Relevant bibliographies by topics / African American children

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'African American children'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "African American children"

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Hall, J. Camille. "Kinship Ties: Attachment Relationships that Promote Resilience in African American Adult Children of Alcoholics." Advances in Social Work 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2007): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/136.

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For many African Americans, the extended family has been the source of strength, resilience, and survival. Although changes in African American families, like changes in all families in the United States that have diluted the importance of kinship ties, many African Americans continue to place a high value on extended family members. Children of Africans and communities of African descent traditionally interact with multiple caregivers, consisting of kin, and fictive kin.Utilizing both attachment theory and risk and resilience literature, this paper discusses ways to better understand the resilient nature of African American families and how multiple attachment relationships assist at-risk African American children, specifically adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs).
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McDaniel, Antonio. "Historical Racial Differences in Living Arrangements of Children." Journal of Family History 19, no. 1 (March 1994): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909401900103.

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The African American family is not simply a product of existing social conditions but a reflection of a history and a culture that has been conducive to the survival of the African American population. The effect of social and economic exploitation and exclusion of the African population in America during slavery and its aftermath is summarized by a historical approach, which is sensitive to culture. The contemporary household structures of the European and African American populations differ in a similar although more extreme manner than in the past.
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Smith-McKeever, Chedgzsey. "Adoption satisfaction among African-American families adopting African-American children." Children and Youth Services Review 28, no. 7 (July 2006): 825–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2005.08.009.

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Holmes, Dr Gloria Kirkland. "African Children’s Songs: A Legendary Teaching Tool." Journal of Education and Culture Studies 3, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): p250. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v3n3p250.

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This paper presents a multicultural perspective of the historical and legendary analysis of African American children’s songs highlighting the important interpersonal familial relationships that have been noted teaching tools for African American children. The data includes multiple songs that have been used for generations to teach children values, history and cultural experiences with life enhancing strength and determination.These diverse experiences are characterized by historical practices that called for African American families to find multimodal means of teaching their children when it was against the law for African Americans to learn to read or to become educated.This research reveals that at various stages in the lives of African American children, parents and extended family members found ways to culturally educate their children. This was done through use of historical and generational African American songs and games. They have been instrumental in providing hope of a better life for those who were oppressed and often denied some of life’s inalienable rights.Teachers at all grade levels including ESL and Special Education could enhance children’s learning through use of multimodal thinking and learning activities.
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Curtis, Carla M. "The Adoption of African American Children by Whites: A Renewed Conflict." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 77, no. 3 (March 1996): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.890.

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During the turbulent 1960s and the civil-rights movement, African Americans called for the reexamination of major institutional policies. One of the policy changes demanded by African American social workers was the cessation of Whites adopting African American children. The view of the fledgling Association of Black Social Workers was that such practices would result in cultural genocide. This view influenced policy as family-court judges and child advocates pursued same-race adoption with respect to African American children. Some child advocates called the policy of excluding Whites from adopting African American children imprudent and discriminatory, and in the 1980s, judges began to rule in favor of White parents who wanted to adopt Black children. Legislation was introduced and signed into law that makes it illegal for states or agencies receiving federal funding to consider race in the adoption of children. This shift in policy has enraged many African American social workers and resulted in major disagreements between them and individuals who advocate for transracial adoptions. The author explores the arguments of each side and suggests policy recommendations.
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Borum, Valerie. "African American Mothers with Deaf Children: A Womanist Conceptual Framework." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 88, no. 4 (October 2007): 595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3682.

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Although the incidence of disability is more prevalent among African Americans than any other ethnic group in the United States, empirically based guidelines grounded in the unique history and experiences of African American caretakers of children with disabilities are limited. A qualitative, exploratory design consisting of in-depth thematic interviews with 12 nondeaf African American female caretakers of deaf children was used to identify unique responses and approaches incorporated in raising deaf children of African descent. The data analysis plan entailed a modified grounded theory approach. Womanism was used inductively and deductively in organizing emerging themes as an explanatory model.
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KLEINSTEIN, ROBERT N., DONALD O. MUTTI, RUTH E. MANNY, JULIE A. SHIN, and KARLA ZADNIK. "Cycloplegia in African-American Children." Optometry and Vision Science 76, no. 2 (February 1999): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199902000-00017.

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Ofori-Dankwa, Joseph, and Robin McKinney. "Contextual Factors Associated with the Achievement of African American and European American Adolescents: A Diversimilarity Approach." Ethnic Studies Review 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 90–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.1999.22.1.90.

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The current study is an extension of Luster & McAdoo's 1994 study of African American children and ecological factors impacting academic performance of these children. Luster and McAdoo found that maternal educational level, income, number of children and living conditions were related to how well children performed in school. Those children from impoverished backgrounds with uneducated mothers had lower quality academic performance. Using the Nation Longitudinal Survey of Youth data (1992), the current study investigated similarities and differences in the impact of ecological factors in European American(n = 266) and African American adolescents (n = 400). The results indicated that the home environment best predicts academic performance in African American adolescents while neighborhood conditions are better predictors of academic performance in European American adolescents. This difference may be related to the function of education for the two groups. Education may be a vehicle for status enhancement for European American adolescents. For African Americans, education may enhance class but not social status associated with racial minority status. These results suggest that educational efforts be developed to assist all adolescent in achieving both status and class objectives.
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Bradford, Angela C., and Joyce L. Harris. "Cultural Knowledge in African American Children." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 34, no. 1 (January 2003): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2003/006).

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Purpose: This study sought to determine whether typically developing African American children’s culturally based mainstream and ethnocultural knowledge increased between grades four and six. Because a lack of mainstream cultural knowledge has been implicated in reduced reading comprehension among many African American children, this study also investigated the degree to which ethnocultural and mainstream cultural knowledge differed. Method: Fifty-eight African American children in grades four, five, and six responded to the Test of Core Knowledge (Bradford & Harris, 2000), a divergent task that required free associations about topics drawn from both mainstream and African American history, arts, and news events. Responses were audiotape-recorded, orthographically transcribed, and analyzed for accuracy and quantity of information. Results: Participants’ knowledge of both mainstream and African American cultural items increased significantly between grades four and five and their knowledge of history, news events, and African American arts increased significantly between grades four and six. Additionally, significant differences were found between grades five and six for mainstream and African American news events. Clinical Implications: This sample of African American children demonstrated mainstream cultural knowledge that often surpassed ethnocultural knowledge. Such broadbased mainstream cultural knowledge meets academic expectations and can be used to facilitate further development of language and reading comprehension skills. However, this finding also suggests the need for future investigations of the relationship between mainstream cultural knowledge and literacy, bicultural knowledge in African American children from lower socioeconomic status and/or more ethnocentric backgrounds, and bicultural knowledge in those children who have language and reading comprehension deficits.
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Glover, Rebecca J., and Claudia A. Smith. "Racial Attitudes of Preschoolers: Age, Race of Examiner, and Child-Care Setting." Psychological Reports 81, no. 3 (December 1997): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3.719.

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Racial attitudes of 60 preschool children (28 boys, 32 girls) from either a monoracial Euro-American child-care program ( n = 16), a monoracial African-American program ( n = 12), or a multiracial program (25 Euro-Americans, 7 African-Americans) were assessed using the Preschool Racial Attitudes Measure II. Despite the over-all neutral attitudes reflected by these children, evidence of a Euro-American bias among older children was found. If replicated with a large randomly selected sample recognizing and understanding early racial attitudes may be a key factor in fostering positive racial identity and preventing the formation of prejudice.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "African American children"

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Bailey, Suzette. "Asperger's Syndrome in African American Children." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4834.

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The prevalence of autism in the United States is 1 in 68 children. African American children are less likely to receive advance testing to confirm the diagnosis of Asperger's Syndrome (AS) compared to other ethnic groups. The purpose of this study was to determine if demographic factors (parental education level, family annual income, marital status of custodial parent(s), parent ethnicity, number of children in home, other children with disability, family location, mother age at time of birth, gender of child, birth status of child, adoption status and age, child order, and other disability) have any predictive relationship to AS diagnosis among African American children in the Washington Metropolitan area. A quantitative correlational study of a cross-sectional nature was conducted using a survey to collect data from parents of children age 3-16 (n= 187) who may or may not have a confirmed autism diagnosis. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory provided an understanding of how environmental factors may be related to a diagnosis of AS. Chi-square analyses were conducted and statistically significant higher frequencies of diagnosis were found in parents with no other child with a disability, later born children, and parents who have been married. Logistic regressions analysis resulted in parental marital status being found to be a statistically significant predictor of a child having an official AS diagnosis. There is a critical need to train health care professionals working in underserved communities where minority groups may reside about AS. Results from this study may provide information to develop policies, community-based services, and programs that ensure that children can receive an accurate AS diagnosis regardless of factors such as race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.
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Saunders, Daveta Jacquistia. "The effects of African American children's skin complexions in Television commercials on the self-perception of African American children." Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2007. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.

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Miesse, Colette A. "Religiosity and spirituality in African American children." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4761/.

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An exploratory study was conducted to augment the current literature on religiosity and spirituality by identifying and systematically measuring the salient variables and underlying constructs regarding spirituality and religion in African American families and their children between the ages of 7 to 12. The study examined psychosocial correlates, such as self-esteem and ethnic identity, and their impact on religiosity and spirituality. This study sought to validate the Age-Universal I/E Scale for use with African American children occurred with this study and pilot the African American Children's Ethnic Identity Scale (ACHEIDS). Through qualitative and quantitative research this study found multiple correlations associated with religion, spirituality, age, gender, aspects of self-esteem, and ethnic identity. Regression analyses were also conducted to identify predictive variables associated with the I/E.
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Cunningham, Dana Claire. "African American children in the child welfare system: An American tragedy." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1895.

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Etti, Lysette Nana, and Kathleen Patrice Holsey. "Late diagnosis of autism among African American children." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3342.

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Henry, Deloris P. Arnold Robert. "African American parent involvement in the elementary education of their children." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9633413.

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Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1996.
Title from title page screen, viewed May 22, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Robert Arnold (chair), Patricia Klass, Larry McNeal, Joe Parks, Seymour Bryson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-84) and abstract. Also available in print.
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McGill, Keisha KaVon. "Experiences of African American Mothers Raising Gifted Children." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6923.

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Equality in educational access has long been an area of concern for U.S. educators, policy makers, and advocates. Congress issued a mandate in 1969 to identify the needs of gifted students and to ensure that those needs were being met. However, the needs of gifted minority students were not specifically addressed. Little is known about how African American mothers are affected by the demands of raising and advocating for their gifted child. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological qualitative inquiry was to explore the lived experiences of African American mothers raising gifted children. The theory of womanism was used to explore the experiential anecdotes offered by the participants and to guide in analysis of developing themes. In addition, critical race theory was used to further examine the narratives offered by the participant mothers. Nine African American mothers whose children were identified as academically and intellectually gifted participated in interviews; analysis of data included use of the hermeneutic circle and resulted in the identification of 4 essential themes and 8 subthemes. Subthemes, that seemed particularly meaningful to participants, included othermothering, exasperation, resilience, and the Black male experience. Findings highlight the mothers'€™ resilience when dealing with instances of microaggressions and microinsults. Additionally, findings elucidated their desire to see every child succeed through othermothering behaviors. Implications for positive social change include contributing to the body of knowledge regarding the needs and challenges affecting African American mothers raising gifted children.
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Wilbon, Doris Cooper. "African American caregivers of children affected by HIV/AIDS." Click here to access thesis, 2007. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/fall2007/doris_c_wilbon/wilbon_doris_c_200708_ma.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia Southern University, 2007.
"A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts." In Social Science, under the direction of Nancy Malcom. ETD. Electronic version approved: December 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-66) and appendices.
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Ramírez-Marrero, Farah A. "Physical activity and energy expenditure in African-American children /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487948440827395.

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Onyeka, Uche. "Neighborhood-Level Predictors and Obesity Among African-American Children." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4881.

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The steady raise in childhood obesity is a major public health problem nationally and globally. Childhood obesity is primarily caused by an imbalance between caloric intake and caloric expenditure. The increase in childhood obesity rates over the past 3 decades suggested involvement of environmental and behavioral factors in the obesity epidemic. While childhood obesity is considered a public health crisis in the United States, only limited research is available about the potential impact of neighborhood-level factors such as access to healthy food, neighborhood safety, and risk-free outdoor playgrounds. The purpose of this study was to examine if any relationships existed between childhood obesity and type of diet, level of physical activity, and neighborhood-level risk factors and childhood obesity. This study accessed the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) 2009-2014 data sets. Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the associations between independent and dependent variables. The Wald test was used to assess the effects of each individual predictor, while adjusting for other predictors. The findings of this study showed no significant associations between childhood obesity and neighborhood safety; parental educational level; presence of parks, playgrounds, or open spaces; neighborhood walkability; neighborhood safety and support; and gender. Low physical activity levels, however were a significant risk factor for increase obesity. This study may lead to positive social change, enhancing individual lives and whole communities, by drawing the awareness of public health officials and policy makers to the importance of neighborhood factors associated with high body mass index.
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Books on the topic "African American children"

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1931-, Jones Reginald Lanier, ed. African American children, youth, and parenting. Hampton, Va: Cobb & Henry, 1998.

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Little, Lessie Jones. Children of Long Ago: Poems. New York, USA: Lee & Low Books, 2000.

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Little, Lessie Jones. Children of Long Ago: Poems. New York, NY, USA: Philomel Books, 1988.

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Sondra, Jackson, and Brissett-Chapman Sheryl, eds. Serving African American children: Child welfare perspectives. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1999.

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Haynes, Norris M. Critical issues in educating African-American children. Langley Park, MD: IAAS Publishers, 1993.

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Miller, Britt Ekland. 5 positive plays for African American children. Dallas, Tex: Forward Communications, 1993.

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Latimer, Leah Y. Higher ground: Preparing African-American children for college. New York: Avon Books, 1999.

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Richard, Perry. Montgomery's children: A novel. 2nd ed. Columbus, MS: Genesis Press, 1998.

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Perry, Richard. Montgomery's children: A novel. New York: New American Library, 1985.

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Giovanni, Nikki. Spin a Soft Black Song: Poems for Children. New York, USA: Hill and Wang, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "African American children"

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Goudelock, Jessa D. Luckey. "Parenting Gifted African American Children." In Success Startegies for Parenting Gifted Kids, 351–60. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003238287-58.

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Hyter, Yvette D., Glenda DeJarnette, and Kenyatta O. Rivers. "African American Children and Adolescents." In Handbook of Pragmatic Language Disorders, 613–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74985-9_23.

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King, Wilma. "Afterword: African American Children in Contemporary Society." In African American Childhoods, 169–78. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-73165-7_11.

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Swindler Boutte, Gloria. "And How Are the Children?" In Educating African American Students, 1–41. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003164456-1.

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King, Wilma. "Within the Professional Household: Slave Children in the Antebellum South." In African American Childhoods, 39–54. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-73165-7_3.

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Olson, Debbie. "African American Girls in Hollywood Cinema." In Black Children in Hollywood Cinema, 63–120. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48273-6_3.

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Washington, Tyreasa, Trenette Clark Goings, Qiana R. Cryer-Coupet, and Jun Sung Hong. "African American Children in Kinship Care." In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_812-1.

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Washington, Tyreasa, Trenette Clark Goings, Qiana R. Cryer-Coupet, and Jun Sung Hong. "African American Children in Kinship Care." In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 142–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_812.

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Pinn, Anthony B. "Introduction: An Encounter with the Children of Nimrod." In African American Humanist Principles, 1–10. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-73324-8_1.

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King, Wilma. "Minor Players in Bondage: Interactions between Enslaved and Slaveholding Children in the Old South." In African American Childhoods, 23–38. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-73165-7_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "African American children"

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Steen, Bweikia. "Starting Young: Meeting the Needs of African American Children by Listening to African American Male Teachers." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1585086.

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Nche, Olivia. "Engaging African American Elementary School Children in Code Understanding." In SIGCSE '19: The 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3287324.3293715.

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Arigliani, Michele, Mario C. Canciani, Leon Thsilolo, Robert Kitenge, Tontonp Mfuanani, Paola Cogo, and Philip H. Quanjer. "Comparison of lung function in Congolese vs African American children." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa1233.

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Puga, Lisa. "“Homeschooling is our Protest:” Educational Liberation for African American Homeschooling Families in Philadelphia, PA." In 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE GEOGRAPHIES OF CHILDREN, YOUTH AND FAMILIES. Galoa, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/gcyf-2019-99433.

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Ejem, S., K. Sumino, J. Taylor, V. Curtis, K. Chadwick-Mansker, J. Moen, C. Goss, et al. "Validation of Quality of Life Questionnaires in African American Children with Mild Asthma." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a6733.

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Pearson, Jamie. "He'll Be Fine: Parent and Professional Experiences Supporting African American Children With Autism." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1573076.

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Beydon, N., E. Dufetelle, and J. Taytard. "Interpretation of Static Volumes in Caucasian and African-Caribbean Children." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a5690.

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Forno, Erick, Glorisa Canino, Soma Datta, Kathryn Paul, Jody Senter-Sylvia, Deanna Calvert, Sherell Thornton-Thompson, et al. "Allergen Exposure, African Ancestry, And Asthma In Puerto Rican Children." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a4074.

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Niu-Cooper, Rui. "African Refugee Parents' Voices on Their Children's American Schooling." In AERA 2022. USA: AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/ip.22.1886483.

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Clark, Trevor, Nijee Brown, Harold Aubrey, Kwamme Anderson, Tina Jordan, Donald Hill-Eley, Henry Swanson, and Elijah Cameron. "PARENTAL MENTAL HEALTH STATUS: THE IMPACT ON AFRICAN AMERICAN PARENTS WITH SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN." In 16th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2022.2017.

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Reports on the topic "African American children"

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Sumino, Kaharu, Leonard Bacharier, Juanita Taylor, Kelley Chadwick-Mansker, Vanessa Curtis, Alison Nash, Shawni Jackson-Triggs, et al. Comparing Two Ways to Manage Asthma in African American Children—The ASIST Study. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute® (PCORI), August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/07.2020.as.130705588.

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MacDonald-Wilson, Kim, Gregory McHugo, Kelly Williams, Chaeryon Kang, Patricia Deegan, William Torrey, Nancy Parrotta, et al. Comparing Two Ways to Manage Asthma in African American Children—The ASIST Study. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute® (PCORI), August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/07.2020.cdr.130602474.

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Wysocki, Tim, Mauri Carakushansky, Daniel Doyle, Mark Kummer, Judith Ross, Grafton Reeves, Neil Izenberg, et al. Comparing Two Ways to Manage Asthma in African American Children—The ASIST Study. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute® (PCORI), August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/02.2020.cer.805.

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Carter, Kara. Search for the Best Parenting Fit: A Guide for African American Parents Raising Children in High-Risk Contexts. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cc-20240624-1267.

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Teach, Stephen, and Deborah Quint Shelef. Does a Stress Management Program for African American Parents Increase Asthma Symptom–Free Days for Their Children? The BEAMS Study. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/04.2020.as.130705284.

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Muñoz, Ercio, Dario Sansone, and Mayte Ysique Neciosup. Socio-Economic Disparities in Latin America among Same-Sex and Different-Sex Couples. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012983.

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Economic research on sexual minority individuals in developing countries has been constrained by the scarcity of nationally representative surveys asking about sexual orientation. This paper merges and harmonizes census data from eight Latin American countries to document socio-economic disparities between different-sex and same-sex couples. Overall, although there are some exceptions, individuals in same-sex couples are on average younger than women and men in different-sex couples, are less likely to identify as Indigenous (while differentials for African descendants vary by country), have higher education levels, and are less likely to live with children. Gaps in unemployment rates by couple type and sex differ by country. Both women and men in same-sex couples have higher average incomes in Brazil. The same holds for women in Mexico, while men in same-sex couples have lower average incomes. Finally, homeownership rates are lower among same-sex couples, while welfare differentials as proxied by ownership of assets and dwelling characteristics vary by country.
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7

Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.

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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.
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8

Bustelo, Monserrat, Verónica Frisancho, and Mariana Viollaz. Unequal Opportunities for Indigenous Peoples and African Descendants. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005340.

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The indigenous peoples and African descendants in Latin America and the Caribbean are far behind the rest of the population in terms of access to education, health services, and financial services, something that is reflected in poor labor outcomes and high poverty rates. Indigenous peoples and African descendants achieve lower levels of education in their lifetime. In recent decades, the region has narrowed the years-of-education gap between the indigenous peoples and the non-indigenous population, but the differences are still large. The gaps in access to health services are clear in the maternal and infant mortality rates, which are higher for the indigenous peoples compared to the non-indigenous population, as well as in the deteriorated health indicators for children under the age of five. The labor situation is no better, with the indigenous peoples holding jobs in low-skilled occupations to a larger extent than the non-indigenous population. The poverty rates are alarming. In total, 43% of the regions indigenous persons and 25% of the African descendants are poor, and with very few exceptions, the poverty rates among African descendants and indigenous peoples are more than twice the rate of the white population.
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9

Gust, Sarah. Global Universal Basic Skills: Current Deficits and Implications for World Development. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2022/114.

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How far is the world away from ensuring that every child obtains the basic skills needed to be internationally competitive? And what would accomplishing this mean for world development? Based on the micro data of international and regional achievement tests, we map achievement onto a common (PISA) scale. We then estimate the share of children not achieving basic skills for 159 countries that cover 98.1 percent of world population and 99.4 percent of world GDP. We find that at least two-thirds of the world’s youth do not reach basic skill levels, ranging from 24 percent in North America to 89 percent in South Asia and 94 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa. Our economic analysis suggests that the present value of lost world economic output due to missing the goal of global universal basic skills amounts to over $700 trillion over the remaining century, or 11 percent of discounted GDP.
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10

Marcos Barba, Liliana, Hilde van Regenmortel, and Ellen Ehmke. Shelter from the Storm: The global need for universal social protection in times of COVID-19. Oxfam, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.7048.

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As 2020 draws to a close, the economic devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic shows no sign of abating. Without urgent action, global poverty and inequality will deepen dramatically. Hundreds of millions of people have already lost their jobs, gone further into debt or skipped meals for months. Research by Oxfam and Development Pathways shows that over 2 billion people have had no support from their governments in their time of need. Our analysis shows that none of the social protection support to those who are unemployed, elderly people, children and families provided in low- and middle-income countries has been adequate to meet basic needs. 41% of that government support was only a one-off payment and almost all government support has now stopped. Decades of social policy focused on tiny levels of means-tested support have left most countries completely unprepared for the COVID-19 economic crisis. Yet, countries such as South Africa and Bolivia have shown that a universal approach to social protection is affordable, and that it has a profound impact on reducing inequality and protecting those who need it most. In addition to the full paper and executive summary, an Excel file with the data analysed by Oxfam and Development Pathways is available to download on this page, along with an annex on the crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean.
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