Relevant bibliographies by topics / Aflatoxin contamination

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Aflatoxin contamination'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Aflatoxin contamination"

1

Shabeer, Saba, Shahzad Asad, Atif Jamal, and Akhtar Ali. "Aflatoxin Contamination, Its Impact and Management Strategies: An Updated Review." Toxins 14, no. 5 (April 27, 2022): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050307.

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Aflatoxin, a type of mycotoxin, is mostly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. It is responsible for the loss of billions of dollars to the world economy, by contaminating different crops such as cotton, groundnut, maize, and chilies, and causing immense effects on the health of humans and animals. More than eighteen different types of aflatoxins have been reported to date, and among them, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 are the most prevalent and lethal. Early detection of fungal infection plays a key role in the control of aflatoxin contamination. Therefore, different methods, including culture, chromatographic techniques, and molecular assays, are used to determine aflatoxin contamination in crops and food products. Many countries have set a maximum limit of aflatoxin contamination (2–20 ppb) in their food and agriculture commodities for human or animal consumption, and the use of different methods to combat this menace is essential. Fungal infection mostly takes place during the pre- and post-harvest stage of crops, and most of the methods to control aflatoxin are employed for the latter phase. Studies have shown that if correct measures are adopted during the crop development phase, aflatoxin contamination can be reduced by a significant level. Currently, the use of bio-pesticides is the intervention employed in many countries, whereby atoxigenic strains competitively reduce the burden of toxigenic strains in the field, thereby helping to mitigate this problem. This updated review on aflatoxins sheds light on the sources of contamination, and the on occurrence, impact, detection techniques, and management strategies, with a special emphasis on bio-pesticides to control aflatoxins.
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Bhatnagar, D., K. Rajasekaran, M. Gilbert, J. W. Cary, and N. Magan. "Advances in molecular and genomic research to safeguard food and feed supply from aflatoxin contamination." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2283.

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Worldwide recognition that aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities by the fungus Aspergillus flavus is a global problem has significantly benefitted from global collaboration for understanding the contaminating fungus, as well as for developing and implementing solutions against the contamination. The effort to address this serious food and feed safety issue has led to a detailed understanding of the taxonomy, ecology, physiology, genomics and evolution of A. flavus, as well as strategies to reduce or control pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination, including (1) biological control, using atoxigenic aspergilli, (2) proteomic and genomic analyses for identifying resistance factors in maize as potential breeding markers to enable development of resistant maize lines, and (3) enhancing host-resistance by bioengineering of susceptible crops, such as cotton, maize, peanut and tree nuts. A post-harvest measure to prevent the occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in storage is also an important component for reducing exposure of populations worldwide to aflatoxins in food and feed supplies. The effect of environmental changes on aflatoxin contamination levels has recently become an important aspect for study to anticipate future contamination levels. The ability of A. flavus to produce dozens of secondary metabolites, in addition to aflatoxins, has created a new avenue of research for understanding the role these metabolites play in the survival and biodiversity of this fungus. The understanding of A. flavus, the aflatoxin contamination problem, and control measures to prevent the contamination has become a unique example for an integrated approach to safeguard global food and feed safety.
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Almaghrabi, Merfat Abdulrahman. "The Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Worldwide." Journal of Food Quality 2022 (March 7, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1326861.

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Due to global warming, the risk of aflatoxins exposure through the consumption of contaminated food has increased. Aflatoxins pose serious health hazards to humans’ and animals’ health because of their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties and their immunosuppressive effects. Aflatoxin contamination in various agricultural commodities has attracted much attention worldwide. Date palm fruits are among these important commodities that are vulnerable to fungal contamination and consequent aflatoxins production. Furthermore, dates are often consumed directly without any further processing, which may result in direct exposure to aflatoxins. Moreover, dates are the second dried fruits traded worldwide, which reflects the widespread consumption of dates due to their nutritive values in addition to religious and cultural values. Accordingly, this review summarizes and discusses the frequency and incidence of aflatoxin contamination in dates worldwide and outlines the analytical procedure for aflatoxin determination in dates for the first time. The susceptibility of date palm fruits to aflatoxins contamination has been documented at various levels in several regions. The findings urged the importance of conducting more comprehensive studies on aflatoxin occurrence and contamination levels in dates as a likely contributor to the dietary exposure to aflatoxins.
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Nazhand, Amirhossein, Alessandra Durazzo, Massimo Lucarini, Eliana B. Souto, and Antonello Santini. "Characteristics, Occurrence, Detection and Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds." Foods 9, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9050644.

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Mycotoxin contamination continues to be a food safety concern globally, with the most toxic being aflatoxins. On-farm aflatoxins, during food transit or storage, directly or indirectly result in the contamination of foods, which affects the liver, immune system and reproduction after infiltration into human beings and animals. There are numerous reports on aflatoxins focusing on achieving appropriate methods for quantification, precise detection and control in order to ensure consumer safety. In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 as group 1 carcinogenic substances, which are a global human health concern. Consequently, this review article addresses aflatoxin chemical properties and biosynthetic processes; aflatoxin contamination in foods and feeds; health effects in human beings and animals due to aflatoxin exposure, as well as aflatoxin detection and detoxification methods.
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P. Tito, Goodluck, Jovin K. Mugula, and Richard Raphael Madege. "A REVIEW OF SELECTED PREHARVEST MANAGEMENT OPTIONS OF ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS AND AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION OF MAIZE IN TANZANIA." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch 07, no. 05 (2022): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2022.5764.

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Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple food in Tanzania, but it is often susceptible to aflatoxin contamination caused by the Aspergillus flavus fungi. Aflatoxin contamination in crops is influenced by insufficient knowledge of pre-harvest management practices. Due to the toxic nature of aflatoxins, their proportions and concentrations in various food ingredients are subject to strict regulations in developed countries. The contamination resulting from aflatoxins remains one of the critical mycotoxin challenges in Tanzania because it affects food safety, security, trade, and human health. Either, an integrated combination of intervention measures such as biocontrol is the perfect strategy for sustainable reduction of A. flavus and aflatoxin production in maize. This paper explores several agricultural approaches that potentially reduce aflatoxins production in maize. Selected bio-controls such as Trichoderma spp and Atoxigenic A.flavus are among these strategies. The anticipation of this appraisal is to stimulate improvement of the existing aflatoxin management methods and inventions to exploit their effectiveness in managing toxigenic A.flavus and Aflatoxin production at harvest.
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Holbrook, C. C., C. K. Kvien, K. S. Rucker, D. M. Wilson, J. E. Hook, and M. E. Matheron. "Preharvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Drought-Tolerant and Drought-Intolerant Peanut Genotypes1." Peanut Science 27, no. 2 (July 1, 2000): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-27-2-1.

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Abstract Peanuts become contaminated with aflatoxins when subjected to prolonged periods of heat and drought stress. The effect of drought tolerance on aflatoxin contamination is not known. The objectives of this research were to evaluate preharvest aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes known to have drought tolerance and to determine the correlation of drought tolerance characteristics with aflatoxin contamination. Twenty genotypes with different levels of drought tolerance were grown in Yuma, AZ (a desert environment) and under rain-protected shelters in Tifton, GA. Two drought-tolerant genotypes (PI 145681 and Tifton 8) and an intolerant genotype (PI 196754) were selected for further examination in a second experiment with two planting dates in 1997 at Tifton. Drought and heat stress conditions were imposed for the 40 d preceding harvest. The drought-intolerant genotype had greater preharvest aflatoxin contamination than Florunner (the check cultivar) in the tests conducted in 1997. Both drought-tolerant genotypes had less preharvest aflatoxin contamination than Florunner in these tests. Significant positive correlations were observed between aflatoxin contamination and leaf temperature and between aflatoxin contamination and visual stress ratings. Leaf temperature and visual stress ratings are less variable and less expensive to measure than aflatoxin contamination. Leaf temperature and visual stress ratings maybe useful in indirectly selecting for reduced aflatoxin contamination in breeding populations.
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Rajarajan, P. N., K. M. Rajasekaran, and N. K. Asha Devi. "Aflatoxin Contamination in Agricultural Commodities." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 1, no. 04 (December 31, 2013): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.1.4.25.

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Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring Mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aspergillus flavus is common and widespread in nature and is most often found when certain grains are grown under stressful conditions such as draught. The mold occurs in soil, decaying vegetation, hay and grains undergoing microbiological deterioration and invades all types of organic substrates whenever and wherever the conditions are favourable for its growth. Favourable conditions include high moisture content and high temperature.The aflatoxin group is comprised of aflatoxin B1,B2,G1 and G2. In addition , aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1, is excreted in the milk of dairy cows consuming an AFB1-contaminated ration. Aflatoxin B1 a prototype of the aflatoxins, is widely recognized as the most potent hepato carcinogenic compound and along with other certain members of the group, possess additional toxic properties including mutagenicity, tetrogenicity, acute cellular toxicity and it suppresses the immune system. Aflatoxin contamination of food and feed has gained global significance as a result of its deleterious effects on human as well as animal health. The marketability of food products is adversely affected by aflatoxin contamination.
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Ojiambo, Peter S., Paola Battilani, Jeffrey W. Cary, Burt H. Blum, and Ignazio Carbone. "Cultural and Genetic Approaches to Manage Aflatoxin Contamination: Recent Insights Provide Opportunities for Improved Control." Phytopathology® 108, no. 9 (September 2018): 1024–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-18-0134-rvw.

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Aspergillus flavus is a morphologically complex species that can produce the group of polyketide derived carcinogenic and mutagenic secondary metabolites, aflatoxins, as well as other secondary metabolites such as cyclopiazonic acid and aflatrem. Aflatoxin causes aflatoxicosis when aflatoxins are ingested through contaminated food and feed. In addition, aflatoxin contamination is a major problem, from both an economic and health aspect, in developing countries, especially Asia and Africa, where cereals and peanuts are important food crops. Earlier measures for control of A. flavus infection and consequent aflatoxin contamination centered on creating unfavorable environments for the pathogen and destroying contaminated products. While development of atoxigenic (nonaflatoxin producing) strains of A. flavus as viable commercial biocontrol agents has marked a unique advance for control of aflatoxin contamination, particularly in Africa, new insights into the biology and sexuality of A. flavus are now providing opportunities to design improved atoxigenic strains for sustainable biological control of aflatoxin. Further, progress in the use of molecular technologies such as incorporation of antifungal genes in the host and host-induced gene silencing, is providing knowledge that could be harnessed to develop germplasm that is resistant to infection by A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination. This review summarizes the substantial progress that has been made to understand the biology of A. flavus and mitigate aflatoxin contamination with emphasis on maize. Concepts developed to date can provide a basis for future research efforts on the sustainable management of aflatoxin contamination.
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Wang, C., F. Xu, R. C. Baker, A. Pinjari, L. Bruckers, Y. Zhao, A. Stevenson, and G. Zhang. "Fungi carried over in jute bags – a smoking gun for aflatoxin contamination in the food supply chain." World Mycotoxin Journal 14, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2020.2619.

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India is the largest jute and fifth largest maize producing country in the world. In India maize is commonly stored and transported in jute bags which are used multiple times. Aflatoxin contamination of maize is a major issue in India. This study evaluated the potential impact of re-using jute bags on the risk of aflatoxin contamination of maize in the food supply chain. A total of 121 jute bags were collected in India; 95 had been used for maize and 26 bags were new. Significantly higher numbers of viable aflatoxigenic fungi were counted from re-used bags (27.8 times) (P<0.05), than the number from new bags. There was no significant difference between aflatoxin concentration found in the re-used jute bags and the new jute bags (P>0.05). Further analysis revealed that the aflatoxigenic fungal population (3.0 times) and aflatoxin concentration (1.2 times) were significantly higher in jute bags that had been used for maize with higher aflatoxin contamination (14-188.4 μg/kg total aflatoxins) than in those that had been used for maize with lower contamination (0.8-5.4 μg/kg total aflatoxins) (P<0.05). The significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between the aflatoxigenic fungal population of used jute bags and aflatoxin contamination of their packed maize indicated there is a risk of cross-contamination in the supply chain introduced by re-using jute bags. This is the first study to systematically reveal the potential impact of re-using jute bags on the fungal population and aflatoxin contamination risk. The application of readily applied treatments to re-used jute bags would help to minimise the aflatoxin contamination.
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Ayo, E. M., A. Matemu, G. H. Laswai, and M. E. Kimanya. "Socioeconomic Characteristics Influencing Level of Awareness of Aflatoxin Contamination of Feeds among Livestock Farmers in Meru District of Tanzania." Scientifica 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3485967.

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Aflatoxins occurrence in feeds challenges human and animal health. Farmers’ awareness status of these toxins has an effect on their level of exposure. The study assessed the influence of socioeconomic characteristics of farmers on their awareness of aflatoxin contamination of feeds. Data were collected from 258 households and analysed by SPSS program for descriptive statistics and association between socioeconomic characteristics and awareness of aflatoxin contamination of feeds. Over seventy percent of the farmers had never heard about aflatoxins. Education level, specialization, and period of keeping animals had significant influence on aflatoxin awareness. Hearing about aflatoxins was six times higher among farmers who studied life or social sciences than those without specialization and those who studied other fields. Awareness that aflatoxins may occur in feeds was twice higher among farmers with higher education than those with lower education. Perception that aflatoxins in feeds are detoxifiable was threefold higher among young people (with ≤10-year period of keeping animals) than among older ones. Awareness of aflatoxins was particularly low among farmers with low education and those without exposure to life or social sciences and vice versa. Sensitization is recommended to raise farmers’ awareness on aflatoxin contamination of feeds and incorporating aflatoxin knowledge in school curricula.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aflatoxin contamination"

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Cotty, Peter J. "Aflatoxin Contamination: Variability and Management." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208346.

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Mapping aflatoxin contamination in the field reveals that most toxin occurs in relatively few, highly contaminated, bolls. Several studies suggest that protection of early bolls from pink bollworm damage will eliminate many of these highly contaminated bolls. Early harvest will also help reduce aflatoxin contamination. However, the crop must still be carefully managed after harvest because toxin content of mature bolls can increase very rapidly.
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Cotty, P. J., D. R. Howell, C. Bock, and A. Tellez. "Aflatoxin Contamination of Bt Cottonseed." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211132.

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Transgenic Bt cotton may have reduced susceptibility to aflatoxin contamination as a result of pink bollworm resistance. During 1995 and 1996, Bt cottonseed from several commercial fields in Arizona contained aflatoxin levels unacceptable for dairy use. Comparison of cottonseed with and without BGYF (bright-green-yellow fluorescence) from one highly contaminated (> 6,000 ppb aflatoxin Bj) Bt seed lot indicated that most contamination probably resulted from exposure of mature cotton to high humidity. Seed exhibiting BGYF was repeatedly detected in Bt cottonseed lots but, pink bollworm exit holes were not observed in the field. A field plot test in 1996 demonstrated high resistance among Bt cultivars to both pink bollworm damage and formation of BGYF seed cotton. These observations suggest that resistance to pink bollworm will result in reduced aflaaoxin contamination when pink bollworm pressure coincides with conditions conducive to Aspergillus flavus infection. However, Bt cultivars are not resistant to aflatoxin increases occurring after boll opening and large quantities aflatoxin can form during this period. If insect control provided by Bt cultivars leads growers to hold crops in the field longer, most advantages of Bt cotton in aflatoxin management may be lost. Combined use of Bt cultivars and atoxigenic strains of A. flavus may result in the most reliable control of aflatoxin contamination.
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Kachapulula, Paul W., and Paul W. Kachapulula. "Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi and Contamination in Zambia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625642.

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Aflatoxins are cancer-causing, immuno-suppressive mycotoxins that frequently contaminate important staples in Zambia including maize and groundnut. Managing aflatoxins begins with understanding the distribution of aflatoxins across the target region. Seventeen percent of crops from markets contained aflatoxin concentrations above allowable levels in Zambia, with the frequency of contamination in groundnut and maize highest in warmest regions of the country. Proper management of aflatoxin contamination requires a clear understanding of the etiologic agents of the observed contamination. Several species within Aspergillus section Flavi have been implicated as causal agents of aflatoxin contamination in Africa. In Zambia, A. parasiticus was the main etiologic agent of aflatoxin contamination of maize and groundnut, although fungi with S morphology also caused contamination. Aspergillus flavus L morphotype fungi were associated with reduced aflatoxins, suggesting natural biological control by atoxigenic strains may reduce aflatoxin contamination in Zambia. In addition to maize and groundnut, wild insects, fruits and fish are important sources of food and incomes in Zambia. Unfortunately, both insects and wild plants are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. To evaluate the safety of wild insects and fruit, concentrations of aflatoxins and presence of aflatoxin-producers were assessed. Some species of wild fruits and insects were found to have unsafe levels of aflatoxins suggesting mitigation efforts should target these important foods of Zambia in addition to crops such as groundnut and maize. New lineages of aflatoxin-producing fungi have been described, and found associated with cases of aflatoxicoses in Kenya and elsewhere. Although A. parasiticus is highly frequent and an important etiologic agent of aflatoxin contamination, it is not known how this fungus is related to similar fungi elsewhere. A multigene phylogenetic analysis revealed at least two new groups divergent from known fungal species whose frequencies need to be modified if aflatoxin contamination of crops is to be reduced.
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Probst, Claudia. "Fungi Associated with Aflatoxin Contamination in Africa." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201499.

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Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by members of the fungal genus Aspergillus. Immunosuppressive and carcinogenic activities of these toxins negatively impact human health especially in developing countries. Severity of contamination is influenced by both fungal community structure and the environment to which the crop is exposed either prior to or after harvest. In 2004, a severe episode of lethal human aflatoxicosis occurred in the Eastern Province of Kenya. Analysis of fungal community structure revealed that this event was caused by a previously unknown fungal lineage closely resembling the S strain morphotype of Aspergillus flavus. Fungal communities associated with maize produced in affected regions of Kenya were invariably dominated by the new fungal lineage and its incidence was strongly correlated with maize aflatoxin content. Analyses of fungal communities of maize grown in adjacent Kenyan provinces showed that incidences of the new lineage are limited outside the Eastern Province where the aflatoxicoses outbreaks occurred. Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses suggest the newly identified Kenyan lineage is closely related to the B and G aflatoxin producing species A. minisclerotigenes, and more distantly related to both the A. flavus S strain and an unnamed taxon with similar morphology endemic in West Africa (strain SBG). Sequence analyses of the cypA aflatoxin biosynthesis gene identified a previously unknown 2.2 kb deletion unique to the Kenyan lineage and coherent with its phylogenetic placement. A polyphasic approach was used to study aflatoxin-producing fungal communities, with emphasis on occurrence of fungi with S strain morphology, in Sub-Saharan Africa. Four phylogenetically distinct groups of fungi with S strain morphology were identified with restrictions to West Africa (strain SBG) or Central and East Africa (A. flavus S strain, A. minisclerotigenes, the new lineage). Aflatoxin production in synthetic media was a poor predictor of aflatoxin production in viable maize grain. An in vitro assay was developed to predict the aflatoxin-producing potential of fungal isolates in maize. This screen was used to identify atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus with potential value for biological control within highly toxic Aspergillus communities associated with maize production in Kenya. These atoxigenic isolates have potential value for mitigating aflatoxin contamination in Kenya.
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Mencarelli, Mariangela <1982&gt. "Practical implications of aflatoxin contamination in corn." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4885/4/Tesi_Dott.sa_Mencarelli_M.pdf.

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Aflatoxin (AFL) contamination of corn is a serious economic and food security issue. Although a variety of technical solutions for reducing AFL contamination of corn have been proposed, only a few have produced satisfactory results. A successful approach is a biocontrol strategy consisting of using non-flatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus to replace indigenous AFL-producing isolates. The main objective of the present thesis was to investigate the dynamic and contamination of AFL/A. flavus in corn in Northern Italy. The study also investigated the role of the key-pest of corn, the European Corn Borer (ECB), on AFL contamination and dispersal of A. flavus propagules in corn. Finally, the study evaluated the feasibility of bioplastic-based granules entrapping a non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strain for the biocontrol of this fungus in corn. The 2-year field study demonstrated the efficacy of the bioplastic formulation to reduce AFL contamination in corn. More precisely, although AFL contamination varied among the two years, application of 15 and 30 kg ha-1 of granules reduced AFL contamination to up 60 and 85% in 2009 and 2010 respectively. Microbiological analysis showed that the relative abundance of non-aflatoxigenic soil isolates significantly increased after 1 month from granules application (mid-May) and throughout the corn-growing season. These findings were consistent with data obtained using a bioplastic-based bait specifically developed to selectively isolate Aspergilli from soil and other environmental samples. In addition, field and laboratory evaluations showed that the level of damages produced by ECB larvae were not significantly correlated to A. flavus infestation and AFL contamination. Taking together, these findings demonstrated that AFL contamination of corn in Northern Italy was variable, but above the EU limit for human consumption. First proposed in the USA, this study showed the practical possibility of this formulation to be use for reducing AFL contamination in corn in the EU.
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Mencarelli, Mariangela <1982&gt. "Practical implications of aflatoxin contamination in corn." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4885/.

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Aflatoxin (AFL) contamination of corn is a serious economic and food security issue. Although a variety of technical solutions for reducing AFL contamination of corn have been proposed, only a few have produced satisfactory results. A successful approach is a biocontrol strategy consisting of using non-flatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus to replace indigenous AFL-producing isolates. The main objective of the present thesis was to investigate the dynamic and contamination of AFL/A. flavus in corn in Northern Italy. The study also investigated the role of the key-pest of corn, the European Corn Borer (ECB), on AFL contamination and dispersal of A. flavus propagules in corn. Finally, the study evaluated the feasibility of bioplastic-based granules entrapping a non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strain for the biocontrol of this fungus in corn. The 2-year field study demonstrated the efficacy of the bioplastic formulation to reduce AFL contamination in corn. More precisely, although AFL contamination varied among the two years, application of 15 and 30 kg ha-1 of granules reduced AFL contamination to up 60 and 85% in 2009 and 2010 respectively. Microbiological analysis showed that the relative abundance of non-aflatoxigenic soil isolates significantly increased after 1 month from granules application (mid-May) and throughout the corn-growing season. These findings were consistent with data obtained using a bioplastic-based bait specifically developed to selectively isolate Aspergilli from soil and other environmental samples. In addition, field and laboratory evaluations showed that the level of damages produced by ECB larvae were not significantly correlated to A. flavus infestation and AFL contamination. Taking together, these findings demonstrated that AFL contamination of corn in Northern Italy was variable, but above the EU limit for human consumption. First proposed in the USA, this study showed the practical possibility of this formulation to be use for reducing AFL contamination in corn in the EU.
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Knowles, Tim C., Vic Wakimoto, Del Wakimoto, and Mike Keavy. "Aflatoxin Contamination of Bt and Non-Bt Cottonseed." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210387.

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Transgenic Bt cotton varieties that are resistant to pink bollworm should sustain less feeding damage to bolls and cottonseed, compared to non-Bt varieties that are more susceptible to feeding damage by pink bollworm larvae. Prior to boll opening, the aflatoxin producing fungus Aspergillus flavus cannot penetrate undamaged cotton bolls. Thus resistance to pink bollworm could result in reduced aflatoxin contamination under high pink bollworm pressure. Cottonseed aflatoxin levels of Bt and non-Bt varieties were compared at various planting and harvest dates. Bt and non-Bt cotton varieties had similar cottonseed aflatoxin levels. Long season production systems favored high cottonseed aflatoxin levels, compared to short season production systems, regardles of the cotton variety grown.
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Chan, Fion. "Kampen mot aflatoxin : En litteraturstudie som synliggör förekomsten av aflatoxin i Västafrika." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-46049.

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Aflatoxin is a poisonous mold that has spread around the world, posing a threat to food security and the agricultural economy. A total of 4,5 million people are in danger of being exposed to aflatoxins on a long-term basis around the world. Acute toxicity is caused by consuming significant amounts of toxins in a short period of time, which can lead to death in the worst cases, whereas chronic toxicity is caused by consuming small quantities over a longer period of time, which can lead to low birth weight, immunosuppression, restricted growth in children, and liver cancer in the worst cases. The occurrence of aflatoxins in West Africa was recognized, studied, and investigated in this paper based on a literature review. The findings demonstrate that large levels of aflatoxins have been found in West African raw materials and food and the human body. Children under the age of five, pregnant women, and breastfeeding mothers are the most vulnerable to aflatoxins. Furthermore, the findings reveal that the majority of the population is unaware of aflatoxins and its health implications. Inadequate governmental systems, low societal development, lack of access to health care, a low educated population, climate variability and climate change, high levels of illiteracy, and a lack of laboratories are only a few of the many obstacles that the region has in limiting aflatoxins concentrations. Sorting procedures, the use of tarpaulins, and seminars have all helped raise awareness and knowledge and reduce contamination and consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods. This study argues that a multi-sectoral strategy is needed to promote food security and local education. Increased limitations and regulations and higher standards may be able to help limit aflatoxin contamination and exposure.
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Kaya, Celiker Hande. "Mid-Infrared Spectral Characterization of Aflatoxin Contamination in Peanuts." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77219.

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Contamination of peanuts by secondary metabolites of certain fungi, namely aflatoxins present a great health hazard when exposed either at low levels for prolonged times (carcinogenic) or at high levels at once (poisonous). It is important to develop an accurate and rapid measurement technique to trace the aflatoxin and/or source fungi presence in peanuts. Thus, current research focused on development of vibrational spectroscopy based methods for detection and separation of contaminated peanut samples. Aflatoxin incidence, as a chemical contaminant in peanut paste samples, was investigated, in terms of spectral characteristics using FTIR-ATR. The effects of spectral pre-processing steps such as mean-centering, smoothing the 1st derivative and normalizing were studied. Logarithmic method was the best normalization technique describing the exponentially distributed spectral data. Spectral windows giving the best correlation with respect to increasing aflatoxin amount led to selection of fat associated spectral bands. Using the multivariate analysis tools, structural contributions of aflatoxins in peanut matrix were detected. The best region was decided as 3028-2752, 1800-1707, 1584-1424, and 1408-1127 cm-1 giving correlation coefficient for calibration (R2C), root mean square error for calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error for prediction (RMSEP) of 98.6%, 7.66ppb and 19.5ppb, respectively. Applying the constructed partial least squares model, 95% of the samples were correctly classified while the percentage of false negative and false positive identifications were 16% and 0%, respectively. Aspergillus species of section Flavi and the black fungi, A. niger are the most common colonists of peanuts in nature and the majority of the aflatoxin producing strains are from section Flavi. Seed colonization by selected Aspergillus spp. was investigated by following the chemical alterations as a function of fungal growth by means of spectral readouts. FTIR-ATR was utilized to correlate spectral characteristics to mold density, and to separate Aspergillus at section, species and strain levels, threshold mold density values were established. Even far before the organoleptic quality changes became visually observable (~10,000 mold counts), FTIR distinguished the species of same section. Besides, the analogous secondary metabolites produced increased the similarity within the spectra even their spectral contributions were mostly masked by bulk peanut medium; and led to grouping of species producing the same mycotoxins together. Aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus were further studied for measurement capability of FTIR-ATR system in discriminating the toxic streams from just moldy and clean samples. Owing to increased similarity within the collected spectral data due to aflatoxin presence, clean samples (having aflatoxin level lower than 20 ppb, n=44), only moldy samples (having aflatoxin level lower than 300 ppb, n=28) and toxic samples (having aflatoxin level between 300-1200 ppb, n=23) were separated into appropriate classes (with a 100% classification accuracy). Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is a non-invasive technique and offers many advantages over more traditional ATR system, specifically, for in-field measurements. Even though the sample throughput time is longer compared to ATR measurements, intact seeds can be directly loaded into sample compartment for analysis. Compared to ATR, PAS is more sensitive to high moisture in samples, which in our case was not a problem since peanuts have water content less than 10%. The spectral ranges between: 3600-2750, 1800-1480, 1200-900 cm-1 were assigned as the key bands and full separation between Aspergillus spp. infected and healthy peanuts was obtained. However, PAS was not sensitive as ATR either in species level classification of Aspergillus invasion or toxic-moldy level separation. When run for separation of aflatoxigenic versus non-aflatoxigenic batches of samples, 7 out of 54 contaminated samples were misclassified but all healthy peanuts were correctly identified (15 healthy/ 69 total peanut pods). This study explored the possibility of using vibrational spectroscopy as a tool to understand chemical changes in peanuts and peanut products to Aspergillus invasion or aflatoxin contamination. The overall results of current study proved the potential of FTIR, equipped with either ATR or PAS, in identification, quantification and classification at varying levels of mold density and aflatoxin concentration. These results can be used to develop quality control laboratory methods or in field sorting devices.
Ph. D.
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Sudini, Hari Kishan Huettel Robin Norton. "Soil microbial community structure and aflatoxin contamination of peanuts." Auburn, Ala., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1875.

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Books on the topic "Aflatoxin contamination"

1

Thompson, Rebecca. Aflatoxin contamination: January 1982 - March 1989 : 383 citations. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1989.

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International Workshop on Aflatoxin Contamination of Groundnut (1987 ICRISAT Center, India). Summary and recommendations of the International Workshop on Aflatoxin Contamination of Groundnut, 6-9 Oct. 1987, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, A.P., India: ICRISAT, 1988.

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Office, General Accounting. Food safety and quality: Existing detection and control programs minimize aflatoxin : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains, Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives. Washington, DC: The Office, 1991.

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Razzaghi-Abyaneh, Mehdi. Aflatoxins: Recent advances and future prospects. Rijeka: InTech, 2013.

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Aflatoxin, Contamination of Groundnut (International Workshop) (1987 Patancheru India). Aflatoxin Contaminationof Groundnut: Proceedings of the International Workshop 6-9 Oct 1987, ICRISAT Centre, India. Patancheru: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics, 1989.

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Additives, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food. Evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food: Fifty-sixth report of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Attitives. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.

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Symposia on Mycotoxins and Food Allergens (2006 San Francisco, Calif.). Food contaminants: Mycotoxins and food allergens. Edited by Siantar Darsa Purnama. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2008.

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Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001.

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Office, General Accounting. Food safety and quality: FDA strategy needed to address animal drug residues in milk : report to the chairman, Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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Office, General Accounting. Food safety and quality: Innovative strategies may be needed to regulate new food technologies : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aflatoxin contamination"

1

Bhatnagar, D., P. J. Cotty, and T. E. Cleveland. "Preharvest Aflatoxin Contamination." In ACS Symposium Series, 272–92. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1993-0528.ch022.

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Park, Douglas L., and William D. Price. "Reduction of Aflatoxin Hazards using Ammoniation." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 139–75. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0161-5_4.

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Dorner, Joe W., Richard J. Cole, Boris Yagen, and Benedikte Christiansen. "Bioregulation of Preharvest Aflatoxin Contamination of Peanuts." In ACS Symposium Series, 352–60. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1991-0449.ch024.

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Pandey, Pramila, Narendra Shankar Pandey, and Rachna Chaturvedi. "Prevention and Control Strategies of Aflatoxin Contamination." In Bio-management of Postharvest Diseases and Mycotoxigenic Fungi, 223–34. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003089223-12.

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Guo, Baozhu, Jiujiang Yu, Xinzhi Ni, R. Dewey Lee, Robert C. Kemerait, and Brian T. Scully. "Crop Stress and Aflatoxin Contamination: Perspectives and Prevention Strategies." In Crop Stress and its Management: Perspectives and Strategies, 399–427. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2220-0_11.

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Rajasekaran, K., T. J. Jacks, J. W. Cary, and T. E. Cleveland. "Disease Resistant Transgenic Cotton to Prevent Preharvest Aflatoxin Contamination." In Plant Biotechnology 2002 and Beyond, 147–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2679-5_24.

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Cole, R. J., J. W. Dorner, P. D. Blankenship, and T. H. Sanders. "Potential Role of Phytoalexins in Aflatoxin Contamination of Peanuts." In ACS Symposium Series, 73–81. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1988-0379.ch005.

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Zinedine, Abdellah, Jalila Ben Salah-Abbes, Samir Abbès, and Abdelrhafour Tantaoui-Elaraki. "Aflatoxin M1 in Africa: Exposure Assessment, Regulations, and Prevention Strategies – A Review." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 73–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/398_2021_73.

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Gallina, G., A. Rama, L. Lucatello, C. Benetti, D. Bajraktari, K. Uka, and C. Montesissa. "Aflatoxin M1 Contamination and Antibacterial Residues in Milk in Kosovo." In Trends in Veterinary Sciences, 109–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36488-4_20.

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Diener, Urban L. "Preharvest Aflatoxin Contamination of Peanuts, Corn and Cottonseed: A Review." In Biodeterioration Research 2, 217–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5670-7_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Aflatoxin contamination"

1

Techawongstien, Sungcom, and Suchila Techawongstien. "Contamination of aflatoxin in dried chili products during storage in Thailand." In VII South-Eastern Europe Syposium on Vegetables & Potatoes. University of Maribor Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-045-5.6.

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Tao, Feifei, Haibo Yao, Zuzana Hruska, Russell Kincaid, and Kanniah Rajasekaran. "Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging for identification of aflatoxin contamination on corn kernels." In Sensing for Agriculture and Food Quality and Safety XIII, edited by Moon S. Kim and Byoung-Kwan Cho. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2591078.

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Tao, Feifei, Haibo Yao, Zuzana Hruska, Kanniah Rajasekaran, Jianwei Qin, and Moon Kim. "Identification of aflatoxin contamination in corn kernels using line-scan Raman imaging." In Sensing for Agriculture and Food Quality and Safety XIV, edited by Moon S. Kim and Byoung-Kwan Cho. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2624965.

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Ni, Xinzhi. "Developing new maize germplasm lines with insect and disease resistance and reduced aflatoxin contamination." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94055.

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Bakoye, Ousmane. "Evaluation of maize quality and aflatoxin contamination in some markets of Benin and Niger." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.111043.

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Yao, Haibo, Zuzana Hruska, Russell Kincaid, Ambrose Ononye, Robert L. Brown, Deepak Bhatnagar, and Thomas E. Cleveland. "Selective principal component regression analysis of fluorescence hyperspectral image to assess aflatoxin contamination in corn." In 2011 3rd Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/whispers.2011.6080970.

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Bajraktari, Demush, and Agon Shala. "Contamination and levels of Mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin) in white Cheese produced and marketed in Kosovo." In University for Business and Technology International Conference. Pristina, Kosovo: University for Business and Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2017.299.

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Viegas, S., J. Malta-Vacas, R. Sabino, C. Veríssimo, and C. Viegas. "Potential poultry and meat products contamination by aflatoxin B1 due to fungal presence in Portuguese poultry units." In ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISK 2013. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ehr130151.

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Aboumaalie, Dana Abdalla, and Samir Jaoua. "Monitoring the Presence and Investigation of Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in Poultry Feed and its Products." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0102.

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Contaminating poultry feed and their products with mycotoxins produced by fungi may cause many health effects on animals and human if they were at high concentrations. Therefore, it is imperative to regularly monitor the concentration of mycotoxins specially aflatoxin and ochratoxin A in the poultry feed and their products. In the present study, we demonstrated that Aspergillus flavus was the major contaminant using DNA extraction and gel electrophoresis. Using ELISA kit for ochratoxin A, Ochratoxin A did not exceed the detection limit 50 ng/kg but in one sample has exceeded the European Union maximum limit for aflatoxins of 20 μg/kg through the ELISA aflatoxin All kit. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in chicken liver samples using ELISA aflatoxin B1. Almost all samples were contaminated with fungi but only 4 feed samples showed aflatoxin concentration within the detection limit. Furthere experiments should be done on different liver samples in Qatar to chek the probability of this presence.
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Yao, Haibo, Zuzana Hruska, Yongliang Liu, Kanniah Rajasekaran, Deepak Bhatnagar, and Feifei Tao. "Rapid and non-destructive detection of aflatoxin contamination of peanut kernels using visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy." In Sensing for Agriculture and Food Quality and Safety X, edited by Moon S. Kim, Byoung-Kwan Cho, Bryan A. Chin, and Kuanglin Chao. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2304399.

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Reports on the topic "Aflatoxin contamination"

1

Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. The role of mycotoxin contamination in nutrition: The aflatoxin story. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896295933_08.

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Thomas, Timothy S., Richard D. Robertson, and Kenneth J. Boote. Evaluating risk of aflatoxin field contamination from climate change using new modules inside DSSAT. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133372.

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Bond, Tiziana C., Allan Chang, and Jenny Zhou. Real-time, in-situ detection of volatile profiles for the prevention of aflatoxin fungal contamination in pistachios. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1409982.

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