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Journal articles on the topic 'African American fathers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 March 2023

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1

Smith, Carolyn A., Marvin D. Krohn, Rebekah Chu, and Oscar Best. "African American Fathers." Journal of Family Issues 26, no. 7 (October 2005): 975–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x05275421.

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Much of the literature on African American fathers has tended to perpetuate a stereotype of absent and unsupportive parenting. This study employs a life course perspective to investigate the extent and predictors of involvement by young fathers. Data come from the Rochester Youth Development Study, a longitudinal study that has followed a representative sample of urban youth since they were in the seventh or eighth grade. Analysis is based on the young men in the sample who became fathers by age 22, of whom 67% are African American. Results suggest that African American fathers do not differ significantly from other young fathers in their contact with and support provided to their eldest biological child. For African American fathers, fulfilling a father role is, as hypothesized, related to the success of transition to adult roles and relationships and to prosocial behavior and problem behavior.

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2

Pizur-Barnekow, Kris, David Pate, Katie Lazar, Nelly Paul, Kathleen Pritchard, and George Morris. "African American Fathers’ Occupational Participation: “Keeping the Mothers in a Positive Vibe”." OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health 37, no. 4 (July 14, 2017): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1539449217714236.

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Infant mortality is a major public health issue in the United States that disproportionally affects African Americans. Evidence suggests reducing stress on African American women and engaging African American fathers may improve health and social outcomes for families. This study sought to understand the experiences of African American fathers through a positivistic lens and to inform future interventions that support father engagement. A descriptive, qualitative study using the Person, Environment, Occupation–Performance (PEO-P) model as a framework for analysis was conducted involving 45 fathers participating in four focus groups and one member-checking group. An initial content analysis was followed by constant comparative methods to identify categories related to the PEO-P model. Transcripts revealed a range of factors that enable or inhibit fathers’ occupational performance and engagement including environmental barriers such as societal expectations and perceptions. Occupational therapy practitioners may utilize population health approaches to support African American fathers’ occupational engagement.

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3

Thomas, Alvin, Jennifer Clare Wirth, Julie Poehlmann-Tynan, and David J. Pate. "“When She Says Daddy”: Black Fathers’ Recidivism following Reentry from Jail." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 3518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063518.

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We report on the findings of a mixed methods longitudinal study of 84 African American fathers of young children who were enrolled into the study during the father’s jail stay. Participants were assessed using interviews, self-report measures, and administrative records on frequency of father–child contact, father–caregiver relationship quality, family support, paternal pre-incarceration employment, fathers’ plans to live with the child upon reentry, history of substance abuse, and new convictions one year following release from jail. Qualitative analysis revealed three primary identities of fathers during incarceration: father as nurturer, father as protector, and father as provider. Qualitative analysis of interview data detailed the ways in which the context of incarceration and the presence of the criminal justice system interacts with these identities to impact family structure, parent–child visits, plans for release, and motivation for desistance. Quantitative analysis indicated heterogeneity among fathers, with links between parent–child contact and desistance conditional on fathers’ plans for coresidence with children as well as family support and relationship quality. Taken together, the findings highlight the strengths of African American fathers and their families despite the risks associated with incarceration, including the importance of family support and children as motivation for desistance. The results have implications for how the justice system weighs the bidirectional influences of fathers and families.

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4

Skinner-Osei, Precious, and Dhiny Mercedes. "Collateral Consequences: The Impact of Incarceration on African American Fathers and Their Sons." Journal of Forensic Social Work 7, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.1936-9298.2023.7.1.1-13.

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Throughout history, the role of African American fathers has been plagued by oppression and persecution. As predicted by Daniel Patrick Moynihan in "The Negro Family: The Case for National Action," centuries of mistreatment and racism would plague African American families for generations and deem them in a constant state of despair and dysfunction. Relentless rhetoric about African American families and the father's role has been significant in the systemic degradation of African American men. The systemic oppression of African American men has led to more than 1.1 million imprisoned in the United States, and approximately 500,000 are fathers. Many of these fathers inherited their father's incarceration, and their children continue to fuel the cycle. For decades researchers linked the effects of parental incarceration to adverse childhood outcomes, including increased likelihood of imprisonment, particularly for African American males. Therefore, this study explored the impact of incarceration on African American fathers and their sons. The data revealed four major themes: caregiving, stigma, paternal bonds, and reentry. The findings implied that specialized knowledge through a forensic social work lens might offer more comprehensive solutions by focusing on paternal relationships, long-term consequences of incarceration, and objective criteria that can assist with treatment outcomes.

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5

Wade, Jay C. "African American Fathers and Sons: Social, Historical, and Psychological Considerations." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 75, no. 9 (November 1994): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949407500904.

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The author examines the father–son relationship from both ecological and psychodynamic perspectives. The sociohistorical and cultural forces influencing African American men and their families are explored with regard to the role of fathers. The author presents theory and research to challenge the view that African American fathers are absent or uninvolved and that such absence has pathological consequences for male development. Suggestions for counseling and psychotherapy with African American men and their families are provided.

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6

Leath, Seanna. "Being Better Than My Dad." SAGE Open 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 215824401769716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244017697163.

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Fatherhood is a turning point in the life of many men, but for men who lacked a father figure while growing up, the birth of a child may be the catalyst for a fresh start. Researchers have called for qualitative investigations into African American fathers’ parenting beliefs and practices that consider their social contexts within the broader research discourse on parenthood. Such investigations can inform the way we frame African American fathers in research, thereby improving theoretical suggestions for better supporting Black men in their roles as caretakers. The present case study details the experiences of a young African American man, Tron, who was participating in a larger church-based intervention program focused on strengthening father–child relationships among African American families. Findings highlight how Tron’s story serves as a positive counternarrative against the prevailing negative stereotype of African American men as absentee parents. Thematic coding analysis revealed several major themes, and the current article focuses on Tron’s decisions to transform his experience growing up without a father into a dedicated resolve to remain actively present in his son’s life, a process that the author refers to as “intergenerational change.” Finally, this case study helps to mitigate the dearth of positive research on African American fathers by challenging deficit-based research narratives.

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7

Cochran, Donna L. "African American Fathers: A Decade Review of the Literature." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 78, no. 4 (August 1997): 340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.792.

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Research on African American fathers has changed dramatically during the past decade. The author seeks to understand the parental experience of African American fathers as they are portrayed in the literature. A computer search was conducted to identify articles on African American fathers published between 1986 and 1996. The author discusses theories used in research on African American fathers as well as limitations and gaps in the literature. Although significant changes have been made in the literature on African American fathers, more comprehensive research on the parenting experiences of these men is needed. Implications for research, policy, and practice are provided.

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8

Cooper, Shauna M., Latisha Ross, Adrianne Dues, Alexandrea R. Golden, and Marketa Burnett. "Intergenerational Factors, Fatherhood Beliefs, and African American Fathers’ Involvement: Building the Case for a Mediated Pathway." Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 15 (May 18, 2019): 2047–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19849629.

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Intergenerational factors have been suggested as a critical interactional context shaping African American fathers’ beliefs and parenting practices. However, relatively little attention has been given to the identification of underlying processes guiding the association between intergenerational factors and African American fathers’ involvement with their children. The current investigation builds the case for fathering role ideologies and sense of parenting competence as mediators. The sample was composed of 185 African American fathers ( M = 32.20 years, SD = 8.24) residing in a midsized city in the Southeastern region of the United States. Results revealed that fathering role ideologies, but not sense of parenting competence, mediated the relationship between African American fathers’ intergenerational factors and their involvement. Findings from this investigation highlight underlying mechanisms guiding the relationship between intergenerational factors and African American fathers’ involvement with their children. Implications for intervention and prevention programming for African American fathers are discussed.

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9

Allen, William P., and William J. Doherty. "The Responsibilities of Fatherhood as Perceived by African American Teenage Fathers." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 77, no. 3 (March 1996): 142–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.889.

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The experience of adolescent fatherhood was explored through in-depth interviews. Ten African American teenage fathers from a midwestern city were asked to describe what being a father meant to them. The subjects discussed their perceptions of fatherhood and described some of the obstacles to meeting their paternal aspirations. Key themes included the subjects' desire to be actively involved with their children and the critical influence of the subjects' experiences with their own fathers. Strategies for working with adolescent fathers are also presented.

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10

Smith, Tyler K., S. Darius Tandon, Megan H. Bair-Merritt, and Janice L. Hanson. "Parenting Needs of Urban, African American Fathers." American Journal of Men's Health 9, no. 4 (August 20, 2014): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988314545380.

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Fathers play a critical role in children’s development; similarly, fatherhood positively affects men’s health. Among the larger population of fathers relatively little is known about the parenting knowledge of urban, African American fathers. Focusing on urban, African American fathers, the objectives of this study were to (1) understand the primary sources from which fathers learn about parenting, (2) determine where and how fathers prefer to receive future parenting education, and (3) explore the information perceived as most valuable to fathers and how this compares with the recommended anticipatory guidance ( Bright Futures-based) delivered during well visits. Five focus groups, with a total of 21 participants, were conducted with urban fathers at a community-based organization. Study eligibility included being more than18 years old, English speaking, and having at least one child 0 to 5 years old. During the focus groups, fathers were asked where they received parenting information, how and where they preferred to receive parenting information, and what they thought about Bright Futures parenting guidelines. Fathers most commonly described receiving parenting information from their own relatives rather than from their child’s health care provider. Most fathers preferred to learn parenting from a person rather than a technology-based source and expressed interest in learning more about parenting at community-based locations. Although fathers viewed health care providers’ role as primarily teaching about physical health, they valued Bright Futures anticipatory guidance about parenting. Fathers valued learning about child rearing, health, and development. Augmenting physician counseling about Bright Futures with community-based parenting education may be beneficial for fathers.

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11

McAdoo, John L. "The Roles of African American Fathers: An Ecological Perspective." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 74, no. 1 (January 1993): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949307400103.

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The author provides a theoretical perspective for understanding the roles African American fathers play in their families. Ecological theory considers the context in which African American fathers play the roles of provider, protector, shared decision maker, child socializer, and supporter of his spouse. From an ecological and historical perspective, despite economic, employment, and educational barriers, African American fathers are no different from fathers in other ethnic groups regarding the roles they play within their family. Better evaluations of the interactions between African American fathers and the various institutions with which they come in contact will help human service practitioners develop better services and programs.

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12

Dallas, Constance M., and Shu-Pi C. Chen. "Experiences of African American Adolescent Fathers." Western Journal of Nursing Research 20, no. 2 (April 1998): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019394599802000206.

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13

Keefe, Robert H., Sandra D. Lane, Robert A. Rubinstein, Darlene Carter, Timothy Bryant, and Mark D. Thomas. "African American Fathers: Disproportionate Incarceration and the Meaning of Involvement." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 98, no. 2 (April 2017): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.2017.98.13.

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Impoverished and African American fathers are often criticized by policy makers for lack of involvement in their children's lives. These criticisms are limited to defining responsible fatherhood as providing economic support while ignoring other forms of nurturing. Recent studies provide a broader perspective on how impoverished and African American fathers nurture their children. This article analyzes data from five studies carried out in Syracuse, New York, between 1996 and 2011. The studies support the contention that structural violence, inherent in the disproportionate incarceration of African American fathers, is a critical factor impeding the fathers from fulfilling their paternal roles. We discuss policy issues affecting incarcerated fathers that limit the extent to which they are able to bond with their children.

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14

Becerra, Rosina M., Ward Thomas, and Paul M. Ong. "Latino and African American Non-Custodial Fathers." Journal of Ethnic And Cultural Diversity in Social Work 10, no. 3 (March 2001): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j051v10n03_02.

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15

White, Aaronette M. "African American Feminist Fathers’ Narratives of Parenting." Journal of Black Psychology 32, no. 1 (February 2006): 43–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798405283528.

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16

Lue, Martha S., Shelia Y. Smalley, Barbara Smith, and Gregory Seaton. "African-American Fathers with Their Preschool Children." Educational Forum 62, no. 4 (December 31, 1998): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131729808984363.

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17

Adams, C. Jama. "Poor African American Fathers: An Evolutionary Perspective." Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy 4, no. 4 (October 15, 2005): 378–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15289160409348514.

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18

Lee Bryan, D., and A. A. Ajo. "The role perception of African American fathers." Social Work Research and Abstracts 28, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/swra/28.3.17.

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19

Rozie-Battle, Judith L. "Child Support and African American Teen Fathers." Journal of Health & Social Policy 15, no. 2 (September 25, 2002): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j045v15n02_05.

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20

STROM, ROBERT D., HUMPHREY AMUKAMARA, SHIRLEY K. STROM, TROY E. BECKERT, ELSIE G. MOORE, PARIS S. STROM, and DIANNE L. GRISWOLD. "African-American fathers: perceptions of two generations." Journal of Adolescence 23, no. 4 (August 2000): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0335.

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21

Haxton, Clarisse L., and Kristen Harknett. "Racial and Gender Differences in Kin Support." Journal of Family Issues 30, no. 8 (April 3, 2009): 1019–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x09333946.

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This article uses qualitative and quantitative data for a recent birth cohort from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study to compare kin support patterns between African Americans and Hispanics. It focuses on financial and housing support from grandparents and other kin during the transition to parenthood. Qualitative analysis ( n = 122 parents) uncovers distinctions in the way African American and Hispanic parents discuss their family networks, with African Americans emphasizing relations with female kin and Hispanics emphasizing a more integrated system. Consistent with these findings, quantitative analysis ( n = 2,472 mothers and n = 2,639 fathers) finds that compared with Hispanic parents, African American parents are more likely to receive financial and housing support from grandmothers and less likely to receive support from both grandparents. Contrary to expectations that fathers would be the primary support recipients in Hispanic households, the authors find that mothers are the more common recipients of support among African Americans and Hispanics.

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22

Boyd, Donte T., Megan Threats, Oluwamuyiwa Winifred, and LaRon E. Nelson. "The Association Between African American Father–Child Relationships and HIV Testing." American Journal of Men's Health 14, no. 6 (November 2020): 155798832098270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988320982702.

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The existing literature identifies parent communication as a protective mechanism in the reduction of sexual risk behaviors among youth; however, not much is known about father–child communication and bonding and its association with HIV testing. Therefore, this study examines the link between the relationship, bonding, and communication shared by African American (AA) fathers and their children and HIV testing over time. This secondary data analysis included data from Waves 1 and 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health on the health of adolescents to adults in a sample of AA males and females ( N = 509), with a mean age of 16 years. The independent variables included fathers’ communication, bonding, and relationships, and the dependent variables included HIV testing. A multinomial analysis assessed the factors that contributed to or prevented HIV testing. It was found that the overall model was statistically significant; F(24, 55) = 8.95; p < .001. The results suggest that father–adolescent communication was statistically significant and positively associated with HIV testing ( B = 23.88; p < .05). AA adolescents who reported going to the doctor or making a nursing visit were more likely to get tested multiple times ( B = 13.91; p < .001). Our findings indicate that father–child relationships are essential to adolescent sexual development and serve as a protective factor against threats to sexual health. Future studies should be designed to investigate the cognitive mechanisms through which the father–child bonding and communication may impact HIV testing.

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23

McAdoo, Harriette P. "The Dynamics of African American Fathers' Family Roles." Michigan Family Review 03, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mfr.4919087.0003.102.

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24

Strom, Robert D., Humphrey A. Amukamara, Paris S. Strom, Troy E. Beckert, Shirley K. Strom, and Dianne L. Griswold. "Strengths and Learning Needs of African American Fathers." Journal of Family Studies 7, no. 1 (April 2001): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jfs.7.1.40.

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25

Hoem, Sheri I. "Recontextualizing fathers: Wideman, Foucault and African American genealogy." Textual Practice 14, no. 2 (January 2000): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09502360050082596.

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26

Dahal, Madhav Prasad. "Fatherhood and Changing Patterns in the Roles of Black Fathers." Shanti Journal 1, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/shantij.v1i1.47786.

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The Afro-American writers of the slavery- era like Harriet Jacobs, Douglass, etc reflect the absence of the black males as fathers of their children. Over the period in the late 19th and early 20th century, the change in this situation can be noticed in the writings of James Weldon and others. In the modern era, the concept of fatherhood has become uniquely important both in the white and black communities. The increased ratio of divorce, birth from unwed mothers, acceptance of cohabitation, has forced many children to live without their fathers. Though the whole country faces the problem of absent fathers, it is acute in the black communities. Concentrating on how the concept of fatherhood is constructed and why it matters so much now, this paper explores the changing roles that the black fathers play in the families. It primarily focuses on whether their role is present or absent in the everyday life affair. It studies why African American fathers are invisible or absent players from behind. It makes a thematic analysis of the selected texts of three different eras: slavery, post-slavery and modern using by using racism, an African American perspective. The study suggests that the black fathers stay in a supportive network of their families in contrast to the stereotypical fathers. Excavating the reasons for the changing modes of the roles of fatherhood in the African American family structure it recommends the necessity of reducing the gap between fathers and children.

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Richardson, Joseph B. "Men Do Matter." Journal of Family Issues 30, no. 8 (February 19, 2009): 1041–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x08330930.

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This article examines the role of the African American uncle as a vital yet overlooked form of social support and social capital in the lives of adolescent African American male sons living in single-female-headed households. Research rarely examines the affective roles and functions of men in Black families; moreover, poor urban Black male youth are typically portrayed as a monolithic and homogeneous group who lack positive relationships with their biological fathers. The absence of these relationships has been correlated to numerous social problems for Black male youth—specifically, delinquency and violent behavior. Although much of the work on African American fatherhood has focused on the role of the biological father (and, to some extent, the stepfather), minimal attention has been given to men within extended familial networks and their impact on successful adolescent development among young African American males.

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28

Varga, Colleen M., Christina B. Gee, Lyzaida Rivera, and Claudia X. Reyes. "Coparenting Mediates the Association Between Relationship Quality and Father Involvement." Youth & Society 49, no. 5 (September 4, 2014): 588–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x14548529.

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The study of adolescent childbearing is a major public policy concern, and father involvement is a particular focus. Previous research with married couples has found that coparenting may be a better predictor of father involvement than relationship quality. The current study examined 94 primiparous African American and Latino parents to determine whether coparenting expectations during pregnancy better predict concurrent father involvement secondary to a mediation effect. Results were mixed; simple mediation was supported, but structural equation modeling (SEM) results suggested a better fitting model for mothers than for fathers. For mothers, relationship quality predicted coparenting. For fathers, relationship quality and coparenting predicted father involvement, but relationship quality did not predict coparenting. This examination suggests that both relationship quality and coparenting are important for father involvement in unmarried adolescents but to differing degrees for mothers and fathers. Pregnancy may be an important potential intervention point for increasing subsequent father involvement.

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29

Tripp, Bradley G. "Incarcerated African American fathers: Exploring changes in family relationships and the father identity." Journal of African American Men 6, no. 1 (June 2001): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12111-001-1011-5.

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30

Coles, Roberta L. "Just Doing What They Gotta Do." Journal of Family Issues 30, no. 10 (June 30, 2009): 1311–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x09339290.

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For single African American custodial fathers, parenting stress is exacerbated by the cultural expectation that Black fathers are “normally” absent and by the clustering of stresses that Black men are more likely to encounter. This sample of African American fathers have used a repertoire of problem-focused and cognitive coping strategies, including some that are frequently considered “culturally specific.” Twenty Black single custodial fathers are interviewed and their narratives are analyzed for concepts and thematic categories related to stress and coping. Their narratives indicate that certain strategies are avoided because (a) these strategies are not available to them and (b) they desire to present themselves as independent and competent, thus resisting stereotypes and building a sense of efficacy.

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Hossain, Ziarat, Tiffany Field, Jeffrey Pickens, Julie Malphurs, and Claudia Del Valle. "Fathers' caregiving in low-income African–American and Hispanic–American families." Early Development and Parenting 6, no. 2 (June 1997): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0917(199706)6:2<73::aid-edp145>3.0.co;2-o.

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Mason, Hema O. "Perceived African American Father’s and Mother’s Involvement on Adult Children’s Mental Health." Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology 6, no. 2 (October 10, 2016): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v6n2p195.

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<p>The current study examined the statistical relations between father’s and mother’s involvement and mental health. In addition, the study explored which parent’s involvement was more strongly correlated with mental health. The impact of parental involvement (i.e., warmth, care, affection and overprotection) on global depression and depressive mood and ideation were of particular importance. Another goal of the study was to use an African American adult child sample to extend the research literature and knowledge about African American parenting and to gauge their involvement from a protective rather than risk perspective. The last goal of the study was to determine through hierarchical regression analysis the unique contribution of each parent’s involvement to the participant’s mental health. The sample included 236 African American participants from a regionally accredited Historically Black College and University (HBCU) in Southwest Georgia. Correlation and regression analyses revealed that father’s and mother’s involvement were related to global depression and depressive mood and ideation. Specifically, father’s and mother’s care was related to lower levels of depression but, father’s and mother’s overprotection was related to higher levels of depression. Additional results revealed that ratings of mother’s involvement was usually stronger than ratings of father’s involvement. Findings from this study, however, points to the importance of African American fathers in the development of their children.</p>

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33

Coney, Nancy S., and Wade C. MacKey. "Motivations toward Fathering: Two Minority Profiles within the Majority's Context." Journal of Men’s Studies 6, no. 2 (March 1998): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106082659800600204.

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Recently, both the popular and academic press have shown increasing interest in American fathers, portraying them as simply additive to their children's well-being. In other words, if men enact their role as social fathers (i.e., providers) then there is a net social gain for the community. Earlier surveys found that, in the majority community, men have a shared motivational hierarchy that helps determine whether they will enter into and remain in the father role. Women, in the majority community, are accurate in their perception of this hierarchical profile. In relation to fathering incentives, the present study examines the relative congruence between men from the majority community and men and women from two minority communities, namely, Chinese-American and African-American men. The relative consonance of women's perceptions with the men's divulgences is also surveyed.

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34

Waterman, Emily A., and Eva S. Lefkowitz. "Are Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parenting Characteristics Associated With Emerging Adults’ Academic Engagement?" Journal of Family Issues 38, no. 9 (March 4, 2016): 1239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x16637101.

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Although parenting is clearly linked to academic engagement in adolescence, less is known about links between parenting and academic engagement in emerging adulthood. A diverse sample of college students ( N = 633; 53.1% female, 45.7% White/European American, 28.3% Asian American/Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 26.4% Hispanic/Latino American, 21.6% Black/African American, and 2.8% Native American/American Indian) answered surveys about mothers’ and fathers’ parenting style, parent–offspring relationship quality, academic attitudes, academic behaviors, and academic performance. Emerging adults with more permissive mothers viewed grades as less important than emerging adults with less permissive mothers. Mothers’ authoritarian parenting, mothers’ permissive parenting, and relationship quality with father were differentially related to academic engagement depending on emerging adults’ gender. Both mothers’ and fathers’ parenting characteristics may affect the academic engagement of emerging adults via past parenting behaviors and current quality of the parent–offspring relationship, despite decreased physical proximity of emerging adults and their parents.

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35

Bowman, Phillip J., and Reliford Sanders. "Unmarried African American Fathers: A Comparative Life Span Analysis." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 29, no. 1 (March 1998): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.29.1.39.

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36

Christmon, Kenneth. "Parental Responsibility and Self-image of African American Fathers." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 71, no. 9 (November 1990): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949007100907.

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37

Adkison-Johnson, Carla, Jeffrey Terpstra, Jamie Burgos, and E. Dorphine Payne. "African American Child Discipline: Differences Between Mothers and Fathers." Family Court Review 54, no. 2 (April 2016): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fcre.12214.

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38

Miller, David B. "Influences on parental involvement of African American adolescent fathers." Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal 11, no. 5 (October 1994): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01876587.

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Kelley, Michelle L., and Christopher B. Colburn. "Economically disadvantaged African American fathers: Social policy and fathering." Journal of African American Men 1, no. 2 (September 1995): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02692092.

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40

Rasheed, Janice Matthews. "The Adult Life Cycle of Poor African American Fathers." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 1, no. 2-3 (June 1998): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10911359.1998.10530796.

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Baker, Claire E. "African American Fathers’ Depression and Stress as Predictors of Father Involvement During Early Childhood." Journal of Black Psychology 40, no. 4 (April 30, 2013): 311–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798413486480.

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42

Cooper, Shauna M., Paul A. Robbins, Marketa Burnett, Margarett McBride, Janae Shaheed, and Naila A. Smith. "African American fathers' coping patterns: Implications for father-son involvement and race-related discussions." Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 70 (July 2020): 101163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101163.

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43

Randolph, Schenita D., Tanya Coakley, Jeffrey Shears, and Roland J. Thorpe. "African-American Fathers' Perspectives on Facilitators and Barriers to Father-Son Sexual Health Communication." Research in Nursing & Health 40, no. 3 (February 21, 2017): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.21789.

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Dill, LeConté J., Carlos Mahaffey, Tracey Mosley, Henrie Treadwell, Fabeain Barkwell, and Sandra Barnhill. "“I Want a Second Chance”." American Journal of Men's Health 10, no. 6 (July 7, 2016): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988315569593.

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Abstract:

With over 700,000 people on average released from prison each year to communities, greater attention is warranted on the experiences and needs of those who are parents and seeking to develop healthy relationships with their children and families. This study seeks to explore the experiences of African American fathers in reentry. Qualitative data from 16 African American men enrolled in a fellowship program for fathers were collected from a focus group and analyzed for common themes and using standpoint theory. Four themes emerged that focused on fathers’ commitment toward healthy and successful reintegration postincarceration: redemption, employment, health care, and social support. Focus group participants actively strive to develop and rebuild healthy relationships with their children through seeking gainful employment and through bonding with like-minded peers. Barriers in accessing health care are also discussed. Research findings may inform future programs and policies related to supporting fathers and their children in reentry.

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Yolanda Abel. "African American Fathers' Involvement in their Children's School-based Lives." Journal of Negro Education 81, no. 2 (2012): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.7709/jnegroeducation.81.2.0162.

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Perry, Armon R., and Mikia Bright. "African American Fathers and Incarceration: Paternal Involvement and Child Outcomes." Social Work in Public Health 27, no. 1-2 (January 6, 2012): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2011.629856.

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Doyle, Otima, Trenette T. Clark, Qiana Cryer-Coupet, Von E. Nebbitt, David B. Goldston, Sue E. Estroff, and Ifrah Magan. "Unheard voices: African American fathers speak about their parenting practices." Psychology of Men & Masculinity 16, no. 3 (July 2015): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038730.

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Dittus, Patricia J., James Jaccard, and Vivian V. Gordon. "The Impact of African American Fathers on Adolescent Sexual Behavior." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 26, no. 4 (August 1997): 445–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1024533422103.

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O'Donnell, J. M. "Involvement of African American Fathers in Kinship Foster Care Services." Social Work 44, no. 5 (September 1, 1999): 428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sw/44.5.428.

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Bradley, Carla. "The disciplinary practices of African American fathers: A closer look." Journal of African American Men 5, no. 1 (June 2000): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12111-000-1014-7.

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