentous reconstruction, and previous contralateral ACL reconstruction. A total of 178 players who were all in the first or second division of their league met criteria for the study over a ten year period. Time from intervention to return to the first official game was recorded in days. Information if the patient was able to return to the same season was recorded, as well as the number of games and total and average minutes played in the return season. Number of seasons played after injury and if the player was active at the time of data collection (September 2019) was also recorded. If the player was still active, the player’s current club was recorded. Results: 90-early RTP and 88 standard RTP players were identified. Players in the early RTP group returned to professional level soccer at a mean of 4.76 months, which was significantly sooner than players in the standard RTP group who returned at a mean of 9.21 months (p < 0.01) following ACLR. A significantly greater number of players in the early RTP group returned during the same season of intervention (n = 56/92, 60.9%) than in the standard RTP group (n = 18/88, 20.5%) (p < 0.01). Players in the early RTP group competed in an average of 11.5 games during their return season while those in the standard RTP group competed in an average of 12.9 games (p > 0.05). The early RTP group played, on average, a total of 759.2 minutes and 56.5 minutes/game in their return season, while the standard RTP group played an average of 812.8 total minutes and 50.0 minutes/game in their return season (p > 0.05). Players in the early RTP group had significantly longer careers following ACLR, averaging 5.62 seasons, compared to those in the standard RTP group who competed in an average of 4.75 seasons after surgical intervention (p < 0.01). The early RTP group had 4 failures while the late RTP group had 1 failure failure. Conclusions: Professional European soccer players who return to play earlier than 6 months after ACL reconstruction returned more frequently during the same season, played the same number of games and minutes during their return season, had longer careers, but had more ACL graft failures when compared with those who returned greater than 6 months after surgery. Professional European soccer players who returned early after ACL reconstruction (<6 months) did not appear to have poorer outcomes, however caution should be taken before extrapolating this to the general population as these athletes have exceptional resources, fitness, and athletic capacity. Decision on return to play ultimately lies with the patient/athlete as prolonged RTP has significant financial and career consequences.
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DeFroda, Steven F., Devan D. Patel, John Milner, Daniel S. Yang, and Brett D. Owens. "Performance After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in National Basketball Association Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 232596712098164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120981649.
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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in National Basketball Association (NBA) players can have a significant impact on player longevity and performance. Current literature reports a high rate of return to play, but there are limited data on performance after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Purpose/Hypothesis: To determine return to play and player performance in the first and second seasons after ACLR in NBA players. We hypothesized that players would return at a high rate. However, we also hypothesized that performance in the first season after ACLR would be worse as compared with the preinjury performance, with a return to baseline by postoperative year 2. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: An online database of NBA athlete injuries between 2010 and 2019 was queried using the term ACL reconstruction. For the included players, the following data were recorded: name; age at injury; position; height, weight, and body mass index; handedness; NBA experience; dates of injury, surgery, and return; knee affected; and postoperative seasons played. Regular season statistics for 1 preinjury season and 2 postoperative seasons were compiled and included games started and played, minutes played, and player efficiency rating. Kaplan-Meier survivorship plots were computed for athlete return-to-play and retirement endpoints. Results: A total of 26 athletes underwent ACLR; of these, 84% (95% CI, 63.9%-95.5%) returned to play at a mean 372.5 days (95% CI, 323.5-421.5 days) after surgery. Career length after injury was a mean of 3.36 seasons (95% CI, 2.27-4.45 seasons). Factors that contributed to an increased probability of return to play included younger age at injury (odds ratio, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.47-0.92]; P = .0337) and fewer years of experience in the NBA before injury (odds ratio, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.45-0.93]; P = .0335). Postoperatively, athletes played a significantly lower percentage of total games in the first season (48.4%; P = .0004) and second season (62.1%; P = .0067) as compared with the preinjury season (78.5%). Player efficiency rating in the first season was 19.3% less than that in the preinjury season ( P = .0056). Performance in the second postoperative season was not significantly different versus preinjury. Conclusion: NBA players have a high rate of RTP after ACLR. However, it may take longer than a single season for elite NBA athletes to return to their full preinjury performance. Younger players and those with less NBA experience returned at higher rates.
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Mazza, Daniele, Edoardo Viglietta, Edoardo Monaco, Raffaele Iorio, Fabio Marzilli, Giorgio Princi, Carlo Massafra, and Andrea Ferretti. "Impact of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury on European Professional Soccer Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 232596712210768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221076865.
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Background: The impact of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) on the performance and career of professional soccer players has not been extensively investigated. Purpose: To evaluate in professional European soccer players (1) the ACL injury incidence, (2) the return-to-play (RTP) rate and time after ACLR, (3) career survival and athlete performance in the first 3 postoperative seasons after RTP, (4) factors likely related to different outcomes after ACLR, and (5) any related differences between the top 8 European soccer leagues. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Included were professional soccer players in the top 8 European Soccer leagues (Serie A [Italy], Premier League [England], Ligue 1 [France], LaLiga [Spain], Bundesliga [Germany], Jupiler Pro League [Belgium], Liga NOS [Portugal], and Premier Liga [Russia]) who sustained an ACL injury during seasons 2014 to 2015, 2015 to 2016, and 2016 to 2017. Data were retrieved from publicly available online sources. Outcomes were evaluated based on player age (<25 years, 25-30 years, and >30 years), position (goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and forward), affected side (dominant vs nondominant), and league. Results: Overall, 195 players sustained an ACL injury, for a mean annual ACL injury incidence of 1.42%. The RTP rate was 95%, with a mean RTP time of 248 ± 136 days. Within the third postoperative season, 66 players (36%) competed in a lower level national league, and 25 (13.6%) ended their careers; a significant reduction in the mean minutes played per season was found in all 3 postoperative seasons. Player age correlated significantly with reduction in performance or recovery from an ACL injury. No significant correlation was found between postoperative player performance and affected side, position, league, or time to RTP. Conclusion: A substantial ACL injury incidence was found in top European elite soccer players; however, a high RTP rate in a reasonable time was seen after ACLR. Nevertheless, professional soccer players experienced a short-term decline in their performance.
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Palmieri-Smith, Riann M., Christina D. Mack, Robert H. Brophy, Brett D. Owens, Mackenzie M. Herzog, Bruce D. Beynnon, Kurt P. Spindler, and Edward M. Wojtys. "Epidemiology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in the National Football League." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 7 (April 30, 2021): 1786–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465211010146.
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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are common in contact athletics and have a significant effect on the athletic performance and well-being of affected players. The prevalence, timing, and characteristics of ACL tears in National Football League (NFL) athletes are lacking. Purpose: To define the epidemiology of ACL tears among NFL athletes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: This retrospective study includes all ACL injuries entered into the NFL injury database through the centralized leaguewide electronic health record system for the 2015-2019 seasons. Results: A total of 314 ACL injuries occurred during the 5-year study period, with a mean of 62 per year. The overall 1-season injury risk of an NFL player sustaining an ACL injury was 1.9% (95% CI, 1.7%-2.1%). Most ACL injuries occurred during games (n = 199), with a higher rate observed in the preseason games as compared with the regular season games (6.1 vs 2.7 per 10,000 player-plays; P < .01). NFL players with ≤3 of experience had a higher preseason injury rate (9.57 ACL tears per 1000 player-seasons) than those with ≥4 years of experience (5.12 ACL tears per 1000 player-seasons; P < .01). NFL athletes playing on special teams had the highest rate of ACL injuries (7.6 per 10,000 player-plays) in comparison with all other player positions. Conclusion: ACL injury incidence was fairly consistent across all years studied and occurred more frequently in players with ≤3 years of NFL experience. Tears were more common during games, special teams play, and the preseason.
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Fältström, Anne, Joanna Kvist, Håkan Gauffin, and Martin Hägglund. "Female Soccer Players With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Have a Higher Risk of New Knee Injuries and Quit Soccer to a Higher Degree Than Knee-Healthy Controls." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 1 (November 27, 2018): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518808006.
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Background: Many patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction who return to sport suffer new ACL injuries or quit sports soon after returning. Purpose: To prospectively follow a cohort of female soccer players with primary unilateral ACL reconstruction and matched knee-healthy controls from the same soccer teams to compare (1) the rate of new traumatic and nontraumatic knee injuries and other injuries, (2) the proportion of players who quit soccer, and (3) player-reported activity level and satisfaction with activity level and knee function. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 117 active female soccer players (mean ± SD age, 19.9 ± 2.5 years) 18.9 ± 8.7 months after ACL reconstruction and 119 knee-healthy female soccer players (19.5 ± 2.5 years) matched from the same teams were prospectively followed for 2 years for new knee injuries, other injuries, soccer playing level, activity level according to the Tegner Activity Scale, and satisfaction with activity level and knee function. Results: Players with ACL reconstruction had a higher rate of new ACL injuries (n = 29 vs 8; 19 vs 4 per 100 player years; rate ratio [RR], 4.82; 95% CI, 2.20-10.54; P < .001), other traumatic knee injuries (29 vs 16 per 100 player years; RR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.16-2.93; P < .01), and nontraumatic knee injuries (33 vs 9 per 100 player years; RR, 3.62; 95% CI, 2.11-6.21; P < .001) as compared with controls. There was no difference in the rate of other (not knee) injuries (43 vs 48 per 100 player years; RR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.65-1.23; P = .494). During the 2-year follow-up, 72 (62%) players with ACL reconstruction quit soccer, as opposed to 43 (36%) controls ( P = .001). The median Tegner Activity Scale score decreased in both groups ( P < .001) but more for the ACL-reconstructed group ( P < .015). Conclusion: Female soccer players with ACL reconstruction had nearly a 5-fold-higher rate of new ACL injuries and a 2- to 4-fold-higher rate of other new knee injuries, quit soccer to a higher degree, and reduced their activity level to a greater extent as compared with knee-healthy controls.
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Rekik, Raouf Nader, Montassar Tabben, Cristiano Eirale, Philippe Landreau, Rachid Bouras, Mathew G. Wilson, Scott Gillogly, Roald Bahr, and Karim Chamari. "ACL injury incidence, severity and patterns in professional male soccer players in a Middle Eastern league." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 4, no. 1 (October 2018): e000461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000461.
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AimTo ascertain ACL injury incidence, severity (injury burden) and patterns (contact/non-contact and reinjuries) in a professional male football league in the Middle East over five consecutive seasons.MethodsProspective epidemiological study reporting ACL injuries in professional male soccer players in the Qatar Stars League, with complete matches/training exposure over five seasons (2013–2014 to 2017–2018), corresponding to 2243 player seasons and 729 team months.Results37 complete ACL ruptures occurred in 37 players during 486 951 hours of player exposure. The overall ACL injury rate was 0.076 injuries/1000 hours of exposure (season range 0.045–0.098). Injury incidence during matches and training was 0.41 and 0.04 injuries/1000 hours of exposure, respectively. Match injury incidence was greater than that of training (OR 11.8, 95% CI 6.21 to 23.23, p<0.001). Average injury-related time-loss following ACL injury was 225 days±65 (range 116–360). Overall injury burden was 16.3 days lost/1000 hours of exposure.ConclusionThe overall ACL injury rate in professional male soccer players competing in the Middle East was 0.076 injuries/1000 hours of exposure, match injury incidence was greater than training, while the average ACL time-loss was 225 days.
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Teplan, Jaroslav, Tomáš Malý, Pavel Hráský, František Zahálka, Aleš Kaplan, Lucía Malá, and Jan Heller. "Funkční charakteristiky hráčů fotbalu." Studia sportiva 6, no. 1 (July 9, 2012): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2012-1-8.
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The aim of this contribution is to summarize the state of the functional characteristics of soccer players. Th e key points addressed in the study are motion model structures player in the game and physiological parameters that can aff ect a player‘s performance in the match. Physiological parameters and model physical structures in football are addressed in a number of studies and constantly stress the need for sophisticated scientifi c approach to the player‘s performance in the game. In the survey study, we proceed from the results and conclusions of studies published in foreign scientifi c journals or presented at important posts of scientifi c conferences. Player positions are characterized by distinct physical demands in the model motion structure and bioenergetic expenditure and planning training process should respect the following aspects. Players must match within a short period of time to react to changes in direction or manage football in the intensity of locomotion. During the match aerobic and anaerobic overlap metabolism in terms of intensity loads. Th e player must repeatedly perform in a match of high intensity activity with rapid recovery of energy resources and delaying the maximum fatigue emerging. Th e diff erence between elite players and lower level is the amount of physical activities performed at high intensities. Due to fatigue at the end of the game players appear less smooth coordination and implementation of technical skills. Based on surveillance studies diff erent views and determinants of the functional readiness of the player were identifi ed. Th e dominant role is played by the following criteria: player´s level (professional, amateur, etc.), competition (international, national, etc.), post player, tasks player´s stage game and game system.
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Roberts, Spencer S. H., Emma Falkenberg, Alysha Stevens, Brad Aisbett, Michele Lastella, and Dominique Condo. "The Sleep of Elite Australian Rules Footballers During Preseason: A Comparison of Men and Women." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0340.
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Purpose: Australian football has elite men’s (Australian Football League; AFL) and women’s (Australian Football League Women’s; AFLW) competitions. This study compared AFL and AFLW players’ sleep and characterized players’ sleep in the context of current sleep recommendations. Methods: A total of 70 players (36 AFL, 34 AFLW) had their sleep monitored via actigraphy over a 10-day preseason period. Sleep outcomes and their intraindividual variation, were compared between AFL and AFLW players using linear mixed models. Proportions of players sleeping ≥7 and ≥8 hours per night, and achieving ≥85% sleep efficiency, were compared using chi-square analyses. Results: Compared with AFL players, AFLW players slept less (7.9 [0.5] vs 7.1 [0.6] h, P = .000), had lower sleep efficiency (89.5% [2.8%] vs 84.0% [4.4%], P = .000), and greater intraindividual variation in sleep efficiency (3.1% [0.9%] vs 5.1% [2.1%], P = .000). A total of 47% of AFLW versus 3% of AFL players averaged <7 hours sleep (χ2 = 18.6, P = .000). A total of 88% of AFLW versus 50% of AFL players averaged <8 hours sleep (χ2 = 11.9, P = .001). A total of 53% of AFLW versus 14% of AFL players averaged <85% sleep efficiency (χ2 = 12.1, P = .001). Conclusions: AFLW players slept less and had poorer sleep quality than AFL players. Many AFLW players do not meet current sleep duration or sleep quality recommendations. Research should test strategies to improve sleep among Australian rules footballers, particularly among elite women.
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Mody, Kush S., Amanda N. Fletcher, Craig C. Akoh, and Selene G. Parekh. "Return to Play and Performance After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in National Football League Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 232596712210796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221079637.
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Background: Considerable variability exists in return-to-play rates after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction (ACLR) among National Football League (NFL) players of different positions. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare return-to-play and performance levels by position in NFL players after ACLR. It was hypothesized that (1) ACL injuries have significant effects on the careers of NFL players, including return to play and performance, and (2) players of certain positions that involve relatively less pivoting and cutting perform better after ACLR. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: All NFL players who underwent ACLR between 2013 and 2018 were identified using the FantasyData injury database. Player characteristics, snap count, games played, games started, and performance metrics were collected for 3 years before and after injury using the Pro Football Reference database. Performance was measured using an approximate value (AV) algorithm to compare performance across positions and over time. Nonparametric tests were used to compare the pre- and postinjury data and the percentage change in performance between different positions. Results: Overall, 312 NFL players were included in this study, and 174 (55.8%) returned to play. Of the eligible players, only 28.5% (n = 59/207) remained in the league 3 years postinjury. Within the first 3 years postinjury, players played in fewer games (8.7 vs 13.7; P < .0001), started in fewer games (3.0 vs 8.3; P < .0001), had lower AVs (1.5 vs 4.3; P < .0001), and had decreased snap counts (259.0 vs 619.0; P < .0001) compared with preinjury. Quarterbacks were most likely to return to play (92.9% vs 53.7%; P = .0040) and to return to performance (2% vs 50% decrease in AV; P = .0165) compared with the other positions. Running backs had the largest decrease in AV (90.5%), followed by defensive linemen (76.2%) and linebackers (62.5%). Conclusion: The study findings indicated that NFL players are severely affected by ACL injury, with only 28.5% still active in the league 3 years after the injury. Running backs, defensive linemen, and linebackers performed the worst after injury. Quarterbacks were most likely to return to play and had superior postinjury performance compared with the other positions.
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Khair, Michael, Jonathan Riboh, Jaicus Solis, Jim Maurer, J. Britt Brown, Robert D. Vandermeer, and Daniel E. Cooper. "Return to Play Following Isolated and Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: 25+ Years of Experience Treating National Football League Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 232596712095900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120959004.
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Background: The first case series to report on return to play (RTP) in National Football League (NFL) players after primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) published an RTP rate of 63%. Other studies that have attempted to estimate RTP after ACLR in these elite athletes have been largely based on secondary sources. This study is the second to report the authors’ own results in treating ACL injuries in NFL players spanning a study period of 25+ years. Purpose: To report the senior authors’ experience treating ACL injuries in NFL players as well as revisit the concept of RTP as it is currently used to measure successful surgical outcomes in professional athletes. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 47 NFL players were treated at our institution for knee injuries that included a complete tear of the ACL; of these, 41 were primary ACLR and 6 were revision ACLR. Of the primary ACLRs, 6 were classified as ACL plus additional ligament and 3 were classified as multiligament. Return to game play (RTGP) was defined as returning to play in a regular-season game. Successful return to previous participation (RTPP) was defined as return to a level of participation equal to the level the player had reached before injury. Multivariate analysis was used to assess predictors of successful RTPP. Results: Using the RTGP criteria proposed by prior authors, the RTGP after primary ACLR was 73%. Using our proposed RTPP criteria, 87.8% of players successfully returned to the same level of participation after primary ACLR. RTGP percentage for all NFL players after ACLR (including multiligament injuries) was 67.6%, and the overall RTPP for those patients was 87.8%. In multivariate analysis, age ≤25 years was predictive of successful RTPP. High draft picks and offensive players played more seasons after primary ACLR. ACL graft rupture occurred in 4.3% of this cohort. Contralateral ACL tear occurred in 8.5%. Conclusion: Regardless of which definition is used to measure a successful outcome after ACLR surgery, the findings of this study suggest that successful return after primary ACLR in NFL athletes is higher than previously reported. While concomitant reconstruction of a single collateral ligament did not affect RTPP, revision ACLR or bicruciate plus collateral ligament reconstruction was associated with a lower RTPP rate. Age ≤25 years predicted successful RTPP. The risk of a future ACL tear of either knee after index reconstruction was approximately 13%.
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Gupta, Andrew, Lauren Pierpoint, Dawn Comstock, and Michael Saper. "SEX DIFFERENCES IN ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURIES AMONG US HIGH SCHOOL SOCCER PLAYERS: AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00157.
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BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common among adolescent athletes, with soccer being the sport most frequently implicated in girls’ ACL injuries. The current literature on ACL injuries, while extensive, lacks a comprehensive study of ACL injuries in United States (US) high school soccer players. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of ACL injuries among US high school soccer players. METHODS ACL injury and athlete exposure (AE) data for US high school soccer players were obtained from the internet-based National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance System, High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) dataset collected from school years 2007-2008 through 2016-2017. Injury rates were calculated as the number of ACL injuries per 100,000 AEs. Subgroup differences were evaluated with rate ratios (RRs) or injury proportion ratios (IPRs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). Subgroup differences were examined with independent t-tests. Comparisons of categorical data (i.e., mechanism of injury) were performed using Pearson’s?2 tests. RESULTS The number of ACL injuries reported to High School RIO corresponded to weighted national estimates of 41,205 (95% CI = 33,321 – 48,730) ACL injuries in boys’ soccer and 110,029 (95% CI = 95,349 – 124,709) in girls’ soccer during the study period. ACL injury rates were significantly higher in girls’ soccer (13.23 per 100,000 AEs) than boys’ soccer (4.35 per 100,000 AEs) (RR = 3.04, 95% CI = 2.35 – 3.98) and were significantly higher in competition compared to practice for both girls (RR = 14.77, 95% CI = 9.85 – 22.15) and boys (RR = 8.69, 95% CI = 5.01 – 15.08). A greater proportion of ACL injuries were due to player-player contact in boys (48.6%) compared to girls (30.1%) (IPR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.08 – 2.42). There was no statistical difference in the proportion of ACL injuries managed surgically in boys and girls (84% vs. 78%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS There are sex-based differences in mechanism of injury and ACL injury rate in high school soccer players. In addition, boys and girls showed higher rates of injury during competition. This study suggests several areas for targeted evidence-based ACL injury prevention strategies in US high school soccer players.
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Brophy, Robert H., Edward M. Wojtys, Christina D. Mack, Kalyani Hawaldar, Mackenzie M. Herzog, and Brett D. Owens. "Factors Associated With the Mechanism of ACL Tears in the National Football League: A Video-Based Analysis." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 232596712110533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211053301.
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Background: The factors associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury mechanism in professional American football players are not well-understood. Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that football-related and player-specific factors, such as position and body mass index (BMI), are associated with ACL injury mechanism in these athletes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Videos of ACL tears occurring in National Football League (NFL) games over 6 consecutive seasons from 2014 to 2019 were reviewed by 2 orthopaedic surgeons who specialize in sports medicine. For each injury, the role of contact ( direct contact [contact to the injured knee/lower extremity], indirect contact [contact not involving the injured knee/lower extremity], or no contact) as well as playing situation and lower extremity position were recorded. Additional player characteristics, timing of injury, and surface information were obtained from NFL game-day and injury database statistics. Results: Of the 140 ACL tears, a minority occurred via direct contact to the injured lower extremity (30%), although this varied by position. Just over two-thirds (70%) of ACL tears in offensive linemen occurred via direct contact to the injured lower extremity, while wide receivers had no direct contact ACL tears. Elevated BMI was associated with a greater likelihood of ACL tears occurring via direct contact (53% in players with BMI ≥35 kg/m2 vs 24% in players with BMI <35 kg/m2; P = <.01). Rookies had the lowest percentage of direct contact ACL tears (18%; P = .22). ACL tears that occurred during the middle 8 weeks of the regular season resulted more often from direct contact (38%; P = .06). ACL tears that occurred in the third quarter were the most likely to occur via direct contact (44%), while those that occurred in the fourth quarter were the least likely to occur via direct contact (13%; P < .01). Conclusion: Although most NFL players sustained ACL tears via a noncontact mechanism (ie, through indirect or no contact), players with an elevated BMI, especially on the offensive line, were more likely to injure their ACL through direct contact. Position-dependent variance in injury mechanism may help guide injury prevention efforts in these athletes.
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Boublik, Martin, Theodore Schlegel, Ryan Koonce, James Genuario, Charles Lind, and David Hamming. "Patellar Tendon Ruptures in National Football League Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 11 (August 2, 2011): 2436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546511417083.
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Background: Although knee injuries are common among professional football players, ruptures of the patellar tendon are relatively rare. Predisposing factors, mechanisms of injury, treatment guidelines, and recovery expectations are not well established in high-level athletes. Hypothesis: Professional football players with isolated rupture of the patellar tendon treated with timely surgical repair will return to their sport. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Twenty-four ruptures of the patellar tendon in 22 National Football League (NFL) players were identified from 1994 through 2004. Team physicians retrospectively reviewed training room and clinic records, operative notes, and imaging studies for each of these players. Player game statistics and draft status were analyzed to identify return to play predictors. A successful outcome was defined as participating in 1 regular-season NFL game. Results: Eleven of the 24 injuries had antecedent symptoms. The most common mechanism of injury was an eccentric overload to a contracting extensor mechanism. Physical examination demonstrated a palpable defect in all players. Twenty-two were complete ruptures, and 2 were partial injuries. Three of the 24 cases had a concomitant anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. In 19 of the 24 injuries, the player returned to participate in at least 1 game in the NFL. Players who returned were drafted, on average, in the fourth round, while those who failed to return to play were drafted, on average, in the sixth round. Of those players who returned to play, the average number of games played was 45.4, with a range of 1 to 142 games. Conclusion: Patellar tendon ruptures can occur in otherwise healthy professional football players without antecedent symptoms or predisposing factors. The most common mechanism of injury is eccentric overload. Close attention should be paid to stability examination of the knee given the not uncommon occurrence of concomitant ACL injury. Although this is usually a season-ending injury when it occurs in isolation, acute surgical repair generally produces good functional results and allows for return to play the following season. Players chosen earlier in the draft are more likely to return to play.