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Journal articles on the topic 'Aflatoxigenic fungi'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Yabe, Kimiko, Haruna Ozaki, Takuya Maruyama, Keisuke Hayashi, Yuki Matto, Marika Ishizaka, Takeru Makita, Syun-ya Noma, Kousuke Fujiwara, and Masayo Kushiro. "Improvement of the Culture Medium for the Dichlorvos-Ammonia (DV-AM) Method to Selectively Detect Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Soil." Toxins 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120519.

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The dichlorvos-ammonia (DV-AM) method is a simple but sensitive visual method for detecting aflatoxigenic fungi. Here we sought to develop a selective medium that is appropriate for the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi among soil mycoflora. We examined the effects of different concentrations of carbon sources (sucrose and glucose) and detergents (deoxycholate (DOC), Triton X-100, and Tween 80) on microorganisms in soils, using agar medium supplemented with chloramphenicol. The results demonstrated that 5–10% sucrose concentrations and 0.1–0.15% DOC concentrations were appropriate for the selective detection of aflatoxigenic fungi in soil. We also identified the optimal constituents of the medium on which the normal rapid growth of Rhizopus sp. was completely inhibited. By using the new medium along with the DV-AM method, we succeeded in the isolation of aflatoxigenic fungi from non-agricultural fields in Fukui city, Japan. The fungi were identified as Aspergillus nomius based on their calmodulin gene sequences. These results indicate that the new medium will be useful in practice for the detection of aflatoxigenic fungi in soil samples including those from non-agricultural environments.

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2

Bowen, K. L., and T. P. Mack. "Relationship of Damage from the Lesser Cornstalk Borer to Aspergillus flavus Contamination in Peanuts2." Journal of Entomological Science 28, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-28.1.29.

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The ability of larvae of the lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), to augment contamination of peanut pods with aflatoxigenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus Link and A. parasiticus Speare (A. flavus-type fungi), was investigated in laboratory and field studies. Aflatoxigenic fungi were found in or on frass from 28.6% of field-collected larvae and in 8.9% of sterilized and macerated larvae. More aflatoxigenic fungi tended to be found in pods from untreated plots than in plots treated with chlorpyrifos in field trials. Contamination of pods or seeds with A. flavus-type fungi was positively correlated in all four trials with scarification of pods, and this relationship has been quantified. Since appropriate insecticide treatments can decrease populations of lesser cornstalk borers, which would decrease pod scarification, these same treatments may decrease contamination with aflatoxigenic fungi. Treatment thresholds for the lesser cornstalk borer need to be reconsidered based upon this information.

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3

Mircea, Cornelia, Antonia Poiata, Cristina Tuchilus, Luminita Agoroaei, Elena Butnaru, and Ursula Stanescu. "Aflatoxigenic fungi isolated from medicinal herbs." Toxicology Letters 180 (October 2008): S154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.340.

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4

Copetti, Marina V., Beatriz T. Iamanaka, José Luís Pereira, Maria H. Fungaro, and Marta H. Taniwaki. "Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxin in cocoa." International Journal of Food Microbiology 148, no. 2 (August 2011): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.05.020.

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5

Migahed, Fatma, Manar Abdel-Gwad, and Sherif Mohamed. "Aflatoxigenic Fungi Associated with Some Medicinal Plants." Annual Research & Review in Biology 14, no. 6 (January 10, 2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2017/34797.

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6

Rodrigues, P., A. Venâncio, and N. Lima. "Aflatoxigenic Fungi and Aflatoxins in Portuguese Almonds." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/471926.

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Aflatoxin contamination of nuts is an increasing concern to the consumer’s health. Portugal is a big producer of almonds, but there is no scientific knowledge on the safety of those nuts, in terms of mycotoxins. The aim of this paper was to study the incidence of aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxin contamination of 21 samples of Portuguese almonds, and its evolution throughout the various stages of production. All fungi belonging toAspergillussectionFlaviwere identified and tested for their aflatoxigenic ability. Almond samples were tested for aflatoxin contamination by HPLC-fluorescence. In total, 352 fungi belonging toAspergillussectionFlaviwere isolated from Portuguese almonds: 127 were identified asA. flavus(of which 28% produced aflatoxins B), 196 as typical or atypicalA. parasiticus(all producing aflatoxins B and G), and 29 asA. tamarii(all nonaflatoxigenic). Aflatoxins were detected in only one sample at 4.97 μg/kg.

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7

Hassan, Walid, Salem R. Mostafa, Hossam Khalil, and Ahmed Abed. "Detection of Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Poultry Feed." Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/javs.2021.68213.1074.

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8

Atanda, O., M. Ogunrinu, and F. Olorunfemi. "A neutral red desiccated coconut agar for rapid detection of aflatoxigenic fungi and visual determination of aflatoxins." World Mycotoxin Journal 4, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2010.1241.

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Desiccated coconut agar is the conventional medium used for the detection of aflatoxigenic fungi and direct visual determination of aflatoxins. In this study, an improved medium was developed by the incorporation of 0.2% (v/v) neutral red dye into desiccated coconut agar. The medium was formulated by a 2×3 factorial design of neutral red and phenol red stains at three concentration levels. The formulated medium was evaluated for performance by screening for the minimal time required by each Aspergillus species to produce pigments and fluorescence of agar. The medium was also employed for detection of aflatoxigenic fungi and direct visual determination of aflatoxins in foods and fish-meal. The neutral red desiccated coconut agar (NRDCA) as compared to the conventional desiccated coconut agar (DCA) had a light pink background as opposed to the white background of the DCA which often interferes with the visibility of fluorescence. The time of pigmentation and fluorescence production on NRDCA was 28 and 38 h respectively as compared with 33 and 44 h of DCA and 41 and 48 h of palm kernel agar (PKA: an alternative culture medium for cultivation of aflatoxigenic fungi with a reddish pink background). Furthermore, aflatoxigenic moulds were detected in all food commodities and fish-meal after 60 hours of incubation. The highest percentage of aflatoxigenic moulds (62.5%) was detected in yam flour with NRDCA while the lowest percentage (4.46%) was detected with PKA on rice. In addition, aflatoxins were produced in high amounts in food commodities in which aflatoxigenic moulds were detected and there was a significant positive correlation (r=0.4, P<0.05) between the isolates and aflatoxin concentration of the food samples. Rice (a major staple food for Nigerians) had the highest total aflatoxin concentration of 140, 220 and 205 µg/kg on DCA, NRDCA and PKA respectively, while ‘gari’ had the least concentration of 45, 50 and 40 µg/kg. These values were far above the NAFDAC recommended level of 10 µg/kg for unprocessed foods in Nigeria and therefore a source of concern. In addition the study also reveals that Aspergillus nomius can produce aflatoxins B1 in copious amounts on NRDCA, contrary to previous reports of its production in minute quantities on laboratory media. The benefit of this study lies in the rapid analysis and simplified technique for the detection of aflatoxigenic fungi and visual determination of aflatoxins.

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Hameed, Shahina, Nadeem Rashid, Farhat Abbas, Mustafa Rahim Abro, Irfan Shahzad Sheikh, Babar Hilal Ahmad Abbasi, Roha Talat, Samina, and Mujahid Farooq. "Mycotoxicolgical evaluation of indigenous varieties of wheat from Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan." Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences 2, no. 4 (April 3, 2020): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v2i4.1195.

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Abstract The present study was designed to investigate the mycological contamination and aflatoxigenic potential of fungi isolated from the indigenous certified varieties of wheat. Surface spread method was used to determine mycological contamination whereas to determine the toxigenic potential of isolated fungi and screening of wheat grains for aflatoxin contamination thin layer chromatography was used. All the collected samples revealed fungal contamination however none of the fungal isolate showed aflatoxigenic potential. Similarly all the samples showed negativity for aflatoxin. It can be concluded that for human public health, cereal grains must be subjected to quality control and mycotoxicologicalexaminations.

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Ren, Xianfeng, Qi Zhang, Wen Zhang, Jin Mao, and Peiwu Li. "Control of Aflatoxigenic Molds by Antagonistic Microorganisms: Inhibitory Behaviors, Bioactive Compounds, Related Mechanisms, and Influencing Factors." Toxins 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010024.

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Aflatoxin contamination has been causing great concern worldwide due to the major economic impact on crop production and their toxicological effects to human and animals. Contamination can occur in the field, during transportation, and also in storage. Post-harvest contamination usually derives from the pre-harvest infection of aflatoxigenic molds, especially aflatoxin-producing Aspergilli such as Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Many strategies preventing aflatoxigenic molds from entering food and feed chains have been reported, among which biological control is becoming one of the most praised strategies. The objective of this article is to review the biocontrol strategy for inhibiting the growth of and aflatoxin production by aflatoxigenic fungi. This review focuses on comparing inhibitory behaviors of different antagonistic microorganisms including various bacteria, fungi and yeasts. We also reviewed the bioactive compounds produced by microorganisms and the mechanisms leading to inhibition. The key factors influencing antifungal activities of antagonists are also discussed in this review.

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11

Ayofemi Olalekan Adeyeye, Samuel. "Aflatoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in food: a review." Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 60, no. 5 (January 28, 2019): 709–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1548429.

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12

Paterson, Robert, and Nelson Lima. "Thermophilic Fungi to Dominate Aflatoxigenic/Mycotoxigenic Fungi on Food under Global Warming." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 2 (February 17, 2017): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020199.

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13

Mohamed, Hinda Abdukadir, Md Salauddin, Md Khaled Hossain, and Farzana Afroz. "Detection of Potential Bacterial Pathogens and Aflatoxigenic Fungi from Grain Samples." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i5.731-736.2368.

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Current research work was carried out for the detection of potential bacterial pathogen and aflatoxigenic fungi Aspergillus spp. from grain comprising [Rice (5), Maize (5), Wheat (5), Khessari dal (5) and Anchora dal (5)] were collected from 3 different local markets of Dinajpur District, Bangladesh. 15 bacterial isolates comprising 4 genera of bacteria were found from a total of 25 samples. The isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp. with 16%, 28%, 16% and 16% prevalence respectively. Antibiogram studies revealed that overall effective drugs against isolated bacteria were Ciprofloxacin followed by Gentamycin. But resistant drugs were Penicillin, Vancomycin, Erythromycin, Kanamycin, and Amoxicillin. The variation in the sensitivity of common antibiotic could be the result of extensive and indiscriminate use of these antibiotics. Aspergillus spp. was isolated from 4-grain samples with 16% prevalence. But aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. was isolated from 3 samples with 12% prevalence. From the wheat samples and maize, the aflatoxigenic fungus was isolated and their prevalence in maize, wheat was 40% and 20% respectively. Their early detection can help to take preventive measures to combat economic and health losses. The study showed that earlier detections can be made by simple traditional identifications using macro and micromorphological fungal features rather than adopting the time and cost consuming molecular identification techniques.

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14

Norlia, Mahror, Selamat Jinap, Mahmud Ab Rashid Nor-Khaizura, Son Radu, Cheow Keat Chin, Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin, and Abdul Halim Farawahida. "Molecular Characterisation of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus Section Flavi Isolated from Imported Peanuts along the Supply Chain in Malaysia." Toxins 11, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11090501.

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Peanuts are widely consumed in many local dishes in southeast Asian countries, especially in Malaysia which is one of the major peanut-importing countries in this region. Therefore, Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin contamination in peanuts during storage are becoming major concerns due to the tropical weather in this region that favours the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi. The present study thus aimed to molecularly identify and characterise the Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from imported peanuts in Malaysia. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β-tubulin sequences were used to confirm the species and determine the phylogenetic relationship among the isolates, while aflatoxin biosynthesis genes (aflR, aflP (omtA), aflD (nor-1), aflM (ver-1), and pksA) were targeted in a multiplex PCR to determine the toxigenic potential. A total of 76 and one isolates were confirmed as A. flavus and A. tamarii, respectively. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree resolved the species into two different clades in which all A. flavus (both aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic) were grouped in the same clade and A. tamarii was grouped in a different clade. The aflatoxin biosynthesis genes were detected in all aflatoxigenic A. flavus while the non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus failed to amplify at least one of the genes. The results indicated that both aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus could survive in imported peanuts and, thus, appropriate storage conditions preferably with low temperature should be considered to avoid the re-emergence of aflatoxigenic A. flavus and the subsequent aflatoxin production in peanuts during storage.

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A. Gelaw, Temesgen, Teshome G. Biru, Biniam M. Eskeziaw, and Biniam M. Eskeziaw. "Health impacts of aflatoxin and control of aflatoxigenic fungi." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 7, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2020.703.004.

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16

Horn, Bruce W. "Ecology and Population Biology of Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Soil." Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews 22, no. 2-3 (January 2003): 351–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/txr-120024098.

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17

GOMI, Katsuya. "Differentiation of koji molds and their related aflatoxigenic fungi." Mycotoxins 1999, no. 49 (1999): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1999.49_19.

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18

Sales, A. C. "Aflatoxins and aflatoxigenic fungi in rice and its byproducts." Mycotoxins 2006, Suppl4 (2006): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.2006.suppl4_21.

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19

Ghaly, M. F., S. M. Ezzat, and M. M. Sarhan. "Use of propolis and ultragriseofulvin to inhibit aflatoxigenic fungi." Folia Microbiologica 43, no. 2 (March 1998): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02816502.

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20

Aklaku, E. K., E. N. K. Sowley, and M. Ofosu. "Incidence of fungi and aflatoxin contamination of maize in Tolon-Kumbungu district of Ghana." African Crop Science Journal 28, no. 2 (July 27, 2020): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i2.5.

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Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important staple food crop and a source of income to farmers, as well as foreign exchange earner in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Its production is hampered by fungal diseases, which also cause contamination with mycotoxins, especially aflatoxin and its associated health hazards. This study sought to isolate and identify aflatoxigenic fungi, as well as detect the presence of Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) in maize samples obtained from farmers in the Tolon-Kumbungu district in the northern region of Ghana. Twenty farming communities were randomly selected for the study in consultation with the district office of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA). Samples were collected from 200 randomly selected maize farmers by the composite sampling technique, for isolation of aflatoxigenic fungi by the agar plate method and the detection of aflatoxin. Aflatoxin was detected in maize samples with the Black light, rapid screening and immunoassay methods. Aspergillus flavus had the highest percentage of occurrence (63.7%); followed by A. niger (16.5%), Rhizopus stolonifer (9.3%), Penicillium spp. (6.9%) and Fusarium oxysporum (3.7%). Farm samples had more aflatoxin than those from stores and markets. Samples of maize from farms in Gbirimani community had the highest aflatoxin contamination of +60 ppb. Concentrations of Afb1 at or above +20 ppb were recorded in all the communities, except in Tinguli. Apart from Voggu, all market samples were free from aflatoxin contamination. Key words: Aflatoxigenic fungi, postharvest, Zea mays

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JERMNAK, USUMA, CHOMPOONEK YURAYART, AMNART POAPOLATHEP, SARANYA POAPOLATHEP, KANJANA IMSILP, PHANWIMOL TANHAN, and ORAWAN LIMSIVILAI. "Evaluation of Aflatoxin Concentrations and Occurrence of Potentially Toxigenic Fungi in Imported Chia Seeds Consumed in Thailand." Journal of Food Protection 83, no. 3 (February 18, 2020): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-316.

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ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate possible contamination by aflatoxins (AFs) and aflatoxigenic fungi in imported chia seeds consumed in Thailand. A survey was performed on 100 samples of imported chia seeds collected from supermarkets and health food stores in Bangkok from May 2017 to February 2018. Ten mold species belonging to Aspergillus and Penicillium were isolated, and Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent aflatoxigenic fungi. Chia seed samples were cleaned with an immunoaffinity column and analyzed for AFs by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection using precolumn derivatization. AFs were detected in 40% of total samples at concentrations of 0.4 to 10.99 ng/g. Among the positive samples, three were contaminated with total AFs at concentrations higher than the European Union regulatory limit (4 ng/g). The most commonly found AF found in chia seeds was AFB1. HIGHLIGHTS

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Alshannaq, Ahmad F., and Jae-Hyuk Yu. "A Liquid Chromatographic Method for Rapid and Sensitive Analysis of Aflatoxins in Laboratory Fungal Cultures." Toxins 12, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020093.

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Culture methods supplemented with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique provide a rapid and simple tool for detecting levels of aflatoxins (AFs) produced by fungi. This study presents a robust method for simultaneous quantification of aflatoxin (AF) B1, B2, G1, and G2 levels in several fungal cultivation states: submerged shake culture, liquid slant culture, and solid-state culture. The recovery of the method was evaluated by spiking a mixture of AFs at several concentrations to the test medium. The applicability of the method was evaluated by using aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic Aspergilli. A HPLC coupled with the diode array (DAD) and fluorescence (FLD) detectors was used to determine the presence and amounts of AFs. Both detectors showed high sensitivity in detecting spiked AFs or AFs produced in situ by toxigenic fungi. Our methods showed 76%–88% recovery from medium spiked with 2.5, 10, 50, 100, and 500 ng/mL AFs. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for AFs were 2.5 to 5.0 ng/mL with DAD and 0.025 to 2.5 ng/mL with FLD. In this work, we described in detail a protocol, which can be considered the foremost and only verified method, to extract, detect, and quantify AFs employing both aflatoxigenic and non-toxigenic Aspergilli.

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MATHEW, SALLY K., K. SURENDRA GOPAL, N. MINIRAJ, ANJALY VARGHESE, and R. JEEVA. "Safer management practices for Aflatoxigenic fungi in nutmeg (Myristica fragrans)." Journal of Biological Control 31, no. 4 (April 6, 2018): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2017/18150.

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24

AboDalam, TH. "New genotypes of aflatoxigenic fungi from Egypt and the Philippines." Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 10, no. 1 (2020): 142–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/cream/10/1/15.

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25

OKANO, Kiyoshi, Tsuneyoshi TOMITA, Yuji OHZU, Mitsuhiro TAKAI, Ayaka OSE, Akiko KOTSUKA, Naoko IKEDA, et al. "Aflatoxins B and G Contamination and Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Nutmeg." Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 53, no. 5 (2012): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.53.211.

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26

Manonmani, H. K., S. Anand, A. Chandrashekar, and E. R. Rati. "Detection of aflatoxigenic fungi in selected food commodities by PCR." Process Biochemistry 40, no. 8 (July 2005): 2859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2005.01.004.

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27

Soso, Vladislava, Marija Skrinjar, Nevena Blagojev, and Slavica Veskovic-Moracanin. "Identification of aflatoxigenic fungi using polymerase chain reaction-based assay." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 45 (2014): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1445259s.

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As the aflatoxins represent a health-risk for humans because of their proven carcinogenicity, food-borne fungi that produce them as secondary metabolites, mainly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, have to be isolated and identified. The best argument for identifying problem fungi is that it indicates control points within the food system as part of a hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) approach. This assumes there is a close link between fungus and toxin. Conventional methods for isolation and identification of fungi are time consuming and require admirably dedicated taxonomists. Hence, it is imperative to develop methodologies that are relatively rapid, highly specific and as an alternative to the existing methods. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) facilitates the in vitro amplification of the target sequence. The main advantages of PCR is that organisms need not be cultured, at least not for a long time, prior to their detection, target DNA can be detected even in a complex mixture, no radioactive probes are required, it is rapid, sensitive and highly versatile. The gene afl-2 has been isolated and shown to regulate aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus. Also, the PCR reaction was targeted against aflatoxin synthesis regulatory gene (aflR1) since these genes are nearly identical in A. flavus and A. parasiticus in order to indicate the possibility of detection of both the species with the same PCR system (primers/reaction). [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III46009] <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been retracted. Link to the retraction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/APT1647265E">10.2298/APT1647265E</a><u></b></font>

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Alasmari, Abdulrahman, and Mohamed I. Sakran. "Molecular Screening and Biocontrol of Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Fish Feed." Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 29, no. 8 (February 17, 2020): 801–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10498850.2020.1718260.

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Zachová, I., J. Vytřasová, M. Pejchalová, L. Červenka, and G. Tavčar-Kalcher. "Detection of aflatoxigenic fungi in feeds using the PCR method." Folia Microbiologica 48, no. 6 (December 2003): 817–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02931519.

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Campos, S., L. Keller, L. Cavaglieri, C. Krüger, M. Fernández Juri, A. Dalcero, C. Magnoli, and C. Rosa. "Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxin B1 in commercial pet food in Brazil." World Mycotoxin Journal 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.1020.

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The aims of this study were to determine the aflatoxigenic mycoflora and the incidence of aflatoxin B1 in commercial samples of ready dog food. This in turn demonstrated the ability of the Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus strains to produce aflatoxin B1. 180 samples (standard, premium and super premium) were collected. Aspergillus was the prevalent genera followed by Penicillium and Fusarium. A. flavus and A. parasiticus were the prevalent species. All A. flavus and A. parasiticus strains from super premium samples were able to produce aflatoxin B1, whereas toxigenic strains isolated from standard and premium samples varied from 80 to 100%. A high percentage of ready pet food contaminated by toxigenic species from section Flavi was found and aflatoxin B1 levels were detected. The fungal counts from the three kinds of feed did not exceed the proposed value (1×104 cfu/g) and none of the samples exceeded the aflatoxin B1 recommended level (20 ng/g). The presence of A. flavus and A. parasiticus with aflatoxigenic ability could be a potential risk for production of AFB1 in feedstuffs when environmental storage conditions are not adequate.

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Nesci, A., S. Marín, M. Etcheverry, and V. Sanchis. "Natural maize phytochemicals for control of maize mycoflora and aflatoxigenic fungi." World Mycotoxin Journal 2, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.1093.

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This research was undertaken to evaluate the effects of the natural phytochemicals trans-cinnamic acid (CA) alone at concentrations of 20 and 25 mM, ferulic acid (FA) at concentration of 30 mM and two mixtures, CA-FA (20+30 mM) and CA-FA (25+30 mM) on natural maize mycoflora, Aspergillus section Flavi population and aflatoxin B1 production. These studies were carried out in maize grain in relation to a water activity of 0.99, 0.97 and 0.94. CA at 25 mM and the mixture CA-FA (25+30 mM) were the most effective treatments at inhibiting natural maize mycoflora at all aw assayed after 11 and 35 days of incubation at 25 °C. In general, 20 mM CA caused complete inhibition of Aspergillus section Flavi population at all aw values tested during all incubation period without an additional inoculum. 20 mM CA and 25 mM CA showed the major inhibitory effect on aflatoxin B1 accumulation of control and Aspergillus section Flavi additionally inoculated during all incubation periods. The data showed that CA and FA could be considered as effective fungitoxicants for natural maize mycoflora and aflatoxigenic fungi in the aw range 0.99 to 0.94. The information obtained shows promise for controlling aflatoxigenic fungi in stored maize.

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Azzoune, N., S. Mokrane, A. Riba, N. Bouras, C. Verheecke, N. Sabaou, and F. Mathieu. "Contamination of common spices by aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxin B1in Algeria." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 8, no. 1 (January 2016): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/qas2014.0426.

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A. Al-Iraqi, Ryadh, Nadeem A. Ramadan, and Ali A. Al-Rawi. "Isolation of Corn Seed Borne Fungi and Specification the Aflatoxigenic Species." Rafidain Journal of Science 22, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rjs.2011.31585.

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Freitas-Silva, Otniel, Héctor Morales-Valle, and Armando Venâncio. "Potential of Aqueous Ozone to Control Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Brazil Nuts." ISRN Biotechnology 2013 (July 17, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/859830.

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This study aimed to verify the use of aqueous ozone as alternative technology for fungal control. Brazil nuts sterilized were inoculated with either 1×106 or 1×107 conidia mL−1 of Aspergillus flavus (MUM 9201) to determine optimal treatment parameters and different aqueous ozone contact times. These assays showed that the effect of ozone is almost immediate against A. flavus, and the optimum ozone concentration depended on the number of initial viable spores on the shell. The remaining viable spores in the ozone solution were recorded, and the rate of inactivation for each treatment was determined by assessing the ratio between the cfu of each treatment and the control. The ozonized nuts were also cultured to recover the fungal population. Aqueous ozone was effective in reducing the conidia of A. flavus and the natural fungal population associated with Brazil nuts. Aqueous ozone presented a great potential to reduce microorganisms counts in Brazil nuts with a great potential use in packing houses for decontamination step.

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Kushiro, Masayo, Hidemi Hatabayashi, Hiroyuki Nakagawa, and Kimiko Yabe. "Isolation of minor aflatoxigenic fungi using dichlorvos-ammonia (DV-AM) method." JSM Mycotoxins 68, no. 1 (2018): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2520/myco.68-1-4.

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Nesci, A., N. Gsponer, and M. Etcheverry. "Natural Maize Phenolic Acids for Control of Aflatoxigenic Fungi on Maize." Journal of Food Science 72, no. 5 (June 2007): M180—M185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00394.x.

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Kimura, Norio, and Susumu Hirano. "Inhibitory Strains ofBacillus subtilisfor Growth and Aflatoxin-production of Aflatoxigenic Fungi." Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 52, no. 5 (May 1988): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1988.10868840.

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38

Panjehkeh, N., F. Khodadadi, M. Ahmadinejad, M. Salari, and M. M. Aminaee. "Detection of aflatoxigenic fungi in pistachio nuts by polymerase chain reaction." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 45, no. 2 (January 2012): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2010.493757.

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Atanda, O. O., I. Akpan, E. R. Rati, and M. Ozoje. "Palm Kernel: A Potential Substrate for Rapid Detection of Aflatoxigenic Fungi." Food Science and Technology International 11, no. 1 (February 2005): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013205051293.

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Palm kernel is a cheap natural resource which is abundantly available in the tropics, parts of Asia and South and Central America. A culture medium was developed by incorporating fresh palm kernel extract for the detection of aflatoxigenic fungi. Aflatoxin positive isolates of Aspergilliexhibited a characteristic blue or blue green fluorescence of agar under long wave UV light against a pink background which was confirmed by thin layer chromatography. As compared to conventional desiccated coconut agar, the fluorescent nature of the medium, the intensity and diffusion of the hot water soluble fluorescent compounds of the fungus was unique on this medium. The optimal pH and temperature conditions of aflatoxin production were 7 and 30 ºC respectively. Additives (synthetic and natural) either had no effect or adversely affected the fluorescence of the medium. Aflatoxin detection was possible within 36h in palm kernel broth compared to 40 h in coconut broth. The optimal time of production of fluorescence was 44 h on palm kernel agar compared to 48 h on the conventional medium. Further tests with isolates from different sources showed that yellow pigmentation, fluorescence and aflatoxins were complementary thus obviating the need for UV light. It is thus possible to presumptively identify aflatoxin positive isolates.

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Schubert, Max, Marcel Houdelet, Karl-Heinz Kogel, Rainer Fischer, Stefan Schillberg, and Greta Nölke. "Thanatin confers partial resistance against aflatoxigenic fungi in maize (Zea mays)." Transgenic Research 24, no. 5 (June 13, 2015): 885–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11248-015-9888-2.

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ONO, MAKOTO, SHOHEI SAKUDA, AKINORI SUZUKI, and AKIRA ISOGAI. "Aflastatin A, a Novel Inhibitor of Aflatoxin Production by Aflatoxigenic Fungi." Journal of Antibiotics 50, no. 2 (1997): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.50.111.

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Khan, Rahim, Farinazleen Mohamad Ghazali, Nor Ainy Mahyudin, and Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin. "Co-Inoculation of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus flavus to Assess the Efficacy of Non-Aflatoxigenic Strains in Growth Inhibition and Aflatoxin B1 Reduction." Agriculture 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030198.

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The pre-harvest biocontrol approach currently used includes laboratory inoculations using non-aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. This strategy effectively suppresses the indigenous aflatoxigenic strains and reduces aflatoxin accumulation in sweetcorn. The current in vitro study’s main objective is to determine the diametric growth rates of both Aflatoxin (AF)+ and AF− strains and improve the understanding of competitive relationships among these strains in sweetcorn (Zea mays). Sweetcorn kernels inoculated with AF+ strains only, AF− strains only, and co-inoculated with AF+ + AF− strains were investigated for aflatoxin concentrations. The diametric growth results revealed that growth rates of AF− strains at 25 and 30 °C were much greater than AF+ strains, which was in line with previous studies. The in vitro findings showed that the AKR5− and AKL34− biocontrol strains effectively inhibited the colony propagation and subsequent AFB1 contamination (up to 79%) of AF+ strains. On the other hand, the AKR1− and AKL35− were least effective in reducing AFB1 contents only by 58% and 60%, respectively. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the reduction of AFB1 contents achieved by AF− strains of A. flavus. The findings of the present study indicated the reduction in AFB1 with population expressions of AF+ strains by the AF− strains and supports the notion of competitive exclusion through vigorous development and propagation of the non-aflatoxigenic fungi.

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Wang, C., F. Xu, R. C. Baker, A. Pinjari, L. Bruckers, Y. Zhao, A. Stevenson, and G. Zhang. "Fungi carried over in jute bags – a smoking gun for aflatoxin contamination in the food supply chain." World Mycotoxin Journal 14, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2020.2619.

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India is the largest jute and fifth largest maize producing country in the world. In India maize is commonly stored and transported in jute bags which are used multiple times. Aflatoxin contamination of maize is a major issue in India. This study evaluated the potential impact of re-using jute bags on the risk of aflatoxin contamination of maize in the food supply chain. A total of 121 jute bags were collected in India; 95 had been used for maize and 26 bags were new. Significantly higher numbers of viable aflatoxigenic fungi were counted from re-used bags (27.8 times) (P<0.05), than the number from new bags. There was no significant difference between aflatoxin concentration found in the re-used jute bags and the new jute bags (P>0.05). Further analysis revealed that the aflatoxigenic fungal population (3.0 times) and aflatoxin concentration (1.2 times) were significantly higher in jute bags that had been used for maize with higher aflatoxin contamination (14-188.4 μg/kg total aflatoxins) than in those that had been used for maize with lower contamination (0.8-5.4 μg/kg total aflatoxins) (P<0.05). The significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between the aflatoxigenic fungal population of used jute bags and aflatoxin contamination of their packed maize indicated there is a risk of cross-contamination in the supply chain introduced by re-using jute bags. This is the first study to systematically reveal the potential impact of re-using jute bags on the fungal population and aflatoxin contamination risk. The application of readily applied treatments to re-used jute bags would help to minimise the aflatoxin contamination.

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Kim, Dong Min, Soo Hyun Chung, and Hyang Sook Chun. "Multiplex PCR assay for the detection of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic fungi in meju, a Korean fermented soybean food starter." Food Microbiology 28, no. 7 (October 2011): 1402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2011.06.017.

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Pacheco, Ariane Mendonça, Ana Lucas, Rosana Parente, and Neuzimar Pacheco. "Association between aflatoxin and aflatoxigenic fungi in Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.)." Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos 30, no. 2 (June 2010): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-20612010000200007.

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46

Benyan, Layla A., and Azhar A. Alhaddad. "Scanning of Processed Food Contaminating Fungi and Determine the Potential Aflatoxigenic type." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32 (October 31, 2019): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.180.

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This study was conducted in the plant protection dept., College of Agriculture, University of Basrah to investigate the food contaminated fungi in several food products involved potato chips, pasta, and popcorn to specify the potential aflatoxigenic species. Eight samples of food products were randomly collected from local market included two samples of pasta, 5 samples potato chips, and one sample of popcorn. The primary isolation was performed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in 9 cm Petri dishes; the isolated fungi were purified then diagnosed morphologically. The isolation results revealed a presence of several species within three main fungal genera, which included, Penecillium sp., Alternaria alternata , Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. alliaceus, A. candidus, A. fumigatus and A. sclerotiorum in prevalence percentages 43.75 ,35.00 , 18.75, 27.50, 5.64, 3.75, 3.75, 3.75, 3.75 % respectively and frequency percentage 7.15, 2.60, 9.07, 10.69, 0.46, 1.28, 0.46, 1.00% respectively. A. flavus was obtained to examine its ability to produce Aflatoxin using ammonia vapor test. The results revealed that nine isolates of A. flavus showed a possible ability to produce Aflatoxin B1.

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KENJO, Tomoko, Yuka ISHIDE, Koji AOYAMA, and Masakatsu ICHINOE. "Fungal Population and Distribution of Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Commercial Almond Powder Products." Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 48, no. 4 (2007): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.48.90.

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48

Job, M., S. Agina, and H. Dapiya. "Occurrence of Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Smoke-dried Fish Sold in Jos Metropolis." British Microbiology Research Journal 11, no. 1 (January 10, 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/21465.

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49

Garcia, Marcelo Valle, Carlos Augusto Mallmann, and Marina Venturini Copetti. "Aflatoxigenic and ochratoxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins in spices marketed in Brazil." Food Research International 106 (April 2018): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.061.

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50

Moore, G. G. "Heritability study of eGFP-transformed Aspergillus flavus strains." World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 3 (January 1, 2015): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2014.1724.

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Field inoculation with non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus is a preferred method for pre-harvest biocontrol of aflatoxin contamination of maize, cottonseed, and groundnut. Rationale for using these A. flavus strains is that they (1) maintain persistent control of aflatoxigenic fungi in the field, and (2) are incapable of out-crossing. Trackable field-released biocontrol strains will be beneficial to study the movement and longevity of non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains. Incorporating a naturally-occurring compound such as enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) into a biocontrol strain might allow observation of its behaviour in field settings. The success of long-term field testing of eGFP-expressing A. flavus strains depends on their ability to maintain fluorescence throughout growth. Additionally, to ensure accurate tracking of the fluorescent atoxigenic strain, the likelihood of their out-crossing with individuals from the native population must be determined. In vitro mating experiments paired each of six different eGFP-transformed atoxigenic strains with a highly fertile toxigenic A. flavus isolate. Findings indicate that the eGFP gene, and possibly the aflatoxin cluster, is heritable by the F1 progeny. Not all cultured ascospores were fluorescent, but subsequent growth arising from a single fluorescent ascospore exhibited fluorescence similar to the eGFP parent. Observed mixed-fluorescence among conidia in a single chain suggests heterokaryosis at the moment of conidiogenesis. Mycotoxin assays showed that some fluorescent F1 individuals produce aflatoxin and/or cyclopiazonic acid which would indicate they are recombinant offspring. The findings in this laboratory study lend support to concern that atoxigenic strains are not impervious to genetic recombination and for which, if possible in a natural environment, repeated use could pose a risk of increasing the occurrence of aflatoxigenic individuals in treated fields.

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