Journal articles: 'African American dropouts – Washington (DC)'

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Lee, Sinae. "Patterns of the Mainstream Sound Change in a Liminal Region: Low Back Merger in Washington DC." Journal of English Linguistics 46, no. 4 (August 11, 2018): 267–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424218788923.

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This study investigates the low back vowel merger (lot-thought merger) of African American and European American speakers in Washington DC. The study aims to follow up with the previous investigation by Labov et al. (2006) on low back merger in DC, and investigate whether African American speakers in DC are participating in the merger, one of the majority-led sound changes. The study also examines the difference in low back vowel production between African Americans from a particular quadrant of the city, namely, Southeast (SE), and those from elsewhere in DC. Data are taken from forty sociolinguistic interviews with natives of DC. The vowels were analyzed acoustically, taking F1 and F2 measurements at three different points of a vowel. Both the F1 and the F2 dimensions of the low back vowels and the degree of overlap were examined. The degree of overlap was measured by calculating the Pillai score for each speaker, with duration and following environment taken into account. Results indicate that DC is conservatively participating in the merger, with European American speakers exhibiting higher degrees of overlap than African American speakers. An age effect is also observed, but only among African American speakers who are not from SE. The study further argues that the participation in the mainstream sound change by some African Americans can also be analyzed as convergence to the local white norm, and that this convergence is more likely to be carried out by African American speakers who are not from SE, a section of the city in which the contact between African American speakers and European American speakers is minimal.

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El-Mohandes, Ayman A. E., M. Nabil El-Khorazaty, Michele Kiely, and Marie G. Gantz. "Smoking Cessation and Relapse Among Pregnant African-American Smokers in Washington, DC." Maternal and Child Health Journal 15, S1 (June 8, 2011): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0825-6.

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Charity, Anne H. "Regional differences in low SES African-American children's speech in the school setting." Language Variation and Change 19, no. 3 (October 2007): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394507000129.

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AbstractComprehensive investigations of African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) have demonstrated that most features of AAVE reported in the sociolinguistic literature are consistently seen in nearly every African-American speech community in which vernacular speech has been documented. This article highlights quantitative regional differences in the speech produced by African-American children from three U.S. cities in an academic setting. In this analysis, 157 5- to 8-year-old African-American children in New Orleans, LA, Washington, DC, and Cleveland, OH imitated the sentences of a story presented in Standard American English (SAE) by teachers. The 15 sentences included many items that were possible mismatches between the child's vernacular and SAE. Afterwards, the children retold the story in their own words. Children's use of SAE and AAVE features in both tasks was analyzed. Higher rates of AAVE feature use occurred in New Orleans than in Cleveland or Washington, DC.

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Kiely, Michele, Jutta S. Thornberry, Brinda Bhaskar, and Margaret F. Rodan. "Patterns of alcohol consumption among pregnant African-American women in Washington, DC, USA." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 25, no. 4 (April 3, 2011): 328–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2010.01179.x.

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Terzian, Sevan G. "“Subtle, vicious effects”: Lillian Steele Proctor's Pioneering Investigation of Gifted African American Children in Washington, DC." History of Education Quarterly 61, no. 3 (August 2021): 351–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2021.22.

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AbstractThis essay examines the first detailed study of gifted African American youth: Lillian Steele Proctor's master's thesis from the late 1920s on Black children in Washington, DC. Unlike formative research on gifted children by educational psychologists, Proctor's investigation emphasized children's experiences at school, home, and community in determining their abilities, opportunities, and accomplishments. Proctor's work also anticipated African American intellectuals’ critiques of racist claims about intelligence and giftedness that would flourish in the 1930s. In focusing on the nation's capital, her investigation drew from a municipality with a high proportion of African American residents that was segregated by law. Proctor pointed directly to systemic racism as both contributing to the relative invisibility of gifted African American youth and in thwarting opportunities to realize their intellectual potential. In an environment of racial subordination and segregation, these gifted children found themselves excluded from cultural resources and educational opportunities.

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Margolin, Victor. "National Museum of African American History and Culture Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (Exhibition Review)." Design Issues 35, no. 1 (January 2019): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/desi_r_00523.

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Anesetti-Rothermel, Andrew, Peter Herman, Morgane Bennett, Ned English, Jennifer Cantrell, Barbara Schillo, Elizabeth C. Hair, and Donna M. Vallone. "Sociodemographic Disparities in the Tobacco Retail Environment in Washington, DC: A Spatial Perspective." Ethnicity & Disease 30, no. 3 (July 8, 2020): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.30.3.479.

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Objective: Studies assessing sociodemographic disparities in the tobacco retail environment have relied heavily on non-spatial analytical techniques, resulting in potentially misleading conclusions. We utilized a spatial analytical framework to evaluate neighborhood sociodemographic disparities in the tobacco retail environment in Washington, DC (DC) and the DC metropolitan statistical area (DC MSA).Methods: Retail tobacco availability for DC (n=177) and DC MSA (n=1,428) census tract was assessed using adaptive-bandwidth kernel density estimation. Density surfaces were constructed from DC (n=743) and DC MSA (n=4,539) geocoded tobacco retailers. Sociodemographics were obtained from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey. Spearman’s correlations between sociodemographics and retail density were computed to account for spatial autocorrelation. Bivariate and multivariate spatial lag models were fit to predict retail density.Results: DC and DC MSA neighborhoods with a higher percentage of Hispanics were positively correlated with retail density (rho = .3392, P = .0001 and rho = .1191, P = .0000, respectively). DC neighborhoods with a higher percentage of African Americans were negatively correlated with retail density (rho = -.3774, P = .0000). This pattern was not significant in DC MSA neighborhoods. Bivariate and multivariate spatial lag models found a significant inverse relationship between the percentage of African Americans and retail density (Beta = -.0133, P = .0181 and Beta = -.0165, P = .0307, respectively).Conclusions: Associations between neighborhood sociodemographics and retail density were significant, although findings regarding African Americans are inconsistent with previous findings. Future studies should analyze other geographic areas, and account for spatial autocorrelation within their analytic framework. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(3):479-488; doi:10.18865/ed.30.3.479

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Bolles, A. Lynn. ": Living in, Living out: African American Domestics in Washington, DC, 1910-1940 . Elizabeth Clark-Lewis." American Anthropologist 98, no. 2 (June 1996): 450–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1996.98.2.02a00500.

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Mahgoub, Noon E., Ramakrishna Chakilam, Sindhura Booba, and Octavius D. Polk. "REVIEW OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN HIV-POSITIVE AFRICAN-AMERICAN PATIENTS IN A WASHINGTON DC HOSPITAL." Chest 136, no. 4 (October 2009): 62S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.136.4_meetingabstracts.62s.

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Jacobs, Nancy J. "American Evangelicals and African Politics: The Archives of the Fellowship Foundation, 1960s–1987." History in Africa 45 (April 16, 2018): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hia.2018.1.

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Abstract:This article describes the archives of the Fellowship Foundation, best known as the organizers of the National Prayer Breakfast in Washington DC. The secretive character of the Fellowship probably accounts for its lack of visibility in African historical narratives to date. This article makes a case that this evangelical network was significant as a clandestine “track two” diplomatic organization with ties throughout Africa. Historians of international relations, it is suggested, may find useful sources in the public archives of Fellowship Foundation correspondence at the Billy Graham Center at Wheaton College in Illinois. The article reviews the records for several countries and offers examples of the banal, secretive, and sometimes usefully suggestive evidence to be found in the correspondence.

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Freishtat, Robert J., Sabah F. Iqbal, Dinesh K. Pillai, Catherine J. Klein, Leticia M. Ryan, Angela S. Benton, and Stephen J. Teach. "High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Inner-City African American Youth with Asthma in Washington, DC." Journal of Pediatrics 156, no. 6 (June 2010): 948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.033.

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Aarons, Sigrid J., and Renee R. Jenkins. "Sex, Pregnancy, and Contraception-related Motivators and Barriers among Latino and African-American Youth in Washington, DC." Sex Education 2, no. 1 (April 2002): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14681810220133596.

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Clare, Rod. "Black Lives Matter." Transfers 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2016.060112.

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It has been over forty years since the mostly successful conclusion of the Civil Rights movement in the United States. While some may have thought the election of an African-American president in 2008 heralded a “postracial” America, continued violence and oppression has brought about a rebirth of activism, embodied by the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. Now that nascent movement is preparing to be part of the National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC). Due to open in fall 2016, the NMAAHC will be located at 1400 Constitution Avenue NW, in Washington DC.

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Farrington, Charlie. "Incomplete neutralization in African American English: The case of final consonant voicing." Language Variation and Change 30, no. 3 (October 2018): 361–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394518000145.

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AbstractIn many varieties of African American English (AAE), glottal stop replacement and deletion of word-final /t/ and /d/ results in consonant neutralization, while the underlying voicing distinction may be maintained by other cues, such as vowel duration. Here, I examine the relationship between vowel duration, final glottal stop replacement, and deletion of word-final /t, d/ to determine whether the phonological contrast of consonant voicing is maintained through duration of the preceding vowel. Data come from conversational interviews of AAE speakers in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Washington, DC. Results indicate that glottalization and deletion of word-final /t/ and /d/ are widespread across the speakers in the analysis. Additionally, the duration of vowels is significantly longer before underlying /d/ than /t/ for consonant neutralized contexts, thus showing that duration, normally a secondary cue to final voicing, may be becoming a primary cue in AAE.

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Lewis, Nathaniel M. "Canaries in the mine? Gay community, consumption and aspiration in neoliberal Washington, DC." Urban Studies 54, no. 3 (December 6, 2016): 695–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016682418.

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Gay men have been implicated in neoliberal urban development strategies (e.g. the creative city) as a ‘canary’ population that forecasts growth. Paradoxically, both neoliberal re-development of North American inner-cities and the ways in which gay men become neoliberalised as individuals contribute to the dissolution of urban gay communities. In contrast to discourses of homonormativity, which suggest that gay men’s declining attachments to gay communities stem from new equalities and consequent desires to assimilate into the mainstream, this article argues that gay men in DC have internalised neoliberal discourses that call for career development, home ownership and social hypermobilities. The narratives of 24 gay-identified men living in DC indicate that the social and spatial dissolution of the gay community is linked with individual aspirations that are increasingly difficult to achieve. These aspirations include career advancement in a transient local economy, property ownership in an out-of-reach market, and the attainment of social status based on an ability to move through multiple neighbourhoods and venues with ease. As might be expected, African American and working class men are often left beyond the fray of these new neoliberal ideals.

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Anacker, Katrin B., and James H. Carr. "Analysing Determinants of Foreclosure among High-income African-American and Hispanic Borrowers in the Washington, DC Metropolitan Area." International Journal of Housing Policy 11, no. 2 (June 2011): 195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2011.573208.

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Taylor, Kathryn L., Ralph O. Turner, Jackson L. Davis, Lenora Johnson, Marc D. Schwartz, Jon Kerner, and Chikarlo Leak. "Improving knowledge of the prostate cancer screening dilemma among African American men: an academic-community partnership in Washington, DC." Public Health Reports 116, no. 6 (November 2001): 590–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3549(04)50092-4.

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Spillman, D. M., R. J. Iannotti, and A. E. Zuckermann. "Iron, Vitamin C and Protein Content in the Diets of African-American Children Residing in the Washington Dc Area." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95, no. 9 (September 1995): A22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(95)00425-4.

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Dodson, Howard. "Howard University, the New Negro Movement, and the Making of African American Visual Arts in Washington, DC: Part 1." Callaloo 39, no. 5 (2016): 983–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2016.0138.

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Dodson, Howard. "Howard University, the New Negro Movement, and the Making of African American Visual Arts in Washington, DC: Part 2." Callaloo 39, no. 5 (2016): 1147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2016.0148.

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Bradford Wainwright, Angela. "Gender Differences in the Narrative Productions of African American Adults." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 28, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_ajslp-18-0153.

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Purpose The narrative is an important component of cognitive–linguistic assessment of nonmainstream populations and provides a valuable basis on which to conduct cross-ethnic/cultural comparisons. Given that there is limited information on the narrative characteristics of African American adults, this study was designed to describe the nature of narrative productions among African American men and women and to determine if gender differences exist in those productions. Method Seventy-six African American adults—40 women (ages 46–86 years) and 36 men (ages 45–87 years)—recruited from Washington, DC, and the Metropolitan area took part in the study. Participants produced a complex story retelling and a personal narrative of their choosing. All narratives were transcribed orthographically, parsed into T-units, and analyzed for narrative superstructure. Narratives were then examined by establishing the quantity of information, distribution of information, and African American English (AAE) density and usage. Results The results of the study demonstrated that women produced more information across all measures of quantity and narrative conditions. Gender differences were observed where men produced narratives that were brief and succinct whereas women produced longer, more elaborative narratives. Moreover, women produced more information across constituent units of the narratives. Although the use of AAE and its effect on quantity and distribution of information were negligible, the results demonstrated that men produced more occurrences of AAE than women. Conclusions This study demonstrated that women were more talkative, produced more information, took more time to produce their narratives, and told stories that were more descriptive, evaluative, and reflective than those of their male counterparts. This study also suggests that personal narratives may be more robust in characterizing the process of African American adult narrative production whereas story retelling may be a good contrastive element in further describing narrativization. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7905377

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Lyon, Maureen E., Leah Squires, Lawrence J. D'Angelo, Debra Benator, Rachel K. Scott, Isabella H. Greenberg, Patricia Tanjutco, et al. "FAmily-CEntered (FACE) Advance Care Planning Among African-American and Non-African-American Adults Living With HIV in Washington, DC: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Documentation and Health Equity." Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 57, no. 3 (March 2019): 607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.11.014.

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Roberts, Jennifer D., Lindsey Rodkey, Rashawn Ray, and Brian E. Saelens. "Do Not Forget About Public Transportation: Analysis of the Association of Active Transportation to School Among Washington, DC Area Children With Parental Perceived Built Environment Measures." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 15, no. 7 (July 1, 2018): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0266.

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Background: Although the active transportation (AT) indicator received an F grade on the 2016 US Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth, this AT assessment excluded public transportation. An objective of the Built Environment and Active Play Study was to assess youth AT, including public transportation, among Washington, DC area children in relation to parental perceptions of neighborhood built environment (BE) variables. Methods: Questionnaires were mailed to 2000 parents of children aged 7–12 years. AT to school (ATS) was assessed with the question: “In an average school week, how many days does your child use each of the following ways to get to and from school? (a) Walk; (b) Bike; (c) Car; (d) Bus or Metro.” Parental perceived BE data were obtained through questionnaire items, and logistic regression was conducted to determine if BE variables were associated with youth ATS. Results: The sample included 144 children (50% female; average age 9.7 years; 56.3% white; 23.7% African American; 10.4% Asian American). Over 30% used ATS-public transportation 5 days per week, and nearly 13% used ATS-walking daily. Parental perceived BE variables significantly predicted youth ATS-walking and ATS-public transportation. Conclusions: ATS-public transportation is common among Washington, DC area youth, and parental perceptions of BE can significantly predict ATS.

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Jackson, Latifa, Max Shestov, Forough Saadatmand, and Joseph Wright. "2413." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 1, S1 (September 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2017.74.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Allostatic load, the chronic stress-induced wear and tear on the body, has a cumulative deleterious effect in individuals over their lifetime. Recent studies have suggested that socio-economic status, psychological determinants, and biomedical health cumulatively contribute to allostatic load in young adults. Although these finding individually suggest that African American children may be particularly susceptible to the effects of allostatic loading due to racially-based discrimination and economic instability, few studies have shown the effect of exposure to violence on the allostatic load carried by young African Americans. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Biological and Social Correlates of Drug Use in African American Emerging Adults (BADU) data set is composed of young African Americans (n=557 individuals) living in the Washington, DC area, collected from 2010 to 2012. Study participants were sought equally between males and females (n=283, n=274, respectively). This data set provides a rich source of information on the behavioral, mental, and physical health of African American young adults (18–25 year olds) living in the Washington, DC area. Analysis of 6 biomedical markers were measured in BADU study participants: C-reactive protein, cortisol, Epstein-Barr virus IgG, IgE, IgA, and IgM, known to be markers of immune stress and allostatic load. Naive Bayes was used to identify participant responses that were correlated to elevated stress biomarker levels. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Violence was most closely correlated to elevated EBVVCA IgM and IgE levels. Elevated IgE levels correlated to increased experience of familial violence and sexual abuse; familial drug abuse and depression; violence and community violence. Cortisol is positively correlated to reported emotional state (R=0.072) and perceived individual discrimination (R=0.059). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Allostatic load appears to be high in individuals who self-report exposure to violence. Both perceived mental health and violence were correlated to elevated stress biomarkers. When Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen IgM was compared with violence features characterized in the data set, we found that internalization of environmental stressors were most strongly correlated to elevated allostatic load markers. This work suggests that internalization of experienced violence may be as important as the actual violence experience.

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Ceasar, Joniqua Nashae, Sophie Elizabeth Claudel, Marcus R. Andrews, Kosuke Tamura, Valerie Mitchell, Alyssa T. Brooks, Tonya Dodge, et al. "Community Engagement in the Development of an mHealth-Enabled Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Intervention (Step It Up): Pilot Focus Group Study." JMIR Formative Research 3, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): e10944. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/10944.

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Background Community-based participatory research is an effective tool for improving health outcomes in minority communities. Few community-based participatory research studies have evaluated methods of optimizing smartphone apps for health technology-enabled interventions in African Americans. Objective This study aimed to utilize focus groups (FGs) for gathering qualitative data to inform the development of an app that promotes physical activity (PA) among African American women in Washington, DC. Methods We recruited a convenience sample of African American women (N=16, age range 51-74 years) from regions of Washington, DC metropolitan area with the highest burden of cardiovascular disease. Participants used an app created by the research team, which provided motivational messages through app push notifications and educational content to promote PA. Subsequently, participants engaged in semistructured FG interviews led by moderators who asked open-ended questions about participants’ experiences of using the app. FGs were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim, with subsequent behavioral theory-driven thematic analysis. Key themes based on the Health Belief Model and emerging themes were identified from the transcripts. Three independent reviewers iteratively coded the transcripts until consensus was reached. Then, the final codebook was approved by a qualitative research expert. Results In this study, 10 main themes emerged. Participants emphasized the need to improve the app by optimizing automation, increasing relatability (eg, photos that reflect target demographic), increasing educational material (eg, health information), and connecting with community resources (eg, cooking classes and exercise groups). Conclusions Involving target users in the development of a culturally sensitive PA app is an essential step for creating an app that has a higher likelihood of acceptance and use in a technology-enabled intervention. This may decrease health disparities in cardiovascular diseases by more effectively increasing PA in a minority population.

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Shelton, Rachel L., Mewelau Hall, Seairra Ford, and Robert L. Cosby. "Telehealth in a Washington, DC African American Religious Community at the Onset of COVID-19: Showcasing a Virtual Health Ministry Project." Social Work in Health Care 60, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 208–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2021.1904322.

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McCray, Nathan, Lance Thompson, Francesca Branch, Nicholas Porter, James Peterson, and Melissa J. Perry. "Talking About Public Health With African American Men: Perceptions of Environmental Health and Infertility." American Journal of Men's Health 14, no. 1 (January 2020): 155798832090137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988320901375.

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While the past two decades have seen rapid advances in research demonstrating links between environmental health and reproductive capacity, African American men have largely been overlooked as study participants. To give voice to the perceptions of urban African American men, the present qualitative study conducted focus groups of men recruited from street- and internet-based advertisements in Washington, DC. Participants were asked for their perspectives on their environment, reproductive health and fertility, and factors that would influence their participation in public health research. Participants expressed concern about ubiquitous environmental exposures characteristic of their living environments, which they attributed in part to gentrification and urban development. Infertility was seen as a threat to masculinity and a taboo subject in the African American community and several participants shared personal stories describing a general code of silence about the subject. Each group offered multiple suggestions for recruiting African American men into research studies; facilitators for study participation included cultural relevance, incentives, transparent communication, internet- and community-based recruitment, and use of African Americans and/or recruiters of color as part of the research team. When asked whether participants would participate in a hypothetical study on fertility that involved providing a sperm sample, there was a mixed reaction, with some expressing concern about how such a sample would be used and others describing a few facilitators for participation in such a study. These are unique perspectives that are largely missing from current-day evidence on the inclusion of African American men in environmental health and reproductive health research.

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Edberg, Mark C., Elizabeth Collins, Meredith Harris, Hedda McLendon, and Patricia Santucci. "Patterns of HIV/AIDS, STI, substance abuse and hepatitis risk among selected samples of Latino and African-American youth in Washington, DC." Journal of Youth Studies 12, no. 6 (October 16, 2009): 685–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13676260902897400.

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Anderson, Trudy B. "Book Reviews : Spero M. Manson. Applied Research on Health and Ethnicity: American Indian and Alaska Native Elderly. Washington, DC: American Association of Retired Persons, 1993. Paperback. Elena Bastida. Applied Research on Health and Ethnicity: Hispanic Elderly. Washington, DC: American Association of Retired Persons, 1993. Paperback. Harry H. L. Kitano. Applied Research on Health and Ethnicity: Asian and Asian-American Elderly. Washington, DC: American Association of Retired Persons, 1993. Paperback. John H. Skinner. Applied Research on Health and Ethnicity: African-American Elderly. Washington, DC: American Association of Retired Persons, 1993. Paperback." Journal of Applied Gerontology 13, no. 3 (September 1994): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073346489401300309.

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Baytop, Chanza, Scott Royal, Donna Hubbard McCree, Ron Simmons, Rebecca Tregerman, Carolyn Robinson, Wayne D. Johnson, Mike McLaughlin, and Cristofer Price. "Comparison of strategies to increase HIV testing among African-American gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Washington, DC." AIDS Care 26, no. 5 (October 14, 2013): 608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.845280.

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Hall, Kim F. "Uses for a Dead White Male: Shakespeare, Feminism, and Diversity." New Theatre Quarterly 11, no. 41 (February 1995): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00008873.

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This article and the two following were prepared as complementary contributions to a panel of the American Association for Higher Education conference on ‘Theatre and Cultural Pluralism’, held in Atlanta, Georgia, in August 1992. In the first, Kim F. Hall, from the Department of English at Georgetown University, Washington, DC, describes her experiences as an African American feminist teaching Shakespeare – often against the expectations of students who expect either an affirmation of his supposed universality, a simplistic condemnation of his politically incorrect positions on race and gender – or his appropriation, on behalf of those wishing to stake their own claim to the ‘culture of power’ he is taken to represent. Instead, Kim F. Hall proposes that feminism offers ‘one way of helping students look at Shakespeare ‘multiculturally’, since gender is one area of inquiry that both crosses cultures and forces one to think about the differences between cultures’.

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De Jesus, Maria, Claudia Carrete, Cathleen Maine, and Patricia Nalls. "Attitudes, perceptions and behaviours towards HIV testing among African-American and East African immigrant women in Washington, DC: implications for targeted HIV testing promotion and communication strategies: Table 1." Sexually Transmitted Infections 91, no. 8 (April 20, 2015): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051876.

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Smith, John David. "Finding “pax plantation” at Camp Gordon, Georgia: Historian Ulrich Bonnell Phillips and World War I." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 13, no. 4 (October 2014): 564–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781414000413.

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This article examines the World War I service of the University of Michigan historian Ulrich Bonnell Phillips (1877–1934). Phillips worked first with black recruits as a volunteer officer for the Young Men's Christian Association at Camp Gordon, Georgia, and later as a U.S. Army Military Intelligence officer in Washington, DC. In these years, Phillips ranked as America's foremost authority on the antebellum South generally and of African American slavery in particular. In 1918 he published his landmarkAmerican Negro Slavery. While on leave from Ann Arbor, Phillips taught English and French, planned educational and recreational programs, and supervised the management and construction of buildings at Camp Gordon's segregated facilities. Phillips's daily interactions with black troops in the cantonment reaffirmed—at least as he saw it—his conclusions that North American slavery had been a relatively benign institution, his belief in the virtues of plantation paternalism and in the management of subject peoples by educated whites, and his attitude that contemporary race relations were generally harmonious. Phillips's observations of African American recruits validated his conviction that blacks benefited most from white-run, regimented organizations and strengthened his belief in economic assimilation and social segregation. His military intelligence work confirmed Phillips's overall commitment to conservative change, whether in foreign or race relations.

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FARBER, DAVID. "THINKING AND NOT THINKING ABOUT RACE IN THE UNITED STATES." Modern Intellectual History 2, no. 3 (October 10, 2005): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147924430500051x.

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John Skrentny, The Minority Rights Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002)Richard King, Race, Culture and the Intellectuals, 1940–1970 (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Press, 2004)Since June 1964, all three branches of the federal government have supported the goal of racial justice in the United States. John Skrentny, in The Minority Rights Revolution, explains how that goal and related ones have been implemented over the last sixty years. He argues that key policy developments since that time were driven less by mass movements and much more by elite “meaning entrepreneurs.” Well before the 1964 Civil Rights Act was made law, in the immediate post-World War II years, a bevy of transatlantic intellectuals responded to Nazi race policy by seeking a universalist vision that would unite humanity. Richard King, in Race, Culture and the Intellectuals, explores how intellectuals pursued that anti-racist universalist vision and then how African and African-American intellectuals in the 1960s, in particular, rejected universalism and began, instead, to pursue racial justice through cultural particularism. King's traditional intellectual history, when combined with Skrentny's sociological analysis of how elites managed ideas to pursue specific policies, reveals how American society, in pursuit of racial justice, moved from the simple stated ideals of the 1964 Civil Rights Act—equal opportunity and access—to the complexities of affirmative action and an embrace of “diversity” in American life.

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Commodore-Mensah, Yvonne, Ruth-Alma Turkson-Ocran, Nwakaego A. Nmezi, Manka Nkimbeng, Joycelyn Cudjoe, Danielle S. Mensah, Sarah York, et al. "Commentary: Engaging African Immigrants in Research – Experiences and Lessons from the Field." Ethnicity & Disease 29, no. 4 (October 17, 2019): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.29.4.617.

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Global migration from Africa to more economically developed regions such as the United States, Europe, the Middle East, and Australia has reached unprecedented rates in the past five decades. The size of the African immigrant population in the United States has roughly doubled every decade since 1970. However, research has not kept up with the growing size of this vulnerable population. Data from African immigrants have not traditionally been reported separately from Blacks/African Americans. There is growing interest in increasing the participation of African immigrants in research to understand their unique health needs and the full spectrum of factors impacting their health, ranging from racial, social, environmental, and behavioral factors, to individual biological and genetic factors which may also inform health challenges. This line of inquiry may also inform our understanding of health disparities among their African American counterparts. However, little is known about effective community engagement and recruitment strategies that may increase the participation of this population in research studies. The purpose of this commentary is to: 1) describe lessons learned from our experiences engaging African immigrants in research in the Baltimore, Washington, DC, and Atlanta metropolitan areas; 2) discuss strategies for successful recruitment; and 3) consider future directions of research and opportunities to translate research findings into health policy for this population. Ethn Dis. 2019;29(4):617-622; doi:10.18865/ed.29.4.617

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Grill, Katherine B., Jichuan Wang, Rachel K. Scott, Debra Benator, Lawrence J. D’Angelo, and Maureen E. Lyon. "What Do Adults With HIV Want? End-of-Life Care Goals, Values and Beliefs by Gender, Race, Sexual Orientation." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 38, no. 6 (January 19, 2021): 610–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909120988282.

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Objective: We examined factors influencing end-of-life care preferences among persons living with HIV (PLWH). Methods: 223 PLWH were enrolled from 5 hospital-based clinics in Washington, DC. They completed an end-of-life care survey at baseline of the FACE™-HIV Advance Care Planning clinical trial. Findings: The average age of patients was 51 years. 56% were male, 66% heterosexual, and 86% African American. Two distinct groups of patients were identified with respect to end-of-life care preferences: (1) a Relational class (75%) who prioritized family and friends, comfort from church services, and comfort from persons at the end-of-life; and (2) a Transactional/Self-Determination class (25%) who prioritized honest answers from their doctors, and advance care plans over relationships. African Americans had 3x the odds of being in the Relational class versus the Transactional/Self-determination class, Odds ratio = 3.30 (95% CI, 1.09, 10.03), p = 0.035. Males were significantly less likely to be in the relational latent class, Odds ratio = 0.38 (CI, 0.15, 0.98), p = 0.045. Compared to non-African-Americans, African-American PLWH rated the following as important: only taking pain medicines when pain is severe, p = 0.0113; saving larger doses for worse pain, p = 0.0067; and dying in the hospital, p = 0.0285. PLWH who were sexual minorities were more afraid of dying alone, p = 0.0397, and less likely to only take pain medicines when pain is severe, p = 0.0091. Conclusion: Integrating culturally-sensitive palliative care services as a component of the HIV care continuum may improve health equity and person-centered care.

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Ioannou, Stella, and Maciej Henneberg. "A Rare Case of Congenital Syphilis and a Supernumerary Fourth Molar in an Early 20th Century African American Woman." Dental Anthropology Journal 29, no. 1 (August 25, 2018): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v29i1.34.

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Congenital syphilis is a disease recognized for interfering with odontogenesis, producing specificdental characteristics including Hutchinson’s incisor, Moon’s molar, Fournier’s molar and mulberry molar,while its past treatments including mercury are known to affect amelogenesis. Supernumerary teeth, mainly associatedwith syndromes, are not commonly found in cases of congenital syphilis. A rare case of congenitalsyphilis in an individual (P000707) treated with mercury and a mandibular left fourth molar with normal morphologyis presented.Materials and Methods: During a systematic examination of 28 skeletons with treponemal disease at the Smithsonianmuseum in Washington, DC, a supernumerary mandibular distomolar in one individual (P000707) wasrevealed.Results: P000707 was an African American female, 26 years of age. Dentition showed severe enamel hypoplasiaof the maxillary and mandibular incisors, left canine, and upper first molars, consistent with the effects of treatmentof congenital syphilis by mercurial compounds. Crown of the left mandibular distomolar has typical molarmorphology but is smaller in size than other permanent molars. Arrangement of grooves resembles the +4 pattern,but is complex due to crenulation. Oblique x-ray revealed that the fourth molar had one root with a pulpchamber extending towards the apex, suggesting taurodontism. No other distomolar teeth were present.Conclusions: Congenital syphilis and treatment containing mercury may not influence the development of supernumeraryteeth due to: (1) the age at which the development of the fourth molar takes place, (2) the stage ofthe infection at the time of development and (3) the age at which treatments containing mercury are administeredto patients with congenital syphilis.

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TANG, EDWARD. "Rebirth of a Nation: Frederick Douglass as Postwar Founder in Life and Times." Journal of American Studies 39, no. 1 (April 2005): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875805009230.

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In 1875, a year from the upcoming centennial celebrations, Frederick Douglass commemorated the African American presence in the nation's revolutionary past and Reconstruction present. “If … any man should ask me what colored people have to do with the Fourth of July, my answer is ready,” he proclaimed to a black audience in Washington, DC. “Colored people have had something to do with almost everything of vital importance in the life and progress of this great country” from its beginnings in 1776 to its greatest test in 1861 and beyond. Douglass drew upon the Revolution's legacies of liberty and democracy, urging his listeners to meet the challenge of incorporating themselves into the nation's citizenry despite sustained white resistance. Albeit a tall order, he placed this agenda in a broader perspective: “The fathers of this Republic … had their trial ninety-nine years ago. The colored citizens of this Republic are about to have their trial now.” The moment was full of possibilities: African Americans, he emphasized, faced comparable obstacles and hardships much like the founders themselves. Implied too within Douglass's invocation of the revolutionaries was the potential heroism and accomplishments of which African Americans were similarly capable, just as they had proven in the past.

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Lorini, Alessandra. "Free People of Color: Inside the African American Community. By James Oliver Horton. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993. Pp. ix, 238. $39.95, cloth; $15.95, paper." Journal of Economic History 54, no. 1 (March 1994): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070001425x.

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Michel, Katherine G., Cuiwei Wang, Allison Doyle, Camille Robinson, Joanne M. F. Ocampo, Lakshmi Goparaju, and Seble Kassaye. "2216 Characterizing physician trust and healthcare-based discrimination among long-term HIV viral trajectory groups in Washington, DC." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, S1 (June 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.157.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Discrimination within the healthcare system and physician distrust have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes for people living with HIV; however, many studies do not link these variables to biological data. We hypothesize that perceived healthcare discrimination and physician distrust associates with higher longitudinal viremia among HIV-positive women. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A 2006 cross-sectional survey assessed healthcare-based discrimination and physician trust in 92 HIV-positive and 46 high-risk HIV-negative women from the Washington DC Women’s Interagency HIV Study (DC-WIHS). In addition, we identified HIV viral load trajectories and demographics from the HIV-positive women who contributed≥4 semi-annual visits from 1994 to 2015. Viral suppression was defined by assay detection limits (<80 to <20 copies/mL). Group-based probability trajectory analyses grouped women based on longitudinal viral load patterns, and identified 3 groups: sustained viremia (n=32) with low-viral suppression over time, intermittent viremia (n=27) with varying suppression over time, and non-viremia (n=33) with high-longitudinal viral suppression. Ordinal logistic regression models assessed trajectory group and discrimination variables, controlling for demographics, using stepwise selection with significance level of α=0.05. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Most women were African American (60%), insured at the time of visit (89%) and nonsmokers (56%). While physician trust did not differ by HIV viral trajectory group, trust was lower among HIV-negative women compared with HIV-positive women (p=0.03). Over 1 in 5 HIV-positive women reported discrimination in the healthcare system based on HIV status (21.3%). Report of discrimination based on drug/alcohol use was higher among HIV-negative participants (19.2% vs. 6.5%, p=0.01). Among women with longitudinal sustained viremia, report of discrimination based on race ethnicity (29%, p=0.004) and sexual orientation (15.6%, p=0.008) were higher than within the nonviremic and intermittent trajectory groups. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Physician trust did not associate with increased longitudinal viral suppression among HIV-positive women in Washington, DC. Lack of physician trust among high-risk HIV-negative women could have implications for uptake of prevention methods. Reports of discrimination vary between HIV-positive and HIV-negative women in the Washington, DC area. The findings of healthcare system distrust among HIV-negative women has implications outside the realm of HIV, as this lack of trust may impact risk for other disease states among similar populations of women.

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Tamura, Kosuke, Nithya P. Vijayakumar, James F. Troendle, Kaveri Curlin, Sam J. Neally, Valerie M. Mitchell, Billy S. Collins, et al. "Multilevel mobile health approach to improve cardiovascular health in resource-limited communities with Step It Up: a randomised controlled trial protocol targeting physical activity." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e040702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040702.

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IntroductionAlthough physical activity (PA) reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, physical inactivity remains a pressing public health concern, especially among African American (AA) women in the USA. PA interventions focused on AA women living in resource-limited communities with scarce PA infrastructure are needed. Mobile health (mHealth) technology can increase access to PA interventions. We describe the development of a clinical protocol for a multilevel, community-based, mHealth PA intervention for AA women.Methods and analysisAn mHealth intervention targeting AA women living in resource-limited Washington, DC communities was developed based on the socioecological framework for PA. Over 6 months, we will use a Sequential Multi-Assignment, Randomized Trial approach to compare the effects on PA of location-based remote messaging (named ‘tailored-to-place’) to standard remote messaging in an mHealth intervention. Participants will be randomised to a remote messaging intervention for 3 months, at which point the intervention strategy will adapt based on individuals’ PA levels. Those who do not meet the PA goal will be rerandomised to more intensive treatment. Participants will be followed for another 3 months to determine the contribution of each mHealth intervention to PA level. This protocol will use novel statistical approaches to account for the adaptive strategy. Finally, effects of PA changes on CVD risk biomarkers will be characterised.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol has been developed in partnership with a Washington, DC-area community advisory board to ensure feasibility and acceptability to community members. The National Institutes of Health Intramural IRB approved this research and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute provided funding. Once published, results of this work will be disseminated to community members through presentations at community advisory board meetings and our quarterly newsletter.Trial registration numberNCT03288207.

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Tamura, Kosuke, Kaveri Curlin, Sam J. Neally, Nithya P. Vijayakumar, Valerie M. Mitchell, Billy S. Collins, Cristhian Gutierrez-Huerta, et al. "Geospatial Analysis of Neighborhood Environmental Stress in Relation to Biological Markers of Cardiovascular Health and Health Behaviors in Women: Protocol for a Pilot Study." JMIR Research Protocols 10, no. 7 (July 22, 2021): e29191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/29191.

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Background Innovative analyses of cardiovascular (CV) risk markers and health behaviors linked to neighborhood stressors are essential to further elucidate the mechanisms by which adverse neighborhood social conditions lead to poor CV outcomes. We propose to objectively measure physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and neighborhood stress using accelerometers, GPS, and real-time perceived ecological momentary assessment via smartphone apps and to link these to biological measures in a sample of White and African American women in Washington, DC, neighborhoods. Objective The primary aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that living in adverse neighborhood social conditions is associated with higher stress-related neural activity among 60 healthy women living in high or low socioeconomic status neighborhoods in Washington, DC. Sub-aim 1 of this study is to test the hypothesis that the association is moderated by objectively measured PA using an accelerometer. A secondary objective is to test the hypothesis that residing in adverse neighborhood social environment conditions is related to differences in vascular function. Sub-aim 2 of this study is to test the hypothesis that the association is moderated by objectively measured PA. The third aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that adverse neighborhood social environment conditions are related to differences in immune system activation. Methods The proposed study will be cross-sectional, with a sample of at least 60 women (30 healthy White women and 30 healthy Black women) from Wards 3 and 5 in Washington, DC. A sample of the women (n=30) will be recruited from high-income areas in Ward 3 from census tracts within a 15% of Ward 3’s range for median household income. The other participants (n=30) will be recruited from low-income areas in Wards 5 from census tracts within a 15% of Ward 5’s range for median household income. Finally, participants from Wards 3 and 5 will be matched based on age, race, and BMI. Participants will wear a GPS unit and accelerometer and report their stress and mood in real time using a smartphone. We will then examine the associations between GPS-derived neighborhood variables, stress-related neural activity measures, and adverse biological markers. Results The National Institutes of Health Institutional Review Board has approved this study. Recruitment will begin in the summer of 2021. Conclusions Findings from this research could inform the development of multilevel behavioral interventions and policies to better manage environmental factors that promote immune system activation or psychosocial stress while concurrently working to increase PA, thereby influencing CV health. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/29191

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Wyly, Elvin K., Mona Atia, Elizabeth Lee, and Pablo Mendez. "Race, Gender, and Statistical Representation: Predatory Mortgage Lending and the US Community Reinvestment Movement." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 39, no. 9 (September 2007): 2139–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a38224.

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American mortgage markets, once arenas of discrimination by exclusion, now operate as venues of segmentation and discrimination by inclusion: credit is widely available, but its terms vary enormously. One market segment involves sophisticated predatory practices in which certain groups of borrowers are targeted for high-cost credit that strips out home equity and worsens the risks of delinquency, default, and foreclosure. Unfortunately, it has become more difficult to measure inequalities of predatory lending: race–ethnicity and gender are ‘disappearing’ from the main public data source used to study, organize, and mobilize on issues of lending inequalities. In this paper, we present a mixed-methods case study of statistical representation of homeowners and homebuyers marginalized by race, ethnicity, and gender. A theoretical examination of official data-collection practices is followed by a discussion of alternative meanings of racial–ethnic and gender nondisclosure. Interviews with a sample of homeowners and homebuyers in the Washington, DC, area reveal some respondent ambivalence about the details of data-collection practices, but provide no consistent support for the idea that nonreporting is solely a matter of individual choice. Econometric analyses indicate that nondisclosure is driven primarily by lending-industry practices, with the strongest disparate impacts in African-American suburbs. Predatory lending is producing ambivalent spaces of racial-ethnic and gender invisibility, requiring new strategies in the reinvestment movement.

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Farmer, Nicole, Cristhian A. Gutierrez-Huerta, Briana S. Turner, Valerie M. Mitchell, Billy S. Collins, Yvonne Baumer, Gwenyth R. Wallen, and Tiffany M. Powell-Wiley. "Neighborhood Environment Associates with Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) as a Cardiovascular Risk Marker." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 4296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084296.

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Background: Neighborhoods and the microbiome are linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet investigations to identify microbiome-related factors at neighborhood levels have not been widely investigated. We sought to explore relationships between neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) and the microbial metabolite, trimethylamine-N-oxide. We hypothesized that inflammatory markers and dietary intake would be mediators of the relationship. Methods: African-American adults at risk for CVD living in the Washington, DC area were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional community-based study. US census-based neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) measures (at the census-tract level) were determined. Serum samples were analyzed for CVD risk factors, cytokines, and the microbial metabolite, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Self-reported dietary intake based on food groups was collected. Results: Study participants (n = 60) were predominantly female (93.3%), with a mean (SD) age of 60.83 (+/−10.52) years. Mean (SD) NDI was −1.54 (2.94), and mean (SD) TMAO level was 4.99 (9.65) µmol/L. Adjusting for CVD risk factors and BMI, NDI was positively associated with TMAO (β = 0.31, p = 0.02). Using mediation analysis, the relationship between NDI and TMAO was significantly mediated by TNF-α (60.15%) and interleukin)-1 β (IL; 49.96%). When controlling for clustering within neighborhoods, the NDI-TMAO association was no longer significant (β = 5.11, p = 0.11). However, the association between NDI and IL-1 β (β = 0.04, p = 0.004) and TNF-α (β = 0.17, p = 0.003) remained. Neither NDI nor TMAO was significantly associated with daily dietary intake. Conclusion and Relevance: Among a small sample of African-American adults at risk for CVD, there was a significant positive relationship with NDI and TMAO mediated by inflammation. These hypothesis-generating results are initial and need to be confirmed in larger studies.

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Weiss, Brendan, Alex Minter, Matthew Laquer, Robin Howard, Jude Abadie, Joao Ascencao, Geraldine P. Schechter, Michael Kuehl, and Ola Landgren. "Patterns of Monoclonal Immunoglobulins and Serum Free Light Chains Are Significantly Different in African-American Compared to Caucasian MGUS Patients." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 2838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.2838.2838.

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Abstract Abstract 2838 Poster Board II-814 Background. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), the precursor of multiple myeloma (MM), is 2- to 3-fold more common in African-Americans (AA) than Caucasians (CA). Prior studies have reported clinical features of MGUS and MM to be different among AA compared to CA. Recent studies on CA MGUS cases have found serum free kappa and lambda light chain assays (sFLC) to be highly predictive of MM progression. We have conducted the first study designed to evaluate patterns of sFLC markers in AA. Methods. All AA MGUS patients seen at Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WR) and the Washington DC Veteran's Affairs Medical Center (VA) 2005-2009 were eligible. WR patients were enrolled through a retrospective chart review as sFLC has been performed routinely on MGUS patients. VA patients were enrolled in a prospective trial and sFLC was performed at WR. All patients were categorized for their risk of progression using the Mayo Clinic model (Rajkumar SV Blood 2005) and compared to the Caucasian Mayo Clinic population by the Fisher's exact test (2-tailed). Results. Eighty-six patients were enrolled, the median age was 73 yrs (42-92) and 74% were male. The MGUS isotype was 87% IgG, 10% IgA, 2% IgM and 1% biclonal. Kappa and lambda light chain disorders were present in 61% and 38%, respectively. The median monoclonal Ig concentration was 0.56 gm/dL (trace-2.33), 47% had a concentration '0.5 g/dL, 30% 0.51-1.0, 20% 1-2 g/dL, and 2% 2-3 g/dL. An abnormal sFLC ratio was present in 49% of patients. Based on the Mayo Clinic model, the risk of progression was: low 42% (95%CI 32-52), low-intermediate 49% (39-59), high-intermediate 8% (4-16) and high 1% (0-7). In comparing our data to the Mayo Clinic data, AA have significantly different distributions of MGUS isotype (p =0.001), lower monoclonal Ig concentration (p=0.0005), presence of an abnormal sFLC ratio (p=0.004) and distributions of Mayo Clinic risk groups (p=0.008) (see table). Conclusions. The clinical and laboratory features of AA patients with MGUS are distinctly different than in Caucasians, in particular a lower proportion of IgM MGUS, lower monoclonal Ig levels, a higher proportion of abnormal sFLC ratios, and fewer higher-risk patients. IgM MGUS is the precursor to Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) and the lower proportion of IgM MGUS in AA is consistent with the very low rate of WM in AA. Non-IgM MGUS should be considered a separate entity and a direct comparison of AA and CA non-IgM MGUS patients using the Mayo Clinic data is planned. The significance of these differences on the risk of malignant progression will require prospective studies in racially diverse populations. Disclosures: Weiss: The Binding Site, Inc.: Research Funding.

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Sorin, Gretchen Sullivan. "Mabel O. Wilson. Begin with the Past: Building the National Museum of African American History and Culture. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2016. 144 pp.; 99 color and 42 black-and-white illustrations, index. $29.95." Winterthur Portfolio 52, no. 4 (December 2018): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/702491.

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Dunn, Joe P. "The National Model League of Arab States." Political Science Teacher 3, no. 1 (1990): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896082800000945.

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Among the excellent national simulations available—the Harvard Model UN, Cleveland Model UN, Howard University Model Organization of African States, etc., and several regional models—the best may be the National Model League of Arab States, held annually in March at American University in Washington, DC. Sponsored by the Arab League Information Center and the National Council on U.S.-Arab Relations, the Model (in its seventh year in 1989) imitates the League of Arab States, an organization founded in 1945 for the purpose of coordinating issues related to Arab development and cooperation.College and university student delegations represent the 22 member states of the Arab nation. As they debate, lobby, and caucus, students learn about the interplay of the state system, international and regional organization, intra-Arab cooperation and conflict, issues of the region, and superpower impact upon the area. As participants gain greater understanding of the culture, concerns, achievements, and problems of the Arab world, they shed stereotypes, question prejudices, and begin to appreciate another perspective on regional issues.The Model League consists of plenary sessions, five committees (political, economic, social and cultural, legal, and Palestinian affairs), and a summit conference of the League Council. The bulk of time is spent in the committee sessions, where students introduce, debate, and build coalitions in support of resolutions. In the process, they practice parliamentary procedure and sharpen forensic and bargaining skills. Faculty advisors evaluate the delegations and nominate individuals for awards.

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Bokhari, Kamran A. "The 36th Annual Meeting of the Middle East Studies Association of North America." American Journal of Islam and Society 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v20i1.1889.

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The 36th annual meeting of the Middle East Studies Association of NorthAmerica (MESA), was held at the Wardman Park Hotel, Washington, DC,November 23-26, 2002. This conference, possibly the largest gathering ofscholars and students of the Middle East, took place in an atmosphere saturatedby 9/11 and Washington’s plans for an all-out war against Iraq, aswell as considerable right-wing and pro-Zionist pressure applied by suchmembers of the epistemic community of scholars, journalists, and policyanalysts as Daniel Pipes (the Middle East Forum) and Martin Kramer, aone-time director and currently a senior research fellow at Tel AvivUniversity’s Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies.Both are behind Campus Watch (http://www.campus-watch.org), whichmonitors academic discourse that opposes American foreign policy towardthe Muslim world and its one-sided support for Israel, and which maintainson its website a list of “un-American” academicians and apologists for“militant Islam” and rogue regimes.November 23, the first day, was reserved for the business meetings ofall groups having an institutional affiliation with MESA. The panels, presentedas parallel sessions, began on Sunday at 8:30 a.m. Also featured wasa presidential address by the outgoing president, a plenary session, a bookexhibition, an art gallery, and a film fest. MESA organizers reported that1,900 people attended the 156-panel event, along with 80 exhibitions.The first session featured panels on popular culture and identity in theMaghreb, women and development, issues in contemporary Iran, intellectualsand ideas in the making of the Turkish Republic, history of the Ottomanborderlands, legitimation of authority in early period of Islam, comparativeperceptions of the “other” in Israeli and Palestinian textbooks, comparativeanalysis of political Islam, religious conversion and identity, and the Arabicqasidah. There was also a roundtable discussion on water issues and a thematicconversation on 9/11 and the Muslim public sphere. In the following ...

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Landsberg, Alison. "Post-Postracial America." Cultural Politics 14, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 198–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/17432197-6609074.

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A seismic shift in the racial landscape of the United States occurred in 2016. The prevailing discourse about a “postracial America,” though always, in the words of Catherine Squires a “mystique,” was firmly and finally extinguished with the election of Donald J. Trump. Race, in the form of racial prejudice, erupted in Trump’s political rhetoric and in the rhetoric of his supporters. At the same time, the continued significance and consequences of racial division in America were also being asserted for politically progressive ends by the increasingly prominent #blacklivesmatter movement and by the newly opened National Museum of African American History and Culture on the National Mall in Washington, DC, not far from the White House. This article tracks the resurgence of race in the US cultural landscape against the racially depoliticized myth of the “postracial” by focusing first on the HBO television series Westworld, which epitomizes that logic. The museum, which opened its doors against the backdrop of the presidential campaign, lodges a scathing critique of the very notion of the postracial; in fact, it signals the return of race as an urgent topic of national discussion. Part of the work of the museum is to materialize race, to move race and white supremacy to the center of the American national narrative. This article points to the way the museum creates what Jacques Rancière calls “dissensus,” and thus becomes a site of possibility for politics. The museum, in its very presence on the Mall, its provocative display strategies, and its narrative that highlights profound contradictions in the very meaning of America, intervenes in what Rancière calls “the distribution of the sensible” and thus creates the conditions for reconfiguring the social order. In part, it achieves this by racializing white visitors, forcing them to feel their own race in uncomfortable ways. The article suggests that this museum, and the broader emerging discourse about race in both film and television, offers new ways to think about the political work of culture.

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Roberts, Jennifer D., Shadi O. Tehrani, Roger Isom, Jr, Eric A. Stone, Micah L. Brachman, and Valerie Newsome Garcia. "Case-comparison study protocol for gauging effects of neighbourhood trends and sickness: examining the perceptions of transit-Induced gentrification in Prince George’s County." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e039733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039733.

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IntroductionImpoverished neighbourhoods and communities of colour often bear the brunt of unintended transit-oriented development (TOD) impacts. These impacts have been known to come in the form of transit-induced gentrification (TIG), a socioeconomic by-product of TOD defined as a phenomenon that occurs when the provision of transit service, particularly light rail transit (LRT), ‘up-scales’ nearby neighbourhood(s) and displaces existing residents. Consequently, TIG or even the perception of TIG can impact health outcomes (eg, anxiety) and social determinants of health (SDOH) (eg, crime).Methods/AnalysisIn 2022, the purple line (PL), a 16.2 mile LRT line, is opening in Prince George’s County, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, DC, comprised of over 80% African American and Hispanic residents. By taking advantage of this natural experiment, we are proposing the GENTS (Gauging Effects of Neighborhood Trends and Sickness: Examining the Perceptions of Transit-Induced Gentrification in Prince George’s County) Study in order to evaluate perceived TIG and associated health outcome and SDOH changes, at two points in time, among Prince George’s County adults in a prospective case-comparison design during the pre-PL LRT period. Descriptive analysis and latent growth curve modelling will be used to examine these changes over time.Ethics and DisseminationEthics approval has been granted by the University of Maryland Institutional Review Board. The GENTS Study will identify temporal changes in perceived TIG, health outcomes and SDOH among case and comparison residents before the completion and operation of the PL LRT, an under researched period of TOD. The dissemination of GENTS Study findings will be able to address research questions and policy issues that are specifically tailored to PG County while also providing more effective procedural solutions for other regions undergoing TOD and TIG risks.

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Journal articles on the topic 'African American dropouts – Washington (DC)'

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