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Moneghetti, Kegan James, Tamanna Singh, Kristofer Hedman, Jeffrey W. Christle, Zoe Kooreman, Yukari Kobayashi, Sara Bouajila, et al. "Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Remodeling in American Style Footballers." International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 01 (December 2, 2019): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1014-2994.
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AbstractSeveral athletic programs incorporate echocardiography during pre-participation screening of American Style Football (ASF) players with great variability in reported echocardiographic values. Pre-participation screening was performed in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I ASF players from 2008 to 2016 at the Division of Sports Cardiology. The echocardiographic protocol focused on left ventricular (LV) mass, mass-to-volume ratio, sphericity, ejection fraction, and longitudinal Lagrangian strain. LV mass was calculated using the area-length method in end-diastole and end-systole. A total of two hundred and thirty players were included (18±1 years, 57% were Caucasian, body mass index 29±4 kg/m2) after four players (2%) were excluded for pathological findings. Although there was no difference in indexed LV mass by race (Caucasian 78±11 vs. African American 81±10 g/m2, p=0.089) or sphericity (Caucasian 1.81±0.13 vs. African American 1.78±0.14, p=0.130), the mass-to-volume ratio was higher in African Americans (0.91±0.09 vs. 0.83±0.08, p<0.001). No race-specific differences were noted in LV longitudinal Lagrangian strain. Player position appeared to have a limited role in defining LV remodeling. In conclusion, significant echocardiographic differences were observed in mass-to-volume ratio between African American and Caucasian players. These demographics should be considered as part of pre-participation screening.
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Woodward, J. R. "Professional Football Scouts: An Investigation of Racial Stacking." Sociology of Sport Journal 21, no. 4 (December 2004): 356–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.21.4.356.
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In this article the author examines sports guides that are dedicated to critiquing collegiate football players eligible for the annual National Football League amateur draft. An effort is made to assess whether the scouts in these guides describe collegiate players in ways that correspond with U.S. race logic as articulated by Coakley (1998). More specifically, the article focuses on the mental and physical descriptions of African American and White athletes by professional scouts. The results show that African American players are more likely to be described in physical terms (rather than mental terms) than are White players in the same positions.
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Bower, Beverly L., and Malissa Martin. "African American Female Basketball Players: An Examination of Alcohol and Drug Behaviors." Journal of American College Health 48, no. 3 (November 1999): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448489909595684.
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Winograd, Ken. "Sports biographies of African American football players: the racism of colorblindness in children’s literature." Race Ethnicity and Education 14, no. 3 (June 2011): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2010.519983.
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Mosnaim, Giselle S., Marc S. Cohen, Christopher H. Rhoads, Sarah Stuart Rittner, and Lynda H. Powell. "Use of MP3 players to increase asthma knowledge in inner-city African-American adolescents." International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 15, no. 4 (December 2008): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705500802365656.
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Margolis, Benjamin, and Jane Allyn Piliavin. "“Stacking” in Major League Baseball: A Multivariate Analysis." Sociology of Sport Journal 16, no. 1 (March 1999): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.16.1.16.
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This research studied stacking—position segregation by race or ethnicity in team sports—in the 1992 Major League Baseball season using a multivariate analysis, with control variables of height, weight, age, power, speed, and skill. The strong relationship between race and centrality found in previous studies was confirmed; African-American players were predominantly in the outfield positions, Latino players in the middle infield positions, and white players in the most central position of catcher, as well as the other infield positions. The multiple regression analyses revealed direct effects of some control variables on centrality; however, only the variable of speed was found significantly to reduce the bivariate relationship between being African-Americans and centrality. A proportion of the variance in allocation of African-Americans to the outfield may thus be due to this job-related ability; the residual race effects, which account for the majority of the explained variance, must at present still be attributed to direct discrimination.
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Ramsey, T., A. Athey, A. Auerbach, R. Turner, N. Williams, G. Jean-Louis, W. D. Killgore, C. C. Wills, and M. A. Grandner. "0226 Sleep Duration and Symptoms Associated with Race/Ethnicity in Elite Collegiate Athletes." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A87—A88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.224.
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Abstract Introduction Previous studies have documented sleep disparities in the general population. Given the increased interest in sleep among athletes, and the degree to which demographics and schedules among athletes differ from the general population, this analysis aims to examine the relationship between race/ethnicity and sleep duration and symptoms among elite college athletes. Methods Data were obtained from N=189 Division-1 collegiate athletes across a wide range of sports played. Race/ethnicity was self-reported and categorized as Non-Hispanic White, Black/African-American, Hispanic/Latino, Asian, and American Indian/Alaskan Native. Outcomes of interest included self-reported typical sleep duration (in hours), CESD depression score, and frequency of sleep symptoms, assessed using items from the Sleep Disorders Symptom Check List (difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, early morning awakenings, tiredness, sleepiness, loud snoring, choking/gasping, fragmentation, hypnogogic/pompic hallucinations, sleep paralysis, and nightmares). Sleep duration and depression were evaluated with linear regression, and symptoms were evaluated as ordinal. Covariates included age and sex. Results Compared to Non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks/African-Americans reported less sleep (B=-0.80, p<0.0005), more depression (B=2.85, p=0.046), more difficulty maintaining sleep (oOR=2.12, p=0.034), early morning awakenings (oOR=3.15, p=0.001), and sleepiness (oOR=2.11, p=0.048); Hispanic/Latinos reported more hypnogogic/pompic hallucinations (oOR=2.90, p=0.007), sleep paralysis (oOR=2.72, p=0.026), and nightmares (oOR=2.22, p=0.035); Asians reported more depression (B=4.46, p=0.028), sleepiness (oOR=5.06, p=0.003), loud snoring (oOR=4.71, p=0.018), and sleep paralysis (oOR=3.57, p=0.031); and American Indians/Alaskan Natives reported less sleep (B=-1.00, p=0.018). Conclusion Racial/ethnic differences in sleep duration and sleep symptoms were seen among athletes. Future studies will be needed to replicate and further explain these findings. Support The REST study was funded by an NCAA Innovations grant. Dr. Grandner is supported by R01MD011600
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MAKGAE, PJ, G. L. MOTLOKOA, R. J. MASHITA, and K. D. MONYEKI. "Physique and Physical Fitness of Rural South African Primary School Netball Players and Non-netball Players: Ellisras Longitudinal Study." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2006): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.121150.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The aim of this study was to investigate physique and fitness level of primary school netball players and non-net ball players. A total of 426 primary school children (138 netball players and 288 non-netball players) who are part of the Ellisras Longitudinal Study participated in the study. Height, weight, skinfolds measurements (triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and medial calf) girth measurements (arm flexed and tensed and calf girth) and width measurements (femur and humerus) were measured according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). The Heath-Carter method of somatotyping was used to determine the somatotype level of all the players. Fitness level of each subjects was obtained through the Eurofit (1988) and the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) (1980). Netball players dominated the mosomorphic ectomorph (25.9%) and Balance ectomorph (19.6%) while the non-netball players dominated the ectomorphic mesomorph (22.9%) and mesomorphic ectomorph (21.2%) category. The netball players performed significantly well in shuttle run (22.2 sd 1.6) and 22.7 sd 2.2) and 50m (9.5s sd 1.2 and 9.9 1.0) sprint as compared to non-netball players. Further research in the somatotype and fitness level of netball players in their different playing position and the Physical Education program of rural South African schools will yield valuable information for physical education teachers in assigning the players to the right position at an early age.本文旨在探討南非鄉鎮地區兒童參與投球活動的體格和體能。樣本來自426名小學生，分為投球組及非投球組，整體而言，投球組的兒童體質及體適能狀況較卓越。
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Breckenridge, R. Saylor, and Pat Rubio Goldsmith. "Spectacle, Distance, and Threat: Attendance and Integration of Major League Baseball, 1930–1961." Sociology of Sport Journal 26, no. 2 (June 2009): 296–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.26.2.296.
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We examine the effect of the visibility of African American, Latino, and Jewish baseball players on attendance at Major League Baseball games between 1930 and 1961. We invoke the sociological concepts of “social distance,” “spectacle,” and “group threat” and incorporate data focusing on the era of integration to expand on previous research in this arena. Notably, African American and Latino player visibility—but not that of other groups—is revealed to increase attendance at games. This effect weakens for losing teams and in cities with relatively larger minority populations. The findings suggest a synthesis of theories is possible.
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Clark, R. Randall, Jacqueline M. Kuta, and Jude C. Sullivan. "Cross-Validation of Methods to Predict Body Fat in African-American and Caucasian Collegiate Football Players." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 65, no. 1 (March 1994): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1994.10762204.
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Grieser, Mira, Maihan B. Vu, Ariane L. Bedimo-Rung, Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, Jamie Moody, Deborah Rohm Young, and Stacey G. Moe. "Physical Activity Attitudes, Preferences, and Practices in African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian Girls." Health Education & Behavior 33, no. 1 (February 2006): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198105282416.
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Physical activity levels in girls decline dramatically during adolescence, most profoundly among minorities. To explore ethnic and racial variation in attitudes toward physical activity, semistructured interviews ( n = 80) and physical activity checklists ( n = 130) are conducted with African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian middle school girls in six locations across the United States. Girls from all groups have similar perceptions of the benefits of physical activity, with staying in shape as the most important. Girls have similar negative perceptions of physical activity, including getting hurt, sweating, aggressive players, and embarrassment. Chores, running or jogging, exercises, and dance are common activities for girls regardless of ethnicity. Basketball, swimming, running, and dance are commonly cited favorite activities, although there are slight differences between ethnic groups. The results suggest that factors other than ethnicity contribute to girls’ physical activity preferences and that distinct interventions may not be needed for each ethnic group.
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Mok, Christine. "East West Players and After: Acting and Activism." Theatre Survey 57, no. 2 (April 13, 2016): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557416000107.
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“Where are all the Asian actors in mainstream New York theatre?” What began as a plaintive status update on Facebook launched a full-scale investigation by Asian American actors that culminated in a report titled “Ethnic Representation on New York City Stages” and the formation in the fall of 2011 of an advocacy group, the Asian American Performers Action Coalition (AAPAC). AAPAC's findings were disheartening. In the preceding five years, Asian Americans had received only 3 percent of all available roles in not-for-profit theatre and only 1.5 percent of all available roles on Broadway. The percentage of roles filled by African American and Latino actors, in contrast, had increased since 2009. According to the report, “Asian Americans were the only minority group to see their numbers go down from levels set five years ago.” The data AAPAC compiled were both surprising in their concreteness and unsurprising in their bleakness. The Facebook query sparked an active digital conversation that touched a collective sense of discord just below the surface for many Asian American theatre artists, especially actors. Ralph Peña, artistic director of Ma-Yi Theatre Company, invited key Facebook commenters to hold a more formal conversation about access, embodiment, and Asian American representation. This group, many of whom were artists in midcareer, trained at top conservatories, and fostered in New York City's vibrant Asian American theatre community, became the Steering Committee of AAPAC. The members of the Steering Committee channeled their frustration and anger into archive fever by researching and documenting ethnic representation on Broadway and in sixteen of the largest not-for-profit theatres in New York City over a five-year period. In front of an audience of three hundred, members of AAPAC presented their findings at a roundtable at Fordham University on 13 February 2012 that included prominent artistic directors, agents, directors, casting directors, and producers and was moderated by David Henry Hwang. With the report in hand, AAPAC members roused the New York theatre community with a series of town hall–style meetings and urged theatrical production gatekeepers to do, if not better, then, something.
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Clark, R. R., and J. C. Sullivan. "DUAL ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY AND HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING COMPARED IN AFRICAN-AMERICAN AND CAUCASIAN COLLEGE FOOTBALL PLAYERS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, Supplement (May 1995): S119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199505001-00675.
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Martínez, Jose, Klaus Langohr, Julián Felipo, and Martí Casals. "Mortality of NBA Players: Risk Factors and Comparison with the General US Population." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (February 1, 2019): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030500.
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Concerns have been raised recently by players’ associations regarding the risk of death among retired players. Using a retrospective cohort study, we analyzed factors associated with the mortality of National Basketball Association (NBA) players and compared their life expectancy with that of the general population. We analyzed a cohort of 3985 players who participated in the NBA from its inception in 1946 to April 2015 (481 active and 3504 former players). We used the data for the 3504 former NBA players, of whom 687 (19.1%) died before 15 April 2015, to study the elapsed time between the end of their NBA careers until death. Cox proportional hazards models were employed in the multivariate survival analysis. After adjusting for age at the end of the NBA career and calendar year, we found that mortality is associated with height and ethnicity. Taller players and African-American players had a higher instantaneous risk of death than shorter players or white players. In addition, the life expectancy of players (regardless of height and ethnicity) has increased since the inception of the NBA. This is one of the first studies using such an extensive cohort of professional basketball players and Cox proportional hazards models. Results confirmed that height is associated with mortality. In addition, ethnicity is also linked to mortality; white players and small players live longer. Our study is useful for devising strategies for health interventions and the proper allocation of resources with respect to the general population.
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Shelbourne, K. Donald, Tinker Gray, and Rodney W. Benner. "Intercondylar Notch Width Measurement Differences between African American and White Men and Women with Intact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Knees." American Journal of Sports Medicine 35, no. 8 (August 2007): 1304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546507300060.
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Background A recent report of professional women's basketball found that white European American female players were 6.5 times more likely to tear their anterior cruciate ligament than their nonwhite European American counterparts. African Americans accounted for 95% of the nonwhite European American group. Hypothesis African American men and women have wider intercondylar notches than white men and women. Study Design Cohort study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 2. Methods We obtained 45° flexed weightbearing posteroanterior radiographs on 517 patients who had knee problems other than an anterior cruciate ligament injury or arthrosis. One experienced observer measured the intercondylar notch width with no knowledge of race or gender, and the measurements were analyzed based on race and gender. Results The mean intercondylar notch width was 15.5 mm (SD = 2.8; range, 9-22) for African American women and 14.1 mm (SD = 2.5; range, 8-21) for white women; this difference was statistically significant (P = .009). Similarly, the mean intercondylar notch width was 18.0 mm (SD = 3.6; range, 10-27) for African American men and 16.9 mm (SD = 3.1; range, 9-27) for white men; these values were statistically significantly different (P = .003). Conclusion We conclude that African Americans have statistically significantly wider intercondylar notch widths on 45° flexed weightbearing posteroanterior radiographs than whites of the same gender. This relationship may offer an explanation for the difference between races with regard to risk of anterior cruciate ligament tears.
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Scholes. "Pray the White Way: Religious Expression in the NFL in Black and White." Religions 10, no. 8 (August 6, 2019): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10080470.
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Athletes, particularly players in the National Football League, have repeatedly invoked God in order to glorify, praise, or even credit the divine with success on the field. This essay examines the ways in which different types of religious language used to bring God onto the gridiron are received and evaluated along racial lines. I seek to show that speech by athletes, in particular black football players, that communicates a God who is partisan and intervenes in action on the field is routinely dismissed by fellow players, the media, and religious authorities who favor a God who either intervenes softly and generally or is above the game altogether. I contend that a double standard is applied to this theological debate due to a disregard of historical African American theology and to hegemonic white evangelical norms that police such discourse.
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Montez de Oca, Jeffrey, and Stephen Cho Suh. "Ethics of patriotism: NFL players’ protests against police violence." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, no. 5 (January 24, 2019): 563–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690218825210.
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This article traces debates about African American professional football players’ protests during the national anthem. After reviewing over 400 media texts, we found that each side operates from mirrored ethical positions that lead to competing conceptions of patriotism. We use the term “patriarchal patriotism” for people opposed to the protests since they hold that institutions of authority protect citizens, and therefore citizens owe them loyalty and deference. We use “constructive patriotism” for protest supporters since they hold that citizens have an ethical obligation to oppose inequities and work on the nation through protest and dissent. Each position, however, operates as two sides of the same racial–patriotic coin. We argue that the strategic embrace of patriotism by protest proponents limits the radical, transformative potential of the protests by operating on a nationalistic political terrain that suggests the racial state can operate for racial benevolence.
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Broeder, C. E., R. Ash, J. C. Quindry, K. Brittingham, A. Miller, and R. Reese. "DO RACIAL DIFFERENCES EXIST IN BODY COMPOSITION AND BONE DENSITY COMPARING AFRICAN-AMERICAN AND CAUCASIAN COLLEGE FOOTBALL PLAYERS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (May 1999): S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-00160.
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Zhai, Zongpeng, Yongbo Guo, Yuanchang Li, Shaoliang Zhang, and Hongyou Liu. "The Regional Differences in Game-Play Styles Considering Playing Position in the FIBA Female Continental Basketball Competitions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 5827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165827.
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The aim of this study was to identify regional differences based on playing position in terms of the technical performances among FIBA Female Continental Basketball Championships by controlling the influence of situational variables including the game outcome, game type, teams and opponent quality. The samples comprised of 9208 performance records from 471 games in the America, Africa, Asia and Europe Championships during 2013–2017 and were collected and analyzed by generalized mixed linear modeling. Our study highlighted that, although positional differences were clear among different continental championships, it is worth noting that African guards, forwards, and centers made more turnovers (TOV) compared with the corresponding positional players from other continental championships. In addition, European guards presented the lowest number of steals (STL) compared with African (ES = 0.28), Asian (ES = 0.21), and American guards (ES = 0.24). The results provide coaches to have a better understanding of game-play styles among FIBA Female Continental Basketball Competitions, which could optimize the development of female basketball and the selection and recruitment of female players at the international level.
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Steinfeldt, Jesse A., Courtney Reed, and M. Clint Steinfeldt. "Racial and Athletic Identity of African American Football Players at Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Predominantly White Institutions." Journal of Black Psychology 36, no. 1 (November 17, 2009): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798409353894.
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Mosnaim, G. S., C. Rhoads, and M. Cohen. "Adolescents' Disease Empowerment and Persistency Technology (ADEPT) Increases Asthma Knowledge among Inner City African American Teenagers Using MP3 Players." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 119, no. 1 (January 2007): S285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.489.
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LaBoy, Felicia Howell. "You want me to talk to whom? Explorations in fear and faith from the underside of the Bible." Review & Expositor 115, no. 1 (February 2018): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034637317754282.
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This article utilizes an African American/womanist biblical hermeneutic that focuses on the intersectionality of the key players in the text to conduct an exegetical analysis of Philip’s encounter with the Ethiopian official found in Acts 8:26–40. Likening Philip’s encounter with the Ethiopian eunuch to the experience of racial ethnic scholars, this article also summarizes the process by which they “speak truth to power” in predominantly white academic institutions. Finally, this article argues that this process can serve as a model for how the theological academy might enable the Christian Church to speak to increasingly disenfranchised, but once privileged, whites in an increasingly post-Christian and more diverse North American society.
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Monnerat, Gustavo, Alex S. Maior, Marcio Tannure, Lia K. F. C. Back, and Caleb G. M. Santos. "Single-Nucleotide-Polymorphism-Panel Population-Genetics Approach Based on the 1000 Genomes Database and Elite Soccer Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0715.
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Purpose: Soccer is one of the most popular sports worldwide, a physical activity of great physiological demand and complexity. Currently, numerous trials involving physiological responses such as hypertrophy, energy expenditure, vasodilation, cardiac output, VO2max, and recovery have supported the possibility of genomic predictors’ affecting performance. In a complementary way to association studies with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the objective was to evaluate if the use of population genetics data from human-genomics databases can provide information for a better understanding of the relationship between heritability and sport performance. Methods: The study included 25 healthy male professional soccer players (25.5 [4.3] y, 177.4 [6.4] cm, 76.4 [6.4] kg, body fat 10.5% [4.3%]) from the Brazilian first-division soccer club. Anthropometric measurements and field and isokinetic tests were performed to evaluate performance and physiologic parameters of subjects. Moreover, 10 genetic polymorphisms previously related to performance were genotyped. The genotypes of the same polymorphisms were obtained for 2504 individuals from the populations deposited in the 1000 Genomes database. A principal-component analysis and matrix genetic-distances approach (Fst) were evaluated. Results: As expected, the admixture Brazilian population has numerous genetic similarities with the European and American populations from genomic databases. Although the African component is absolutely recognized in genomes from the Brazilian population, using the specific performance-related SNPs, surprisingly the African population was one of the most genetically distant of the players (P < .00001). Conclusions: The early results suggest a selective pressure on genes of elite soccer players, possibly related simultaneously to physical-performance, environmental, cognitive, and sociocultural aspects.
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Lichtenstein, Bronwen, and Jane R. Schwebke. "Partner Notification Methods for African American Men Being Treated for Trichomoniasis: A Consideration of Main Men, Second Hitters, and Third Players." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 19, no. 4 (December 2005): 383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/maq.2005.19.4.383.
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Wilkerson, Gary B., J. Todd Bullard, and David W. Bartal. "Identification of Cardiometabolic Risk Among Collegiate Football Players." Journal of Athletic Training 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.1.67.
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Abstract Context: Excessive fat mass clearly has adverse effects on metabolic processes that can ultimately lead to the development of chronic disease. Early identification of high-risk status may facilitate referral for definitive diagnostic tests and implementation of interventions to reduce cardiometabolic risk. Objective: To document the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among collegiate football players and to develop a clinical prediction rule that does not require blood analysis to identify players who may possess a high level of cardiometabolic risk. Design: Cross-sectional cohort study. Setting: University athletic training research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Sixty-two National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Championship Subdivision football players (age = 19.9 ± 1.2 years, height = 182.6 ± 6.1 cm, mass = 97.4 ± 18.3 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s): Anthropometric characteristics associated with body fat, isokinetic quadriceps strength, and biometric indicators associated with metabolic syndrome were measured. Participants were classified as high risk or low risk for future development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the cohort was 19% (12 of 62), and 79% (49 of 62) of the players exceeded the threshold for 1 or more of its 5 components. A 4-factor clinical prediction rule that classified individuals on the basis of waist circumference, blood pressure, quadriceps strength, and ethnic category had 92% sensitivity (95% confidence interval = 65%, 99%) and 76% specificity (95% confidence interval = 63%, 86%) for discrimination of high-risk or low-risk status. Conclusions: The risk for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease appears to be exceptionally high among collegiate football players. A lack of race-specific criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome almost certainly contributes to an underestimation of the true level of cardiometabolic risk for African American collegiate football players.
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Hicks, Kevin, Louis Harrison, and Martin Smith. "Not Just an Athlete: The Impact of High School Coaches on the Educational Pursuit of First-year African American College Football Players." Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19357397.2016.1160693.
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Macaulay, Charles, Joseph Cooper, and Shaun Dougherty. "High School Football and the Athletic-Market Economy: Recruiting, Producing, and Manufacturing Talent." Sociology of Sport Journal 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2018-0102.
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There are two cultural narratives often purported within the American sports cultures of basketball and football. First, those participating within these sports are African American athletes from poor communities lacking educational and economic opportunities. Second, the meritocratic myth perpetuating American society feeds the notion no matter where an individual is from their talent will elevate them to the next level. There have already been a few studies who have challenged these myths. This study seeks to continue the conversation by collecting community data on 7,670 high school football recruits for the years 2000 to 2016. This study seeks to provide a broad overview of the interscholastic football landscape as well as determine production levels of schools. This study finds that while players are recruited from a diverse range of communities and school types, as a school becomes more productive they tend to be located within wealthier urban communities, have a diverse student body, and have a higher likelihood of being a private school.
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Houck, Zac, Breton Asken, James Clugston, William Perlstein, and Russell Bauer. "Socioeconomic Status and Race Outperform Concussion History and Sport Participation in Predicting Collegiate Athlete Baseline Neurocognitive Scores." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 24, no. 1 (August 9, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617717000716.
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AbstractObjectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of socioeconomic status (SES) and other multivariate predictors to baseline neurocognitive functioning in collegiate athletes. Methods: Data were obtained from the Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) Consortium. Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) baseline assessments for 403 University of Florida student-athletes (202 males; age range: 18–23) from the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 seasons were analyzed. ImPACT composite scores were consolidated into one memory and one speed composite score. Hierarchical linear regressions were used for analyses. Results: In the overall sample, history of learning disability (β=−0.164; p=.001) and attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder (β=−0.102; p=.038) significantly predicted worse memory and speed performance, respectively. Older age predicted better speed performance (β=.176; p<.001). Black/African American race predicted worse memory (β=−0.113; p=.026) and speed performance (β=−.242; p<.001). In football players, higher maternal SES predicted better memory performance (β=0.308; p=.007); older age predicted better speed performance (β=0.346; p=.001); while Black/African American race predicted worse speed performance (β=−0.397; p<.001). Conclusions: Baseline memory and speed scores are significantly influenced by history of neurodevelopmental disorder, age, and race. In football players, specifically, maternal SES independently predicted baseline memory scores, but concussion history and years exposed to sport were not predictive. SES, race, and medical history beyond exposure to brain injury or subclinical brain trauma are important factors when interpreting variability in cognitive scores among collegiate athletes. Additionally, sport-specific differences in the proportional representation of various demographic variables (e.g., SES and race) may also be an important consideration within the broader biopsychosocial attributional model. (JINS, 2018, 24, 1–10)
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Krumbach, Chad J., Dave R. Ellis, and Judy A. Driskell. "A Report of Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Use among University Athletes in a Division I Institution." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 9, no. 4 (December 1999): 416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.9.4.416.
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The influences of gender, ethnicity, and sport of varsity athletes on their vitamin/mineral supplementation habits were examined. Subjects included 145 females and 266 males from 22 varsity teams; 80% were Caucasian; 12% African American; and 8% Combined-Other. Over half of the subjects took supplements. Males were more likely than females to give "too expensive" as a reason for not taking supplements, and "improve athletic performance" and "build muscle" as reasons for taking supplements. The most common supplement was multivitamins plus minerals. Females were more likely to take calcium and iron, and males vitamins B 12 and A. African Americans were the most likely to take vitamin A. Males were more likely to get supplement information from nutritionists/dietitians and self, and females from family members or friends and physicians or pharmacists. Football players were more likely to get supplement information from nutritionists/dietitians, and males in other sports from coaches/trainers. There were some differences in vitamin/mineral supplement habits of the athletes by gender, ethnicity, and sport.
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Glazewski, Jan. "Environmental Provisions in a New South African Bill of Rights." Journal of African Law 37, no. 2 (1993): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300011232.
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The question of human rights approaches to environmental protection is particularly pertinent in South Africa because its people are currently negotiating a set of constitutional principles which will lay the foundation for a future democratic and representative government in the country. The future direction of South African human rights law and environmental law particularly will be shaped by events in the near future as a new bill of rights is likely to include an environmental clause. The next few months will see the tabling of a set of constitutional principles and a draft bill of rights, the establishment of a transitional executive and elections for a constituent assembly. The latter body will finalize the form and content of a new constitution and bill of rights, drafts of which are currently being negotiated and circulated for comment by the political role players in the negotiating process. In broad constitutional terms, South Africa is departing from the Westminster model of parliamentary sovereignty on which its constitutional structure has been traditionally based and is moving towards the American model of public power being subjected to norms laid down in a bill of rights. The courts exercising their power of review will play a vital role in ensuring the success of the new dispensation. While the new bill of rights will obviously have vertical application, meaning that it will serve as a standard against which future parliamentary statutes will be measured, it is not yet clear whether it will also have horizontal application, whereby alleged contraventions of constitutional norms will be used by private legal persons in disputes between themselves.
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Clay, Elonda. "These Gods Got Swagger." Bulletin for the Study of Religion 40, no. 3 (September 22, 2011): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsor.v40i3.002.
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This paper expands the topography of contexts in which research on hip hop and religion takes place by investigating the ways in which video game engines and video editing software are used by game players to produce films within virtual environments. My investigation highlights the online dramatic form of "machinima" (machine-cinema) - a creative, often unintended user adaptation of video game engines and movie-making software. I argue that ‘swagger’, a collective of black cultural expressions that signify confidence, success, rhythmic body movements, and highly stylized appearance, is reconfigured by gamers for virtual environments, resulting in the creation of highly stylized virtual worlds, the modding (modifying) of simulated characters, and the re-composing of the game’s narrative architecture into player-created storylines. In this regard, this article proposes that digital performances and emergent authorship have multiple implications for the study of African American religions.
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Slavíček, Jan. "S. P. Huntington’s Civilizations Twenty-Five Years On." Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 14, no. 02 (June 30, 2020): 53–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.51870/cejiss.a140203.
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The study is based on the concept of Huntington's civilizations. They were used as a methodological basis for an analysis of the changes in their geopolitical power between 1995–2020 with the following conclusions: 1) The large population growth of 1995-2020 has been driven primarily by African, Islamic and Hindu civilizations, 2) Economically, the unquestionable superiority of Western civilization has remained, although its share has declined. A large economic growth has been mainly seen in the Confucian and Hindu civilizations, 3) Of the core countries, the USA, Russia, and China match the status of superpowers, while for India it seems to be only a matter of time, 4) Most of the civilizations are economically highly compact and their compactness has increased over the last 25 years (except of African civilization) and 5) The Western, Hindu and Latin-American civilizations are politically highly compact. Conversely, the African, Islamic, Orthodox and Confucian civilizations show low cohesion. The Muslim civilization is the least compact – politically as well as economically. 6. The superpowers (United States, China, Russia and India) will remain or become the most important players in the multipolar world of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. However, it is a question whether the most important issue will be the relations of the Western and non-Western world or the mutual relations among the other three (actual or rising) superpowers.
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Johnson, Kimberley S. "Racial Orders, Congress, and the Agricultural Welfare State, 1865–1940." Studies in American Political Development 25, no. 2 (September 21, 2011): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x11000095.
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One of the key questions posed by analysts of modern, twentieth-century agricultural politics is, “How and when did agrarian democracy end and the dominance of agribusiness interests begin?” In this article I argue that the roots of this transformation lie in the origins of the agricultural welfare state and the overlapping of its birth with distinct eras in America's racial orders—those moments in time when political players mobilized coalitions and institutions around racial issues such as slavery, Reconstruction, or the segregated state of the Jim Crow order. As a result of these historical overlaps, the agricultural welfare state was shaped in surprising and not-well-understood ways by America's racial orders. In order to trace these two intertwining aspects of racial governance and agricultural welfare state development, I provide a reinterpretation of the development of the agricultural welfare state from its Civil War origins to its New Deal transformation. I show that, from 1865 to 1964, the confluence of racial orders, partisan alignments, and congressional orders created an agricultural welfare state in which African Americans were variously included and excluded in a pattern of “two-tier” citizenship. The broader racial governance aims of the Jim Crow order also had a significant role in shaping the development of the organizational ethos and administrative structures and practices within the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The practice of “two-tier” agricultural citizenship, which initially affected only African American and other minority farmers, was gradually extended to reflect the divide between large commercial farmers and the rural poor (including small farmers). The results from this analysis strengthen our understanding of how the American welfare state has been shaped—in particular, the ways in which racial governance and racial orders are deeply embedded in the American state building process.
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Carter, Gregory T. "“A Shplit Ticket, Half Irish, Half Chinay”: Representations of Mixed-Race and Hybridity in the Turn-of-the-Century Theater." Ethnic Studies Review 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 32–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2008.31.1.32.
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Charles Townsend's 1889 adaptation of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin features white actors playing light- and dark-skinned African-American characters, changing degrees of make-up as the script, stage business, or number of available players demands. Thomas Denison's stage directions to his 1895 play, Patsy O'Wang, an Irish Farce with a Chinese Mix-Up, stipulates that the alternation of the half -Chinese, half-Irish cook between his two ethnic personas is “key to this capital farce,” and that a comedie use of the Chinese dialect is central to this. The Geezer (c. 1896), Joseph Herbert's spoof of the popular musical, The Geisha, features white actors playing Chinese dignitaries, but also donning German and Irish accents. The white actors in these plays enact different paradigms of hybridity. The actors in Townsend's Uncle Tom's Cabin, a Melodrama in Five Acts embody conceptions of both mixed and unmixed African Americans, freely alternating between each. In Patsy O'Wang, the main character's background is central to the story, and the lead actor moves between the two ethnicities by his accent, mannerisms, and politics. Racial mixing is central to the plot of The Geezer through Anglo actors who make themselves hybrid by appearing Chinese and appropriating a third accent, rather than the creation of racially mixed offspring.
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Pope, Clive C., and Mary O’Sullivan. "Darwinism in the Gym." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 22, no. 3 (April 2003): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.22.3.311.
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This study examined the ecology of “free gym” as it occurred in both school lunch hour and after-school community settings. In an effort to understand how urban youth experience sport, an ethnography using multiple methods was conducted to ascertain how urban youth shape their own cultures according to the social forces operating within the gymnasium. A period of sustained observation revealed a student-imposed hierarchy that was dominated by skilled male African American basketball players. Status was gained through what occurred within the free-gym ecology. Students often had to learn the system by “serving time” before they could join a desired level of the hierarchy. While a few students thrived in this environment, most merely survived or were marginalized. Such a setting has implications for how physical education and school culture is subjected to wider societal influences. The presence of socially chronic situations such as free gym require a pedagogy that is more democratic and more enriching, thereby moving from the real toward the ideal.
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Post, Eric G., Michael D. Rosenthal, Hayley J. Root, and Mitchell J. Rauh. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs of Parents of Youth Basketball Players Regarding Sport Specialization and College Scholarship Availability." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 232596712110245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211024594.
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Background: Previous surveys of youth sport parents have revealed that while parents believe early sport specialization is beneficial for improving sport ability, they also overestimate their child’s chances of receiving a college scholarship. Purpose: To (1) describe knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of parents of youth basketball players regarding sport specialization and college scholarships and (2) examine potential differences in child basketball participation characteristics based on parent income. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 805 parents (mean age, 39.9 ± 7.1 years; 353 female [43.9%]) of youth basketball players (mean age, 12.9 ± 2.5 years; 241 female [29.9%]) were recruited via Qualtrics Online Panels to complete an anonymous online questionnaire. Participants were required to be a parent of a child between 8 and 18 years of age who participated in organized youth basketball (ie, school, club, or recreational/local league). Participants were recruited to be nationally representative with regard to race/ethnicity (White, 62.7%; Hispanic/Latino of any race, 15.3%; African American/Black, 13.3%; Asian, 4.6%; ≥2 races, 2.9%; American Indian/Alaskan Native, 1.1%; Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, 0.1%). The questionnaire was adapted from previous research on parent knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs and consisted of 3 sections: (1) parent and child characteristics; (2) child basketball participation information (months per year of basketball participation, sport specialization status, receiving private coaching, traveling regularly for basketball competitions, participating on multiple teams at the same time); and (3) parent attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge regarding sport specialization and college basketball scholarships. Results: Most parents believed specialization increased their child’s chances of making a high school (71.4%) or college team (69.7%). Parents underestimated the availability of college basketball scholarships at the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) Division I and II levels (8.9 ± 5.1 vs reality of 13-15 per team) but overestimated availability at the Division III level (8.6 ± 5.7 vs reality of 0 per team). High-income parents spent significantly more money ($4748 USD [$1214-$10,246]) than middle-income ($2250 USD [$727-$5079]; P < .001) and low-income ($1043 USD [$368-$2444]; P < .001) parents. Conclusion: Parents believed specialization was important for sport success, but they underestimated college scholarship availability at the NCAA Division I and II levels while overestimating scholarship availability at the Division III level.
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Thomas, Martin. "Imperial backwater or strategic outpost? The British takeover of Vicky Madagascar, 1942." Historical Journal 39, no. 4 (December 1996): 1049–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00024754.
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ABSTRACTBetween June 1940 and September 1942 the French colony of Madagascar was a part of the Vichy French empire and a life-line for supplies to French Indo-China. Governor Paul Annet's island administration assumed a critical importance to Britain and South Africa after the fall of Singapore in February 1942. Conscious of the precedent of Vichy's two-fold capitulation to Japanese demands upon Indo-China in August 1940 and July 1941, both the British and the American governments feared that Annet might follow suit, conceding to Japan the use of Madagascar's principal ports and air bases. This threat led to the invasion of Madagascar by British empire forces. The attack began in May 1942 and was completed by October. Much to General Charles de Gaulle's lasting annoyance, the Free French movement played no part in these operations, although the British installed a Free French administration at Tananarive in December. This article examines the Madagascar invasion in the light of this exclusion of the Free French. It measures the strategic importance of the island against the political damage caused to Anglo-Free French relations by the British rebuttal of de Gaulle. It is argued that the British government utilized the Madagascar takeover as a means to keep the French national committee in check, disregarding Free French proposals as a result. Albeit temporary, this generated political confusion within Madagascar itself.
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Williams, Vicki, and Jerome Quarterman. "How Leadership Development and Positive Mentorship of an African American Female Head Basketball Coach Have Had an Impact in the Lives of Her Players, Assistant Coaches, and Peers." Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education 2, no. 1 (April 2008): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/ssa.2008.2.1.69.
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Mariani, Megan, Michael L. Alosco, Yorghos Tripodis, Shannon Conneely, Brett M. Martin, Bhupinder Singh, Robert Cantu, et al. "P2-271: THE EFFECT OF AFRICAN AMERICAN RACE ON NEUROBEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES, STRUCTURAL MRI INDICES, AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CONCENTRATIONS OF TAU AND Aβ IN FORMER NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE PLAYERS." Alzheimer's & Dementia 15 (July 2019): P690—P691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.2678.
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Smith, Earl, and Angela Hattery. "Race Relations Theories: Implications for Sport Management." Journal of Sport Management 25, no. 2 (March 2011): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.2.107.
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There have been many discussions about diversity and the value that it brings to the workplace (Ely & Thomas, 2001). Although sport has been deemed a model of diversity, where people of different races and ethnicities comingle as participants and spectators, there is a serious disconnect between perceptions of this diversity and the reality that defines the lack of racial diversity in the management (i.e., coaching and leadership) of sport. The purpose of this essay is to provide an exploration and analysis of the varied ways in which race may influence sport management experiences and opportunities. We frame this analysis through race relation theory, symbolic racism theory, social distance theory, and the concepts of segregation and power. The inferences and implications of our essay are centered on the undercurrent of the status of African American men in sport leadership, who are severely under-represented despite their prominent contribution to the financial vitality of the sport industry as players. The essay concludes with several policies and practices for improving racial diversity in sport management.
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Muniowski, Łukasz, and Tomasz Jacheć. "Illusory Facets of Sport: The Case of the Duke University Basketball Team." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 75, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0021.
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AbstractIn the society of the spectacle, illusion is an omnipresent phenomenon. It is used to distract the masses from issues crucial to their existence and to support a system of oppression. However, there is also a “lighter” side of illusion: it creates celebrities and helps sell products (films, music albums, sneakers, etc.). While the connotation is that spectacle uses illusion in order to present the ordinary or negative as extraordinary and positive (e.g., promiscuous athletes talking about family values), it is also possible for a reverse illusory process to take place, resulting in the regular being presented as irregular (e.g., a physical player presented as “aggressive”, such as Kermit Washington). Unlike the deliberate use of illusion by the architects of the spectacle, this reverse process happens spontaneously.This spontaneously generated illusion is especially evident in the world of sports. In this study, we focus on the Duke basketball team during the Mike Krzyzewski era. Since the early 1990s, Duke’s basketball team has been considered a team of unathletic, clean-cut, and well-off individuals. As these qualities are stereotypically associated with white players or “white America” in general, Duke was categorized as a white, privileged team, with its African American players being perceived as tokens or “Uncle-Toms.” We are not calling these illusions – at least not yet – as the validity of that opinion needs to be measured first. Before making our definite claim, we will analyze Duke’s history during the era of Krzyzewski in order to determine whether the common perception regarding the roster (mostly white and privileged) is true or just an illusion. Our aim is to present why both the hate and reverence of the Duke University basketball team are caused by various illusions concerning the team in particular and academic sports in general.
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Echeverri, Margarita, David Anderson, Anna Nápoles, Jacqueline Haas, Marc Johnson, and Friar Serrano. "Cancer Health Literacy and Willingness to Participate in Cancer Research and Donate Bio-Specimens." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 2091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102091.
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Although it has been well documented that poor health literacy is associated with limited participation in cancer clinical trials, studies assessing the relationships between cancer health literacy (CHL) and participation in research among diverse populations are lacking. In this study, we examined the relationship between CHL and willingness to participate in cancer research and/or donate bio-specimens (WPRDB) among African Americans, Latinos, and Whites. Participants completed the Cancer Health Literacy Test and the Multidimensional Cancer Literacy Questionnaire. Total-scale and subscale scores, frequencies, means, and distributions were computed. Analyses of variance, the Bonferroni procedure, and the Holm method were used to examine significant differences among groups. Cronbach’s alphas estimated scales’ internal consistency reliability. Significant interactions were found between race/ethnicity, gender, and CHL on WPRDB scales and subscale scores, even after education and age were taken into account. Our study confirms that CHL plays an important role that should be considered and researched further. The majority of participants were more willing to participate in non-invasive research studies (surveys, interviews, and training) or collection of bio-specimens (saliva, check cells, urine, and blood) and in studies led by their own healthcare providers, and local hospitals and universities. However, participants were less willing to participate in more-invasive studies requiring them to take medications, undergo medical procedures or donate skin/tissues. We conclude that addressing low levels of CHL and using community-based participatory approaches to address the lack of knowledge and trust about cancer research among diverse populations may increase not only their willingness to participate in research and donate bio-specimens, but may also have a positive effect on actual participation rates.
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Brito-Zerón, Pilar, Nihan Acar-Denizli, Wan-Fai Ng, Ildiko Fanny Horváth, Astrid Rasmussen, Raphaele Seror, Xiaomei Li, et al. "Epidemiological profile and north–south gradient driving baseline systemic involvement of primary Sjögren’s syndrome." Rheumatology 59, no. 9 (December 24, 2019): 2350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez578.
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Abstract Objective To characterize the systemic phenotype of primary Sjögren’s syndrome at diagnosis by analysing the EULAR-SS disease activity index (ESSDAI) scores. Methods The Sjögren Big Data Consortium is an international, multicentre registry based on worldwide data-sharing cooperative merging of pre-existing databases from leading centres in clinical research in Sjögren’s syndrome from the five continents. Results The cohort included 10 007 patients (9352 female, mean 53 years) with recorded ESSDAI scores available. At diagnosis, the mean total ESSDAI score was 6.1; 81.8% of patients had systemic activity (ESSDAI score ≥1). Males had a higher mean ESSDAI (8.1 vs 6.0, P < 0.001) compared with females, as did patients diagnosed at <35 years (6.7 vs 5.6 in patients diagnosed at >65 years, P < 0.001). The highest global ESSDAI score was reported in Black/African Americans, followed by White, Asian and Hispanic patients (6.7, 6.5, 5.4 and 4.8, respectively; P < 0.001). The frequency of involvement of each systemic organ also differed between ethnic groups, with Black/African American patients showing the highest frequencies in the lymphadenopathy, articular, peripheral nervous system, CNS and biological domains, White patients in the glandular, cutaneous and muscular domains, Asian patients in the pulmonary, renal and haematological domains and Hispanic patients in the constitutional domain. Systemic activity measured by the ESSDAI, clinical ESSDAI (clinESSDAI) and disease activity states was higher in patients from southern countries (P < 0.001). Conclusion The systemic phenotype of primary Sjögren’s syndrome is strongly influenced by personal determinants such as age, gender, ethnicity and place of residence, which are key geoepidemiological players in driving the expression of systemic disease at diagnosis.
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Jimenez, Thalia, Theodore Friedman, Jaydutt Vadgama, Vineeta Singh, Alexandria Tucker, Javier Collazo, Satyesh Sinha, Amiya Sinha Hikim, Rajan Singh, and Shehla Pervin. "Nicotine Synergizes with High-Fat Diet to Induce an Anti-Inflammatory Microenvironment to Promote Breast Tumor Growth." Mediators of Inflammation 2020 (December 13, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5239419.
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Breast cancer results from a complex interplay of genetics and environment that alters immune and inflammatory systems to promote tumorigenesis. Obesity and cigarette smoking are well-known risk factors associated breast cancer development. Nicotine known to decrease inflammatory signals also modulates immune responses that favor breast cancer development. However, the mechanisms by which nicotine and obesity contribute to breast cancer remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined potential mechanisms by which nicotine (NIC) and high-fat diet (HFD) promote growth of HCC70 and HCC1806 xenografts from African American (AA) triple negative (TN) breast cancer cells. Immunodeficient mice fed on HFD and treated with NIC generated larger HCC70 and HCC1806 tumors when compared to NIC or HFD alone. Increased xenograft growth in the presence of NIC and HFD was accompanied by higher levels of tissue-resident macrophage markers and anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL4, IL13, and IL10. We further validated the involvement of these players by in vitro and ex vivo experiments. We found a proinflammatory milieu with increased expression of IL6 and IL12 in xenografts with HFD. In addition, nicotine or nicotine plus HFD increased a subset of mammary cancer stem cells (MCSCs) and key adipose browning markers CD137 and TMEM26. Interestingly, there was upregulation of stress-induced pp38 MAPK and pERK1/2 in xenografts exposed to HFD alone or nicotine plus HFD. Scratch-wound assay showed marked reduction in proliferation/migration of nicotine and palmitate-treated breast cancer cells with mecamylamine (MEC), a nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) antagonist. Furthermore, xenograft development in immune-deficient mice, fed HFD plus nicotine, was reduced upon cotreatment with MEC and SB 203580, a pp38MAPK inhibitor. Our study demonstrates the presence of nicotine and HFD in facilitating an anti-inflammatory tumor microenvironment that influences breast tumor growth. This study also shows potential efficacy of combination therapy in obese breast cancer patients who smoke.
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Balogh, Jeremiás Máté. "Pricing behaviour of the New World wine exporters." International Journal of Wine Business Research 31, no. 4 (November 18, 2019): 509–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-09-2018-0050.
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Purpose In recent decades, New World winemakers have increased their wine export to European markets and became considerable market players in the EU. Therefore, this paper aims to explore whether the major New World wine producers are able to exploit its market power at European destination markets. Design/methodology/approach The paper applies the pricing-to-market (PTM) model of trade in respect of asymmetric effect of exchange rate changes by using monthly bilateral wine data between January 2000 and December 2016. Findings First, there is evidence of PTM in three New World wine exporters, namely, Chile, South Africa and the USA. Chile was able to apply price discrimination across Danish, German, Dutch and the British wine markets. Second, South Africa set their prices in Belgian, Dutch and Swedish markets, while the USA discriminated their wine prices in Denmark and Sweden. In contrast, this advantage was not observable in the case of Argentina and Australia. Third, the local-currency price stability was explored in Chilean wine import prices (exported to Belgium, the Czech Republic), South African wine prices (exported to France, Denmark, Germany), in US wine prices (sold in Germany and the UK). Furthermore, the analysis of the asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes suggests that depreciation of the exporter’s currency relative to the Euro had not a significant impact on EU wine import prices. On the whole, the estimated pricing to market model indicates that a non-competitive pricing behaviour of New World exporters was limited and was rather due to the market-specific characteristics. Research limitations/implications The research provides multiple advice for New World wine producers. First, in general, European consumers do not pay an extra price for the New World bottled wines. Second, only Chilean, South African and North American wine exporters can expect higher prices for its wines from European buyers only. Moreover, European wine markets are fairly competitive where New World wine exporters do not have significant market dominance. Therefore, New World wine exporters should strengthen its wine marketing and branding strategy to gain higher market share in Europe and to attract attention to its wines. Finally, exchange rates relative to Euro should be continuously monitored by the New World wine exporters because it might deviate the wine export prices significantly. Originality/value The study applies the pricing-to-market model to major New World wine exporters on the European Union’s destination market. The paper also makes valuable contributions to the wine literature by testing the asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes on wine import prices. It analyses the nature of price discrimination, whether it is market-specific or exchange rate influenced, or both.
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Dzivaltivskyi, Maxim. "Historical formation of the originality of an American choral tradition of the second half of the XX century." Aspects of Historical Musicology 21, no. 21 (March 10, 2020): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-21.02.
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Background. Choral work of American composers of the second half of the XX century is characterized by new qualities that have appeared because of not only musical but also non-musical factors generated by the system of cultural, historical and social conditions. Despite of a serious amount of scientific literature on the history of American music, the choral layer of American music remains partially unexplored, especially, in Ukrainian musical science, that bespeaks the science and practical novelty of the research results. The purpose of this study is to discover and to analyze the peculiarities of the historical formation and identity of American choral art of the second half of the twentieth century using the the works of famous American artists as examples. The research methodology is based on theoretical, historical and analytical methods, generalization and specification. Results. The general picture of the development of American composers’ practice in the genre of choral music is characterized by genre and style diversity. In our research we present portraits of iconic figures of American choral music in the period under consideration. So, the choral works of William Dawson (1899–1990), one of the most famous African-American composers, are characterized by the richness of the choral texture, intense sonority and demonstration of his great understanding of the vocal potential of the choir. Dawson was remembered, especially, for the numerous arrangements of spirituals, which do not lose their popularity. Aaron Copland (1899–1990), which was called “the Dean of American Composers”, was one of the founder of American music “classical” style, whose name associated with the America image in music. Despite the fact that the composer tends to atonalism, impressionism, jazz, constantly uses in his choral opuses sharp dissonant sounds and timbre contrasts, his choral works associated with folk traditions, written in a style that the composer himself called “vernacular”, which is characterized by a clearer and more melodic language. Among Copland’s famous choral works are “At The River”, “Four Motets”, “In the Beginning”, “Lark”, “The Promise of Living”; “Stomp Your Foot” (from “The Tender Land”), “Simple Gifts”, “Zion’s Walls” and others. Dominick Argento’s (1927–2019) style is close to the style of an Italian composer G. C. Menotti. Argento’s musical style, first of all, distinguishes the dominance of melody, so he is a leading composer in the genre of lyrical opera. Argento’s choral works are distinguished by a variety of performers’ stuff: from a cappella choral pieces – “A Nation of Cowslips”, “Easter Day” for mixed choir – to large-scale works accompanied by various instruments: “Apollo in Cambridge”, “Odi et Amo”, “Jonah and the Whale”, “Peter Quince at the Clavier”, “Te Deum”, “Tria Carmina Paschalia”, “Walden Pond”. For the choir and percussion, Argento created “Odi et Amo” (“I Hate and I Love”), 1981, based on the texts of the ancient Roman poet Catullus, which testifies to the sophistication of the composer’s literary taste and his skill in reproducing complex psychological states. The most famous from Argento’s spiritual compositions is “Te Deum” (1988), where the Latin text is combined with medieval English folk poetry, was recorded and nominated for a Grammy Award. Among the works of Samuel Barber’s (1910–1981) vocal and choral music were dominating. His cantata “Prayers of Kierkegaard”, based on the lyrics of four prayers by this Danish philosopher and theologian, for solo soprano, mixed choir and symphony orchestra is an example of an eclectic trend. Chapter I “Thou Who art unchangeable” traces the imitation of a traditional Gregorian male choral singing a cappella. Chapter II “Lord Jesus Christ, Who suffered all lifelong” for solo soprano accompanied by oboe solo is an example of minimalism. Chapter III “Father in Heaven, well we know that it is Thou” reflects the traditions of Russian choral writing. William Schumann (1910–1992) stands among the most honorable and prominent American composers. In 1943, he received the first Pulitzer Prize for Music for Cantata No 2 “A Free Song”, based on lyrics from the poems by Walt Whitman. In his choral works, Schumann emphasized the lyrics of American poetry. Norman Luboff (1917–1987), the founder and conductor of one of the leading American choirs in the 1950–1970s, is one of the great American musicians who dared to dedicate most of their lives to the popular media cultures of the time. Holiday albums of Christmas Songs with the Norman Luboff Choir have been bestselling for many years. In 1961, Norman Luboff Choir received the Grammy Award for Best Performance by a Chorus. Luboff’s productive work on folk song arrangements, which helped to preserve these popular melodies from generation to generation, is considered to be his main heritage. The choral work by Leonard Bernstein (1918–1990) – a great musician – composer, pianist, brilliant conductor – is represented by such works as “Chichester Psalms”, “Hashkiveinu”, “Kaddish” Symphony No 3)”,”The Lark (French & Latin Choruses)”, “Make Our Garden Grow (from Candide)”, “Mass”. “Chichester Psalms”, where the choir sings lyrics in Hebrew, became Bernstein’s most famous choral work and one of the most successfully performed choral masterpieces in America. An equally popular composition by Bernstein is “Mass: A Theater Piece for Singers, Players, and Dancers”, which was dedicated to the memory of John F. Kennedy, the stage drama written in the style of a musical about American youth in searching of the Lord. More than 200 singers, actors, dancers, musicians of two orchestras, three choirs are involved in the performance of “Mass”: a four-part mixed “street” choir, a four-part mixed academic choir and a two-part boys’ choir. The eclecticism of the music in the “Mass” shows the versatility of the composer’s work. The composer skillfully mixes Latin texts with English poetry, Broadway musical with rock, jazz and avant-garde music. Choral cycles by Conrad Susa (1935–2013), whose entire creative life was focused on vocal and dramatic music, are written along a story line or related thematically. Bright examples of his work are “Landscapes and Silly Songs” and “Hymns for the Amusement of Children”; the last cycle is an fascinating staging of Christopher Smart’s poetry (the18 century). The composer’s music is based on a synthesis of tonal basis, baroque counterpoint, polyphony and many modern techniques and idioms drawn from popular music. The cycle “Songs of Innocence and of Experience”, created by a composer and a pianist William Bolcom (b. 1938) on the similar-titled poems by W. Blake, represents musical styles from romantic to modern, from country to rock. More than 200 vocalists take part in the performance of this work, in academic choruses (mixed, children’s choirs) and as soloists; as well as country, rock and folk singers, and the orchestral musicians. This composition successfully synthesizes an impressive range of musical styles: reggae, classical music, western, rock, opera and other styles. Morten Lauridsen (b. 1943) was named “American Choral Master” by the National Endowment for the Arts (2006). The musical language of Lauridsen’s compositions is very diverse: in his Latin sacred works, such as “Lux Aeterna” and “Motets”, he often refers to Gregorian chant, polyphonic techniques of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and mixes them with modern sound. Lauridsen’s “Lux Aeterna” is a striking example of the organic synthesis of the old and the new traditions, or more precisely, the presentation of the old in a new way. At the same time, his other compositions, such as “Madrigali” and “Cuatro Canciones”, are chromatic or atonal, addressing us to the technique of the Renaissance and the style of postmodernism. Conclusions. Analysis of the choral work of American composers proves the idea of moving the meaningful centers of professional choral music, the gradual disappearance of the contrast, which had previously existed between consumer audiences, the convergence of positions of “third direction” music and professional choral music. In the context of globalization of society and media culture, genre and stylistic content, spiritual meanings of choral works gradually tend to acquire new features such as interaction of ancient and modern musical systems, traditional and new, modified folklore and pop. There is a tendency to use pop instruments or some stylistic components of jazz, such as rhythm and intonation formula, in choral compositions. Innovative processes, metamorphosis and transformations in modern American choral music reveal its integration specificity, which is defined by meta-language, which is formed basing on interaction and dialogue of different types of thinking and musical systems, expansion of the musical sound environment, enrichment of acoustic possibilities of choral music, globalization intentions. Thus, the actualization of new cultural dominants and the synthesis of various stylistic origins determine the specificity of American choral music.
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Anjali, Anjali, and Manisha Sabharwal. "Perceived Barriers of Young Adults for Participation in Physical Activity." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 6, no. 2 (August 25, 2018): 437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.6.2.18.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to explore the perceived barriers to physical activity among college students Study Design: Qualitative research design Eight focus group discussions on 67 college students aged 18-24 years (48 females, 19 males) was conducted on College premises. Data were analysed using inductive approach. Participants identified a number of obstacles to physical activity. Perceived barriers emerged from the analysis of the data addressed the different dimensions of the socio-ecological framework. The result indicated that the young adults perceived substantial amount of personal, social and environmental factors as barriers such as time constraint, tiredness, stress, family control, safety issues and much more. Understanding the barriers and overcoming the barriers at this stage will be valuable. Health professionals and researchers can use this information to design and implement interventions, strategies and policies to promote the participation in physical activity. This further can help the students to deal with those barriers and can help to instil the habit of regular physical activity in the later adult years.
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Shepherd, George B., and Joanna Shepherd. "Baseball’s Accidental Racism: The Draft, African-American Players, and the Law." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1949257.
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Korenman, Mikhail, Tamara Korenman, and Elena Lyutykh. "Checkmate: A Chess Program for African-American Male Adolescents." International Journal of Multicultural Education 11, no. 1 (March 20, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v11i1.186.
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This investigation looked at the influence of a chess program on adolescents’ attitudes towards schooling at an alternative charter school in a high-risk urban context. Participants included school administrators, subject teachers, and 15 chess players, all of whom were African American male students from low-income backgrounds. Interview data revealed that the game of chess had a positive impact on the adolescents’ attitudes toward schooling in a number of ways by: (1) engaging these adolescents in interactions with a supportive school professional, (2) having the students socialize in a violence-free environment, and (3) providing students with opportunities to explore life beyond their neighborhood.
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De Miguel, Carmen, Xiaoling Wang, Dennis Ownby, and Jennifer Pollock. "Abstract 177: Obesity Alters Circulating T Cell Profile in Female African American Teenagers." Hypertension 60, suppl_1 (September 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hyp.60.suppl_1.a177.
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Extensive evidence supports a role of the immune system in the development of cardiovascular disease. Moreover, at-risk cardiovascular patients display pro-inflammatory mediators years before disease is openly declared. Given the greater prevalence of obesity among African Americans, we hypothesized that obesity leads to alterations in the circulating immune cell profile in a population of African American teenagers. Lean (BMI < 50th percentile) and obese (BMI ≥ 95th percentile) African American teenagers (14-20 years-old; n=13-22/group) of both genders were recruited from public schools of Augusta, GA. Cell differentials and circulating specific immune cell populations were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting or FACS flow cytometry. Whole blood cell counting with five differentials (including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils) were conducted in all the subjects. We did not observe any significant difference in the proportion of these five major cell types between obese cases and lean controls either in the overall samples or in the sex-stratified analysis. Obese African American females presented significantly elevated percentages of circulating T lymphocytes (CD3+ cells: (34.6 ± 1.8% vs. 28.1 ± 2.2%; p<0.05) and T helper cells (CD4+ cells: 29.37 ± 1.5% vs. 26.4 ± 1.5%; p<0.05) when compared to lean females. African American obese females also tended to have greater percentages of activated CD3+ cells (CD3+/CD69+ cells) than lean females, although significance was not reached (0.67 ± 0.2% vs. 0.39 ± 0.1%). No significant differences were found between African American male obese and lean subjects in any of the circulating immune cell populations. In conclusion, obese female African American teenagers present higher circulating percentages of CD3+ and CD4+ cells than their lean counterparts without changes in the percentages of total lymphocytes. These results suggest that certain subsets of T cells may be key players in obesity-related immune disorders. The identification of the obesity-related T-cell activation may provide new etiologies and biomarkers for obesity-induced cardiovascular disease.