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Abatescianni, Marco Lorenzo. "Sorcery and Spiritual Hegemony in Africa." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37785.
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In Africa, the spiritual power is at the center of everyday life, politics and religion. Whatcharacterizes this power, in most of the continent, is its recourse to magic and sorcery. This thesisintends to to understand, if and how, the manipulation of a magical and spiritual reality, might havehelped a dominant power in exercising an hegemonic control. Or on the contrary, to dismantle it.The analysis will focus on two main sources: an ethnographic work based in Congo and a medievalepic set in West Africa.
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Rankin, John. "Healing the African Body: British Medicine in West Africa, 1800-1860." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. http://amzn.com/0826220541.
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This timely book explores the troubled intertwining of religion, medicine, empire, and race relations in the early nineteenth century. John Rankin analyzes the British use of medicine in West Africa as a tool to usher in a “softer” form of imperialism, considers how British colonial officials, missionaries, and doctors regarded Africans, and explores the impact of race classification on colonial constructs.
Rankin goes beyond contemporary medical theory, examining the practice of medicine in colonial Africa as Britons dealt with the challenges of providing health care to their civilian employees, African soldiers, and the increasing numbers of freed slaves in the general population, even while the imperialists themselves were threatened by a lack of British doctors and western medicines. As Rankin writes, “The medical system sought to not only heal Africans but to ‘uplift’ them and make them more amenable to colonial control . . . Colonialism starts in the mind and can be pushed on the other solely through ideological pressure.”https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1089/thumbnail.jpg
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Carotenuto, Matthew Paul. "Cultivating an African community the Luo Union in 20th century East Africa /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3238502.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2006."Title from dissertation home page (viewed July 12, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-10, Section: A, page: 3939. Adviser: John H. Hanson.
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Moguerane, Khumisho Ditebogo. "A history of the Molemas, African notables in South Africa, 1880s to 1920s." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:be5284ad-37a1-4725-9a18-32f674676bb7.
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This thesis is a family history of Silas Molema and his three children from the late 1880s to the late 1920s. The Molemas were a family of devout Methodists and educated chiefs in Mafikeng north of British Bechuanaland (part of the Cape colony in 1895) but they held extensive landholdings across the border in the Bechuanaland Protectorate. The thesis explores education, landholding and political office as strategies through which the Molemas attempted to maintain their position of class, status and power. Chiefs perceived formal annexation by Britain in 1885 also as opportunity to pursue greater self-determination, preserve the institutions of chiefly rule, and sustain respectable livelihoods. These aspirations had come to be experienced and understood as sechuana, which was a fluid reconstruction of tradition that helped Molemas and other Bechuana notables straddle incongruous cultural spheres along a racially and ethnically diverse colonial frontier. The thesis argues that nationhood was a key identification through which Molemas and other educated Bechuana saw themselves, and considers why they imagined their nation within the British Empire. The thesis also points to the various historical transformations and private entanglements that enmeshed various conceptions of nationhood into the everyday experience of the family as an emotive and socialising institution. These sentiments of nationhood profoundly shaped this family’s self-understanding, and mediated the choices children made about work, marriage and other significant relationships. The challenge to transfer inherited privilege across generations shaped identities, intersected with the reconfiguration of the local political economy, and impinged upon structural transformations in southern Africa.
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(IEASA), International Education Association of South Africa, and Nico Jooste. "10 Years of IEASA history." International Education Association of South Africa (IEASA), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/65356.
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[Preface - Nico Jooste]: For more than ten years, we have been involved in implementing internationalisation of South African Higher Education. The we I am referring too, are those who are both visionaries and passionately dedicated to the process of internationalisation. A small group of South African Higher Education administrators, academics and senior managers involved themselves in the process of internationalisation of their institutions, and collectively the South African system. This process of internationalisation started as an uncoordinated response to the demands of a South African higher education system that was determined to break with the past, and re-connect with global higher education, it was left to a few dedicated visionaries to create the support structure that would not only assist the higher education institutions, but also the system. The other bodies that were supposed to pay attention to this very important aspect of Higher Education in the 21st century were too busy with other, equally important, matters. It became clear that the priorities of organisations like SAUVCA were not internationalisation, and IEASA was established as the vehicle to promote it. This story of IEASA needed to be told. This book is not aimed at IEASA members only, but also at the broader higher education public. This is the story of an organisation that touched all parts of South African Higher Education society as well as the broader society. It is partly the ‘corporate memory’ of Internationalisation, as well as a reflection on achievements. Ten years looked like a short period to reflect on an organisations history, I am however of the opinion that in a society that is changing so rapidly, we need to reflect more frequently on the past so that we can plan a better future. For any historian operating in the modem era of electronic communication, access to sources of information has become a major challenge. IEASA, Thilor Manikam in particular, needs to be commended for the accurate record keeping of events over the past ten years. Kirstin Nussgruber very diligently captured the efforts of the forces driving the establishment of IEASA for the first two years. This book was mainly based on evidence gathered from minutes, reports and letters that are in the possession of the IEASA Office. I also had the privilege, and advantage, to be a member of the Executive Committee for the past five years. This book cannot be the last word on IEASA, as it is only the view of a member. The bias is thus toward IEASA and focusses mainly on its achievements. Chapter 3 focusses mainly on the achievements of a voluntary organisation. The efforts over the ten years of three persons namely. Roshen Kishun as President, Derek Swemmer as Treasurer, and Thilor Manikam as the Administrator stood out, and was the stabilising factor during the foundation years. The role of Roshen Kishun in the publication of Study South African cannot be underestimated. Without his vision, drive and effort, this publication would not be preparing for the launch of the seventh edition. It is a unique source of information about South African Higher Education. Very few other systems, if any. produce such a publication. Although the author was requested by the IEASA Executive Committee to write this book, the views expressed in this publication is not the views of the Executive Committee, but that of the author.
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Tesfaye, Facil. "Medical expeditions and scramble for Africa: Robert Koch in Africa 1896-1907." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121329.
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The history of colonial medical expeditions and those involved in them is usually left to medical professionals who use their expertise to decrypt the technical and scientific aspects of the activities conducted on the ground. In addition, such works do not necessarily pay attention to the general historical context in which the expeditions occurred. This study is a historical examination of five medical expeditions that Robert Koch conducted in the African continent between 1896 and 1907. It places the activities of the German scientist in the general historical context of the late nineteenth century Africa, which was described by scholars as a "time of trouble and transformation". The extreme environmental conditions of African continent at the time, and the Scramble for Africa that was unfolding on the ground will thus provide the framework of analysis proposed by this study.L'histoire des expéditions médicales coloniales et de ceux qui y ont été impliqués est généralement laissée aux professionnels de la santé qui utilisent leur savoir-faire pour décrypter les aspects techniques et scientifiques des activités menées sur le terrain. En outre, ces travaux ne paient pas nécessairement beaucoup d'attention au contexte historique général dans lequel les expéditions ont eu lieu. Cette thèse est un examen historique de cinq expéditions médicales que Robert Koch a mené sur le continent africain entre 1896 et 1907. Cette étude place les activités du scientifique allemand dans le contexte historique général africain de la fin du XIXe siècle, qui a été décrit par certains spécialistes comme un «temps de détresse et de transformation». La situation environnementale extrême du continent Africain de l'époque, ainsi que la ruée vers l'Afrique qui se déroulait au même moment serviront de cadre de l'analyse proposée par cette étude.
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Dawe, Jennifer Ann. "A history of cotton-growing in East and Central Africa : British demand, African supply." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19673.
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Based on extensive UK and African archival research and a wide survey of secondary sources, this thesis examines various aspects of African cotton production from prehistoric to modern times. Its main emphasis is on the interaction of British demand and African supply during the twentieth century colonial period. The British Cotton Growing Association (BCGA), Empire Cotton Growing Corporation (ECGC), Malawi and Tanzania are studied in detail to observe the means by which the BCGA and ECGC articulated British needs and nurtured the African cotton industry and the extent to which East and Central African cotton-growing was directed by external wants, supported by outside input and met local desires. Also examined are the dynamics of competition, control and occasional cooperation between European planters, African smallholders, metropolitan government, various levels of local government administration, large-scale merchants, small traders, Departments of Agriculture and the Colonial Office (CO). Background data is provided in technical appendices and over fifty statistical tables, graphs and maps. Starting with a discussion on the origins of cultivated cottons, the first chapter describes the rise of the Lancashire cotton industry and its search for a regular, secure supply of raw cotton. The second chapter narrates the history of the BCGA, inaugurated in 1902 to meet British cotton requirements, and assesses its success, its inherent dichotomy as 'semi-philanthropic, semi-commercial' and its relationships with the CO, overseas governments and trading firms. It also introduces the ECGC, chartered in 1921, the main subject of the third chapter which spotlights the varied areas of ECGC activity and its role in agricultural research. Chapter 4 bridges the metropolitan-colonial divide with an examination of economics, agriculture and cotton in British territories in Africa, with specific sections on Zimbabwe, Zambia, Kenya and Uganda. Chapters 5 and 6 present overviews of cotton-growing in Malawi and Tanzania, touching on regional variations, constraints on expansion, means of encouragement, ecological effect and economic and production results.
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Steltzner, Becky L. "The history of the clarinet in South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20332.
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This thesis explores and traces the history of the clarinet in South Africa. After discussing the problems of researching western European music history in South Africa from the arrival of the Dutch in 1652, and briefly summarising that music history up to the first clarinet reference, the thesis goes through the existing clarinet references. These have been sourced from travellers' journals, newspapers, military histories, other theses, etc., with particular emphasis on the 19th century, since the clarinet was introduced to South Africa near the beginning of it, and the most unknown part of the clarinet's South African history is within it. The references are noted, discussed, and where possible, the performers' biographical details are given and discussed. This carries through to the beginning of the 20th century, at which point South Africa got its first professional symphony orchestra, and first College of Music. From here, the clarinet is deemed to be more readily available, so at this point, the focus changes to South African compositions for clarinet. Finally, a case study is done on Ali-Ben-Sou-Alle, who was the first clarinet soloist to visit South Africa, as well as one of the most interesting and mysterious characters encountered in this research.
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Bruder, Edith. "The Black Jews of Africa : history, religion, identity /." Oxford : Oxford university press, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb413210103.
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Dimkpa, Princewill. "Colonialism, Independence and Underdevelopment in Africa : The Pre-eminence and Blame Game." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Afrikanska studier, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-31619.
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Donkor, Kimathi. "Africana unmasked : fugitive signs of Africa in Tate's British Collection." Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2015. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/12019/.
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Through painting, drawing, photography and digital design, I have investigated the relationship between, on the one hand, my fine art practice—with its interest in postcolonial African and diaspora identities (or, ‘Africana’)—and on the other hand, works at The Tate Gallery—with its remit to hold the National Collection of British Art. By interrogating iconological ‘conditions of existence’ for works by Fehr, Sargent and Brock, I created new artworks that indicated hidden (or, ‘fugitive’) African connections with the intention of disrupting complacent assumptions and reimagining unacknowledged (or, ‘masked’) themes. I considered concepts of Africa: described by Mudimbe as ‘discursive formations’ (after Foucault) and embodying postcolonial, transracial identities; in addition, I addressed the problematics of Tate’s British Art collection as a post-imperial brand of ‘cultural capital’. Unmasking fugitive Africana was a practical methodology designed to produce artworks. So,while aware of many theoretical interlocutors, I pursued a convoluted, sometimes intuitive path through the creative process by making drawings, digital designs, photographs and paintings. Nonetheless, Stuart Hall’s framework of an ‘oppositional code’ was key and so I suggest that, as practiced by artists, ‘unmasking Africana’ might be an inherently counter-hegemonic,critical project. My investigation embodied technical and conceptual problematics of critical enquiry as a mode of studio practice. I explored unmasking methodologies through reading, observation,reflection and painterly, synthesised appropriations—also witnessing an evolution in my imagery, from iconographically layered compositions to works in which identities and motifs seemed to fuse. As well as the studio investigation and writing, my project had a pedagogic element. In a series of seminars, I taught MA students at C.C.W. Graduate School the preliminary findings of my research. My interviews with students produced evaluations about their learning, which I later disseminated as part of UAL’s programme to reduce disparities between white and B.A.M.E. British undergraduate students.
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Kloppers, Roelie J. "The history and representation of the history of the Mabudu-Tembe." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16366.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: History is often manipulated to achieve contemporary goals. Writing or narrating history is not merely a recoding or a narration of objective facts, but a value-laden process often conforming to the goals of the writer or narrator. This study examines the ways in which the history of the Mabudu chiefdom has been manipulated to achieve political goals. Through an analysis of the history of the Mabudu chiefdom and the manner in which that history has been represented, this study illustrates that history is not merely a collection of verifiable facts, but rather a collection of stories open to interpretation and manipulation. In the middle of the eighteenth century the Mabudu or Mabudu-Tembe was the strongest political and economic unit in south-east Africa. Their authority only declined with state formation amongst the Swazi and Zulu in the early nineteenth century. Although the Zulu never defeated the Mabudu, the Mabudu were forced to pay tribute to the Zulu. In the 1980s the Prime Minister of KwaZulu, Mangusotho Buthelezi, used this fact as proof that the people of Maputaland (Mabudu-land) should be part of the Zulu nation-state. By the latter part of the nineteenth century Britain, Portugal and the South African Republic laid claim to Maputaland. In 1875 the French President arbitrated in the matter and drew a line along the current South Africa/ Mozambique border that would divide the British and French spheres of influence in south-east Africa. The line cut straight through the Mabudu chiefdom. In 1897 Britain formally annexed what was then called AmaThongaland as an area independent of Zululand, which was administered as ‘trust land’ for the Mabudu people. When deciding on a place for the Mabudu in its Grand Apartheid scheme, the South African Government ignored the fact that the Mabudu were never defeated by the Zulu or incorporated into the Zulu Empire. Until the late 1960s the government recognised the people of Maputaland as ethnically Tsonga, but in 1976 Maputaland was incorporated into the KwaZulu Homeland and the people classified as Zulu. In 1982 the issue was raised again when the South African Government planned to cede Maputaland to Swaziland. The government and some independent institutions launched research into the historic and ethnic ties of the people of Maputaland. Based on the same historical facts, contrasting claims were made about the historical and ethnic ties of the people of Maputaland. Maputaland remained part of KwaZulu and is still claimed by the Zulu king as part of his kingdom. The Zulu use the fact that the Mabudu paid tribute in the 1800s as evidence of their dominance. The Mabudu, on the other hand, use the same argument to prove their independence, only stating that tribute never meant subordination, but only the installation of friendly relations. This is a perfect example of how the same facts can be interpreted differently to achieve different goals and illustrates that history cannot be equated with objective fact.
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Makaula, Anderson Mhlauli. "A political history of the Bhacas from earliest times to 1910." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002400.
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The Bhacas are people whose history has not yet been clearly written. Unlike the Mpondo, Xhosa and Thempu chiefdoms, the Bhacas are comparatively recent immigrants into the Cape area. The first chapter deals with origins of the Bhacas and introduces the reader to Bhaca affairs. The chiefdom is said to have been a victim of the disruptive Tshakan wars of the early 19th century, and Madzikane, who later on assumed the reputation of being the architect of the Bhaca nation, left Natal seeking a place where to establish his independence. He collected a large number of fugitives scattered in the southern part of Natal and migrated to the Embondzeni Great Place in Mount Frere. The second chapter concentrates on the habits and customs of the Bhacas. The Bhacas of Mount Frere district are divided into two autonomous chiefdoms according to the descendants of Sonyangwe and Ncapayi, sons of the renowned Great Bhaca chief, Madzikane. Bhaca customs are characterised by their First Fruit Festival dialect.(ingcubhe) and their distinctive Thsefula Then comes the era of Ncapayi who had been renowned for his warlike propensities, and the controversial Voortrekker attack of 1840. It was however, during his reign that mission work started amongst the Bhacas. This left an indelible impression among the Bhacas because Osborn Mission Station was established in 1858 during Mamjucu's reign, the widow of Ncapayi, many years after his death . The influence of missionaries coupled with the problems encountered by Makaula, Ncapayi's son from the surrounding chiefdoms, led to the acceptance of colonial rule. This leads us to chapters 6, 7 and 8 where the colonial government interfers in the Bhaca traditional administrative system especially in matters relating to the allocation of land, appointment of headmen, relations between Makaula and Nomtsheketshe and relations between the Bhacas and the Mpondo. It was during Makaula's regime that many denominations were established in the Mount Frere district. A great measure of credit should be given to these churches for placing systematically before the Bhacas the higher standards of belief and conduct. The history of Bhacas from the 1860's was characterised by change and modification due to the increasing contact with the white man's culture.
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Torlesse, Ann Catherine Marjorie. "A history of Grahamstown, 1918-1945." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002418.
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This study in local history describes socio-economic developments in Grahamstown between 1918 - 1945, and analyses the extent to which these developments mirrored trends in the macrocosm. During these years the city failed to become ndustrialised, but enhanced her reputation as an eminent educational centre. Despite being financially handicapped, the City Council undertook large public works schemes for the provision of essential services, such as electricity and an adequate supply of water. In addition a water-borne sewerage scheme was introduced, and roads were repaired and tarred. The influx of a large number of poor rural Blacks into the urban area placed a considerable strain on the city's health services, and housing projects had to be implemented. Local political affiliations and race relations are examined against the background of national developments, especially the growing entrenchment by the State of the policy of segregation. Attention is also devoted to the impact upon the community of international political crises. The cultural and sporting pursuits, as well as the entertainments enjoyed by Grahamstonians, are investigated; and a picture of the local "mentalite" is presented.
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Young, F. Lionel. "The transition from the Africa Inland Mission to the Africa Inland Church in Kenya, 1939-1975." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25975.
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This thesis examines the relationship between the Africa Inland Mission (AIM) and the Africa Inland Church (AIC) in Kenya between 1939 and 1975. AIM began laying plans for an African denomination in Kenya in 1939 and established the Africa Inland Church in 1943. The mission did not clearly define the nature of its relationship with the church it founded. The arrangement was informal, and evolved over time. In addition, the relationship between the AIM and the AIC between 1939 and 1975 was often troubled. African independent churches were formed in the 1940s because of dissatisfaction over AIM policies. The mission opposed devolution in the 1950s, even when other mission societies were following this policy in preparation for independence in Kenya. AIM continued to resist a mission church merger in the 1960s and did not hand over properties and powers to the church until 1971. The study focuses on how the mission’s relationship with the church it founded evolved during this period. It considers how mission principles and policies created tension in the relationship with the church it founded. First, it examines how mission policy contributed to significant schisms in the 1940s, giving rise to African independent churches. Second, it looks at how AIM interpreted and responded to post-war religious, political and social changes in Kenya. Third, it explores the reasons for AIM’s rejection of a proposed mission-church merger in the late 1950s. Fourth, this study investigates mission motives for resisting increased African pressure for devolution after independence in Kenya even while it helped establish the Association of Evangelicals in Africa and Madagascar. Fifth, it considers what happened to the mission and the church in the aftermath of a merger in 1971.
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Atuahene-Sarpong, Boateng Kofi. ""Why I like history ...": Ciskeian secondary school pupils' attitudes towards history." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003710.
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This dissertation was motivated by the decline in percentage of the number of Standard 10 pupils who offered History for the National Senior Certificate (Matriculation) Examination in the Mathole Directorate in the Ciskei from 1987 - 1990. The research revealed that the decrease in the number of pupils doing History in Standard 10 did not indicate loss of interest in the subject. Instead, the multiplicity of new subjects introduced in the school curriculum and some peculiar subject combinations in some schools forced some pupils (reluctantly) to reject History as a school subject. Those who chose to do History in Standard 10 showed their liking for the subject and expressed their interest in it. The study took the form of a survey through the use of questionnaire and informal chats with pupils and teachers on their views about History as a school subject. A questionnaire was designed for pupils offering History in Standard 10 and administered in four of the eight Senior Secondary Schools in the Mathole Directorate in Ciskei. Generally, work on pupils' interest in and attitude towards History as a school subject is very rare. Some of the few available works merely compare pupils' liking for History as opposed to other school subjects and when the response is not favourable; conclude that pupils in Senior Secondary Schools do not enjoy studying History. Pupils' interest in and attitudes towards the subject, the extent of their interest, the causes of their attitude and the internal and external influences on their interest in and attitudes towards the subject were neglected by earlier works, but have been given attention in this study. As a result of very little available work and material, pupils' responses to the questionnaire formed the basis of the material used in this work. A large number of pupils' responses was put in tables according to sex instead of schools. Where applicable, X2 tests were administered to see if there were any appreciable statistically significant differences between the responses of the boys and girls. In most cases where the X2 tests were applied, no statistically difference was noticed. The study showed more boys than girls showing interest in and positive attitudes towards History. The general picture of the study showed a deviation from the view commonly expressed by other studies that pupils in modern Senior Secondary Schools do not like History. As this study revealed, it is not the subject itself that pupils did not like, but the way it is handled by some teachers and lack of teaching aids to concretise events. This leads to the role of Teacher Training Institutions: which must be to produce the versatile, duty-conscious and innovating History teacher to revolutionise History teaching to make History alive to pupils.
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Deacon, Harriet. "A history of the Breakwater Prison from 1859 to 1905." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21141.
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Bibliography: pages 85-89.This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of a B.A (Hons.) degree in African Studies, for which my home department was Social Anthropology. The project arose out of my interest in the interdisciplinary work of Michel Foucault and its application to the history of Africa. This has been broadened into an interest in post-structuralist theory, and has been particularly focussed on the "institution". A prime example of Foucault's "complete" or "austere" institution is the prison. The Breakwater convict station, a colonial prison in Cape Town during the nineteenth century, suited both my theoretical and empirical interests. I chose this particular institution because it was the prison from which the linguist W.H.I. Bleek drew his San informants in the 1870s, and because the prison and its records were based in Cape Town. I wanted to incorporate ideas from secondary sources on Bleek and his work (e.g. Thornton 1983, Deacon 1988a). But the work took its own directions, and I have focussed here on the organization of the prison and on the prisoners in general rather than on the San.
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Rassool, Ciraj. "The individual, auto/biography and history in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This thesis is a contribution to the field of public history, which the author and others at the University of the Western Cape's History Department have over the last decade pioneered in defining and mapping out in South Africa. Rassool's theories about the relationship between history and biography were developed in relation to the life of the Unity Movement leader, I.B. Tabata.
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Gon, O. (Ofer) 1949. "The history of marine fish systematics in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007800.
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South African marine fish collections and systematic research are relatively young, essentially a product of the 20th century. Their history in South Africa comprises three distinct periods: the emergence of fish collections (before 1895), the beginning of research (1895-1945) and modern research (1945-1999). From the outset of their arrival in South Africa in the mid-17th century, the European settlers of the Cape Colony supplemented their diet with fishes. Therefore it is not surprising that when natural history museums appeared in the 19th century fishes were among the first specimens they procured or received from the public. In these early days, fishes were acquired for display purposes and were curated together with other natural history specimens. There were no fish collections as such and, in many ways, the early history of South African fish collections closely followed the history of the institutions in which they were housed. Major political events in South Africa between 1850-1910 had little effect on the slow growth offish collections as the low influx of specimens from the public did not change. None of the museums did any active fish collecting and no fish research as such took place during these years. The second period in the growth of fish collections in South Africa was characterised by a general shift to collecting for research rather than display. It was also a period during which the need for aquatic research was recognized by and began to attract funding from the South African government, starting with the establishment of the Marine Biological Survey in Cape Town. However, with the exception of the Albany Museum's self-trained J.L.B. Smith, no trained marine fish systematists were working in museums either as curators or as researchers. In the first half of the 20"' century South Africa experienced the fast growth of the fishing industry, the development of academic and applied research in marine biology, and the thriving of sport fishing. These developments created a demand for well-trained professional ichthyologists. J.L.B. Smith was the first to fill this professional gap. The growth rate offish collections increased significantly through the interaction between museum scientists, such as Smith in Grahamstown and K.H. Barnard in Cape Town, with the fishing industry, government biologists and fisheries officers, and anglers. Barnard's review of the South African marine fish fauna was published in mid-I920s. The discovery of the first living coelacanth placed South African ichthyology and Smith on the international stage. The identification of this fish, made by a relatively inexperienced Smith, changed the way ichthyology has been viewed in South Africa. At the beginning of the third period, largely due to the establishment of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in 1945, science in South Africa underwent a process of reorganisation. As funding became more available museums were able to enlarge their research staff. Natural history museums hired qualified experts to conduct research and manage collections of specific groups of organisms. For the first time, trained ichthyologists started working in museums and initiated research projects that were the main contributors to the growth of fish collections around the country. Furthermore it was a period of consolidation offish collections resulting in two large marine fish collections, one at the South African Museum, Cape Town, and another at the J .L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown. This period also witnessed the establishment of the latter as a research institute dedicated to the study of fishes and its rise to international prominence. The last 55 years at J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology can be divided into two distinct periods, 1945-1967 and 1968-1999, each consisting of similar elements of research work and objectives. These included the research and production of major reviews of the fish faunas of South Africa, the western Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean, as well as research on the coelacanth. While in the former period the work was done by one scientist, J.L.B. Smith, the latter period has been characterised by collaborative projects including scientists from South Africa and abroad. As this history shows, the establishment of a viable, long-lasting collection is a lengthy process. For about 60 years the durability of fish collections depended on the enthusiasm and persistence of individual curators and scientists who were not ichthyologists. More often than not, enthusiasm disappeared when such individuals left their museums. This dependence existed until Rhodes University College established the Department of Ichthyology (1947) and the South African Museum created a post specifically for the curation of the fish collection (1957) and thus ensured continuity. The continuity of biosystematic research in South Africa has been a minor concern for the nation's systematists for decades. The threats to marine fish systematics have been of a financial, political and professional nature. The latter has been the most serious one because of the dearth of South Africans trained in marine fish systematics. After J.L.B. Smith's death in 1968 M.M. Smith had to work hard to convince the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and Rhodes University that she could step into her late husband's shoes. Realizing that there was nobody to take over from her she initiated the first and only postgraduate programme in ichthyology in South Africa. The teaching started in the academic year of 1970171 at the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, but to date only one student has completed a thesis in marine fish systematics. Due to the government's transformation policy all the practising marine fish systematists in South Africa will be retiring in the course of the present decade. Consequently, if no aspiring, motivated students appear on the scene in the next couple of years marine fish systematics in this country will be in a deep crisis by the year 2010, possibly even earlier.
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Perryman, Charles W. "Africa, Appalachia, and acculturation| The history of bluegrass music." Thesis, West Virginia University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3605866.
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Though primarily associated with white Southerners, bluegrass music is actually the product of over three hundred years of black and white musical interaction that occurred in the American Southeast. This document begins by reviewing the first complete definition of bluegrass music written by Mayne Smith. It then proceeds to explore the history of cross cultural exchanges in the South, particularly in the Appalachian Mountains, that began when the first slaves were brought to the New World. In the South, these interactions created the folk music that would eventually develop into country music and later bluegrass in the twentieth century. Black musical styles also directly influenced the father of bluegrass, Bill Monroe, especially through his contact with the blues musician Arnold Shultz. The banjo playing of Earl Scruggs, an essential element of bluegrass, also owes a significant debt to African-American banjo styles found in Scruggs's native region of North Carolina.
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Watson, Kelvin Innes. "A history of the South African police in Port Elizabeth, 1913-1956." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002423.
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This thesis investigates the policing activities of the South African Police (SAP) in Port Elizabeth from the formation of the SAP in 1913 to the creation of two separate police districts in the city in 1956. It begins with the recruitment and training of police personnel, outlining the difficulty in obtaining sufficient white recruits for most of the period while at the same time stressing the ease with which the Force was able to obtain black recruits. The preponderance of Afrikaner policemen serving in Port Elizabeth from the 1920s onwards is made clear, as is the para-military nature of the SAP, which was maintained and reinforced as a result of training methods and the process of socialisation. As state servants, police personnel were expected to serve loyally and obediently a state becoming increasingly repressive towards its black citizens. Generally inadequate conditions of service remained the norm throughout the period yet the SAP’s commitment to the state never wavered, bar one isolated, short-lived incidence. The administration and functioning of policing in Port Elizabeth is explored by focussing on specific organisational features pertinent to the city and the changes wrought by the police hierarchy to deal with the city’s demographic and spatial expansion. The SAP tended to employ three different forms of policing in the city as a result of its apartheid-driven agenda which compelled it to differentiate between the various population groups in terms of maintaining law and order. The privileged white community experienced routine, civil policing whereas the black community was policed largely in a socially and politically oppressive manner; this was in line with government policy. On the whole, however, the more brutal and sinister nature of policing was yet to come to the fore although this thesis does point towards the increasingly repressive nature of policing in South Africa during the apartheid era.
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Blockley, Jason. "The Colonate in Africa: a Legal & Economic History of Coloni in Late Antique Africa." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25074.
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Roman Africa was a grouping of eminently wealthy and populous provinces. Across Africa wealthy and middling landowners turned over their land to coloni – tenant farmers. These coloni, in conjunction with the regular freeholding plebeii farmers, generated immense agricultural wealth. Africa, Rome, and the empire prospered on the back of this wealth. In Late Antiquity the enigmatic and hotly debated colonate appeared. The colonate has been an integral aspect of Late Antique Roman historiography for centuries. Fundamentally, the different theories describe a variety of processes wherein legislative, fiscal, and seigneurial pressures gradually reduced the status of coloni from free citizens to something resembling slaves or medieval serfs. Far from assigning coloni to a proto-feudal status, the colonate in Africa appears pragmatic and conservative. This thesis contributes to the ongoing reconsideration of the colonate as a historiographical concept by providing a sustained legal analysis focusing on the region of Roman Africa. Chiefly, the legal analysis accounts for fundamental flaws with colonate models that exaggerate the universalism of Late Roman law and the ability of the imperial state to enforce said law. Moreover, the traditional colonate model does not consider regional circumstances, which are crucial. At an empire-wide level coloni were subject to general, but not inflexible, rules regarding compulsory and hereditary professions. In Africa, imperial legal interventions were primarily directed at alleviating fiscal and administrative impediments to coloni cultivation and generally safeguarding an ancient and successful system.
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Jones, David. "Objecting to apartheid: the history of the end conscription campaign." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005998.
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It is important that the story of organisations like the End Conscription Campaign be recorded. The narrative of the struggle against apartheid has become a site of contestation. As the downfall of apartheid is still a relatively recent event, the history is still in the process of formation. There is much contestation over the relative contributions of different groups within the struggle. This is an important debate as it informs and shapes the politics of the present. A new official narrative is emerging which accentuates the role of particular groupings, portraying them as the heroes and the leaders of the struggle. A new elite have laid exclusive claim to the heritage of the struggle and are using this narrative to justify their hold on power through the creation of highly centralised political structures in which positions of power are reserved for loyal cadres and independent thinking and questioning are seen as a threat. A complementary tradition of grassroots democracy, of open debate and transparency, of “people’s power”, of accountability of leadership to the people fostered in the struggle is being lost. It is important to contest this narrative. We need to remember that the downfall of apartheid was brought about by a myriad combination of factors and forces. Current academic interpretations emphasize that no one group or organisation, no matter how significant its contribution, was solely responsible. There was no military victory or other decisive event which brought the collapse of the system, rather a sapping of will to pay the ever increasing cost to maintain it. The struggle against apartheid involved a groundswell, popular uprising in which the initiative came not from centralised political structures, orchestrating a grand revolt, but from ordinary South Africans who were reacting to the oppressive nature of a brutally discriminatory system which sought to control every aspect of their lives.4 Leaders and structures emerged organically as communities organised themselves around issues that affected them. Organisations that emerged were highly democratic and accountable to their members. There was no grand plan or centralised control of the process. As Walter Benjamin warned in a different context, but applicable here: “All rulers are the heirs of those who have conquered before them.” He feared that what he referred to as a historicist view constructed a version of history as a triumphal parade of progress. “Whoever has emerged victorious” he reminds us “participates to this day in the triumphal procession in which the present rulers step over those who are lying prostrate. According to traditional practice the spoils are carried along in the procession.” 5 He was warning of just such a tendency, which has been repeated so often in the past, for the victors to construct a version of history which ends up justifying a new tyranny. To counter this tendency it is important that other histories of the struggle are told – that the stories of other groups, which are marginalised by the new hegemonic discourse, are recorded.This aim of this dissertation is thus two-fold. Firstly it aims to investigate “the story” of the End Conscription Campaign, which has largely been seen as a white anti-apartheid liberal organisation. The objective is to provide a detailed historical account and periodisation of the organisation to fill in the gaps and challenge the distortions of a new emerging “official” discourse.Secondly within this framework, and by using the activities and strategies of the organisation as evidence for its suppositions, the question of the role played by the ECC in the struggle.
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Martin, Maria A. "Underestimated Influences: North Africa in Classical Antiquity." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1301936096.
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Webley, Lita Ethel. "The history and archaeology of pastoralist and hunter-gatherer settlement in the North-Western Cape, South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17817.
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Bibliography: pages 282-299.Investigations in the archaeologically unexplored region of Namaqualand show that it was unoccupied for much of the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene. Marginally more favourable climatic conditions circa 2000 BP encouraged re-occupation of the region. It would appear that Khoe-speaking hunter-gatherers with livestock and pottery first entered Namaqualand along the Orange River before moving southward along the Atlantic coast. Both sheep and pottery are present at /Ai tomas in the Richtersveld and Spoeg River Cave on the coast, some 1900 years ago. This is strong evidence for a western route of Khoekhoen dispersal into southern Africa and invalidates one of the hypotheses proposed by Elphick in 1972. Domestic stock was initially only a minor addition to the economy and these early inhabitants of the region continued utilising wild plant foods and game, slaughtering their domestic stock only infrequently. It is proposed that hunter-gatherer society may undergo the structural changes necessary to become pastoralists and that there is evidence for this in the archaeological record from Namaqualand during the period 1900 to 1300 BP. The historical and ethnographic records relating to the Little Namaqua Khoekhoen indicates that gender conflict structured much of the lives of the historical population and it is postulated that the pre-colonial period was also characterised by changing gender relations. Central to this thesis is a consideration of the active role of material culture in negotiating relations between various interest groups within a society as well as structuring relations between 'ethnic' groups. Certain material culture items are identified which were used to negotiate and structure gender relations. The archaeological material from Namaqualand are therefore analysed in order to determine changing social relations through time. It is concluded that ethnic distinctions between pastoralist groups and hunter-gatherers in Namaqualand became more stressed with the arrival of the Dutch as a consequence of increasing competition for resources. The collapse of Namaqua Khoekhoen society was brought about as a result of trading excess stock for luxury items rather than in establishing stock associations. This thesis proposes that material culture from archaeological excavations be analysed for evidence of the structuring of within-group relations and that material cultural changes dating to within the last 2000 years should not automatically be ascribed to the presence of two 'ethnic' groups.
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Broeckaert, Logan. ""A triumph of the new South Africa over the old:" heritage and nation-building in South Africa, 1994-1999." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18711.
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Nelson Mandela's presidency, marked especially by the proceedings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, fostered a context in which the South African heritage industry was encouraged to promote the core values of reconciliation, unity and diversity, the underpinning of the president's nation-building project. District Six and Robben Island Museums are assessed as two of the most prominent heritage sites for the commemoration of apartheid in South Africa. Despite their differences--District Six began as a local museum with little government funding, while Robben Island was destined to be South Africa's most recognised heritage site and its largest recipient of government monies—both institutions were transformed into sites that promoted the government's vision of the new South Africa. Ultimately, the needs of the nation-building project marginalised the problems of nostalgia, romanticisation, omission and silencing that occurred at both institutions between 1994 and 1999.Marquée surtout par les démarches de la Commission de la vérité et de la réconciliation, la présidence de Nelson Mandela a aussi établi un contexte dans lequel l'industrie du patrimoine sud-africaine était fortement encouragée à promouvoir les valeurs centrales du projet d'édification de la nation du président, soit la réconciliation, l'unité et la diversité. Les Musées District Six et Robben Island sont les deux plus importants sites dédiés à la commémoration de l'apartheid en Afrique du Sud. District Six est à l'origine un petit musée local recevant très peu d'aide gouvernementale, tandis que Robben Island était destiné, de par ses origines, à devenir le plus important site du patrimoine sud-africain et bénéficie depuis ses débuts d'un niveau important de financement. Malgré leurs différences, chaque musée s'est peu à peu mis à promouvoir la vision du gouvernement pour une nouvelle Afrique du Sud. En fait, son projet d'édification de la nation pris rapidement le dessus, au détriment de la manifestation de la nostalgie, la romance, l'omission de faits et le désir de faire taire une partie de l'histoire sud-africaine qui se manifestèrent tous au sein des deux sites du patrimoine entre 1994 et 1999.
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Karating, Robin-lea. "Exhumations, reburials and history making in post-apartheid South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6651.
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Magister Artium - MAThis mini-thesis, ‘Exhumation, Reburial and History Making in South Africa’, is concerned with an analysis of the practices of exhumation and reburial through discussing the case studies of the Iron-Age archaeological site of Mapungubwe, the Vergelegen Wine Estate in Somerset West and the reburials carried out by the Missing Persons Task Team (MPPT) from the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), particularly its unsuccessful attempt at exhumations at the Stikland Cemetery, in an attempt to understand how they form part of the production of history. These case studies conceive of the times of the precolonial, slavery and apartheid, and are all linked temporally to an envisaged future through ideas of nation building and nationalism. As narratives produced through these exhumations and reburials, they contribute to the notion of making the post-apartheid by remaking history and reconstituting nation. Each of these case studies are significant as they in some way have been utilized in a manner that is relevant to us in the new democratic South Africa. This mini-thesis aims at rethinking the role of archaeologists, the exhumation and reburial processes, the construction of ethnicity, how the dead are used to construct narratives of struggle against apartheid and in general the implications each of these have on the re-making of history. It also thinks about what the practices of exhumation and reburial mean conceptually and how they relate to the concept of missingness, which I refer to as the process of making absence or invisibility. Thinking about exhumations and reburial in this way has allowed reflection on the purpose of the practices, in terms of who it’s for and how it’s perceived by the stakeholders involved in each case. Through dissecting each of these issues one may be able to trace how the remains to be reburied become missing. Therefore, the question of exhumation and reburial is essential in thinking about what it does for the human remains and how their identity is either shaped or lost. This thesis mainly argues that the remains in each of the case studies go through various phases of missingness and that their reburials and memorialization, or in the case of Stikland the spiritual repatriation, inscribes them further into narratives of the times that they emerged from.
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Roger, Lionel Joshua. "Essays on macroeconomics in Africa." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52006/.
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This thesis comprises three self-contained essays on topics surrounding economic growth and macroeconomic performance in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The first two address aspects of measurement error in macroeconomic data from SSA: the first essay (Chapter 2) explores the potential of nighttime luminosity as a means of improving GDP estimates, the second (Chapter 3) assesses the potential impact of changes in the data on empirical results from time series analysis. The third essay (Chapter 4) investigates exchange rate dynamics in Zambia, and how these pass through to consumer prices. The first essay (Chapter 2) explores heterogeneity in the nexus between nighttime light emissions and economic activity, a relationship that is increasingly exploited with the aim of reducing measurement error in growth estimates of countries where the data is considered weak. I show that the elasticity between nighttime lights and economic activity varies substantially across countries, and that this variation has a systematic component which could have implications for empirical results. Using the elastic net method in order to isolate the relevant factors, I find that 55% of the variation can be explained by observable factors. When tracing economic growth in Africa since 1992 using luminosity and accounting for the explained share of parameter heterogeneity, I find no evidence of an 'African Growth Miracle' as described by, e.g., Young (2012). However, I do find evidence that countries that recently revised their GDP figures (like Nigeria and Ghana) had a tendency to report inflated growth rates for recent years. This is consistent with Jerven (2014)'s hypothesis of purely 'statistical growth'. The second essay (Chapter 3) explores the inconsistencies across different versions and sources of national accounts data (three versions of the Penn World Table and the World Development Indicators), and their impact on macroeconomic inference from time series analysis. I use the statistical framework developed by Juselius et al. (2014) and assess the robustness of their conclusions regarding the long-run impact of foreign aid on economic growth in 36 SSA countries that are generally considered to have low statistical capacity, and where sources on macroeconomic variables sometimes disagree strongly. The results of this exercise are mixed: When I apply the Cointegrated VAR models precisely as developed by JMT to the new datasets, results remain robust for about two thirds of the countries. Once I re-specify the time series models based on the respective data (as different data will sometimes imply different lag lengths, cointegration ranks, etc.), using the same statistical methodology as JMT, this often leads to more substantial changes in the conclusions. The third essay (Chapter 4) investigates the dynamics between the exchange rate and consumer prices in a resource-rich setting in a case study of Zambia. Using a combination of short-run sign- and zero-restrictions, I identify relevant global and domestic shocks in a structural VAR (SVAR). The results suggest that the pass-through of the exchange rate to consumer prices (ERPT) depends greatly on the shock that originally caused the exchange rate to fluctuate. While, for instance, the price of copper is the most important driver of the exchange rate, the fluctuations caused by it tend to affect prices only moderately (an ERPT of ca. 7%). On the other hand, exchange rate fluctuations caused by monetary shocks come with a much higher pass-through of up to 25%.
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Vandenbergh, Stefanie Josepha Emilie. "The story of a disease : a social history of African horsesickness c.1850-1920." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2828.
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MAAfrican horsesickness is a disease endemic in Sub Saharan Africa affecting horses, a non-native species, which are extremely susceptible to this disease. Both the ‘dunkop’ form (with its dramatic high fever, laboured breathing, frothy nasal discharge and sudden death) and the ‘dikkop’ form (with its swollen head and eyes and bleeding in the membranes of the mouth and eyes) have been visited upon equine populations and their human owners in successive epidemics through the earliest colonial settlement until recent times. This thesis traces the development of veterinary science in South Africa and the effect it had on the changing ideas surrounding African horsesickness. It explores not only the veterinary progress in the country but also the impact of the progress on African horsesickness as other diseases received attention. The discussion traces the disease from one of the major epidemics ever encountered in the country, in the mid nineteenth century, to the beginning of the development of veterinary services in South Africa when little was known about African horsesickness. It illustrates the implications of a country's struggle with animal disease, the reasons for a lack of knowledge and the ramifications of the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute’s interventions. This thesis shows that African horsesickness not only had an impact on the veterinary developments of the country but was also indirectly involved in the South African War, 1899-1902. It demonstrates the impact of disease during wartime while illustrating the importance of horses during such difficult times. Thus, this thesis draws on works on animal diseases and on social history to explore not only the effect African horsesickness had historically on equines, but the effects it had more broadly on southern African society. This study is intended to bring insight into the social history of the disease itself: how it was experienced by livestock owners and also how settler and indigenous efforts were turned towards combating this dramatic disease.
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Bevan, Carin. "Putting up screens a history of television in South Africa, 1929-1976 /." Diss., Pretoria : [S.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05212009-182219.
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Gamboa, Gomez Renata Nicole. "Brazilian South – South Cooperation in Africa: efforts to combat food insecurity through the application of the “Fome Zero” strategy." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Afrikanska studier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-34509.
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After the end of Cold War, the global system changed and from a bipolar to a multipolar world. This has created a perfect environment for emerging powers that in this period start to appear and advocate the problems and goals related to Southern countries. There are new possibilities for developing countries. They do not have to rely on Western countries anymore and they can support each other and contribute to their own development. In this context I will study South – South Cooperation, in particular between Africa and Brazil, by looking at the strategy carried out by both actors in terms of food insecurity. The aim of this study is to describe SSC through the Afro – Brazilian case study, showing its principles and values and, at the end, reflecting on its capacity to replace the traditional approaches of developed countries
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Wotshela, L. E. "Transformation in late colonial Ngqika society : a political, economic and social history of African communities in the district of Stutterheim (Eastern Cape), c.1870-1910." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002427.
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This study analyses the methods and policies of the colonial government which shaped Stutterheim's African communities between c.1870 and 1910. In 1870 the Stutterheim magisterial district had not yet been officially established. However, creation of the British Kaffrarian administration (1847-1865) had already ensured the entrenchment of colonial rule over the humiliated Xhosa chiefdoms west of the Kei. This work studies transformations in late colonial Ngqika society and the development of Stutterheim as a magisterial district. It analyses the entrenchment of colonial bureaucracy and changes in indigenous social, economic and political structures. In the period c.1860-1877, direct administration of the Ngqika was first attempted. While recovering from the 1856-57 cattle killing, the Ngqika were brought under colonial administration by the annexation of British Kaffraria to the Cape Colony in 1865. The thesis also examines the process and implications of the breakup and resettlement of the Ngqika location after the 1877-1878 war and the mechanisms and complications in forming a new postwar settlement. The focus then narrows to Stutterheim magisterial district (finalised in 1880), where, after the removal of the main Ngqika population to the Transkei formal structures of quitrent settlement were established around mission stations. A new form of social behaviour underpinned by principles of individualism evolved under missionary influence. Urged on by legislation that sought to intensify implementation of individual tenure, this social behaviour predominated under the new administration. Attention is also given to the allocation of farm land in the district. On part of what had once been communally owned land, an immigrant farming community originally intended strictly for whites emerged. Numerous Africans later managed to hold property in this area. An urban area with a mixed African and white population resulted where allotments initially allocated to the German Legion were later auctioned. On crown lands, leasing and purchasing was initiated. By the early twentieth century, settlement patterns were in chaos: on the mission settlements, quitrenters disobeyed settlement regulations, farms were overpopulated by tenants and interracial urban settlements faced imminent segregationist policies. By 1910 local administration was in difficulties and the Africans were becoming politically mobilised against local and colonial policies.
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Von, Herff Michael. ""They walk through the fire like the blondest German" : African soldiers serving the Kaiser in German East Africa (1888-1914)." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60565.
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The maintenance of German colonial rule in East Africa depended on a strong military presence. The Kaiserliche Schutztruppe fur Deutsch Ostafrika was established to meet this need, but financial and political constraints dictated that this force be manned by an African rank and file. Initially, most of the African recruits came from outside of the colony, but, as time passed, the Germans began recruiting from a few specific ethnic groups in the colony.The relationship between the African soldiers and their German employers yielded military successes for the new colonial government and, by extension, an enhanced status for the soldiers themselves. Over time, the Africans within the Schutztruppe distanced themselves from other Africans in the colony and began to develop separate communities at the government stations, which in turn fostered the growth of an askari group identity. The interests of these communities became inextricably linked to the German presence in the region. The development of this relationship helps to explain the askaris' support of the German campaign against the British during the First World War.
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Van, Jaarsveld Floris Albertus 1922-1995. "Die Ndzundza-Ndebele en die blankes in Transvaal, 1845-1883." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004379.
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In 1969 het Leonard Thompson met reg beweer dat Suid-Afrikaanse historici hulle tot op hede hoofsaaklik besig gehou het met die doen en late van 'n Blanke gemeenskap wat die land sedert 1652 oorheers het. Die Swartman was die "forgotten factor" in die geskiedenis van Suider-Afrika. Waar die Swartman die onderwerp van wetenskaplike studie was, is dit aan argeoloë, linguiste, etnoloë en fisiese en sosiale antropoloë oorgelaat. Tereg het Thompson kort hierna opgemerk: "We need to know much more about the complex process by which African chiefdoms became incorporated in white controlled politics in the late nineteenth century. Only when monographs have been written on several individual cases, shall we be in a position to reach definite conclusions about the process as a whole ". Sedert hierdie uitspraak van Thompson het verskeie historici hulle op die terrein van die "forgotten factor" begewe. Omvangryke publikasies oor onder andere die Zulu, Pedi, Sotho asook die Swazi's het sedertdien die lig gesien, terwyl 'n werk oor die Tswana van Wes-Transvaal pas verskyn het. Hierteenoor het heelwat van die kleiner en minder invloedryke swart groeperinge tot op hede steeds agterweë gebly. Wat Noordoos Transvaal betref - meer spesifiek die gebied tussen die Elandsrivier, die Lebomboberg en die Krokodilrivier wat die Ohrigstadse Volksraad in 1846 van Mswati gekoop het, was daar behalwe die Pedi verskeie ander groepe aanwesig wat almal gedurende die loop van die negentiende eeu onder Blanke gesag gekom het. Hieronder het getel die Ndzundza, die Kopa, Tau, Kwena, Ntwane, Koni, Rôka, Kutswe , Pai en Pulana, waarvan die Ndzundza en Kopa die belangrikste was. Ten spyte van die feit dat daar heelwat argivale bronne oor hierdie groepe bestaan, het geen navorser dit tot op hede nog ontgin nie. Oor die onderwerping van hierdie stamme aan Blanke gesag gedurende die negentiende eeu, is daar weinig bekend. Wat die Ndzundza-geskiedenis betref, geld Thompson se opmerking nog steeds dat historici wetenskaplike studie oor die Swartes tradisioneel aan navorsers uit ander dissiplines oorgelaat het. Dit blyk duidelik uit 'n ontleding van sekondêre materiaal wat oor die Ndzundza bestaan. Verskeie studies van volkekundige aard is oor die verskillende kulturele fasette en pre-koloniale geskiedenis van die Transvaalse Ndebele, waarvan die Ndzundza deel uitmaak, gedoen. In die meeste van hierdie studies word die pre-Blanke geskiedenis van die Ndzundza as inleiding aangebied, terwyl daar in sommige gevalle ook na die historiese tydperk verwys word. Op hierdie wyse is die herkomsgeskiedenis van die Ndzundza met behulp van mondelinge tradisies redelik volledig opgeteken. As gevolg van die feit dat geen argivale bronne geraadpleeg is nie, is die volkekundige werke wat die historiese tydperk betref, deurspek met spekulasies, onjuisthede en valse aannames. Met enkele uitsonderings berus verwysings deur die enkele historici wat die Ndzundza-geskiedenis behandel, veral met betrekking tot die tydperk voor 1882, grootliks op die uitsprake van volkekundiges. Dit het meegebring dat die huidige beeld en feitelikhede omtrent die negentiende eeuse Ndzundza-geskiedenis onjuis is, veral soos dit in algemene geskiedenisse opgeteken staan. Hierteenoor het verskeie historici die Mapoch-oorlog van 1882- 1883, waartydens die Ndzundza hul onafhanklikheid verloor het, behandel. In sy biografie oor genl P. J. Joubert het J. A. Mouton die oorlog tot 'n enkele hoofstuk beperk. Vir Mouton gaan dit egter om Joubert se persoonlike aandeel en gee hy gevolglik nie veel aandag aan die belangrikste aspek van die oorlog, naamlik die oorsake, nie. H. P. van Coller het in 1941 'n MA-verhandeling die lig laat sien waarin die oorsake en verloop van die Mapoch-oorlog beskryf word. Van Coller se uiteensetting omtrent die oorsake van die oorlog is egter ontoereikend aangesien dit heelwat onjuisthede bevat, geweldig subjektief is en nie ontkom aan naïewe aannames en uitsprake nie. Die belangrikste oorsaak van die oorlog, naamlik gronddispute, word deur Van Coller geignoreer. Voorts behandel hy die oorlog as 'n gevolg van die moord op Sekhukhune, sodat die Ndzundza "toevallig" betrek word. Ander historici se verwysings na die oorlog is ook ontoereikend omdat dit in die meeste gevalle beperk bly tot enkele bladsye en paragrawe. Tot op hede is die negentiende eeuse Ndzundza-geskiedenis dus nog of onvolledig, of onjuis opgeteken. Met hierdie studie word gepoog om 'n bydrae in hierdie verband te maak. Omdat die historisiese feite omtrent die verloop van die 1882-1883 oorlog grootliks bekend is, val die klem op die tydperk daarvóór. Voorts moet dit gemeld word dat dit in hierdie studie hoofsaaklik gaan om die faktore wat die verhoudinge tussen die Ndzundza en die Blankes bepaal het, te elimineer. Ander aspekte wat ter sprake kom is onder andere die uitwerking wat die Blanke besetting van Noordoos-Transvaal op die Ndzundza gehad het, gronddispute, arbeidsaangeleenthede, Swazi- en die Pedi-deelname in die Blankes se pogings om die Ndzundza te onderwerp van die asook die uiteindelike vernietiging en verlies onafhanklikheid van die Ndzundza. Die spelwyse van sekere name en benaminge wat in hierdie verhandeling voorkom, het in sommige gevalle probleme opgelewer. Die meerderheid Ndebele name is gespel volgens die voorskrifte van die Suid-Ndebele taalraad. Waar die korrekte moderne spelling van Swartes se name nie vasgestel kon word nie, is dit in aanhalingstekens weergegee soos dit in die dokument voorkom. AIle amptelike benamings soos staatspresident of koloniale sekretaris is in die teks met 'n kleinlettertjie gespel maar in die voetnotas met 'n hoofletter. Die motivering hiervoor is die Afrikaanse gebruik om amptelike benamings binne Westerse staatsverband met 'n hoofletter te spel maar benamings in tradisionele verband soos kaptein, opperhoof of hoofman met 'n kleinlettertjie, wat myns insiens op diskriminasie neerkom. Wat die spel van die woord swart betref: Waar dit as byvoeglike naamwoord gebruik word (bv. swart kindertjies), is deurgaans van kleinletters gebruik gemaak. Hoofletters is gebruik wanneer dit as selfstandige naamwoord gebruik word, bv. Die Swartes. Die terme kaffer en meid is waar moontlik, vermy. Die aangehaalde stukke waarin dit weI voorkom, moet nie as beledigend beskou word nie maar as verteenwoordigend van die terminolgoie van 'n bepaalde tyd in die geskiedenis. Die bedoeling was geensins om enigiemand te na te kom nie. wat ter sprake kom.
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Vazi, Clifford Mlandeli. "The history of Pirie Mission and amaHleke chiefdom." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001857.
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This thesis deals with the history of the amaHleke people and Pirie Mission, which have become so closely associated that they cannot be separated. It covers the period from the time of Chief Hleke to 1967, the year in which the amaHleke cheiftainship was resuscitated. The first chapter relates the origin of the amaHleke, from the time of Hleke himself (17th century) to Jwarha (about 1820). It explains the relationship between the different branches of the Hleke royal line, and it covers the Hleke settlement at the Mgqakhwebe river. The second chapter deals with the establishment of Pirie Mission by the Presbyterian missionaries John and Bryce Ross. It discusses the various aspects of the mission operation, and explains why and how the amaHleke opposed it. But the situation changed as a result of the 1850-3 Frontier War. Whereas the other Xhosa were expelled from their lands, the Hleke connection with Pirie Mission enabled them to stay on. The Hleke were therefore united with the mission, whether they liked it or not. The remainder of the chapter describes the educational and cultural changes which the mission imposed on them. The third chapter covers economic change at Pirie. Like other mission stations, it was converted from communal to individual land tenure. This was opposed by Chief Jwarha as a blow to his authority, but it did not result in the growth of a peasant class. The chapter concludes with the implementation of betterment in 1963. The fourth chapter explains what happened to the mission after the death of Bryce Ross. The Ross missionaries had frustrated black aspirations in teh church. This was especially frustrating to Burnet and Ntsikana Gaba, the great-grandsons of the prophet Ntsikana. Burnet broke away under the banner of the "Wee Free" branch of the Church of Scotland. This church also could not accommodate Burnet's aspirations. The remainder of the chapter deals with educational developments, with an emphasis on the introduction of Bantu Education. The last chapter deals with the political history of Pirie after the death of Chief Jwarha. The Cape government tried to replace chieftainship by a headman and a Village Management Board. But the Board did not function satisfactorily, and it was scrapped in 1921. Pirie continued to be administered by headmen. Applications for the revival of chieftainship were turned down, partly because there was no agreement on Jwarha's heir. However, this was finally resolved in 1967 with the appointment of Chief Pani Busoshe.
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Hutchison, Yvette. ""Memory is a weapon" : the uses of history and myth in selected post-1960 Kenyan, Nigerian and South African plays." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51338.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 1999.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In hierdie proefskrif word gekyk na die verwantskap tussen geskiedenis, mite, geheue en teater. Daar word ook gekyk na die mate waartoe historiese of mitiese toneelstukke gebruik kan word om die amptelike geheue en identiteite, soos deur bewindhebbers in post-koloniale Nigerie en Kenya geskep, terug kon wen of uit kon daag. Hierdie werke word dan vergelyk met die soort teater wat tydens die Apartheidbewind in Suid-Afrika geskep is, om verskille en ooreenkomste in die gebruik van historiese en mitiese gegewens te bekyk. Die slotsom is dat een van die belangrikste kenmerke van die teater in vandag se samelewing sy vermod is om alternatiewe historiese narratiewe te ontwikkel wat kan dien as teen-geheue ("counter-memory") vir die dominante narratief van amptelike geskiedenisse. Sodoende bevraagteken die teater dan ook 'n liniere en causale siening van die geskiedenis, maar interpreteer dit eerder as meervoudig en kompleks.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: This thesis considers the relationship between history, myth, memory and theatre. The study explores the extent to which historic or mythic plays were used to either reclaim or challenge the official memories and identities created by those in power in the postcolonial Kenyan and Nigerian context. These are then compared to the South African theatre created during Apartheid, exploring the similarities and differences in the South Africans use of historic or mythic referents. The conclusion reached is that one of the most powerful aspects of theatre in society is its ability to create alternate historic narratives that become a counter-memory to the dominant narrative of official histories. It also challenges seeing history as linear and causal, and makes it more plural and complex.
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Holshausen, Nicole. "A history of the Good Shepherd School, Huntley Street, Grahamstown." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003436.
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This thesis is a qualitative, historical study of The Good Shepherd School in Huntly Street, Grahamstown, South Africa. It is one of the oldest school buildings in South Africa that remains in use as a school. There are two main threads to understanding The Good Shepherd School in context. The first of these threads, the colonial root of the school, is explained in a discussion of the Grammar School, attached to the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. George, that utilised the Huntly Street facilities from 1851 to 1902. The second thread is the strong tradition of caring for the underprivileged. This is traced through following the development of the educational works of The Community of the Resurrection which involves the discussion of various schools at different locations in Grahamstown. The current school on the Huntly Street premises, The Good Shepherd School, forms, however, the focus of this study, which draws on all the histories of its forerunners and their historical locations. Historical social science methods and procedures were used in the research. This was done through documentary analysis of evidence as well as through semi-structured interviews, creating an interpretative account of how the school has affected people's lives. The conclusion reached is that The Good Shepherd School has contributed greatly to the education of underprivileged people in the Grahamstown area. It appears to be an outstanding example of a school offering a well-rounded, caring education when this was historically denied to many people in South Africa.
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Ketema, Raymok. "ERITREAN SOUNDS OF RESISTANCE: A HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, and MUSICAL ANALYSIS ON THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1960s to 1990s." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524148034538656.
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Ludi, Paul Anthony. "DIGGING THE FIELDS: CHINESE MINERS IN CALIFORNIA AND SOUTH AFRICA." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1562297095323751.
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Heffernan, Anne Katherine. "A history of youth politics in Limpopo, 1967-2003." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6c49e531-73bf-4c1c-8972-47458e5dde83.
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This thesis is an exploration of student and youth politics in the Northern Transvaal (now Limpopo Province) from the height of apartheid in 1967 through the first decade of the ANC’s rule until 2003. It analyses three major trends over this period: the elite-led protest politics of the Black Consciousness era in the late 1960s and 1970s, the turn to mass-mobilized protest of the 1980s, and the consolidation of student and youth movements around the reconstituted ANC Youth League in 1990. It is primarily concerned with exploring the intersection of education and political protest in Limpopo, and the effect of mobilizing ideologies such as radical Christianity, Africanism, and non-racialism, on student and youth activists. It argues that across decades, organisations, and ideologies, this region has produced generations of influential young political leaders. It provides an institutional history of the University of the North and situates that university in a broader narrative of South African political history: from its contribution to the roots of Black Consciousness in student Christian movements, and the role of local university politics in influencing national protests, to the geography of the university itself as a place of political education (for students and nonstudent youth alike) and as a battleground between students and police. It considers the introduction of violence into student protests, the regional expansion of school and then youth politics beyond the crucible of the university, and the refashioning of social structures (like arbitrating in witchcraft accusations and domestic disputes) in homeland villages by politicized youth. It further contributes new insights into the formation and emergence of the ANC Youth League in the 1990s, and suggests that understanding student organisations and events during the 1970s and 1980s, in particular, sheds light on the shape of South African youth politics today.
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Knevel, Irma Cornelia. "The life history of selected coastal foredune species of South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003776.
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South African dune fields are severely threatened by human expansion and in the long run the stabilisation of many dunes will be necessary. The alien grass Ammophila arenaria is the most important drift sand stabiliser at present in South Africa. Although not invasive, the current impact of A. arenaria on the dune systems of South Africa is considerable, and thus the stabilising benefit of the grass seemed to may be outweighed by its negative consequences. It is therefore preferable to use indigenous sand stabilising species. In order to define guidelines for the application of indigenous plants for stabilisation, their autecology should be studied first to enhance the chance of successful stabilisation results. The main aim of the present thesis was to gather information on the life history processes of selected indigenous, sand stabilising foredune species. To investigate the growth of foredune pioneer species, the common pioneer Scaevola plumieri was followed over a three-year period to determine the growth season and leaf phenology. Soil-borne pathogens are known to influence the growth and vegetation dynamics of foredune species. To examine this effect on the South African foredunes the rhizosphere soil and the roots of several species were studied. To test the effect of the nematode fauna on succeeding plant species a transplantation experiment was carried out. The seed stage is the only life-cycle stage that can survive unfavourable conditions. Therefore, the seed ecology of several foredune species was studied extensively to determine the reproductive season, the seed production, the fate of seeds after shedding (germination, seawater dispersal), germination requirements and seed bank strategy. Seeds of the species Arctotheca populifolia, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Myrica cordifolia, and Scaevola plumieri were subjected to germination trials, field observations on seedling survival, and scarification and stratification experiments. This was done to obtain information about the germination requirements and to determine the reproductive season and growth season. The seed bank strategy of the foredune species, as well as the seed bank density, was determined by extensive sampling along the Cape coast. The species S. plumieri thrived under sand accretion situations, which makes it a good candidate for stabilisation purposes. The growth of S. plumieri was seasonal, with the highest leaf production during spring and summer. The stem position on the foredune had a strong effect on the overall performance of S. plumieri , with the stems situated on the landward face of the foredune showing higher leaf and seed production. Theiii nematode survey of soil and roots of several foredune species showed that all plant species featured a specific nematode fauna in the rhizosphere soil and the roots. The specific nematode fauna affected the growth of foreign plant species in the transplantation experiment, resulting in a lower root and/or shoot biomass production. Most of the foredune species produce seeds from spring to late summer. For S. plumieri the position of the stem on the dunes, as well as the predation of unripe seeds affected the number of seeds produced. The highest production was found for the landward faced stems. The S. plumieri seeds were able to float on seawater for at least three months without losing viability, as was observed for seeds of I. pes-caprae. The seeds of M. cordifolia, however, sank after a few days, but their viability was not affected. The rhizome fragments of A. arenaria and S. virginicus floated for 120 days, whereas the fragments of E. villosa sunk after one day. The viability of S. virginicus fragments was affected by the duration in seawater by an increase in sprouting time. The seeds of all species tested germinated readily under controlled conditions, except S. plumieri seeds which required a long lag-phase before germination. In the field the seeds of A. populifolia, I. pes-caprae and S. plumieri germinated, producing many seedlings. Only the seedlings of A. populifolia and S. plumieri survived. Of the species found in the foredunes 57% was represented in the soil seed bank. For most species, the seeds that were found in the seed bank showed viability of at least 40%. Many of the seeds found were older than one year, suggesting a short-term persistent seed bank. The present study is a start in filling the gap in information on dune pioneer and foredune species. The conclusion was that in general all species in the present study were easy to grow under controlled conditions, and thus could be used for stabilisation purposes. When the more rapidly growing pioneer species are planted in combination with succeeding foredune species, a functional and aesthetic ecosystem could be created.
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Ahonen, Sirkka. "Post-Conflict History Education in Finland, South Africa and Bosnia-Herzegovina." University of Helsinki, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-27402.
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A post-conflict society tends to get locked in a history war. As the practice of history in its broad sense is a moral craft, representations of guilt and victimhood prevail in social memory. The representations are often bolstered by mythical references, wherefore deconstruction of myths is expected from history education for the purposes of post-conflict reconciliation. This article deals with the post-conflict uses of history in Finland, South Africa and Bosnia-Herzegovina. The three cases constitute examples of a class war, a race conflict and an ethno-religious armed clash. The memory politics and history curricula differ between the cases. Their comparison indicates, how far an imposition of one ´truth´, a dialogue of two ´truths´ and segregation of different memory communities are feasible strategies of post-conflict history education. The article suggests that history lessons can be an asset instead of a liability in the pursuit of reconciliation.
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Rossouw, Johannes Jacobus. "Inflation in South Africa, 1921 to 2006 : history, measurement and credibility." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2365.
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This study reports the development and use of an original methodology to measure inflation
credibility, as well as the first results of such measurement in terms of an inflation credibility
barometer. The barometer is an instrument measuring the degree of acceptance of the accuracy
of historic inflation figures. Despite the lack of knowledge about inflation and the low inflation
credibility recorded by this first calculation of an inflation credibility barometer for South Africa,
valuable information about inflation is unveiled to the authorities. The research results serve as a
benchmark, but cannot be compared to earlier research, as this study represents the first
systematic measurement of inflation credibility in South Africa.
The barometer yields better results than the limited current international measurement of
perceptions of the accuracy of historic inflation figures. The barometer (i) reports the credibility
of inflation figures as a figure between zero and 100; (ii) will highlight changes in credibility
over time with repeated use; (iii) can be explained easily to the general public; (iv) provides for
international comparison between countries; and (v) can be used by all countries. The use of
inflation credibility barometers and changes in barometer readings over time can also serve as an
early warning system for changes in inflation perceptions that might feed through to inflation
expectations.
Sampling results used to calculate a South African inflation credibility barometer show little
public understanding of the rate of inflation. Owing to an increased focus on inflation figures in
countries using an inflation-targeting monetary policy, central banks entrusted with such a policy
should adopt a communication strategy highlighting the calculation and measurement of the rate
of inflation. This study shows that no generally accepted international benchmarks for successful
central-bank communication strategies have been developed, but the use of the methodology
developed in this study will assist in the assessment of the effectiveness of communication
strategies.
This study makes three further contributions of significance to available literature on inflation in
South Africa. The first is an analysis of price increases and inflation over a period of 85 years
(1921 to 2006) and a selected comparison of salaries and remuneration over a period of 78 years
(1929 to 2006). To this end data sets were developed for comparative purposes, thereby
distinguishing between perception and reality about the accuracy of inflation figures over time.
As this comparison has not been done before, a methodology was developed that can be used in
future research. Based on these comparisons an inflation accuracy indicator (JAI) is developed
for the first time. The research showed no systematic over or under-reporting of price increases,
therefore confirming the general accuracy of the consumer price index (CPI) over time. As with
the inflation credibility barometer, this methodology can be used internationally to confirm the
accuracy of countries' inflation figures over time. This methodology can also be used by
developing countries with capacity constraints in economic modelling and forecasting.
The second contribution to available literature is the first analysis of South Africa's experience
with inflation over a period of 85 years from the perspective of the central bank. This analysis
highlights not only the difficulties encountered by a central bank to contain inflation, but also
focuses the attention on the policy errors of the authorities in their quest to contain rising prices.
The third contribution is an analysis of international and domestic initiatives aimed at improving
the accuracy and measurement of inflation. The implications of these initiatives for developing
countries are considered in the interest of a level international playing field between developed
and developing countries.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2007.
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Fenner, Jane Louise. "'Remembering Daphne Rooke' : a literary history for the 'new' South Africa." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323024.
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This thesis is concerned with recovering the literary history of Daphne Rooke, who experienced short-lived international fame as a South African novelist during the 1950s and 1960s. The value of this undertaking is predicated upon the fact that the author is currently enjoying something of a 'literary revival' within South Africa. with scholars persuasively arguing for Rooke's relevance within a post-apartheid literary culture. This obviously begs the question of why she was 'forgotten' in the first place; a question which is addressed within this, the first full-length literary history of the author. My thesis adopts an original methodological approach, as the lack of existing research into Rooke's original standing necessitates the use of analytical tools which open up alternative avenues of historical investigation. Accordingly, this thesis treats the cultural 'organs' attached to Rooke's novels in their capacity as published books - the imprints; dust-covers; sales figures; reviews; paperback reprints; ect. - as 'texts' which say something concrete about the contemporary value granted these works and their author. In the case of Rooke, a publishing-centred literary historiography is invaluable because it also exposes the degree to which the author's literary standing as a South African writer has been largely, and often negatively, influenced by forces emanating from the world of metropolitan and South African publishing. Furthermore, this thesis argues that a theoretical perspective which grants primacy to publishing practices is not only pertinent to a literary history of Rooke but to postapartheid literary studies in general. This is because the inherent weakness of South African publishing and, conversely, the strength of the metropolitan book industry, continues to determine what South Africans can make of their own literature.
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King, Giorgina F. J. ""Skarrelling" : a socio-environmental history of household waste in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86689.
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Thesis(MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study excavates a century’s worth of the history of household waste in South Africa, from 1890-1996. It shows that waste history is entangled with histories of disease and poor sanitation, advances in technology, the impact of war, environmental concerns and – perhaps above all – shifting socio-economic circumstances. Using a socio-environmental analytical framework, this analysis of waste history unearths empirical archival data and oral testimony, to contextualise themes of gender, race, class and nationalism in order to place rubbish within the wider historical debates in South Africa. This study uses Rubbish Theory and Broken Windows Theory as well as concepts of “Othering” and the “Sanitation Syndrome” to explore the role of waste in the construction of racial identities and perceptions. This thesis shows that Apartheid should not be seen as a watershed within this waste history, but rather as a continuation of colonial ideas of cleanliness that helped to perpetuate racist stereotypes. This study argues that the lack of waste services in “locations” during this time helped to contribute to the perception of the urban African as the unsanitary Other. The state and civic societies fostered gender roles, which (coupled with wartime nationalist propaganda) helped in shaping waste behaviour promoted by the National Anti-Waste Organisation (NAWO) during the Second World War (WWII). In the years after WWII, the threats of wartime shortages and enthusiastic solutions suggested to municipalities to “end the waste problem” were thwarted by the spread of the landfill as an even more convenient disposal method. The implementation of Apartheid, especially the Group Areas Act (No 41 of 1950) and the rise of consumer society, led to increasingly divergent experiences of waste for urban Africans and whites. The thesis uses a case study of the Devon Valley Landfill community outside of Stellenbosch. This ethnographic history explores notions of the “Subaltern” in order to give this history a human face. The diachronic analysis of this community offers a lens into ideas of “ordentlikheid” (decency), “weggooi mense” (throwaway people) and how these waste-pickers experience the environment in which they live.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie grawe ’n eeu se geskiedenis van huishoudelike afval in Suid-Afrika op, van 1890-1996. Dit toon dat die geskiedenis van afval verweef is met geskiedenisse van siekte en swak sanitasie, tegnologiese vooruitgang, die impak van oorlog, omgewingskwessies en – dalk bowenal – veranderende sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede. Deur middel van ’n sosio-omgewings-analitiese raamwerk ontgin hierdie analise empiriese argiefdata en mondelingse getuienis om temas van geslag, ras, klas en nasionalisme te kontekstualiseer ten einde afval binne die breër historiese debatte in Suid-Afrika te plaas. Die studie gebruik Afval-teorie en Gebreekte Vensters-teorie sowel as begrippe van “Othering” en die “Sanitasie-sindroom” om die rol van afval in die totstandkoming van rasse-identiteite en -persepsies te ondersoek. Die tesis toon dat Apartheid nie as ’n waterskeiding in hierdie afval-geskiedenis gesien moet word nie, maar eerder as ’n voortsetting van koloniale idees oor higiëne wat gehelp het om rasse-stereotipes te perpetueer. Die studie argumenteer dat die gebrek aan afvalverwyderingsdienste in “lokasies” in die tyd bygedra het tot die persepsie van die stedelike Afrikaan as die onhigiëniese Ander. Die staat en burgerlike samelewings het geslagsrolle gekweek, wat (tesame met oorlogtydse nasionalistiese propaganda) gehelp het met die vestiging van afval-gedrag wat bevorder is deur die National Anti-Waste Organisation (NAWO) gedurende die Tweede Wêreldoorlog. In die jare na dié oorlog is die bedreigings van oorlogtydse tekorte en die entoesiastiese oplossings wat vir munisipaliteite aanbeveel is om die “afvalprobleem te beëindig”, gefnuik deur die toenemende gebruik van stortingsterreine as ’n selfs geriefliker afvalverwyderingsmetode. Die implementering van Apartheid, veral die Groepsgebiedewet (No. 41 van 1950) en die opkoms van die verbruikersamelewing, het gelei tot toenemend uiteenlopende ervarings van afval onder stedelike Afrikane en wit mense. Die tesis maak gebruik van ’n gevallestudie van die gemeenskap van die Devonvallei-stortingsterrein buite Stellenbosch. Hierdie etnografiese geskiedenis verken denkbeelde van die “Ondergeskikte” om ’n menslike gesig aan die geskiedenis te gee. Die diakroniese analise van die gemeenskap is ’n venster op idees van “ordentlikheid”, “weggooimense” en hoe hierdie afvalontginners die omgewing waarin hulle woon, beleef.
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Weihrauch, Ronja. "Criminalising cannabis in South Africa: a history and post-Prince discussion." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33974.
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This thesis circles around the history of the criminalisation of cannabis as well as its decriminalisation around 100 years later. While dagga was cultivated and used by the indigenous tribes long before the first settlers arrived and even remained a legal substance during the colonial period, with the implementation of the first national legislation in 1922, the long history of harsh punishments began. Relating the harsh legislation on dagga to its estimated risks, I ultimately confirm dagga to be the black sheep among drugs, having experienced a racial prohibition. In September 2018, the Constitutional Court partially decriminalised dagga, due to the inconsistency of certain regulations prohibiting the use, possession, and cultivation of dagga with the right to privacy as referenced from section 14 of the Constitution. Emphasising the significant and practical impact of this judgement, possibly positive effects of the decision as well as the newly introduced Cannabis for Private Purposes Bill on the desperately overwhelmed criminal justice system are examined. Concluding, I find that the discourse around dagga most certainly is far from complete but that we have to continue conducting it. Because if history teaches us one thing it is that dagga is here to stay.
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Mesthrie, Rajend. "A history of the Bhojpuri (or "Hindi") language in South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19511.
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Bibliography: pages 308-318.Although Indian languages have existed in South Africa for the last 125 years, there are no academic studies of any of them - of their use in South Africa, their evolution and current decline. Many misconceptions persist concerning their names, their structure, and status as 'proper' languages. This thesis deals with the history of one such language, Bhojpuri (more usually, but incorrectly, referred to as "Hindi"). I attempt to trace the origins of the South African variety of this language by examining the places of origin of the original indentured migrants who brought it to South Africa. A complex sociolinguistic picture emerges, since these immigrants came from a very wide area in North India spanning several languages. I also attempt to describe the early history of Bhojpuri in South Africa as a 'plantation' language. Subsequent changing patterns of usage are then detailed, including phonetic, syntactic, lexical and semantic change. The influence of other South African languages - chiefly English, but also Zulu, Fanagalo, and other Indian languages - is described in detail, as well as changes not directly attributable to language contact. A final section focusses on the decline of the language and the process of language death. From another (more international) perspective this study lays the foundation for comparisons between Bhojpuri in South Africa and other 'overseas' varieties of it, spawned under very similar conditions, in ex-colonies like Surinam, Fiji, Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad and others. Such a comparative study could well make as great a contribution to general and socio-linguistics as the study of creoles has in the recent past. Information concerning this unwritten language was gathered by field-work throughout Natal. This involved informal interviews with over two hundred fluent speakers, including four who had been born in India during the time of immigrations. The study also draws upon the author's observations on language practices as an 'inside' member of the community under study.
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Haron, Muhammed. "South Africa and Malaysia: identity and history in South-South relations." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002990.
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The focus of this thesis is on the bilateral relationship between South Africa and Malaysia. The thesis appropriates ‘critical theory,’ and as a flexible theoretical tool, and, as an open-ended, loose frame in order to give voice to the marginalized and voiceless from the South. The thesis thus looks at the politico-economic ties that have been developed and brings into view the socio-cultural relations that had been established between the peoples of the two sovereign nation-states during the apartheid and post-apartheid eras respectively. The basic purpose of this study was fivefold: (a) to contribute to the extant literature that concentrates on South Africa’s relations with Malaysia, (b) to examine the relationship at political and economic ties in some detail, (c) to demonstrate that apart from the afore-mentioned bonds IR specialists should also take into account the socio-cultural dimensions of international relations, (d) to bring to light the nation-state’s limitations when discussing the role of non-state actors and considering the contributions of other factors such as globalization, and (e) to stimulate further research on bilateral and multilateral relations in the South – particularly between South Africa and other states in Asia and Latin America - that would assist to better understand the past, present and perhaps the future.
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Chipman, John. "France as an African power : history of an idea, and its post colonial practice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670330.
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Ruth, Christian T. "Freedom from Want: Famine Relief in the Horn of Africa." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/38.
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The United States, during both the Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan administrations, pursued humanitarian relief in the Horn of Africa and East Africa with an eye towards Cold War politics. During the Carter administration the focus was on Ethiopia and the regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam, while during the Reagan administration the United States’ efforts were mainly targeted towards Sudan and the regime of Gaffar Nimeiry. In both instances, the United States was concerned with the politics of the Cold War, trying to create a more positive image of the U.S. abroad by relieving world hunger, while also propping up governments that supported U.S. interests during the Cold War against the Soviet Union.