Journal articles: 'AFLW'

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Abdel-Hadi, Ahmed, Markus Schmidt-Heydt, Roberto Parra, Rolf Geisen, and Naresh Magan. "A systems approach to model the relationship between aflatoxin gene cluster expression, environmental factors, growth and toxin production by Aspergillus flavus." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 69 (August 31, 2011): 757–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0482.

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A microarray analysis was used to examine the effect of combinations of water activity ( a w , 0.995–0.90) and temperature (20–42°C) on the activation of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes (30 genes) in Aspergillus flavus grown on a conducive YES (20 g yeast extract, 150 g sucrose, 1 g MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O) medium. The relative expression of 10 key genes ( aflF , aflD , aflE , aflM , aflO , aflP , aflQ , aflX , aflR and aflS ) in the biosynthetic pathway was examined in relation to different environmental factors and phenotypic aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) production. These data, plus data on relative growth rates and AFB 1 production under different a w × temperature conditions were used to develop a mixed-growth-associated product formation model. The gene expression data were normalized and then used as a linear combination of the data for all 10 genes and combined with the physical model. This was used to relate gene expression to a w and temperature conditions to predict AFB 1 production. The relationship between the observed AFB 1 production provided a good linear regression fit to the predicted production based in the model. The model was then validated by examining datasets outside the model fitting conditions used (37°C, 40°C and different a w levels). The relationship between structural genes ( aflD , aflM ) in the biosynthetic pathway and the regulatory genes ( aflS , aflJ ) was examined in relation to a w and temperature by developing ternary diagrams of relative expression. These findings are important in developing a more integrated systems approach by combining gene expression, ecophysiological influences and growth data to predict mycotoxin production. This could help in developing a more targeted approach to develop prevention strategies to control such carcinogenic natural metabolites that are prevalent in many staple food products. The model could also be used to predict the impact of climate change on toxin production.

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Roberts, Spencer S. H., Emma Falkenberg, Alysha Stevens, Brad Aisbett, Michele Lastella, and Dominique Condo. "The Sleep of Elite Australian Rules Footballers During Preseason: A Comparison of Men and Women." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0340.

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Purpose: Australian football has elite men’s (Australian Football League; AFL) and women’s (Australian Football League Women’s; AFLW) competitions. This study compared AFL and AFLW players’ sleep and characterized players’ sleep in the context of current sleep recommendations. Methods: A total of 70 players (36 AFL, 34 AFLW) had their sleep monitored via actigraphy over a 10-day preseason period. Sleep outcomes and their intraindividual variation, were compared between AFL and AFLW players using linear mixed models. Proportions of players sleeping ≥7 and ≥8 hours per night, and achieving ≥85% sleep efficiency, were compared using chi-square analyses. Results: Compared with AFL players, AFLW players slept less (7.9 [0.5] vs 7.1 [0.6] h, P = .000), had lower sleep efficiency (89.5% [2.8%] vs 84.0% [4.4%], P = .000), and greater intraindividual variation in sleep efficiency (3.1% [0.9%] vs 5.1% [2.1%], P = .000). A total of 47% of AFLW versus 3% of AFL players averaged <7 hours sleep (χ2 = 18.6, P = .000). A total of 88% of AFLW versus 50% of AFL players averaged <8 hours sleep (χ2 = 11.9, P = .001). A total of 53% of AFLW versus 14% of AFL players averaged <85% sleep efficiency (χ2 = 12.1, P = .001). Conclusions: AFLW players slept less and had poorer sleep quality than AFL players. Many AFLW players do not meet current sleep duration or sleep quality recommendations. Research should test strategies to improve sleep among Australian rules footballers, particularly among elite women.

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Sherwood, Merryn, Marissa Lordanic, Tharindu Bandaragoda, Emma Sherry, and Damminda Alahakoon. "A new league, new coverage? Comparing tweets and media coverage from the first season of AFLW." Media International Australia 172, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x19852495.

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Recent research has indicated that coverage of women’s sport has become less trivialised and sexualised, compared to historical coverage. This article uses the inaugural season of the AFL Women’s (AFLW) League in 2017 to explore this concept in both media and Twitter framing. It found that most media coverage and tweets were likely to discuss the AFLW as sport, focusing on match previews and reviews. However, there was evidence that women may still be treated differently to men, as the AFLW players who received the most media coverage also had significant off-field stories that were always mentioned alongside their on-field performance. Analysis of the tweets found that more were focused on the cultural change impact of AFLW. This was further exaggerated when looking at the most shared tweets, which were overwhelmingly focused on the socio-cultural impact of AFLW. This study indicates then that women’s sport is continuing to be normalised as part of regular sports reporting, but also that social media did not necessarily share the same frames as media when discussing AFLW. In an increasingly fragmented media environment, this has implications for media’s agenda-building function.

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Pan, Lin, Peng Chang, Jing Jin, Qingli Yang, and Fuguo Xing. "Dimethylformamide Inhibits Fungal Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus by Down-Regulating Glucose Metabolism and Amino Acid Biosynthesis." Toxins 12, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12110683.

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Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites produced by plant fungal pathogens infecting crops with strong carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Dimethylformamide (DMF) is an excellent solvent widely used in biology, medicine and other fields. However, the effect and mechanism of DMF as a common organic solvent against fungal growth and AFs production are not clear. Here, we discovered that DMF had obvious inhibitory effect against A. flavus, as well as displayed complete strong capacity to combat AFs production. Hereafter, the inhibition mechanism of DMF act on AFs production was revealed by the transcriptional expression analysis of genes referred to AFs biosynthesis. With 1% DMF treatment, two positive regulatory genes of AFs biosynthetic pathway aflS and aflR were down-regulated, leading to the suppression of the structural genes in AFs cluster like aflW, aflP. These changes may be due to the suppression of VeA and the subsequent up-regulation of FluG. Exposure to DMF caused the damage of cell wall and the dysfunction of mitochondria. In particular, it is worth noting that most amino acid biosynthesis and glucose metabolism pathway were down-regulated by 1% DMF using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Taken together, these RNA-Seq data strongly suggest that DMF inhibits fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production by A. flavus via the synergistic interference of glucose metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation.

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Fox, Aaron, Jason Bonacci, Samantha Hoffmann, Sophia Nimphius, and Natalie Saunders. "Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in Australian football: should women and girls be playing? You’re asking the wrong question." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (April 2020): e000778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000778.

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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been a rising concern in the early years of the women’s Australian Football League (AFLW), eliciting headlines of a ‘knee crisis’ surrounding the league. There has been a focus on female biology as the primary factor driving the high rate of ACL injuries in the AFLW. Emphasising Australian football (AF) as being dangerous predominantly due to female biology may be misrepresenting a root cause of the ACL injury problem, perpetuating gender stereotypes that can restrict physical development and participation of women and girls in the sport. We propose that an approach addressing environmental and sociocultural factors, along with biological determinants, is required to truly challenge the ACL injury problem in the AFLW. Sports science and medicine must therefore strive to understand the whole system of women in AF, and question how to address inequities for the benefit of the athletes.

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Tai, Bowen, Jinghua Chang, Yang Liu, and Fuguo Xing. "Recent progress of the effect of environmental factors on Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxins production on foods." Food Quality and Safety 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyz040.

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Abstract The contamination of Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxins (AFs) has been considered as one of the most serious food safety problems due to their acute and chronic adverse effects on humans and animals. This review collects the available information from recent years on the effect of the major environmental factors such as water activity (aw), temperature, CO2, and pH on the fungal growth, the expression of AFs-related genes, and AFs production by A. flavus on foods. In particular, the relationship between the relative expression of key regulatory (aflR and aflS) and structural genes (aflD, aflO, aflQ, etc.) and AFs production under different environmental conditions are collected and discussed. The information collected in this review can be used to design control strategies of A. flavus and AFs contamination in practical applications, primarily during storage and processing. These data suggest that integrating various post-harvest methods with synergistic functions may be more efficient for the control of A. flavus growth and AFs production, although the individual environmental factors alone have an impact.

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Ren, Xianfeng, Maria Teresa Branà, Miriam Haidukowski, Antonia Gallo, Qi Zhang, Antonio F. Logrieco, Peiwu Li, Shancang Zhao, and Claudio Altomare. "Potential of Trichoderma spp. for Biocontrol of Aflatoxin-Producing Aspergillus flavus." Toxins 14, no. 2 (January 23, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14020086.

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The inhibitory action of 20 antagonistic Trichoderma isolates against the aflatoxigenic isolate A. flavus ITEM 9 (Af-9) and their efficacy in reducing aflatoxin formation in vitro were examined. Production of metabolites with inhibitory effect by the Trichoderma isolates was also investigated. Antagonistic effect against Af-9 was assessed by inhibition of radial growth of the colonies and by fungal interactions in dual confrontation tests. A total of 8 out of 20 isolates resulted in a significant growth inhibition of 3-day-old cultures of Af-9, ranging from 13% to 65%. A total of 14 isolates reduced significantly the aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) content of 15-day-old Af-9 cultures; 4 were ineffective, and 2 increased AfB1. Reduction of AfB1 content was up to 84.9% and 71.1% in 7- and 15-day-old cultures, respectively. Since the inhibition of Af-9 growth by metabolites of Trichoderma was not necessarily associated with inhibition of AfB1 production and vice versa, we investigated the mechanism of reduction of AfB1 content at the molecular level by examining two strains: one (T60) that reduced both growth and mycotoxin content; and the other (T44) that reduced mycotoxin content but not Af-9 growth. The expression analyses for the two regulatory genes aflR and aflS, and the structural genes aflA, aflD, aflO and aflQ of the aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster indicated that neither strain was able to downregulate the aflatoxin synthesis, leading to the conclusion that the AfB1 content reduction by these Trichoderma strains was based on other mechanisms, such as enzyme degradation or complexation. Although further studies are envisaged to identify the metabolites involved in the biocontrol of A. flavus and prevention of aflatoxin accumulation, as well as for assessment of the efficacy under controlled and field conditions, Trichoderma spp. qualify as promising agents and possible alternative options to other biocontrol agents already in use.

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Zhang, H., L. L. Scharfenstein, C. Carter-Wientjes, P. K. Chang, D. Zhang, X. Meng, and J. Yu. "Lack of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus is associated with reduced fungal growth and delayed expression of aflatoxin pathway genes." World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 3 (January 1, 2015): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2014.1758.

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Aflatoxins, produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are the most toxic fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate agricultural commodities such as peanuts, cotton and maize. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of crop resistance to fungal infection is an important step for plant breeders to develop better and improved crop varieties for safe production of human food and animal feed. Infection studies have identified a resistant (R) peanut line, GT-C20, which is able to decrease aflatoxin contamination. The mycelial growth of A. flavus NRRL3357 on the R peanut line was much lower than that on the susceptible (S) peanut line, Tifrunner. Besides reducing fungal growth, the R line compared to the S line inhibited aflatoxin production completely. Real-time RT-PCR assays of both the R and S lines infected by A. flavus showed that expression of five aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes, the aflR regulatory gene and the aflD, aflM, aflP and aflQ structural genes, was not reduced but was significantly delayed on the R line. The results suggested that resistance factors of the R line acted negatively on A. flavus growth and also altered fungal development. The dysfunction in development changed the timing and the pattern of aflatoxin gene expression, which in part rendered A. flavus unable to produce aflatoxins.

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Youssef, Nesrine H., Sameer H. Qari, Saleh Matar, Najwa A. Hamad, Eldessoky S. Dessoky, Moustafa M. Elshaer, Sherien Sobhy, et al. "Licorice, Doum, and Banana Peel Extracts Inhibit Aspergillus flavus Growth and Suppress Metabolic Pathway of Aflatoxin B1 Production." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081587.

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Three different concentrations of four (ethanol, acetone, methanol, and diethyl ether) extracts of licorice, doum, and banana peel were evaluated for antifungal and antimycotoxigenic efficiency against a maize aflatoxigenic fungus, Aspergillus flavus. Among them, the licorice diethyl ether 75% extract was intensely active, showing the best wet and dry weight inhibition and exhibiting the highest efficacy ratio (91%). Regarding aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production, all the plant extracts tested were effective against AFB1 production after one month of maize storage, with average efficacy ratios ranging from 74.1% to 97.5%. At the same time, Thiram fungicide exhibited an efficacy ratio of 20.14%. The relative expression levels of three structural genes (aflD, aflP, and aflQ) and two regulatory genes (aflR and aflS) were significantly downregulated when compared to untreated maize grains or Thiram-treated maize grains. The doum diethyl ether 75% peel extract showed the highest total phenolic content (60.48 mg GAE/g dry extract wt.) and antioxidant activity (84.71 μg/mL). GC–MS analysis revealed that dimethoxycinnamic acid, aspartic acid, valproic acid, and linoleic acid might imbue the extracts with antioxidant capacities in relation to fungal growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis. Finally, the results suggest that the three plant extracts can be considered a promising source for developing potentially effective and environmentally safer alternative ways to control aflatoxin formation, thus creating a potentially protective method for grain storage.

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Behiry, Said I., Najwa A. Hamad, Fatimah O. Alotibi, Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar, Amr A. Arishi, Ahmed M. Kenawy, Ibrahim A. Elsamra, et al. "Antifungal and Antiaflatoxigenic Activities of Different Plant Extracts against Aspergillus flavus." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 12908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912908.

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In the current study, four organic solvents, including ethanol, methanol, acetone, and diethyl ether, were used to extract turmeric, wheat bran, and taro peel. The efficiency of three different concentrations of each solvent was assessed for their antifungal and anti-mycotoxin production against Aspergillus flavus. The results indicated that 75% ethanolic and 25% methanolic extracts of taro peels and turmeric were active against fungus growth, which showed the smallest fungal dry weight ratios of 1.61 and 2.82, respectively. Furthermore, the 25% ethanolic extract of turmeric showed the best result (90.78%) in inhibiting aflatoxin B1 production. After 30 days of grain storage, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production was effectively inhibited, and the average inhibition ratio ranged between 4.46% and 69.01%. Simultaneously, the Topsin fungicide resulted in an inhibition ratio of 143.92%. Taro extract (25% acetone) produced the highest total phenolic content (61.28 mg GAE/g dry extract wt.) and showed an antioxidant capacity of 7.45 μg/mL, followed by turmeric 25% ethanol (49.82 mg GAE/g), which revealed the highest antioxidant capacity (74.16 μg/mL). RT-qPCR analysis indicated that the expression of aflD, aflP, and aflQ (structural genes) and aflR and aflS (regulatory genes) was down-regulated significantly compared to both untreated and Topsin-treated maize grains. Finally, the results showed that all three plant extracts could be used as promising source materials for potential products to control aflatoxin formation, thus creating a safer method for grain storage in the environment than the currently used protective method.

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Safari, Nassim, Mehran Mirabzadeh Ardakani, Roghayeh Hemmati, Alessia Parroni, Marzia Beccaccioli, and Massimo Reverberi. "The Potential of Plant-Based Bioactive Compounds on Inhibition of Aflatoxin B1 Biosynthesis and Down-regulation of aflR, aflM and aflP Genes." Antibiotics 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110728.

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The use of plant extracts in pre- and post-harvest disease management of agricultural crops to cope with aflatoxin B1 contamination has shown great promise due to their capability in managing toxins and safe-keeping the quality. We investigated the anti-aflatoxigenic effect of multiple doses of eight plant extracts (Heracleum persicum, Peganum harmala, Crocus sativus, Trachyspermum ammi, Rosmarinus officinalis, Anethum graveolens, Berberis vulgaris, Berberis thunbergii) on Aspergillus flavus via LC-MS and the down-regulatory effect of them on aflR, aflM and aflP genes involved in the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis pathway using RT-qPCR analyses. Our results showed that H. persicum (4 mg/mL), P. harmala (6 mg/mL) and T. ammi (2 mg/mL) completely stopped the production of aflatoxin B1, without inducing significant changes in A. flavus growth. Furthermore, our findings showed a highly significant correlation between the gene expression and the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis, such that certain doses of the extracts reduced or blocked the expression of the aflR, aflM and aflP and consequently reduced the synthesis of aflatoxin B1. Interestingly, compared to the regulatory gene (aflR), the down-regulation of expression in the structural genes (aflM and aflP) was more consistent and correlated with the inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production. Overall, this study reveals the anti-aflatoxigenic mechanisms of the selected plant extracts at the gene expression level and provides evidence for their use in plant and crop protection.

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Okayo, Robert O., Darius O. Andika, Mathews M. Dida, George O. K’Otuto, and Bernard M. Gichimu. "Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Toxigenic Aspergillus flavus from Groundnut Kernels in Kenya." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (September 7, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8854718.

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Pathogenesis of Aspergillus flavus on important agricultural products is a key concern on human health due to the synthesis and secretion of the hazardous secondary metabolite, aflatoxin. This study identified and further characterized aflatoxigenic A. flavus from groundnuts sampled from sundry shops in Kenya using integrated morphological and molecular approaches. The groundnuts were plated on potato dextrose agar for isolation and morphological observation of A. flavus based on macroscopic and microscopic features. Molecular characterization was done through amplification and comparison of the partial sequence of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region. The expression analysis of aflR, aflS, aflD, aflP, and aflQ genes in the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathways was conducted to confirm the positive identification of A. flavus. The gene expression also aided to delineate toxigenic isolates of A. flavus from atoxigenic ones. Morphologically, 18 isolates suspected to be A. flavus were identified. Out of these, 14 isolates successfully amplified the 500 bp ITS region of A. flavus or Aspergillus oryzae, while 4 isolates were not amplified. All the remaining 14 isolates expressed at least one of the aflatoxigenic genes but only 5 had all the genes expressed. Partial sequencing revealed that isolates 5, 11, 12, 13, and 15 had 99.2%, 97.6%, 98.4%, 97.5%, and 100% homology, respectively, to the A. flavus isolate LUOHE, ITS-5.8S-ITS2, obtained from the NCBI database. The five isolates were accurate identification of atoxigenic A. flavus. Precise identification of toxigenic strains of A. flavus will be useful in establishing control strategies of the fungus in food products.

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Lappa, Iliada K., Angeliki Maria Dionysopoulou, Spiros Paramithiotis, Maria Georgiadou, and Eleftherios H. Drosinos. "Dual Transcriptional Profile of Aspergillus flavus during Co-Culture with Listeria monocytogenes and Aflatoxin B1 Production: A Pathogen–Pathogen Interaction." Pathogens 8, no. 4 (October 20, 2019): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040198.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of growth temperature and co-culture of Aspergillus flavus with Listeria monocytogenes on the production of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and the transcriptional profile of associated regulatory and biosynthetic genes. The transcription of virulence- and homeostasis-associated genes of L. monocytogenes was also assessed. For this purpose, mono- and co-cultures of L. monocytogenes strain LQC 15257 and A. flavus strain 18.4 were inoculated into Malt Extract broth and allowed to grow for seven days at 25 °C and 30 °C. AFB1 quantification was performed by HPLC analysis and gene expression assessment by RT-qPCR. AFB1 production was lower at 30 °C compared to 25 °C during monoculture and also lower during co-cultures at both temperatures. This was accompanied by downregulation of aflM, aflR, aflP, and aflS during monoculture and aflM and aflS during co-culture at 30 °C. On the other hand, transcription of prfA, plcA, plcB, inlA, inlB, inlJ, murE, accA, acpP, as well as fapR, was not affected. sigB gene was downregulated after co-culture with the fungus at 25 °C and hly was downregulated after monoculture at 30 °C compared to 25 °C. In this work, the molecular interactions between A. flavus and L. monocytogenes were studied for the first time, offering a novel insight into their co-occurrence. Monitoring of their toxigenic and virulence potential at the molecular level revealed a complex dynamic in natural ecosystems.

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Sullivan, Courtney J., Alana J. Leabeater, and Anthea C. Clarke. "The AFLW draft combine: Seasonal changes and relationships to draft success." Journal of Sports Sciences 40, no. 6 (November 23, 2021): 600–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.2006411.

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Black, Georgia M., Tim J. Gabbett, Rich D. Johnston, Michael H. Cole, Geraldine Naughton, and Brian Dawson. "A skill profile of the national women’s Australian football league (AFLW)." Science and Medicine in Football 3, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2018.1489140.

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Jenner, Sarah L., Brooke L. Devlin, Adrienne K. Forsyth, and Regina Belski. "Assessing the nutrition knowledge of professional female Australian football (AFLW) athletes." Science and Medicine in Football 4, no. 3 (April 13, 2020): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1752929.

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Accinelli, Cesare, H. K. Abbas, R. M. Zablotowicz, and J. R. Wilkinson. "Aspergillus flavus aflatoxin occurrence and expression of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes in soil." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 54, no. 5 (May 2008): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w08-018.

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The carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) produced by Aspergillus flavus is a major food safety concern in crops. However, information on AFB1 occurrence in soil and crop residue is scarce. A series of experiments investigated the occurrence of AFB1 in soil and corn residues and ascertained the ecology of A. flavus in a Dundee silt loam soil. Samples of untilled soil (0–2 cm) and residues were collected in March 2007 from plots previously planted with a corn isoline containing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) endotoxin gene or the parental non-Bt isoline. AFB1 levels were significantly different in various corn residues. The highest AFB1 levels were observed in cobs containing grain, with 145 and 275 ng·g–1in Bt and non-Bt, respectively (P ≥ F = 0.001). Aflatoxin levels averaged 3.3 and 9.6 ng·g–1in leaves and (or) stalks and cobs without grain, respectively. All soils had AFB1 ranging from 0.6 to 5.5 ng·g–1with similar levels in plots from Bt and non-Bt corn. Based on cultural methods, soil contained from log103.1 to 4.5 A. flavus cfu·g–1with about 60% of isolates producing aflatoxin. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that AFB1 is rapidly degraded in soil at 28 °C (half-life ≤ 5 days). The potential of the soil A. flavus to produce aflatoxins was confirmed by molecular methods. Transcription of 5 aflatoxin biosynthesis genes, including aflD, aflG, aflP, aflR, and aflS, were detected by reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction analysis in soil. Although AFB1 appears to be transient in soils, it is clear that AFB1 is produced in surface soil in the presence of corn residues, as indicated by A. flavus cfu levels, AFB1 detection, and expression of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes.

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Ismail, Ismail A., Sameer H. Qari, Rady Shawer, Moustafa M. Elshaer, Eldessoky S. Dessoky, Nesrine H. Youssef, Najwa A. Hamad, Ahmed Abdelkhalek, Ibrahim A. Elsamra, and Said I. Behiry. "The Application of Pomegranate, Sugar Apple, and Eggplant Peel Extracts Suppresses Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Biosynthesis Pathway." Horticulturae 7, no. 12 (December 7, 2021): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120558.

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Even though the green revolution was a significant turning point in agriculture, it was also marked by the widespread use of chemical pesticides, which prompted severe concerns about their influence on human and environmental health. As a result, the demand for healthier and more environmentally friendly alternatives to control plant diseases and avoid food spoilage is intensifying. Among the proposed alternatives, food by-product extracts, especially from the most consumed fruits in Egypt, eggplant, sugar apple, and pomegranate peel wastes, were largely ignored. Hence, we chose them to evaluate their antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities against maize fungus, Aspergillus flavus. All the extracts exhibited multiple degrees of antifungal growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) inhibitory activities (35.52% to 91.18%) in broth media. Additionally, diethyl ether 50% eggplant, ethanol 75% sugar apple, and diethyl ether 25% pomegranate extracts exhibited the highest AFB1 inhibition, of 96.11%, 94.85%, and 78.83%, respectively, after one month of treated-maize storage. At the same time, Topsin fungicide demonstrated an AFB1 inhibition ratio of 72.95%. The relative transcriptional levels of three structural and two regulatory genes, aflD, aflP, aflQ, aflR, and aflS, were downregulated compared to the infected control. The phenolic content (116.88 mg GAEs/g DW) was highest in the 25% diethyl ether pomegranate peel extract, while the antioxidant activity was highest in the 75% ethanol sugar apple extract (94.02 µg/mL). The most abundant active compounds were found in the GC-MS analysis of the fruit peel extracts: α-kaurene, α-fenchene, p-allylphenol, octadecanoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxy phenol, hexestrol, xanthinin, and linoleic acid. Finally, the three fruit peel waste extracts could be a prospective source of friendly ecological compounds that act as environmentally safer and more protective alternatives to inhibit AFB1 production in maize storage.

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Abdel-Hadi, A., D. Carter, and N. Magan. "Discrimination between aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus section Flavi strains from Egyptian peanuts using molecular and analytical techniques." World Mycotoxin Journal 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2010.1223.

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A wide range of Aspergillus section Flavi strains were isolated from Egyptian peanut samples. Eighteen of these strains were compared with two type strains (Aspergillus flavus SRRC G1907 and Aspergillus parasiticus 2747) for aflatoxin production based on (a) qualitative fluorescence using a coconut cream agar medium (CAM), and (b) aflatoxin production on a conducive Yeast Extract-Sucrose (YES) medium using HPLC. These results were validated by using molecular approaches (the structural genes, aflD (nor-1), aflM (ver-1) and aflP (omt A) and the regulatory gene aflR) to discriminate between aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains of the Aspergillus section Flavi group in vitro and on peanut seeds. Overall, 13/18 strains producing aflatoxins B1 and B2 in the range 1.27-213.35 µg/g medium were identified. In addition, 5 non-aflatoxin producing strains were found. The expression of these four genes was assessed using PCR and RT-PCR. PCR showed that all strains contained the four aflatoxin genes examined, regardless of expression profiles. Our results also showed that aflD expression is a reliable marker to discriminate between aflatoxin and non-aflatoxin producers. Interestingly, when an aflatoxin producing strain and three non-aflatoxigenic strains were subsequently grown on peanuts at 0.95 water activity, two of the non-producers were able to initiate aflatoxin biosynthesis. This suggests that growth of strains on the natural food matrix is important for confirming aflatoxigenic production potential.

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Cary, Jeffrey W., Pamela Y. Harris-Coward, Kenneth C. Ehrlich, Brian M. Mack, Shubha P. Kale, Christy Larey, and Ana M. Calvo. "NsdC and NsdD Affect Aspergillus flavus Morphogenesis and Aflatoxin Production." Eukaryotic Cell 11, no. 9 (July 13, 2012): 1104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00069-12.

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ABSTRACT The transcription factors NsdC and NsdD are required for sexual development in Aspergillus nidulans . We now show these proteins also play a role in asexual development in the agriculturally important aflatoxin (AF)-producing fungus Aspergillus flavus . We found that both NsdC and NsdD are required for production of asexual sclerotia, normal aflatoxin biosynthesis, and conidiophore development. Conidiophores in nsdC and nsdD deletion mutants had shortened stipes and altered conidial heads compared to those of wild-type A. flavus . Our results suggest that NsdC and NsdD regulate transcription of genes required for early processes in conidiophore development preceding conidium formation. As the cultures aged, the Δ nsdC and Δ nsdD mutants produced a dark pigment that was not observed in the wild type. Gene expression data showed that although AflR is expressed at normal levels, a number of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes are expressed at reduced levels in both nsd mutants. Expression of aflD , aflM , and aflP was greatly reduced in nsdC mutants, and neither aflatoxin nor the proteins for these genes could be detected. Our results support previous studies showing that there is a strong association between conidiophore and sclerotium development and aflatoxin production in A. flavus.

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Symons, Kasey. "ROAR: The Stories Behind AFLW — A Movement Bigger Than Sport, by Samantha Lane." International Journal of the History of Sport 35, no. 11 (July 24, 2018): 1205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2018.1518062.

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Rahimi, Sepideh, Noshin Sohrabi, Mohammad Ali Ebrahimi, Majid Tebyanian, Morteza Taghi Zadeh, and Sahar Rahimi. "Application of PCR in the Detection of Aflatoxinogenic and Non-aflatoxinogenic Strains of Aspergillus Flavus Group of Cattle Feed Isolated in Iran." Journal of Molecular Biology Research 6, no. 1 (November 30, 2016): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmbr.v6n1p121.

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Aflatoxins are among the most important Mycotoxins that are mainly produced by various Aspergillus species, specially Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxins are carcinogenetic and immunosuppressive, so that can lead to acute liver damage, cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocarcinoma induction. Consuming the feed contaminated by Aspergillus puts humans and animals under the danger of Aflatoxins that are considered as an important threats for human and animal health. The purpose of the present study was to make distinction between Aflatoxinogenetic and non-Aflatoxinogenetic strains and Aspergillus Flavus using PCR and TLC and the expression of five Aflatoxin biosynthesis genes including aflD (nor-1), aflP( omtA), aflO (omtB), aflQ(ordA), aflR in 40 strains was investigated using PCR. In this study, a number of 40 Aspergillus flavus strains from 67 species of cattle feed from 21 industrial warehouses of various areas of Tehran and Alborz were used. After isolation and culture in exclusive environment of yeast extract of sucrose agar, the isolated Aspergillus strains were investigated by microscopic and macroscopic methods. In order to make distinction between Aflatoxinogenetic and non-Aflatoxinogenetic strains, PCR method and TLC techniques were used. The results showed that only 7 strains (1, 3, 5, 14, 22, 34, and 38) were Aflatoxin-producers fungi and the rest 33 samples were non-Afatoxin-producers fungi. Since Aspergillus flavus is the main contaminator of cattle feed, there is a need to develop a simple, rapid and sensitive method to identify Aflatoxigenetic fungi, particularly between Aflatoxinogenetic and non-Aflatoxinogenetic strains of AF.

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Fox, A., T. Rolley, and N. Saunders. "Characterising Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury Situations in the Women’s Australian Football League (AFLW)." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 24 (November 2021): S22—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.09.063.

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Clarke, Anthea C., Samuel Ryan, Georgia Couvalias, Ben J. Dascombe, Aaron J. Coutts, and Thomas Kempton. "Physical demands and technical performance in Australian Football League Women’s (AFLW) competition match-play." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 21, no. 7 (July 2018): 748–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.11.018.

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Zhang, Qian, Hao Zheng, Tao Yan, and Jiehui Li. "3D Large-Pose Face Alignment Method Based on the Truncated Alexnet Cascade Network." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2020 (December 5, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6675014.

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Aiming at the low accuracy of large-pose face alignment, a cascade network based on truncated Alexnet is designed and implemented in the paper. The parallel convolution pooling layers are added for concatenating parallel results in the original deep convolution neural network, which improves the accuracy of the output. Sending the intermediate parameter which is the result of each iteration into CNN and iterating repeatedly to optimize the pose parameter in order to get more accurate results of face alignment. To verify the effectiveness of this method, this paper tests on the AFLW and AFLW2000-3D datasets. Experiments on datasets show that the normalized average error of this method is 5.00% and 5.27%. Compared with 3DDFA, which is a current popular algorithm, the accuracy is improved by 0.60% and 0.15%, respectively.

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Jenner, Sarah L., Brooke L. Devlin, Adrienne K. Forsyth, and Regina Belski. "Dietary intakes of professional Australian football league women’s (AFLW) athletes during a preseason training week." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 22, no. 11 (November 2019): 1266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.06.014.

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Lourenço, Camilo Luis Monteiro, Gersiel Nascimento de Oliveira Júnior, Hugo Ribeiro Zanetti, and Edmar Lacerda Mendes. "ATIVIDADE FÍSICA NO LAZER COMO CRITÉRIO DISCRIMINANTE DO MENOR NÍVEL DE ESTRESSE PERCEBIDO EM ADOLESCENTES." Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento 25, no. 3 (September 21, 2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31501/rbcm.v25i3.7457.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os pontos de corte do tempo despendido em atividades físicas no lazer (AFL) de diferentes intensidades como critério discriminante do menor nível de estrese percebido (MEP) em adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostra composta por adolescentes de 14 a 18 anos, de ambos sexos, do ensino médio regular. Dados da atividade física e do MEP foram obtidos por meio do questionário COMPAC. MEP foi considerada variável de classificação, enquanto minutos em atividades físicas no lazer (AFL) de intensidade moderada (AFLM), vigorosa (AFLV) e moderada a vigorosa (AFLMV) as variáveis de teste. Na análise dos dados foi usada a curva ROC, complementadas por valores de sensibilidade e especificidade, adotando-se área sob a curva (AUC > 0,50) e p < 0,05. A amostra final deste estudo foi de 984 adolescentes (idade: rapazes = 15,93 ± 1,10 anos; moças = 15,87 ± 1,04 anos) com maior proporção de moças (n = 544; 55,3%). O tempo despendido em AFLM ? 40 min/sem (sensibilidade = 41,7%; especificidade = 75,7%; AUC = 0,59; p

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Cary, Jeffrey W., Kenneth C. Ehrlich, John M. Bland, and Beverly G. Montalbano. "The Aflatoxin Biosynthesis Cluster Gene, aflX, Encodes an Oxidoreductase Involved in Conversion of Versicolorin A to Demethylsterigmatocystin." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 2 (February 2006): 1096–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.2.1096-1101.2006.

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ABSTRACT Biosynthesis of the toxic and carcinogenic aflatoxins by the fungus Aspergillus flavus is a complicated process involving more that 27 enzymes and regulatory factors encoded by a clustered group of genes. Previous studies found that three enzymes, encoded by verA, ver-1, and aflY, are required for conversion of versicolorin A (VA), to demethylsterigmatocystin. We now show that a fourth enzyme, encoded by the previously uncharacterized gene, aflX (ordB), is also required for this conversion. A homolog of this gene, stcQ, is present in the A. nidulans sterigmatocystin (ST) biosynthesis cluster. Disruption of aflX in Aspergillus flavus gave transformants that accumulated ∼4-fold more VA and fourfold less aflatoxin than the untransformed strain. Southern and Northern blot analyses confirmed that aflX was the only gene disrupted in these transformants. Feeding ST or O-methylsterigmatocystin, but not VA or earlier precursor metabolites, restored normal levels of AF production. The protein encoded by aflX is predicted to have domains typical of an NADH-dependent oxidoreductase. It has 27% amino acid identity to a protein encoded by the aflatoxin cluster gene, aflO (avfA). Some of domains in the protein are similar to those of epoxide hydrolases.

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Xu, Zixuan, Banghuai Li, Ye Yuan, and Miao Geng. "AnchorFace: An Anchor-based Facial Landmark Detector Across Large Poses." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 4 (May 18, 2021): 3092–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i4.16418.

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Facial landmark localization aims to detect the predefined points of human faces, and the topic has been rapidly improved with the recent development of neural network based methods. However, it remains a challenging task when dealing with faces in unconstrained scenarios, especially with large pose variations. In this paper, we target the problem of facial landmark localization across large poses and address this task based on a split-and-aggregate strategy. To split the search space, we propose a set of anchor templates as references for regression, which well addresses the large variations of face poses. Based on the prediction of each anchor template, we propose to aggregate the results, which can reduce the landmark uncertainty due to the large poses. Overall, our proposed approach, named AnchorFace, obtains state-of-the-art results with extremely efficient inference speed on four challenging benchmarks, i.e. AFLW, 300W, Menpo, and WFLW dataset. Code will be available soon.

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Norlia, Mahror, Selamat Jinap, Mahmud Ab Rashid Nor-Khaizura, Son Radu, Cheow Keat Chin, Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin, and Abdul Halim Farawahida. "Molecular Characterisation of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus Section Flavi Isolated from Imported Peanuts along the Supply Chain in Malaysia." Toxins 11, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11090501.

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Peanuts are widely consumed in many local dishes in southeast Asian countries, especially in Malaysia which is one of the major peanut-importing countries in this region. Therefore, Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin contamination in peanuts during storage are becoming major concerns due to the tropical weather in this region that favours the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi. The present study thus aimed to molecularly identify and characterise the Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from imported peanuts in Malaysia. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β-tubulin sequences were used to confirm the species and determine the phylogenetic relationship among the isolates, while aflatoxin biosynthesis genes (aflR, aflP (omtA), aflD (nor-1), aflM (ver-1), and pksA) were targeted in a multiplex PCR to determine the toxigenic potential. A total of 76 and one isolates were confirmed as A. flavus and A. tamarii, respectively. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree resolved the species into two different clades in which all A. flavus (both aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic) were grouped in the same clade and A. tamarii was grouped in a different clade. The aflatoxin biosynthesis genes were detected in all aflatoxigenic A. flavus while the non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus failed to amplify at least one of the genes. The results indicated that both aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus could survive in imported peanuts and, thus, appropriate storage conditions preferably with low temperature should be considered to avoid the re-emergence of aflatoxigenic A. flavus and the subsequent aflatoxin production in peanuts during storage.

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Moradi, M., H. Zamanizadeh, S. R. Fani, and E. Sedaghati. "SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION OF ATOXIGENIC STRAINS OF ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS ISOLATED FROM PISTACHIO ORCHARDS OF IRAN AND DETECTION OF AFLD, AFLR, AFLJ, AFLG GENES AND C3 REGION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 963 (October 2012): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.963.15.

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Ravidas, Shivkaran, and M. A. Ansari. "Deep learning for pose-invariant face detection in unconstrained environment." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp577-584.

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In the recent past, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have seen resurgence and have performed extremely well on vision tasks. Visually the model resembles a series of layers each of which is processed by a function to form a next layer. It is argued that CNN first models the low level features such as edges and joints and then expresses higher level features as a composition of these low level features. The aim of this paper is to detect multi-view faces using deep convolutional neural network (DCNN). Implementation, detection and retrieval of faces will be obtained with the help of direct visual matching technology. Further, the probabilistic measure of the similarity of the face images will be done using Bayesian analysis. Experiment detects faces with ±90 degree out of plane rotations. Fine tuned AlexNet is used to detect pose invariant faces. For this work, we extracted examples of training from AFLW (Annotated Facial Landmarks in the Wild) dataset that involve 21K images with 24K annotations of the face.

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Yusuf, Hajara Oyiza, Joshua Olu, Shakirat O. AJENIFUJAH- SOLEBO, Rebecca Oziohu OMOSIMUA, Charity Irekpita AKHIGBE, and Okechukwu Ibeh BARTHOLOMEW. "Identification and Sequencing of aflP (omt) and aflD (Nor-1) Genes from Aspergillus flavus Species isolated from Maize (Zea mays L.), Obtained Across Abuja, Nigeria." Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 1, no. 1 (October 20, 2022): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/jbmb/2202.10.0120.

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This study aims to examine aflD (Nor-1) and aflP (omt) genes that could be present in species of Aspergillus flavus isolated from varieties of maize seeds obtained across Abuja, Nigeria, utilizing the PCR method and Sanger sequencing method. The DNA extraction of16 isolates (14 were procured maize varieties and 2 known aflatoxin infected varieties of yellow and white maize from the laboratory to serve as positive control) was carried out with Zymo, D6005 DNA extraction kit. All 16 A. flavus isolates were tested for amplification of Aflatoxin genes with oligonucleotide primers (FwOmt-1:5’, RvOmt-1:5’, FwNor-1: 5′, and Rv Nor-1: 5′). The PCR analysis was carried out with a DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix (2x). The sanger sequencing was carried out using ExoSAP-IT™ Express PCR Product Cleanup Sequencing Kit. The findings of this study showed that all A. flavus isolated from the various maize varieties had the presence of NOR (afl D) gene except for the A. flavus isolated from Maize-Samaz 15, Maize-Oba super 39 and Maize-Oba super 6 (UNIAbuja). In addition, Maize-DK 777, Maize-Samaz 52 (Abaji) and Maize-Samaz 37 varieties had the OMT (aflP) gene. This study has demonstrated that an Aspergillus flavus attack may either be accompanied with aflatoxin production or not, with the Maize-Oba super 39, Maize-Samaz 15 and Maize-Oba super 6 (UNIAbuja) although infected with A. flavus they had no aflD and aflP gene present in them. In addition, this study revealed that the maize varieties across Abuja were prone to A. flavus contamination which have tendency to produce aflatoxin.

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Olajide, R., A. O. Kareem, and K. D. Afolabi. "Response of broilers to three different commercial feeds." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i2.126.

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Poultry farmers who rely on commercial feeds sourced from the market always suffer some forms of financial loss due to sub-standard nature of such feeds. The normal practice is to formulate a balanced diet and compound the feeds with good quality ingredients. These conditions are not always within the control of the farmers who rely on buying finished feeds from the market. There is dearth of information on the quality of these common types of feedsin the market with the aim of recommending the best to the farmers. This study was therefore, carried out to examine the response of broilers to three commercial feeds at the starter and finisher phases. One hundred and eighty 1-day-old unsexed Marshal broilers at three replicates of twenty birds each were used for the study; and lasted for eight weeks. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. The performance, carcass, haematological and biochemicalparameters of the experimental birds were measured. The three diets were tagged Diets 1, 2 and 3 each representing a treatment. The average final live weight (AFLW), daily weight gain (ADWG), daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the feed types (dietary treatments). The highest AFLW (758.37g/b) was obtained for broiler starters fed Diet 2 compared to 689.60g/b (Diet 1) and 263.37g/b (Diet3). The ADWG followed the same trend with birds fed Diet 2 having the highest value (25.67g/b) compared with 23.22g/b (Diet 1) and 8.00g/b (Diet 3). The ADFI (starters) were 72.88, 80.36 and 62.20g/b respectively for birds fed Diets 1, 2 and 3. The corresponding ADFI (g/b/d) for the finishers were 133.63 (Diet 1), 177.53 (Diet 2) and 58.57 (Diet 3); and ADWG (g/b/d) 42.49 (Diet 1), 51.79 (Diet 2) and 8.57 (Diet 3). Diet 2 gave the best performance in terms of weight gain, followed by Diet 1 and Diet 3 in that order for the finishers. However, the average cost per kg weight gain of the birds for the 2 phases were ? 307.88 (Diet 1), ? 309.29 (Diet 2), and ? 582.74 (Diet 3). All the carcass (live weight, bled weight, plucked weight, eviscerated weight, dressed weight and abdominal fat); and internal organs such as heart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, intestine and proventriculus were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary treatments. The RBC, Hb, Basophils, total protein, albumin and globulin differed significantly (P < 0.05) across the diets. It can be concluded that birds fed Diet 1 gavethe best overall economic, carcass, haematology and serological performance. Commercial Diet (feed) 1 is therefore recommended for broiler farmers.

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Medina, Á., A. Rodríguez, Y. Sultan, and N. Magan. "Climate change factors and Aspergillus flavus: effects on gene expression, growth and aflatoxin production." World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2014.1726.

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The objectives of this study were to obtain scientific data on the impact that interactions between water stress (water activity (aw); 0.97, 0.95, 0.92), temperature (34, 37 °C) and CO2 exposure (350, 650, 1000 ppm) may have on the growth, gene expression of biosynthetic genes (aflD, aflR), and phenotypic aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production by a type strain of Aspergillus flavus on a conducive medium. The study showed that while aw affected growth there was no statistically significant effect of temperature or CO2 exposure. The effect of these interacting factors on aflD and aflR gene expression showed that at 34 °C there was maximum relative expression of aflD under the control conditions (34 °C, 350 ppm) with a decrease in expression with elevated CO2 and water stress. For aflR expression at 34 °C, there was a significant increase in expression, but only at 0.92 aw and 650 ppm CO2. However, at 37 °C, there was a significant increase in expression of both aflD and aflR at 0.95 and 0.92 aw and 650 and 1000 ppm CO2. There was an associated increase in AFB1 in these treatments. In contrast, at 34 °C there were no significant differences for interacting treatments. This is the first study to examine these three-way interacting climatic factors on growth and mycotoxin production by a strain of A. flavus. This provides data that are necessary to help predict the real impacts of climate change on mycotoxigenic fungi.

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TIAN, FEI, SANG YOO LEE, and HYANG SOOK CHUN. "Comparison of the Antifungal and Antiaflatoxigenic Potential of Liquid and Vapor Phase of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil Against Aspergillus flavus." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 12 (November 7, 2019): 2044–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-016.

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ABSTRACT The antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil (EO) against Aspergillus flavus was evaluated over a range of concentrations in vapor- and liquid-phase contact tests. Total reduction in mycelial growth in the vapor- and liquid-phase tests was detected at EO concentrations of 20 and 400 μg/mL, respectively. Treatment with 10 μg/mL EO reduced aflatoxin production by 97.0 and 56.4% in the vapor- and liquid-phase tests, respectively. Greater inhibition of the expression of both fungal development–related genes (brlA, abaA, and wetA) and aflatoxin biosynthesis–related genes (aflR, aflD, and aflK) was also observed in the vapor-phase test. A substantial reduction in aflatoxin production was also observed in brown rice (72.7%) and white rice (18.0%). Our results indicate that the way this EO contacts fungal cells significantly affects its antifungal activity and that T. vulgaris EO in vapor phase might be a good strategy to control fungal contamination. HIGHLIGHTS

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Wei, Tongxin, Qingbao Li, Zhifeng Chen, and Jinjin Liu. "FRGAN: A Blind Face Restoration with Generative Adversarial Networks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (October 26, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2384435.

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Recent works based on deep learning and facial priors have performed well in superresolving severely degraded facial images. However, due to the limitation of illumination, pixels of the monitoring probe itself, focusing area, and human motion, the face image is usually blurred or even deformed. To address this problem, we properly propose Face Restoration Generative Adversarial Networks to improve the resolution and restore the details of the blurred face. They include the Head Pose Estimation Network, Postural Transformer Network, and Face Generative Adversarial Networks. In this paper, we employ the following: (i) Swish-B activation function that is used in Face Generative Adversarial Networks to accelerate the convergence speed of the cross-entropy cost function, (ii) a special prejudgment monitor that is added to improve the accuracy of the discriminant, and (iii) the modified Postural Transformer Network that is used with 3D face reconstruction network to correct faces at different expression pose angles. Our method improves the resolution of face image and performs well in image restoration. We demonstrate how our method can produce high-quality faces, and it is superior to the most advanced methods on the reconstruction task of blind faces for in-the-wild images; especially, our 8 × SR SSIM and PSNR are, respectively, 0.078 and 1.16 higher than FSRNet in AFLW.

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Feng, Shenming, Xingzhong Nong, and Haifeng Hu. "Cascaded Structure-Learning Network with Using Adversarial Training for Robust Facial Landmark Detection." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 18, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3474595.

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Recently, great progress has been achieved on facial landmark detection based on convolutional neural network, while it is still challenging due to partial occlusion and extreme head pose. In this paper, we propose a Cascaded Structure-Learning Network (CSLN) with using adversarial training to improve the performance of 2D facial landmark detection by taking the structure of facial landmarks into account. In the first stage, we improve the original stacked hourglass network, which applies a multi-branch module to capture different scales of features, a progressive convolution structure to compensate for the missing structural features in hourglass networks, and a pyramid inception structure to expand the receptive field. Specially, by introducing a discriminator, we use the adversarial training strategy to urge the improved hourglass network for generating more accurate heatmaps. The second stage, which is based on attention mechanism, optimizes the spatial correlations between different facial landmarks by reusing the structural features. Moreover, we propose a novel region loss, which can adaptively allocate proper weights to different regions. In this way, the network can focus more on those occluded landmarks. The experimental results on several datasets, i.e. 300W, COFW, and AFLW, show that our proposed method achieves superior performance compared with the state-of-the-art methods.

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Li, Xiaofeng, Jiahao Xia, Libo Cao, Guanjun Zhang, and Xiexing Feng. "Driver fatigue detection based on convolutional neural network and face alignment for edge computing device." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 10-11 (February 25, 2021): 2699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407021999485.

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Most current vision-based fatigue detection methods don’t have high-performance and robust face detector. They detect driver fatigue using single detection feature and cannot achieve real-time efficiency on edge computing devices. Aimed at solving these problems, this paper proposes a driver fatigue detection system based on convolutional neural network that can run in real-time on edge computing devices. The system firstly uses the proposed face detection network LittleFace to locate the face and classify the face into two states: small yaw angle state “normal” and large yaw angle state “distract.” Secondly, the speed-optimized SDM algorithm is conducted only in the face region of the “normal” state to deal with the problem that the face alignment accuracy decreases at large angle profile, and the “distract” state is used to detect driver distraction. Finally, feature parameters EAR, MAR and head pitch angle are calculated from the obtained landmarks and used to detect driver fatigue respectively. Comprehensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the proposed system and the results show its practicality and superiority. Our face detection network LittleFace can achieve 88.53% mAP on AFLW test set at 58 FPS on the edge computing device Nvidia Jetson Nano. Evaluation results on YawDD, 300 W, and DriverEyes show the average detection accuracy of the proposed system can reach 89.55%.

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Meyers, D. M., G. Obrian, W. L. Du, D. Bhatnagar, and G. A. Payne. "Characterization of aflJ, a Gene Required for Conversion of Pathway Intermediates to Aflatoxin." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 10 (1998): 3713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.10.3713-3717.1998.

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The genes encoding the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway enzymes have been localized as a cluster to a 75-kb DNA fragment. The enzymatic functions of the products of most of the genes in the cluster are known, but there are a few genes that have not yet been characterized. We report here the characterization of one of these genes, a gene designated aflJ. This gene resides in the cluster adjacent to the pathway regulatory gene, aflR, and the two genes are divergently transcribed. Disruption of aflJ inAspergillus flavus results in a failure to produce aflatoxins and a failure to convert exogenously added pathway intermediates norsolorinic acid, sterigmatocystin, andO-methylsterigmatocystin to aflatoxin. The disrupted strain does, however, accumulate pksA, nor-1,ver-1, and omtA transcripts under conditions conducive to aflatoxin biosynthesis. Therefore, disruption ofaflJ does not affect transcription of these genes, andaflJ does not appear to have a regulatory function similar to that of aflR. Sequence analysis of aflJ and its putative peptide, AflJ, did not reveal any enzymatic domains or significant similarities to proteins of known function. The putative peptide does contain three regions predicted to be membrane-spanning domains and a microbodies C-terminal targeting signal.

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Wang, Kai, Pei-sheng Yan, Li-xin Cao, Qing-long Ding, Chi Shao, and Teng-fei Zhao. "Potential of ChitinolyticSerratia marcescensStrain JPP1 for Biological Control ofAspergillus parasiticusand Aflatoxin." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/397142.

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Serratia marcescensstrain JPP1 was isolated from peanut hulls in Huai'an city, Jiangsu Province, China. Its potential to inhibit the mycelial growth ofAspergillus parasiticusand the subsequent aflatoxin production was evaluated. The strain JPP1 could produce chitinase to degrade fungal cell walls, which was the main mechanism of strain JPP1 for biocontrol. Scanning electron microscopy of fungi treated with the crude chitinase revealed abnormal morphological changes. While the strain was grown in the peanut hulls-based medium, the chitinase activity reached 7.39 units. RT-PCR analysis showed that the crude chitinase repressed the transcription of genes involved in the aflatoxin gene cluster, such as aflR, aflC (pksL1), and aflO (dmtA) genes. By visual agar plate assay and tip culture method, the strain JPP1 exhibited remarkable inhibitory effect on mycelia growth (antifungal ratio >95%) and subsequent aflatoxin production (antiaflatoxigenic ratio >98%). Anin vitroassay with seed coating agent of bacterial suspension showed that strain JPP1 effectively reduced fungal growth and subsequent aflatoxin production on peanut seeds, and its antagonistic effect was superior to the common agricultural fungicide of carbendazim. These characteristics suggest thatS. marcescensJPP1 strain could potentially be utilized for the biological control of phytopathogenic fungi and aflatoxin in Chinese peanut main producing areas.

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Buitimea-Cantúa, Génesis V., Nydia E. Buitimea-Cantúa, María del Refugio Rocha-Pizaña, Alejandro Hernández-Morales, Elisa Magaña-Barajas, and Jorge Molina-Torres. "Inhibitory effect of Capsicum chinense and Piper nigrum fruits, capsaicin and piperine on aflatoxins production in Aspergillus parasiticus by downregulating the expression of aflD, aflM, aflR, and aflS genes of aflatoxins biosynthetic pathway." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 55, no. 9 (July 11, 2020): 835–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2020.1787758.

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Tominaga, Mihoko, Yun-Hae Lee, Risa Hayashi, Yuji Suzuki, Osamu Yamada, Kazutoshi Sakamoto, Kuniyasu Gotoh, and Osamu Akita. "Molecular Analysis of an Inactive Aflatoxin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster in Aspergillus oryzae RIB Strains." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 1 (January 2006): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.1.484-490.2006.

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ABSTRACT To help assess the potential for aflatoxin production by Aspergillus oryzae, the structure of an aflatoxin biosynthesis gene homolog cluster in A. oryzae RIB 40 was analyzed. Although most genes in the corresponding cluster exhibited from 97 to 99% similarity to those of Aspergillus flavus, three genes shared 93% similarity or less. A 257-bp deletion in the aflT region, a frameshift mutation in norA, and a base pair substitution in verA were found in A. oryzae RIB 40. In the aflR promoter, two substitutions were found in one of the three putative AreA binding sites and in the FacB binding site. PCR primers were designed to amplify homologs of aflT, nor-1, aflR, norA, avnA, verB, and vbs and were used to detect these genes in 210 A. oryzae strains. Based on the PCR results, the A. oryzae RIB strains were classified into three groups, although most of them fell into two of the groups. Group 1, in which amplification of all seven genes was confirmed, contained 122 RIB strains (58.1% of examined strains), including RIB 40. Seventy-seven strains (36.7%) belonged to group 2, characterized by having only vbs, verB, and avnA in half of the cluster. Although slight expression of aflR was detected by reverse transcription-PCR in some group 1 strains, including RIB 40, other genes (avnA, vbs, verB, and omtA) related to aflatoxin production were not detected. aflR was not detected in group 2 strains by Southern analysis.

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Ehrlich, Kenneth C., Ping Li, Leslie Scharfenstein, and Perng-Kuang Chang. "HypC, the Anthrone Oxidase Involved in Aflatoxin Biosynthesis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 10 (March 26, 2010): 3374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02495-09.

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ABSTRACT On the basis of gene disruption and enzyme activity, hypC, an open reading frame in the region between the pksA (aflC) and nor-1 (aflD) genes in the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster, encodes a 17-kDa oxidase that converts norsolorinic acid anthrone to norsolorinic acid.

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Alvarez Ticllasuca, Adiel, Jairo Edson Gutiérrez Collao, Abner Abel Meza Calixto, and Christian Edinson Murga Tirado. "Efecto de abonos foliares líquidos orgánicos en la calidad de plantones de cedro colorado (cedrela odorata l.), en fase de vivero." Llamkasun 3, no. 2 (September 14, 2022): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47797/llamkasun.v3i2.106.

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El trabajo de investigación tuvo como finalidad evaluar la predominación de 2 tipos de abono foliar líquido orgánico y 3 dosis, en la calidad de plantones de Cedrela odorata L. Se aplicó un Diseño Enteramente al Azar con arreglo factorial 2x3 y 5 repeticiones; los componentes en análisis fueron: elemento A: AFLF y AFLH, y componente B: 50, 100 y 150 mL/20 L de agua, generando 6 tratamientos más un testigo; se instaló y evaluó 525 plantones a lo largo de 5 meses, después del cual la más grande elevación de plantones (19,70 cm) se produjo con el T5 (150 mL de AFLF/20 L agua) y la menor elevación (18,76 cm) con el T1 (50 mL de AFLF/20 L agua), con plantones de calidad alta; el más grande diámetro (8,32 mm) se obtuvo con el T4 (100 mL de AFLH/20 L agua) y el menor (7,41 mm) en el T0, con plantones de calidad alta; muestran calidad alta de la interacción altura/diámetro o índice de solidez; los plantones de los tratamientos T0, T1, T3, T4 y T6, presentan calidad alta de la interacción tallo/raíz y los de los tratamientos T2 y T5 calidad media, el Índice de Calidad de Dickson indica la calidad media del total de plantones tratados. Palabras clave: Abono; plantones; calidad; morfológicos.

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Zhao, Zuopeng, Sili Xia, Xinzheng Xu, Lan Zhang, Hualin Yan, Yi Xu, and Zhongxin Zhang. "Driver Distraction Detection Method Based on Continuous Head Pose Estimation." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9606908.

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In view of the fact that the detection of driver’s distraction is a burning issue, this study chooses the driver’s head pose as the evaluation parameter for driving distraction and proposes a driver distraction method based on the head pose. The effects of single regression and classification combined with regression are compared in terms of accuracy, and four kinds of classical networks are improved and trained using 300W-LP and AFLW datasets. The HPE_Resnet50 with the best accuracy is selected as the head pose estimator and applied to the ten-category distracted driving dataset SF3D to obtain 20,000 sets of head pose data. The differences between classes are discussed qualitatively and quantitatively. The analysis of variance shows that there is a statistically significant difference in head posture between safe driving and all kinds of distracted driving at 95% and 90% confidence levels, and the postures of all kinds of driving movements are distributed in a specific Euler angle range, which provides a characteristic basis for the design of subsequent recognition methods. In addition, according to the continuity of human movement, this paper also selects 90 drivers’ videos to analyze the difference in head pose between safe driving and distracted driving frame by frame. By calculating the spatial distance and sample statistics, the results provide the reference point, spatial range, and threshold of safe driving under this driving condition. Experimental results show that the average error of HPE_Resnet50 in AFLW2000 is 6.17° and that there is an average difference of 12.4° to 54.9° in the Euler angle between safe driving and nine kinds of distracted driving on SF3D.

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Zhao, Yi, Kaitai Liang, Bo Yang, and Liqun Chen. "CCA Secure Public Key Encryption against After-the-Fact Leakage without NIZK Proofs." Security and Communication Networks 2019 (October 31, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8357241.

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In leakage resilient cryptography, there is a seemingly inherent restraint on the ability of the adversary that it cannot get access to the leakage oracle after the challenge. Recently, a series of works made a breakthrough to consider a postchallenge leakage. They presented achievable public key encryption (PKE) schemes which are semantically secure against after-the-fact leakage in the split-state model. This model puts a more acceptable constraint on adversary’s ability that the adversary cannot query the leakage of secret states as a whole but the functions of several parts separately instead of prechallenge query only. To obtain security against chosen ciphertext attack (CCA) for PKE schemes against after-the-fact leakage attack (AFL), existing works followed the paradigm of “double encryption” which needs noninteractive zero knowledge (NIZK) proofs in the encryption algorithm. We present an alternative way to achieve AFL-CCA security via lossy trapdoor functions (LTFs) without NIZK proofs. First, we formalize the definition of LTFs secure against AFL (AFLR-LTFs) and all-but-one variants (ABO). Then, we show how to realize this primitive in the split-state model. This primitive can be used to construct AFLR-CCA secure PKE scheme in the same way as the method of “CCA from LTFs” in traditional sense.

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Abd-Elsalam, Kamel A., Mousa A. Alghuthaymi, Ashwag Shami, Margarita S. Rubina, Sergey S. Abramchuk, Eleonora V. Shtykova, and Alexander Yu. Vasil’kov. "Copper-Chitosan Nanocomposite Hydrogels Against Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus from Dairy Cattle Feed." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 3 (July 21, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6030112.

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The integration of copper nanoparticles as antifungal agents in polymeric matrices to produce copper polymer nanocomposites has shown excellent results in preventing the growth of a wide variety of toxigenic fungi. Copper-chitosan nanocomposite-based chitosan hydrogels (Cu-Chit/NCs hydrogel) were prepared using a metal vapor synthesis (MVS) and the resulting samples were described by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Aflatoxin-producing medium and VICAM aflatoxins tests were applied to evaluate their ability to produce aflatoxins through various strains of Aspergillus flavus associated with peanut meal and cotton seeds. Aflatoxin production capacity in four fungal media outlets revealed that 13 tested isolates were capable of producing both aflatoxin B1 and B2. Only 2 A. flavus isolates (Af11 and Af 20) fluoresced under UV light in the A. flavus and parasiticus Agar (AFPA) medium. PCR was completed using two specific primers targeting aflP and aflA genes involved in the synthetic track of aflatoxin. Nevertheless, the existence of aflP and aflA genes indicated some correlation with the development of aflatoxin. A unique DNA fragment of the expected 236 bp and 412 bp bands for aflP and aflA genes in A. flavus isolates, although non-PCR fragments have been observed in many other Aspergillus species. This study shows the antifungal activity of Cu-Chit/NCs hydrogels against aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus. Our results reveal that the antifungal activity of nanocomposites in vitro can be effective depending on the type of fungal strain and nanocomposite concentration. SDS-PAGE and native proteins explain the apparent response of cellular proteins in the presence of Cu-Chit/NCs hydrogels. A. flavus treated with a high concentration of Cu-Chit/NCs hydrogels that can decrease or produce certain types of proteins. Cu-Chit/NCs hydrogel decreases the effect of G6DP isozyme while not affecting the activity of peroxidase isozymes in tested isolates. Additionally, microscopic measurements of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed damage to the fungal cell membranes. Cu-Chit/NCS hydrogel is an innovative nano-biopesticide produced by MVS is employed in food and feed to induce plant defense against toxigenic fungi.

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Mosquera, J., P. A. Warn, J. Morrissey, C. B. Moore, C. Gil-Lamaignere, and D. W. Denning. "Susceptibility Testing of Aspergillus flavus: Inoculum Dependence with Itraconazole and Lack of Correlation between Susceptibility to Amphotericin B In Vitro and Outcome In Vivo." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 1456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.5.1456-1462.2001.

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ABSTRACT We have attempted to validate in Aspergillus flavus the main in vitro methodologies that have been used to detect resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. We developed a murine model with two A. flavus isolates, one that was apparently resistant in vitro to amphotericin B (AFL5) and another that was resistant to itraconazole (AFL8). No correlation was found for amphotericin B in AFL5, since the in vivo response was compatible with a susceptible isolate. Modification of the in vitro susceptibility test methodology for amphotericin B was unsuccessful. Although AFL8 was apparently resistant to itraconazole in vitro, it was found to be susceptible in vivo. Additional in vitro work has detected weaknesses in the in vitro susceptibility methodology validated for A. fumigatus when applied to A. flavus. The principal problems are that changes in the inoculum have a large effect on the MICs of itraconazole for some A. flavus strains and that a trailing end point and spore sediment often appear when an inoculum with a higher colony count is used. We propose a modified method using a final inoculum of 2.5 × 104 CFU per ml of RPMI 1640 medium with 2% glucose buffered to pH 7.0 in a microtiter format, incubated for 48 h with no growth end point. Validation of this methodology requires one or more itraconazole-resistant A. flavus isolates, which have yet to be identified.

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Khan, Rahim, Farinazleen Mohamad Ghazali, Nor Ainy Mahyudin, and Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin. "Aflatoxin Biosynthesis, Genetic Regulation, Toxicity, and Control Strategies: A Review." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7080606.

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Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic and cancer-causing compounds, predominantly synthesized by the Aspergillus species. AFs biosynthesis is a lengthy process that requires as minimum as 30 genes grouped inside 75 kilobytes (kB) of gene clusters, which are regulated by specific transcription factors, including aflR, aflS, and some general transcription factors. This paper summarizes the status of research on characterizing structural and regulatory genes associated with AF production and their roles in aflatoxigenic fungi, particularly Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, and enhances the current understanding of AFs that adversely affect humans and animals with a great emphasis on toxicity and preventive methods.

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Journal articles on the topic 'AFLW'

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